Dissertation Report on- Planning Coastal Areas for Tsunami

PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI

A DISSERTATION

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

MASTER OF PLANNING

in

Department of Planning

by

Ravi Shankar.S. Reg. No: 200461209

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI-25

November 2005


- 2 -

DECLARATION

I declare that this dissertation entitled “PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI” is the result of my work and prepared by me under the guidance of Mr. Pratheep Moses.K, and that it has not formed the basis for the award of any degree,

diploma, associateship or fellowship of any other University or Institution previously.

Due acknowledgement have been made wherever anything has been borrowed from

other sources.

Date: Signature of the Candidate

Name :

Roll no :


- 3 -

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this dissertation forming part of course work TP 152, of III semester,

M.Plan, entitled “PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI”, submitted by Ar. Ravi Shankar.S, to the School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University for the

award of Masters Degree in Planning is a bonafide record of her under my

supervision.

Certified further that to the best of my Knowledge the work reported herein does not

form part of any other thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award

was conferred on an earlier occasion for any other candidate.

Dissertation Guide Head of the Department Mr. Pratheep Moses.K Dr.V.M.Marudachalam,

Lecturer, Department of Planning,

Department of Planning. School of Architecture and Planning,

Anna University.

Dean

Examiner Prof. S.Ravi, School of Architecture and Planning

Anna University


- 4 -

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A sincere word of thanks to each and every one who has helped me in completing

this dissertation.

I have a great pleasure of extending my heartful gratitude to Prof.S.Ravi, Dean,

School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University, for giving me this opportunity.

I also like to record my sincere thanks to our, Head of the department, Department of

Planning, SAP, and dissertation coordinator, Dr.V.M.Marudhachalam for his spirit

and formulative direction.

I sincerely acknowledge the contribution made by my guide Mr.K.Pradeep Moses for

his continuous and equanimity through out my study.

I also extend my gratitude to the examiner Mr.Soundarajan, Deputy Planner (Retd),

Chennai Metropolitan development Authority for his constructive criticism in the

reviews.

Also I thank Prof. Abdul Razak, Mr.S.R.Masilamani, Mr. J.Narayanaswamy, Prof. S.P.Sekar, the staff members of Department of Planning for channelising my

thoughts for the completion of this study.

I extend my thanks to the few many who were behind the scenes and encouraged

me in the completion of this study. I express my sincere thanks to my friends and

classmates who have given me the moral support and encouragement, when I

needed it.

Last but not the least I extend my thanks to my parents who always help me to make

my dream reality.


- 5 -

ABSTRACT Coastal areas are biologically rich and aesthetically pleasing. It contains the large

majority of world’s population, possesses some of the highest grade agricultural land,

accounts for the lion’s share of tourist trade, and it is the growth pole of expanding

economic activity. India has a coastline of about 7,500 kms. of which the mainland

accounts for 5,400.Nearly 250 million people live within a distance of 50 kms from the

coast. Hence there is a great demand for the use of the coastal land. Especially the

fishing community owing to the nature of their work had depended on the coast for

livelihood and most of the fishing settlements are very near to the coast.

The recent Tsunami has made us to understand that the planning of coastal areas

involves more care than the normal land use planning since our coast is vulnerable to

natural disasters. This Review is above all a practical document. However, it is not a

manual. Its Emphasis is on the process of planning and implementing risk reduction

initiatives along the coastal belt. It focuses on key issues and decision points and

how to address them. It has been difficult to present a balanced coverage of such a

broad and diverse subject, and there are inevitable gaps and this being a new

phenomenon to our Indian coast studies done to our conditions is very limited.

Nevertheless, the book is literature evidence-based. The descriptions and

discussions are supported by case studies, which aim to give a sense of the range

and diversity of practical approaches that can be used.

Disasters triggered by natural hazards are a major threat to life and to sustainable

development, especially in developing countries. The human and economic cost of

disasters is rising, mainly because societies are becoming more vulnerable to

hazards. Socio-economic vulnerability is complex and often deep-rooted. The weaker

groups in society suffer most from disasters. Many persistent myths about disasters

should be discarded. Disaster reduction strategies are important to address future

disasters.


- 6 -

The key factors to reduce potential losses due to tsunami are AWARENESS and

PREPAREDNESS. The practical applications of this tsunami risk assessment, in

both quantitative and qualitative terms, for implementation into mitigation strategies.

In the context of CRZ provisions, during the present episode of tsunami in the Indian

coast the maximum damage has occurred in low lying areas near the coast and High

causalities are found in most thickly populated areas , mangroves, forests, sand

dunes and coastal cliffs provided the best natural barriers against the tsunami.

Validation of the CRZ after the recent Tsunami is to be viewed seriously.

Today, nations around the Indian Ocean are trying to decide whether to allow

rebuilding on the coast, which structures to rebuild and which ones to relocate, and

how to rebuild to minimize losses in future tsunamis. There are a wide range of

technical and management options for coastal protection, which include the sea wall

construction and off shore breakers as artificial barriers. Sea walls should be viewed

as an option in areas which are well developed, densely populated, low lying and

very near the coast.(density of coastal area of kerala is 2147 per sq.km., in

pondicherry settlement starts 20-30 mts from the coast North Chennai high density

and absence of lengthier coast ) . Critical infrastructure facilities which require

foreshore can be guarded with sea walls. Sea wall could never be an option for the

entire coast.

Places that had healthy coral reefs and intact mangroves, which act as natural buffers, were less badly hit by the tsunami than those where the reefs had been

damaged and mangroves ripped out and replaced by prawn farms and poorly

planned beachfront hotels. Mangroves and vegetative cover had considerably

reduced the impact of tsunami on the coast. With the importance of CRZ felt after this

tsunami the vegetative cover and CRZ can be utilized together to create tsunami

forest to act as buffer. These tsunami forest should be handed over to the local

communities. The rebuilding of the forest could be phased in stages.


- 7 -

Connectivity played an important role during the recent Tsunami. The settlements

with better connectivity suffered less loss. Better connectivity in terms of roads

facilitated immediate relief measures.

Avoiding or minimizing the exposure of people and property through land use

planning can mitigate tsunami risk most effectively. Development should be

prevented in high-hazard areas wherever possible. Where development cannot be

prevented, land use intensity, building value, and occupancy should be kept to a

minimum.

In areas where it is not feasible to restrict land to open-space uses, other land use

planning measures can be used. These include strategically controlling the type of

development and uses allowed in hazard areas, and avoiding high-value and high-occupancy uses to the greatest degree possible.

Land use policies and programs should address tsunami hazards as part of a

comprehensive tsunami mitigation program. Such an update should focus on the

location and vulnerability to damage of existing and planned land uses.

The infrastructure facilities has to be segregated as non critical and critical

infrastructure with respect to Tsunami and compatibility analysis of these infra. with

respect to coast and CRZ.To formulate list of infrastructure to be permitted along the

coast.


- 8 -

ACRONYMS A

ADB Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines

ADMIN Australian Disaster Management Information Network

ADPC Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Thailand

ADRC Asian Disaster Reduction Center, Japan

ADRRN Asian Disaster Reduction And Response Network

AEGDM ASEAN Experts Group On Disaster Management

AFEM European Natural Disasters Training Center / Center Européen De Formation Sur Les

Risques, Turkey

APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Singapore

APELL Awareness And Preparedness For Emergencies At The Local Level (UNEP)

ARPDM ASEAN Regional Program On Disaster Management

AUDMP Asian Urban Disaster Mitigation Program, ADPC, Thailand

Ausdin Australian Disaster Information Network

B BCPR Bureau For Crisis Prevention And Recovery, UNDP (Formerly Emergency Response

Division)

Benfieldhrc Benfield Hazard Research Centre, University College London, United Kingdom

BICEPP Business And Industry Council For Emergency Planning And Preparedness

C CAMI Central American Mitigation Initiative

CARDIN Caribbean Disaster Information Network

CBDM Community Based Disaster Management

CCOP Coordinating Committee For Coastal And Offshore Geoscience Programmes In East

And Southeast Asia, Thailand

CDERA Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency

CDMP Caribbean Disaster Mitigation Project

CDPC Cranfield Disaster Preparedness Center, United Kingdom

CDRN Citizen’s Disaster Response Network, Philippines

CENAPRED National Center For Disaster Prevention, Mexico

CENAT Swiss Natural Hazards Competence Centre

CENDIM Centre For Disaster Management, Bogazici University, Turkey


- 9 -

CEPT Center For Environmental Planning And Technology, India

CERG European Centre On Geomorphological Hazards/Centre Européen Sur Les Risques

Geomorphologiques, France

CERU European Centre On Urban Risks/Centre Européen Sur Les Risques Urbains,

Portugal

CESE Centre For Environmental Science And Engineering, Indian Institute Of Technology,

India

CEUDIP Central European Disaster Prevention Forum

CHARM Comprehensive Hazard And Risk Management Program (Pacific Island States)

CINDI Center For Integration Of Natural Disaster Information, USA

CNCIDR China National Committee For International Disaster Reduction

CNCNDR China National Center For Natural Disaster Reduction

CNDR Corporate Network For Disaster Reduction

CNHAP Canadian Natural Hazards Assessment Project

CSIR Council For Scientific And Industrial Research, South Africa

CTGC Disaster Management Technical Council, Mozambique

D DDMC District Disaster Management Committee, Bangladesh

DEWA Division For Early Warning And Assessment, UNEP

DFID Department For International Development, United Kingdom

Dimp Disaster Mitigation For Sustainable Livelihoods Programme, University Of Cape Town,

South Africa

DIPECHO Disaster Preparedness, European Community Humanitarian Office

DISMAC Disaster Management Committee At National Divisional And Districts Levels, Fiji

DISMAN Disaster Management Database

DKKV Deutsches Komitee Für Katastrophenvorsorge (German Committee For Disaster

Reduction)

DMB Disaster Management Bureau (DMB), Bangladesh

DMC Drought Monitoring Centres, Zimbabwe And Kenya

DMFC Disaster Mitigation Facility For The Caribbean

DMI Disaster Mitigation Institute, India

DMIS Disaster Management Information System, IFRC

DMISA Disaster Management Institute Of Southern Africa, South Africa

DMMU Disaster Management And Mitigation Unit, Zambia


- 10 -

DMT Disaster Management Teams

DMTP Disaster Management Training Programme, United Nations

DPCC National Disaster Prevention And Preparedness Commission, Ethiopia

DPCSS Disaster, Post-Conflict And Safety Section, UN-HABITAT

DPPC Disaster Prevention And Preparedness Commission, Ethiopia

DPPI Disaster Preparedness And Prevention Initiative

DRBA Disaster Recovery Business Alliance

DRRP Disaster Reduction And Recovery Programme, UNDP

DRM Disaster Reduction Management, Network Of The World Institute For Disaster Risk

Management

D&SCRN Disaster And Social Crisis Research Network (European Sociological Association)

DWS Disaster Warning System

E EC European Commission

ECE Economic Commission For Europe, United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland

ECILS European Centre For Vulnerability Of Industrial And Lifeline Systems/Centre

Européen Sur

La Vulnérabilité Des Réseaux Et Systèmes Industriels, Skopje (Former Yugoslavia

Republic Of Macedonia)

ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ECNTRM European Centre Of New Technologies For The Management Of Major Natural

And

Technological Hazards/Centre Européen Des Nouvelles Technologies Pour La Gestion

Des Risques Naturels Et Technologiques Majeurs, Federation Of Russia

ECPFE European Centre For Prevention And Forecasting Of Earthquakes/Centre Européen

Pour

La Prévention Et La Prévision Des Tremblements De Terre, Greece

ECTR European Inter-Regional Centre For Training Rescue Workers/Centre Européen De

Formation Inter-Régionale Pour Les Sauveteurs, Armenia

EDM Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Research Center, Japan

EERI Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, USA

EHC Earthquake Hazard Centre, New Zealand

EHP/USGS Earthquake Hazards Program Of The United States Geological Survey

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment


- 11 -

ELSA European Laboratory For Structural Assessment – Earthquake Engineering, Ispra,

Italy

EM-DAT Emergency Events Database (CRED, Catholic University Of Louvain)

EMERCOM Emergencies And Natural Disasters Mitigation, Ministry Of Civil Defense,

Russian

Federation

EMPRES Emergency Prevention System

ENDA Environment And Development Action In The Third World, Senegal

EPC Emergency Preparedness Canada

EPOCH European Programme On Climatology And Natural Hazards

EQTAP Earthquake And Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Technologies In The Asia-Pacific

Region

EU European Union

EUR-OPA Major Hazards Agreement Of The Council Of Europe

EWARN Early Warning And Response Network, Southern Sudan

Ewss Early Warning Systems

F FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency, Government Of USA

FEMID Fortalecimiento De Estructuras Locales Para La Mitigación De Desastres

(Strengthening Of Local Structures For Disaster Mitigation)

FIVIMS Food Insecurity And Vulnerability Information And Mapping Systems, FAO

FONDEN Fund For Natural Disasters, Mexico

G GA General Assembly, United Nations

GADR Global Alliance For Disaster Reduction, USA

GAV Vulnerability Analysis Group

GDIN Global Disaster Information Network

GESI Global Earthquake Safety Initiative, Japan

GHHD European Centre On Geodynamical Hazards Of High Dams/Centre Européen Sur

Les

Risques Géodynamiques Liés Aux Grands Barrages, Georgia

GHI Geohazards International, USA

GIS Geographic Information Systems

GLO-DISNET Global Disaster Information Network


- 12 -

GPS Global Positioning System

GSDMA Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority, India

GSHAP Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program

GSI Geological Survey Of Iran

H HAZUS Natural Hazard Loss Estimation Methodology, FEMA

HDR Human Development Report, UNDP

HMU Hazard Management Unit, World Bank (Formerly DMF, Disaster Management Facility

HNDGDM Hungarian National Directorate General For Disaster Management

HPC-DMP High Powered Committee On Disaster Management Plans, India

HRRC Hazard Reduction And Recovery Center, Texas A &M University, USA

I IACNDR Inter-American Committee For Natural Disaster Reduction, OAS

ICDRM Institute For Crisis, Disaster And Risk Management, George Washington University,

USA

IDMC Inter-Departmental Disaster Management Committee, South Africa

IDNDR International Decade For Natural Disaster Reduction, 1990-1999

IDRM International Institute For Disaster Risk Management, Philippines

IDRN India Disaster Resource Network

ILO International Labour Organization

IMC Inter-Ministerial Committee For Disaster Management, South Africa

IMD India Meteorological Department

INCEDE International Centre For Disaster Mitigation Engineering, University Of Tokyo

INFRAID Infrastructure Damage Prevention, Assessment And Reconstruction Following A

Disaster

ISDR International Strategy For Disaster Reduction

ISFEREA Information Support For Effective And Rapid External Aid

ISPU Higher Institute Of Emergency Planning/Institut Supérieur De Planification d’Urgence,

Archennes, Belgium

ITIC International Tsunami Information Center, Hawaii

ITT Indian Institute Of Technology, Bombay

K


- 13 -

KEERC Korea Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Seoul National University, Korea

KOVERS Compentence Center For Technical Risks, ETH, Switzerland

M MANDISA Monitoring, Mapping And Analysis Of Disaster Incidents In South Africa

MATE Ministère De l’Aménagement Du Territoire Et De l’Environnement, France (Ministry Of

Land Use Planning And Environment)

MDMR Ministry Of Disaster Management And Relief, Bangladesh

N NADIMA National Disaster Management Authority, Kenya

Nadiva National Disaster Vulnerability Atlas, South Africa

NANADISK-NET National Natural Disaster Knowledge Network, India

NASA National Aeronautics And Space Administration, USA

NCDM National Center For Disaster Management, India

NCDM National Committee For Disaster Management, Cambodia

NDCC National Disaster Coordinating Council, Philippines

NDMC National Disaster Management Centre, South Africa

NDMO National Disaster Management Office

NDMS National Disaster Mitigation Strategy, Canada

NDRP National Disaster Reduction Plan, People’s Republic Of China

NEDIES Natural And Environmental Disaster Information Exchange System

NEMA National Emergency Management Association, USA

NEMO Network Of State Hazard Mitigation Officers, USA

NHIA Natural Hazard Impact Assessment

NHRC Natural Hazards Research Centre, Australia

NIDP National Institute For Disaster Prevention, Republic Of Korea

NOAA National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration, USA

NPDPM National Policy On Disaster Prevention And Management, Ethiopia

O OCDS Oxford Center For Disaster Studies

OCIPEP Office Of Critical Infrastructure Protection And Emergency Preparedness, Canada,

ODPEM Office Of Disaster Preparedness And Emergency Management, Jamaica

OFDA/USAID Office For Foreign Disaster Assistance/US Agency For International

Development


- 14 -

OGP/NOAA Office Of Global Program/ National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration,

USA

OHCHR Office Of The United Nations High Commissioner For Human Rights

OSDMA Orissa State Disaster Mitigation Authority, India

OSIRIS Operational Solutions For The Management Of Inundation Risks In The Information

Society

P PDC Pacific Disaster Center

PLANAT National Platform For Natural Hazards, Switzerland

PREANDINO Andean Regional Programme For Risk Prevention And Reduction, Venezuela

PREVIEW Project For Risk Evaluation, Vulnerability, Information And Early Warning

PTWS Pacific Tsunami Warning System

PTWC Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre, Hawaii, USA

R RADIUS Risk Assessment Tools For Diagnosis Of Urban Areas Against Seismic Disasters

RCC Regional Consultative Committee On Regional Cooperation In Disaster Management,

Bangkok, Thailand

RDMP Risk Disaster Management Programme, UN-HABITAT

S SAARC South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation, Nepal

SPDRP South Pacific Disaster Reduction Program

T TRM Total Disaster Risk Management (RCC Strategy)

U UNCED United Nations Conference On Environment And Development

UNCHS United Nations Centre For Human Settlements (Now UN-HABITAT)

UNCRD/DMPHO United Nations Center For Regional Development/Disaster Management

Planning

Hyogo Office, Japan

UNDAC United Nations Disaster Assessment And Coordination Team

UNDHA-SPO United Nations Department Of Humanitarian Affairs-South Pacific Office

UNDP United Nations Development Programme


- 15 -

UNDP-SPO United Nations Development Programme-South Pacific Office

UNDRO Office Of The United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator

UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

UNEP/DEPI United Nations Environment Programme/Division Of Environmental Policy

Implementation

UNEP/DEWA United Nations Environment Programme/Division Of Early Warning And

Assessment

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change

UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees

UN-HABITAT United Nations Human Settlements Programme (Formerly UNCHS)

UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund

UNISPACE United Nations Conference On The Exploration And Peaceful Uses Of Outer

Space

UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization

UNIFEM United Nations Fund For Women

UNITAR United Nations Institute For Training And Research

UN-OCHA United Nations Office For The Coordination Of Humanitarian Affairs

UNOPS United Nations Office For Project Services

UNRWA United Nations Relief And Works Agency For Palestine Refugees In The Near East

UNSC United Nations Staff College

UNSO Office To Combat Desertification And Drought, UNDP (Now Drylands Development

Centre)

UNU United Nations University

UNU/RTC-HSE United Nations University Research And Training Centre On Human Security

And The

Environment, Bonn, Germany

UNV United Nations Volunteers

V VAG Vulnerability Analysis Group

VAM Vulnerability Assessment And Mapping, WFP

VAT Vulnerability Assessment And Techniques

VCA Vulnerability And Capacities Assessment

W WVR World Vulnerability Report, UNDP


- 16 -

GLOSSARY

ACCEPTABLE RISK :The level of loss a society or community considers acceptable given

existing social, economic, political, cultural, technical and environmental conditions.

In engineering terms, acceptable risk is also used to assess structural and non-

structural measures undertaken to reduce possible damage at a level, which does not harm

people, and property, according to codes or "accepted practice" based, among other issues,

on a known probability of hazard.

ASSURANCE INDICATORS : Generic characteristics of ERM that allow the emergency risk manager to qualitatively assess their degree-of-readiness for catastrophic events. BUILDING CODES :Ordinances and regulations controlling the design, construction,

materials, alteration and occupancy of any structure to insure human safety and welfare.

Building codes include both technical and functional standards.

CAPACITY :A combination of all the strengths and resources available within a community,

society or organization that can reduce the level of risk, or the effects of a disaster.

Capacity may include physical, institutional, social or economic means as well as

skilled personal or collective attributes such as leadership and management. Capacity may

also be described as capability.

CAPACITY BUILDING :Efforts aimed to develop human skills or societal infrastructures

within a community or organization needed to reduce the level of risk.

In extended understanding, capacity building also includes development of

institutional, financial, political and other resources, such as technology at different levels and

sectors of the society. CLIMATE CHANGE :The climate of a place or region is changed if over an extended period

(typically decades or longer) there is a statistically significant change in measurements of

either the mean state or variability of the climate for that place or region.

Changes in climate may be due to natural processes or to persistent anthropogenic

changes in atmosphere or in land use. Note that the definition of climate change used in the


- 17 -

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is more restricted, as it includes

only those changes which are attributable directly or indirectly to human activity. COPING CAPACITY :The means by which people or organizations use available resources

and abilities to face adverse consequences that could lead to a disaster.

In general, this involves managing resources, both in normal times as well as during

crises or adverse conditions. The strengthening of coping capacities usually builds resilience

to withstand the effects of natural and human-induced hazards.

CO-ORDINATION :The bringing together of organizations and resources to ensure effective

disaster management. COMMUNITY :A group of people with a commonality of association, generally defined by

location, shared experience, or function.

CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE :A service, facility or a group of services or facilities, the loss

of which will have severe adverse effects on the physical, social, economic or environmental

well being or safety of the community.

CONSEQUENCE :The outcome of a situation or event expressed qualitatively or

quantitatively, being a loss, injury, disadvantage or gain. In the ERM context, consequences

are generally described as the effects on persons, stakeholders, communities, the economy

and the environment. DISASTER :A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing

widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses which exceed the ability of

the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.

A disaster is a function of the risk process. It results from the combination of hazards,

conditions of vulnerability and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce the potential

negative consequences of risk.

DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT :The systematic management of administrative decisions,

organization, operational skills and abilities to implement policies, strategies and coping


- 18 -

capacities of the society or individuals to lessen the impacts of natural and related

environmental and technological hazards.

DISASTER RISK REDUCTION :The systematic development and application of policies,

strategies and practices to minimize vulnerabilities, hazards and the unfolding of disaster

impacts throughout a society, in the broad context of sustainable development.

EARLY WARNING :The provision of timely and effective information, through identified

institutions, that allows individuals exposed to a hazard to take action to avoid or reduce their

risk and prepare for effective response. EMERGENCY :An event, actual or imminent, which endangers or threatens to endanger life,

property or the environment, and which requires a significant and coordinated response. In

the ERM context for critical infrastructure, an event that extends an organization beyond

routine processes.

ENVIRONMENT :Conditions or influences comprising built, physical and social elements,

which surround or interact with stakeholders and communities.

ERM - EMERGENCY RISK MANAGEMENT :A systematic process that produces a range of

risk treatments that reduce the likelihood or consequences of events.

ESSENTIAL SERVICE :An indispensable supply or activity. The various Australian

jurisdictions have various legislative instruments in place to either define or constitute

essential services, their roles and responsibilities. These should be properly researched and

understood as part of ERM.

EXTERNALITY :Influences exerted by others or the environment, either real or perceived, on

an organizations ability to operate.

FORECAST :Definite statement or statistical estimate of the occurrence of a future event

(UNESCO, WMO). This term is used with different meanings in different disciplines.


- 19 -

GEOLOGICAL HAZARD :Natural earth processes or phenomena that may cause the loss of

life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation.

Geological hazard includes internal earth processes or tectonic origin, such as

earthquakes, geological fault activity, tsunamis, volcanic activity and emissions as well as

external processes such as mass movements: landslides, rockslides, rock falls or

avalanches, surfaces collapses, expansive soils and debris or mud flows. Geological hazards

can be single, sequential or combined in their origin and effects.

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) :A computerized database for the capture,

storage, analysis and display of locationally defined information. Commonly, a GIS portrays a

map on which this information is overlaid.

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) : GPS is a worldwide radio-navigation system

formed from a constellation of 24 satellites and their ground stations. The satellites are

reference points to calculate positions accurate to a matter of meters. By using advanced

forms of GPS, measurements are better than a centimeter. In effect, each square meter on

the planet has a unique address.

HAZARD :A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or human activity that may

cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or

environmental degradation. Hazards can include latent conditions that may represent future

threats and can have different origins: natural (geological, hydro meteorological and

biological) or induced by human processes (environmental degradation and technological

hazards). Hazards can be single, sequential or combined in their origin and effects. Each

hazard is characterized by its location, intensity, frequency and probability.

HAZARD ASSESSMENT OR HAZARD VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS :The process of

estimating, for defined areas, the probabilities of the occurrence of potentially-damaging

phenomenon of given magnitudes within a specified period of time. A systematic approach

used to analyze the effectiveness of the overall (current or proposed) security and safety

systems at a particular facility. Hazard assessment involves analysis of formal and informal

historical records, and skilled interpretation of existing topographical graphical, geological

geomorphologic, hydrological, and land-use maps. The analysis first determines the

objectives of the facility’s physical protection system. Next, it identifies the physical protection


- 20 -

elements in place (or proposed) to prevent or mitigate security concerns. Finally, it analyzes

the system design against the objectives in a systematic, quantitative manner in order to

determine if the physical protection system is effective and acceptable for that facility. Similar

Terms Vulnerability Analysis, Risk Assessment, Threat Assessment.

HAZARD MITIGATION :The process of alleviating hazards or reducing the risk of hazards by

the use of proactive measures. (FEMA’s Disaster Mitigation Act) Any sustained action taken

to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to human life and property from hazards.

HUMAN VULNERABILITY : A human condition or process resulting from physical, social,

economic and environmental factors, which determine the likelihood and scale of damage

from the impact of a given hazard.

INTERDEPENDENCY :The essential external organizational, systems or technical

connectivity associated with critical infrastructure operations LAND-USE PLANNING :Branch of physical and socio-economic planning that determines

the means and assesses the values or limitations of various options in which land is to be

utilized, with the corresponding effects on different segments of the population or interests of

a community taken into account in resulting decisions. Land-use planning involves studies

and mapping, analysis of environmental and hazard data, formulation of alternative land-use

decisions and design of a long-range plan for different geographical and administrative

scales. Land-use planning can help to mitigate disasters and reduce risks by discouraging

high-density settlements and construction of key installations in hazard-prone areas, control

of population density and expansion, and in the sitting of service routes for transport, power,

water, sewage and other critical facilities.

LATENT RISK :A risk that is present but not yet apparent.

LIKELIHOOD :Used as a qualitative description of probability and frequency.

MITIGATION :Acts or efforts to lesson the consequences of an event. These may be carried

out before, during or after an event.


- 21 -

MONITOR :To check, supervise, observe critically, or record the progress of an activity,

action or system on a regular basis in order to identify change.

NATURAL HAZARDS : Natural processes or phenomena occurring in the biosphere that

may constitute a damaging event.

NATURAL DISASTER :A serious disruption triggered by a natural hazard causing human,

material, economic or environmental losses, which exceed the ability of those affected to

cope.

NATURAL DISASTER, SLOW ONSET :A disaster event that unfolds alongside and within

development processes. The hazard can be felt as an ongoing stress for many days, months

or even years. Drought is a prime example.

NATURAL DISASTER, RAPID ONSET : A disaster that is triggered by an instantaneous

shock. The impact of this disaster may unfold over the medium- or long-term. An earthquake

is a prime example.

PHYSICAL RESOURCE :The process of engaging stakeholders and communities by

analyzing and documenting courses of action and testing them for efficiency and

effectiveness.

PREPAREDNESS :Measures to ensure that communities and organizations are capable of

coping with the effects of emergencies.

PREVENTION :Measures to eliminate or reduce the likelihood or consequences of an event.

This also includes reducing the severity or intensity of an event so it does not become an

emergency.

PREPAREDNESS :Measures to ensure that communities and organizations are capable of

coping with the effects of emergencies.


- 22 -

PLANNING :The analysis of requirements and the development of strategies for resource

utilization.

RECOVERY :Measures supporting individuals, communities and organizations in the

reconstruction or restoration of critical infrastructure, emotional, economic and physical well

being.

RELIEF :A critical control that avoids people over stressing themselves during emergencies.

RESIDUAL RISK :The remaining level of risk after risk treatment measures have been

taken.

RESILIENCE :The ability to maintain function after sustaining loss. Factors contributing to

resilience include existing control measures, duplicated or redundant assets or systems,

knowledge of alternatives and the ability to implement them.

RESPONSE :Measures taken in anticipation of, during and immediately after, emergencies

to ensure the adverse consequences are minimized.

RETROFITTING (OR UPGRADING) :Reinforcement of structures to become more resistant

and resilient to the forces of natural hazards.

Retrofitting involves consideration of changes in the mass, stiffness, damping, load

path and ductility of materials, as well as radical changes such as the introduction of energy

absorbing dampers and base isolation systems. Examples of retrofitting includes the

consideration of wind loading to strengthen and minimize the wind force, or in earthquake

prone areas, the strengthening of structures.

RISK :The chance of an event that will have an impact. It is measured in terms of

consequences and likelihood. In ERM - a concept used to describe the likelihood of harmful

consequences arising from the interaction of sources of risks, communities and the

environment.

RISK ACCEPTANCE :An informed decision to accept a particular residual risk.


- 23 -

RISK ANALYSIS :A systematic use of information to determine likelihood and consequences

of events.

RISK AVOIDANCE :An informed decision to completely eliminate the sources of a particular

risk or not become involved in a particular risk.

RISK CONTROL :The implementation of policies, standards, procedures and physical

changes to eliminate or minimize adverse consequences.

RISK EVALUATION :The process used to determine risk management priorities by

evaluating and comparing the level of risk against predetermined standards, targets or other

criteria.

RISK FINANCING :The methods applied to fund risk treatment and financial consequences

of risk.

RISK IDENTIFICATION :The process of determining what can happen, why and how.

RISK LEVEL :The relative measure of risk as defined by the combination of likelihood and

consequence. Usually expressed in terms of extreme, high, moderate and low.

RISK MANAGEMENT :The culture, processes and structures that are directed towards the

effective management of potential opportunities and adverse effects.

RISK REDUCTION :A selective application of techniques to reduce the likelihood or

consequences of risk.

RISK RETENTION :Intentionally or unintentionally retaining the consequences of risk within

the organization.

RISK SHARING :The equitable apportionment of risk among stakeholders and communities.


- 24 -

RISK TREATMENT :Measures that modify the characteristics of organizations, sources of

risks, communities and environments to reduce risk, e.g. prevention, preparedness,

response and recovery.

STRUCTURAL / NON-STRUCTURAL MEASURES :Structural measures refer to any

physical construction to reduce or avoid possible impacts of hazards, which include

engineering measures and construction of hazard-resistant and protective structures and

infrastructure.

Non-structural measures refer to policies, awareness, knowledge development, public

commitment, and methods and operating practices, including participatory mechanisms and

the provision of information, which can reduce risk and related impacts. SOURCE OF RISK :A real or perceived event, situation or condition with a real or perceived

potential to cause harm or loss to stakeholders, communities or environment.

TROPICAL CYCLONE :Tropical disturbance in which the maximum of the average wind

speed is estimated to be in the range 64 to 89 knots (118 to 165 km/h, force 12 in the

Beaufort scale).

VULNERABILITY :The susceptibility of stakeholders, communities and environment to

consequences of events.

The conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and environmental factors or

processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards.


- 25 -

CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Context 1.2 Need For The Study 1.3 Scope And Limitations

2. NATURAL HAZARDS AND DEVELOPMENT

2.1 What Is A Natural Hazard? 2.2 Difference Between A Hazard And A Disaster

2.3 Characteristics Of Disaster 2.4 Disaster Vs. Development 2.5 How Can Development Planning Incorporate Disaster Risk? 2.6 Disaster Myths 2.7 Conclusions

3. TSUNAMI CHARACTERISTICS

3.1 What Is A Tsunami? 3.2 How Are Tsunamis Generated?

3.3 How Often Do Tsunamis Occur?

3.4 How Fast Does A Tsunami Travel?

3.5 How Big Is A Tsunami?

3.6 What Does A Tsunami Look Like When It Reaches Shore? 3.7 How Is A Tsunami Different From A Wind-Generated Wave?


- 26 -

4. TSUNAMI RISK IN INDIA AND ITS ASSESSMENT

4.1 Some Historical Tsunamis 4.2 Tsunamis In India 4.3 Exposure To Tsunamis 4.4 Tsunami Risk 4.5 Scenario Tsunami 4.6 Tsunami Hazard Map

4.7 Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment 4.8 Case Studies Of Vulnerability Assessment 4.9 Multi Hazard Mapping 4.10 Conclusions

5. COASTAL REGULATION ZONE

5.1 Need For Coastal Regulation Zone 5.2 Setback Zones 5.3 Conclusions

6. ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL BARRIERS

6.1 Sea Wall And Off Shore Breakers 6.2 Advantages Of Sea Wall Construction 6.3 Dis-Advantages Of Sea Wall Construction: 6.4 Conclusions 6.5 Vegetation Along The Coast 6.6 MANGROVES AS NATURAL BARRIERS 6.7 Conclusions


- 27 -

7. CONNECTIVITY

7.1 Role Of Connectivity During Recent Tsunami 7.2 Conclusions

8. EVACUATION PLAN

8.1 Role Of Evacuation Plan 8.2 Types Of Evacuation

8.3 Evacuation Centres 8.4 Nodal Centres

9. SETTLEMENT PLANNING

9.1 Specific Design Principles For Tsunamis Know The Tsunami Risk At The Site

9.2 Avoid New Developments In Tsunami Run-Up Areas 9.3 The Role Of Land Use Planning In Reducing Tsunami Risks 9.4 Planning For Post-Tsunami Reconstruction 9.5 Tsunami Resistant Buildings – New Developments 9.6 Protection Of Existing Buildings - Retrofit, Protection Measures 9.7 Special Precautions In Locating And Designing Infrastructure And

Critical Facilities

10. TSUNAMI WARNING AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

The Present Status Of Tsunami Warnings In India. International Status Of Tsunami Warning And Communication System Tsunami Warning System


- 28 -

The Tsunami Warning System Tsunami Warning Centers Tsunami Watch And Warning Dissemination Tsunami Warning Dissemination

10.3 Some Concepts Of Work Plan For The Tsunami Warning System In India

11. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

Introduction Hierarchy Of Existing Institutional Setup Local Administrative System Of Governance Relief Efforts Central Government State Government NGO’s Operations Observations Conclusions

12. BOOK REFERENCE 13. WEBSITE REFERENCES

14. APPENDIX 1


- 29 -

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 2.1 RISK DIAGRAM ,SCOURCE :RANDOLPH (2002)

FIGURE 2.2 D. ALEXANDER, PRINCIPLES OF EMERGENCY PLANNING AND

MANAGEMENT (HARPENDEN: TERRA PUBLISHING, 2002)

FIGURE 3.1 STAGES OF TSUNAMI OCCURANCES

FIGURE 3.2 RELATIONSHIP OF TSUNAMI DEPTH ,VELOCITY AND WAVE

LENGTH

FIGURE 3.3 DECEMBER 26 TH TSUNAMI OCCURANCE ON PLATE

TECTONICS

FIGURE 3.4 TSUANMI AFFECTED AREAS ON THE INDIAN COAST,

SOURCE : US AID

FIGURE 4.1 COASTAL PLAINS AND COASTAL TOWNS OF INDIA SOURCE :

WWW.MAPSOFINDIA.COM

FIGURE 4.2 TSUNAMI RUNUP MAP Humboldt And Del Norte Counties

FIGURE 4.3 TSUNAMI VULNERAIBILITY MAP Greece, Crete

FIGURE 4.4 TSUNAMI VULNERAIBILITY MAP GREECE, CRETE

FIGURE 4.5 TSUNAMI VULNERAIBILITY MAP USING GIS,

NORTHEN CALIFORNIA.

FIGURE 4.6 MULTI HAZARD MAP OF INDIA SOURCS :UNDP

FIGURE 5.1 COASTAL LANDFORM SOURCE: SPA,DELHI LANDSCAPE

PRESENTATION ON TSUNAMI

FIGURE 5.2 SETBACKS OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES ALONG THE COAST

FIGURE 6.1 VEGETATION FOUND ALONG THE COAST

FIGURE 6.2 MANGROVES AND TSUNAMI

FIGURE 6.3 RREECCOOVVEERRIINNGG TTHHEE CCOOAASSTT


- 30 -

FIGURE 6.4 MMAATTUURRIINNGG CCOOAASSTTAALL FFOORREESSTTSS

FIGURE 7.1 SSOOTTHHIIKKUUPPPPAAMM,,CCUUDDDDAALLOORREE-- FFEERRRRYY CCOONNNNEECCTTIIVVIITTYY

FIGURE 8.1 VVEERRTTIICCAALL EEVVAACCUUAATTIIOONN

FIGURE 8.2 EVACUATION TOWER IN KISEI-CHO, MIE PREFECTURE, JAPAN

FIGURE 8.3 PHOTO TSUNAMI EVACUATION TERRACE

FIGURE 8.4 ROAD CONNECTIVITY AND EVACUATION ROUTES

FIGURE 9.1 MAP SHOWING THE LAND USE REGULATIONS FOR TSUNAMI

RUN UP AREAS

FIGURE 9.2, 9.3 ANALYSING EXISTING SITUATION, SHELTER AND HABITIAT

DEVELOPMENT IN TSUNAMI AFFECTED COASTAL AREAS OF

TAMIL NADU, UNDP

FIGURE 9.4 SITE PLANNING STRATEGIES TO REDUCE TSUNAMI RISK

FIGURE 9.5 CASE STUDY, SITE PLANNING STRATEGIES TO REDUCE TSUNAMI RISK


FIGURE 9.7 CASE STUDY, TSUNAMI RESISTANT BUILDINGS

FIGURE 9.8 ,9.9 CASE STUDY, TSUNAMI RESISTANT BUILDINGS

FIGURE 9.10 CASE STUDY, RETROFIT PLANNING

FIGURE 9.11 COMPATIBILITY ANALYSIS OF INFRASTRUCTURE WITH RESPECT TO

COAST

FIGURE 9.12 COMPATIBILITY CHART OF ACTIVITIES WITH RESPECT TO COAST AND

CRZ


- 31 -

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 2.1 DEVELOPMENT VS DISASTER

TABLE 2.2 Emergency Assistance, Crisis Management VS Disaster Risk Reduction

Strategies

TABLE 4.1 A GLOBAL LIST OF SOME HISTORICAL TSUNAMI DEATHS

TABLE 4.2 TABLE TSUNAMI HAZARD ZONES DEFINITION (PRELIMINARY)

TABLE 4.3 LIST OF TSUNAMI THAT AFFECTED INDIA

TABLE 4.4 MULTI HAZARD DATA -WEST COAST OF INDIA

TABLE 4.5 MULTI HAZARD DATA -EAST COAST OF INDIA

TABLE 5.1 : VALIDATION OF CRZ AFTER TSUNAMI

TABLE 9.1 CRITICAL AND SPECIAL OCCUPANCY STRUCTURE

TABLE 9.2 CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE ISSUES PERTAINING TO THE

COAST

TABLE 11.1 CASE STUDY, INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK


- 32 -

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 CONTEXT A large tsunami triggered due to an earthquake Offshore Sumatra at 7:58:53 AM local time on 26 December 2004 created havoc in several countries of the Indian Ocean, primarily Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Andaman–Nicobar (India), East Coast of India, Sri Lanka, Somalia, Madagascar and several small islands in this area. It caused maximum loss in terms of affected area, leaving millions of people homeless. More than 200,000 human lives are reported to have been lost and millions have been injured; thousands are reported missing. It has affected the citizens of more than 50 countries including tourists from developed countries. The loss of property is so large that

even UN officials hesitate to make an estimate and

suggest that it may take decades to normalize the

situation in the affected regions .

India has a coastline of about 7,500 km.of which the mainland accounts for 5,400.Nearly 250

million people live within a distance of 50 kms from the coast. The coastal zone is also

endowed with a very wide range of coastal ecosystems like mangroves, coral reefs, sea

grasses, salt marshes, sand dunes, estuaries, lagoons, etc., which are characterized by

distinct biotic and a biotic processes. The coastal areas are assuming greater importance in

recent years, owing to increasing human population, urbanization and accelerated developmental activities . The recent Tsunami has posed a great challenge among the

planners in refurbishing the coastal community.


- 33 -

1.2 NEED FOR THE STUDY: “While it is agreed that no human interference is possible to control such an event but

Precautionary measures such as coastal area planning for locating coastal communities in safer areas, protecting and propagating the natural protecting systems

such as mangroves, coral reefs, shelter belt plantations, along with installation of early

warning systems, timely evacuation and relief measures can minimize loss of life and

property to a large extent” 1 and the quote from Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh,

Opportunity for strengthening socially and scientifically, our capacity for safeguarding human

and ecological security in coastal areas. It also provides an opportunity for enhancing the

economic well being of the fisher and farm families along the shoreline through an integrated

bio-shield-cum- bio-village programme.

The recent Tsunami has made us to understand that the planning of coastal areas involves

more care than the normal land use planning since our coast is vulnerable to natural

disasters.

1.3 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

This Review is above all a practical document. However, it is not a manual. Its

Emphasis is on the process of planning and implementing risk reduction initiatives along the

coastal belt. It focuses on key issues and decision points and how to address them. It has

been difficult to present a balanced coverage of such a broad and diverse subject, and there

are inevitable gaps and this being a new phenomenon to our Indian coast studies done to

our conditions is very limited. Nevertheless, the book is literature evidence-based. The

descriptions and discussions are supported by case studies, which aim to give a sense of the

range and diversity of practical approaches that can be used.


- 34 -

Chapter 2

NATURAL HAZARDS AND DEVELOPMENT

2.1 WHAT IS A NATURAL HAZARD? A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or human activity that may cause the

loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental

degradation. Hazards can include latent conditions that may represent future threats and can

have different origins: natural (geological, hydro meteorological and biological) or induced by

human processes (environmental degradation and technological hazards). Hazards can be

single, sequential or combined in their origin and effects. Each hazard is characterized by its

location, intensity, frequency and probability.

2.2 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A HAZARD AND A DISASTER

“Strictly speaking, there is no such thing as a natural disaster, but there are natural hazards,

such as cyclones and earthquakes. The difference between a hazard and a disaster is an

important one. A disaster takes place when a community is affected by a hazard (usually

defined as an event that overwhelms that community’s capacity to cope). In other words, the

impact of the disaster is determined by the extent of a community’s vulnerability to the

hazard. This vulnerability is not natural. It is the human dimension of disasters, the result of

the whole range of economic, social, cultural, institutional, political and even psychological

factors that shape people’s lives and create the environment that they live in.”

2.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF DISASTER

Some or all of the following characterizes disasters:

They are disruptive to individuals and communities;

They are not part of day-to-day experience and are outside normal life expectations;

They are unpredictable in occurrence and effects;

They require a response for which normal local resources may be inadequate;


- 35 -

They have a wide range of effects and impacts on the human and physical

environment;

There are complex needs in dealing with them; Relation Between Risk, Vulnerability And Disaster

Where

R is the risk (number of killed people.

H is the hazard, which depends on the frequency and strength of a given hazard

Pop is the population living in a given exposed area Vul is the vulnerability and depends on the socio-political- economical context of this

population

R = H • Pop • Vul

FIGURE 2.1 RISK DIAGRAM ,SCOURCE :RANDOLPH (2002)


- 36 -

2.4 DISASTER VS. DEVELOPMENT

Disaster limits development? ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Destruction of fixed assets.

Loss of production capacity,

Damage to transport,

communications or energy

infrastructure. Erosion

livelihoods, savings and

physical capital.

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Destruction of health or

education infrastructure

and personnel. Death,

disablement or

migration of key social

actors leading to an

erosion of social capital

More than 200,000 human lives

are reported to have been lost

and millions have been injured;

thousands are reported

missing. The loss of property is so large that even UN officials hesitate to make an estimate and suggest that it may take decades to normalize the situation in the affected regions

Development causes disaster risk?

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Unsustainable development

practices that create wealth

for some at the expense of

unsafe working or living

conditions for others or

degrade the environment.

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Development paths

generating cultural

norms that promote

social isolation or

political exclusion.

High causalities are found in

most thickly populated areas.2

Heavy damage is reported in

areas where sand dunes were

heavily mined (e.g.

nagapatinam & Kolachal) and

where coastal vegetation was

less.

Development reduces disaster risk?

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Access to adequate drinking

water, food, waste

management and a secure

dwelling increases people ’s

resiliency.

Investing in financial

mechanisms and social

security can cushion against

vulnerability.

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Building community

cohesion, recognizing

excluded individuals or

social groups and

providing opportunities

for greater involvement

in decision-making,

enhanced educational

and health

capacity increases

resiliency.

One town in Thailand that

survived almost unscathed had

built a sea wall of huge

concrete pyramids across their

coastline

TABLE 2.1 DEVELOPMENT VS DISASTER


- 37 -

2.5 HOW CAN DEVELOPMENT PLANNING INCORPORATE DISASTER RISK? • Decisions taken today will configure disaster risk in the future

• Population movements are changing the context of disaster risk

• Development processes modify natural hazard

• Risk accumulates before being released in a disaster

• Large disasters are made up of many smaller disasters DISASTER CYCLE

MITIGATION Since the return period of destructive Tsunami are very large , Tsunami mitigation measure

should be considered along with mitigation measure of other natural hazards like tropical

cyclone, coastal flooding, coastal erosion (due strong monsoon and other natural hazards)

etc. However, specific Tsunami protective measures may be undertaken for the vital coastal

installations like important ports, nuclear plants along the coast high value coastal installation

properties

FIGURE 2.2 D. ALEXANDER, PRINCIPLES OF EMERGENCY PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT (HARPENDEN: TERRA PUBLISHING, 2002)


- 38 -

PREPAREDNESS

Specific measures taken before disasters strike, usually to forecast or warn against them,

take precautions when they threaten and arrange for the appropriate response (such as

organizing evacuation and stockpiling food supplies). Preparedness falls within the broader

field of mitigation.

PREVENTION

Activities to ensure that the adverse impact of hazards and related disasters is avoided. As

this is unrealistic in most cases, the term is not widely used nowadays.

RECOVERY Measures supporting individuals, communities and organizations in the reconstruction or

restoration of critical infrastructure, emotional, economic and physical well being.

Bringing disaster risk reduction and development concerns closer together requires three steps:

• The collection of basic data on disaster risk and the development of planning tools to

track the changing relationship between development policy and disaster risk levels.

• The collation and dissemination of best practice in development planning and policy

that reduce disaster risk.

• The galvanizing of political will to reorient both the development and disaster

management sectors.


- 39 -

Emergency assistance, crisis management

Disaster risk reduction strategies

1. Primary focus on hazards and disaster

events

2. Single, event-based scenarios

3. Basic responsibility to respond to an

event.

Emph

asis

1. Primary focus on vulnerability and risk

issues

2. Dynamic, multiple risk issues and

development scenarios

3. Fundamental need to assess, monitor and

update exposure to changing conditions

4. Often fixed, location-specific conditions

5. Responsibility in single authority or

agency

6. Command and control, directed

operations

7. Established hierarchical relationships

8. Often focused on hardware and

equipment

9. Dependent on specialized expertise

Ope

ratio

ns

4. Extended, changing, shared or regional,

local variations

5. Involves multiple authorities, interests,

actors

6. Situation-specific functions, free

association

7. Shifting, fluid and tangential relationships

8. Dependent on related practices, abilities,

and knowledge base

9. Specialized expertise, squared with public

views, priorities

10. Urgent, immediate and short time

frames outlook, planning, attention, returns

Tim

e

Hor

izon

s

10. Comparative, moderate and long time

frames in outlook, planning, values, returns

11. Rapidly changing, dynamic information

usage, often conflicting or sensitive

12. Primary, authorized or singular

information sources, need for definitive

facts

13. Directed, 'need to know' basis of

information dissemination, availability

14. Operational, or public information

based on

use of communications

15. In-out or vertical flows of information Info

rmat

ion

use

and

man

agem

ent

11. Accumulated, historical, layered, updated,

or comparative use of information

12. Open or public information, multiple,

diverse or changing sources, differing

perspectives, points of view.

13. Multiple use, shared exchange, inter-

sectoral use of information

14. Matrix, nodal communication

15. Dispersed, lateral flows of information

16. Relates to matters of public security,

safety

Soci

al,

Polit

ical

R

atio

nal 16. Matters of public interest, investment and

safety

TABLE 2.2 Emergency assistance, crisis management VS Disaster

risk reduction strategies


- 40 -

2.6 DISASTER MYTHS Myths about disasters are widespread and persistent, despite repeated experience

to the contrary and the findings of social science research. They are often reinforced in the

public mind by media coverage. Disaster myths are a significant problem, because they

influence the way operational agencies think and act. Among the most prominent myths are

the following:

• Disasters are acts of God (which means that nothing can be done about them) or acts of

nature (which means that the problem can be resolved by scientific or technical interventions

alone).

• People are fatalistic about disasters and do not take action to protect themselves against

future events.

• When a disaster strikes, people are helpless, passive, dependent victims incapable of

carrying out even basic tasks. Therefore they rely on help from aid agencies.

• People panic during disasters; they cannot be relied upon to react rationally at times of

great danger.

• The chaos that follows disasters encourages many people to engage in anti-social

behaviors (particularly looting).

• External ‘experts’, with their advanced knowledge and technologies, are the main agents in

risk reduction and disaster response.

• The situation will return to normal within a few months of the disaster, and support for

rehabilitation need only be for the short term.

2.7 CONCLUSIONS • Disasters triggered by natural hazards are a major threat to life and to sustainable

development, especially in developing countries.

• The human and economic cost of disasters is rising, mainly because societies

are becoming more vulnerable to hazards.

• Socio-economic vulnerability is complex and often deep-rooted.

• The weaker groups in society suffer most from disasters.

• Many persistent myths about disasters should be discarded.

• Disaster reduction strategies are important to address future disasters.


- 41 -

Chapter 3

TSUNAMI CHARACTERISTICS 3.1 WHAT IS A TSUNAMI?

• A tsunami is a series of waves with a long wavelength and period (time between

crests). Time between crests of the wave can vary from a few minutes to over an

hour.

• Tsunamis are often incorrectly called tidal waves; they have no relation to the daily

ocean tides.

• Tsunami (soo-NAH-mee) is a Japanese word meaning harbor wave.

• Tsunamis can occur at any time of day or night.

3.2 HOW ARE TSUNAMIS GENERATED?

• Tsunamis are generated by any large, impulsive displacement of the seabed level.

• Earthquakes generate tsunamis by vertical movement of the sea floor. If the sea floor

movement is horizontal, a tsunami is not generated. Earthquakes of M > 6.5 are critical

for tsunami generation.

• Tsunamis are also triggered by landslides into or under the water surface, and can be

generated by volcanic activity and meteorite impacts.

•

Possible bore formation on shoreAs waves approach shore

they slow down, the waves lengths shorten and become higher

Submarine fault movement, landslide, or volcanic activity

4 32

1

Wave train of Tsunami

Tsunami wave train formation

FIGURE 3.1 STAGES OF TSUNAMI OCCURANCES


- 42 -

3.3 HOW OFTEN DO TSUNAMIS OCCUR?

• On the average, there are two tsunamis per year somewhere in the world, which

cause damage near the source.

• Approximately every 15 years a destructive, Pacific-wide tsunami occurs.

• The destructive tsunami on Dec 26th, 2004 on the Indian Coast seems to have

occurred for the first time in the history.

3.4 HOW FAST DOES A TSUNAMI TRAVEL?

• Tsunami velocity is dependent on the depth of water through which it travels

(Velocity equals the square root of water depth h times the gravitational

acceleration g, V =√g h).

• Tsunamis travel approximately 700 kmph in 4000 m depth of seawater. In 10 m of

water depth the velocity drops to about 36 kmph.

• For example, the tsunami from Sumatra coastal earthquake traveled to Tamil

Nadu coast in about two hours.

• Even on shore tsunamis can faster than a person can run.

Error!


- 43 -

FIGURE 3.2 RELATIONSHIP OF TSUNAMI DEPTH ,VELOCITY AND WAVE LENGTH

FIGURE 3.3 DECEMBER 26 TH TSUNAMI OCCURANCE ON PLATE TECTONICS


- 44 -

3.5 HOW BIG IS A TSUNAMI?

• Tsunamis range in size from centimeters to over 30 m height. Most tsunamis are

less than 3 m in height.

• In deep water (greater than 200 m), tsunamis are rarely over 1m high and will not

be noticed by ships due to their long period (time between crests).

• As tsunamis propagate into shallow water, the wave height can increase by over

10 times.

• Tsunami heights can vary greatly along a coast. The waves are amplified by

certain shoreline and bathymetric (sea floor) features.

• A large tsunami can flood land up to more than 1.5 km from the coast.

• The force of some tsunamis is enormous. Large rocks weighing several tons

along with boats and other debris can be moved inland hundreds of feet by

tsunami wave activity. Homes and other buildings are destroyed. All this material

and water move with great force and can kill or injure people.

3.6 WHAT DOES A TSUNAMI LOOK LIKE WHEN IT REACHES SHORE?

• Normally, a tsunami appears as a rapidly advancing or receding tide.

• It some cases a bore (wall of water) or series of breaking waves may form.

• Some times a tsunami causes the water near the shore to recede, exposing the

ocean floor, then the wave crest comes with a high speed.

• Tsunamis can travel up rivers and streams that lead to the sea.

3.7 HOW IS A TSUNAMI DIFFERENT FROM A WIND-GENERATED WAVE?

• Wind-generated waves usually have periods (time between crests) of 5 to 20

seconds. Tsunami periods are usually between 5 minutes and an hour.

• Wind-generated waves break as they shoal and lose energy offshore. Tsunamis

act more like a flooding wave. A 6 m tsunami is a 6 m rise in sea level.

FIGURE 3.4 TSUANMI AFFECTED AREAS ON THE INDIAN COAST SOURCE : US AID


- 45 -

Chapter 4 TSUNAMI RISK IN INDIA AND ITS ASSESSMENT

4.1 SOME HISTORICAL TSUNAMIS

Prior to the Tsunami of 26 December 2004, the most destructive Pacific-wide

Tsunami of recent history was generated along the coast of Chile on May 22, 1960. No

accurate assessment of the damage and deaths attributable to this Tsunami along the coast

of Chile can be given; however, all coastal towns between the 36th and 44th (latitude)

parallels either were destroyed or heavily damaged by the action of the waves and the

quake. The combined Tsunami and earthquake toll included 2,000 killed, 3000 injured

2,000,000 homeless and $550 million damages. Off Corral, the waves were estimated to be

20.4 meters (67 feet) high. The Tsunami caused 61 deaths in Hawaii, 20 in the Philippines,

and 100 or more in Japan. Estimated damages were $50 million in Japan, $24 million

Hawaii and several millions along the west coast of the United States and Canada. Wave

heights varied from slight oscillations in some areas to range of 12.2 meters (40 feet) at

Pitcairn Islands; 10.7 meters (35 feet) at Hilo, Hawaii and 6.1 meters (20 feet) at various

places in Japan.

The hydrographic survey in Japan after the great Kwato earthquake of September 1, 1923

showed that vertical displacements of the order of 100 meters had occurred over a large

area of sea floor. Tsunamis are very common over the Pacific Ocean because it is

surrounded on all sides by a seismically active belt. In the Hawain Islands, Tsunamis

approach from all directions, namely, from Japan, the Aleutian Islands and from South

America.

4.2 TSUNAMIS IN INDIA

The Indian coastal belt has not recorded many Tsunamis in the past. Waves accompanying

earthquake activity have been reported over the North Bay of Bengal. During an earthquake

in 1881 which had its epicenter near the centre of the Bay of Bengal, Tsunamis were

reported. The earthquake of 1941 in Bay of Bengal caused some damage in Andaman


- 46 -

region. This was unusual because most Tsunamis are generated by shocks which occur at

or near the flanks of continental slopes. During the earthquakes of 1819 and 1845 near the

Rann of Kutch, there were rapid movements of water into the sea. There is no mention of

waves resulting from these earthquakes along the coast adjacent to the Arabian sea, and it is

unlikely that Tsunamis were generated. Further west, in the Persian Gulf, the 1945 Mekran

earthquake (magnitude 8.1) generated Tsunami of 12 to 15 metres height. This caused a

huge deluge, with considerable loss of life and property at Ormara and Pasi. The estimated

height of Tsunami at Gulf of Combay was 15m but no report of damage is available. The

estimated height of waves was about 2 metres at Mumbai, where boats were taken away

from their moorings and casualties occurred. A list showing the Tsunami that affected Indian

coast in the past is given in Table-4.2. The information given in the Table is sketchy and

authenticity cannot be confirmed except the Tsunami of 26th December 2004.

Above facts indicate the coastal region of Gujarat is vulnerable to Tsunamis from great

earthquakes in Mekran coast. Earthquake of magnitude 7 or more may be dangerous. It

may be noted that all earthquake do not generate Tsunami. Research is still being

undertaken in this field. For the Indian region, two potential sources have been identified,

namely Mekran coast and Andaman to Sumatra region.

YEAR PLACE NUMBER OF LIVES LOST

1692 Port Royal, Jamaica 3000

1703 Tsunamis in Honshu, Japan following

a large earthquake

5000

1707 38 foot Tsunami, Japan 30,000

1741 Following Volcanic eruptions 30 feet

wave in Japan

1400

1753 Combine effect of an earthquake and

Tsunami in Lisbon, Portugal

50,000

1783 A Tsunami in Italy 30,000

1868 Tsunami Chile and Hawaii More than 25000

TABLE 4.1 A GLOBAL LIST OF SOME HISTORICAL TSUNAMI


- 47 -

1883 Krakatoa Volcanic explosion and

Tsunami in Indonesia

36,000

1896 Tsunami Sanrika , Japan 27,000

1933 Tsunami, Sanrika Japan 3000

1946 32 foot high waves in Hilo, Hawaii 159

May 22,

1960

Along the coast of Chille Approx. 2000 (+ 3000

person missing) rendered

homeless.

1946 Honsu, Japan Earthquake Spawan

Tsunami

2000

1964 195 foot waves engulf Kodiak, Alaska

after the Good Friday Earthquake

131

17 August

1976

Philippines 8000

19 August

1977

Indonesia 189

18 July

1979

Indonesia 540

12

September

1979

New Guinea 100

12

December

1979

Columbia 500

26 May

1983

Sea of Japan Approx. 100

1998 Papua New Guinea

26 Dec.

2004

Earthquake 9.1 in Richter Scale. The

Bay of Bengal. Powerful Tsunami

which swept several coastal areas of

South East Asia (Indonesia, India, Sri

lanka, Maldives etc.)

Approx. 170000 (+ 130000

missing)


- 48 -

DATE REMARKS 326 B.C. Alexander the Great

Between 1st April

and 9th May 1008 Tsunami on the Iranian coast from a local earthquake

August 27th 1883 Karatoa 1.5 m Tsunami at Madras, 06 am at

Nagapattainam, 0.2 m at Arden

1884 Earthquake in the western part of the Bay of Bengal

Tsunamis at Port Blair, Doublet (mouth of Hoogly River)

26th June 1941

8.1 quake in the Andaman Sea at 12.90 N,92.5o E

Tsunamis on the east coast of India with amplitudes from 0.75 to

1.25 m. Some damage from East Coast was reported.

1945

Mekran Earthquake (Magnitude 8.1 ). 12 to 15 M wave height in

Ormara in Pasi (Mekran coast) Considerable damage in Mekran

coast. In Gulf of Cambay of Gujarat wave heights of 15 meter

was estimated. Damage report from Gujarat coast was not

available. The estimated height of waves at Mumbai was about 2

meters, boats were taken away from their moorings and

causality occurred.

27th November

1945

8.25 quake 70 km south of

Karachi at 24.5o N, 63.0o E

Tsunami amplitude at Kutch was 11.0 to 11.5m ?

26th December

2004

Earthquake of magnitude 9.1 off north Sumatra coast generated

devastated Tsunami waves affecting several countries in South

East Asia. In India Andaman & Nicobar Island, Tamil Nadu,

Pondichery, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Lakshdweep have

been affected about 9700 people lose their lives and about 6000

more reported missing. (Till end January 2005.)

TABLE 4.2 LIST OF TSUNAMI THAT AFFECTED INDIA


- 49 -

4.3 EXPOSURE TO TSUNAMIS

Coastlines have always been a favored location for human settlements. Because of

the attractiveness of coastal locations and the long gaps between devastating tsunami

events, coastal communities have continued to develop in recent times with new housing,

maritime facilities, and resort developments. As a result, the destructive force of tsunamis

threatens more people and facilities.

Map Showing No Of Settlements Along The Coast

FIGURE 4.1 COASTAL PLAINS AND COASTAL TOWNS OF INDIA SOURCE : WWW.MAPSOFINDIA.COM


- 50 -

4.4 TSUNAMI RISK

It will be assessed by a deterministic approach according to the following:

TSUNAMI RISK = TSUNAMI HAZARD . EXPOSURE . VULNERABILITY.

(a) For the Tsunami Hazard assessment:

• Preparation of data-base of historical and archival information (newspapers,

archives, anecdotal information, literature survey) of relevant Indian Tsunamis,

with the emphasis clearly on the December 26, 2004 event.

• Analyses of these data, to

-define the scenario Tsunamis from various earthquake sources

-prepare the Tsunami hazard map.

(b) For the Exposure

• List all habitations below 15 m contour level and locate on a map.

• List and locate all vital installations below 15 m contour level (Ports, Harbors,

Schools, Hospitals, Power Plants, Bridges, etc.)

(c) For the VULNERABILITY assessment:

• Based on the earthquake vulnerability assessment, define the vulnerability of

various exposed elements on the coastal, island and reef environments and in

the Ports and Harbors

• Prepare vulnerability charts and matrices.

(d) For the RISK assessment:

• Integrate these hazard and exposure data with vulnerability assessments to

obtain the risk assessment.

4.5 SCENARIO TSUNAMI


- 51 -

The following parameters will need to be defined:

• Tsunami source region:

• Mode of generation:

• Potential wave heights

• Maximum Run-up (maximum height of the water onshore observed/inferred above

the mean sea level. Usually measured at the horizontal inundation limit)

• Tsunami intensity I=0.5 log 2H (Pelinovsky, 1996)

with H = average maximum run-up height >3 m. Imax = 2.5

4.6 TSUNAMI HAZARD MAP

The Tsunami hazard map may be empirically defined using a deterministic approach,

based upon potential maximum wave heights for the scenario tsunamis. The

definition of the tsunami hazard zones, as preliminary estimates, is given in Table.

For the terrestrial environment the hazard may be presented as inundation levels, in

terms of run-up heights at specified land contours. For the marine environment (“ON

WATER”) Harbour, Bay and Reefs – hazard may be given in terms of potential

maximum wave heights.

CHARACTERISTIC TSUNAMI HAZARD ZONE

HI MED LO

ON LAND INUNDATION LEVEL-MAXIMUM (m CONTOUR )

5

3

1

RUN-UP HEIGHT –AVERAGE (m) >3 1-3 0-1

TSUNAMI INTENSITY (I) >2 1-2 0

LIKLIHOOD OF TSUNAMI Yes Yes Possible

DAMAGE OBSERVED IN EARLIER TSUNAMI Severe Minor None

COAST ADJACENT TO TSUNAMI GENIC SOURCE Yes Yes No

ON WATER WAVE HEIGHTS (m)

>2

1-2

<1

REEF DAMAGE Severe Minor None

TABLE 4.3 TABLE TSUNAMI HAZARD ZONES DEFINITION


- 52 -

4.7 TSUNAMI VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT

The exposure inventory with vulnerability to tsunami impact for both the built and

natural environments will need to be developed for shores and Harbours. Potential

damage is related to the hydrological controls of wave action (surging), flooding and

debris deposition, and consequent geotechnical controls to damage by liquefaction,

cracking and slumping. These result in structural damage to buildings, water

damage to contents, flooding damage to infrastructure (roads, bridges, water supply,

sewerage, wharves, sea-walls), damage to navigational aids and reef damage.

There is the potential for “seiching” in the shallow harbour areas where, alternately

(from the tsunami waves), water is drained from the harbour and then flooded to

depths greater than high tide levels. This has the potential for threat to human life

(death and injury) from people collecting fish from the harbour seafloor. In the

Harbour, waves are a threat to shipping (sinking, striking wharves) and fishermen

(drowning).

The vulnerability assessment is expressed as details of elements of the built, natural and

human environments vulnerable to potential tsunami-related damage. These need to be

considered in terms of the Tsunami Hazard Zones for the terrestrial environments around the

shores and the marine environments.

Tsunami Risk Assessment

By integrating the hazard and vulnerability assessments, the tsunami risk assessment is to

be developed in terms of zonation and inundation maps and associated affects.

Practical Applications

The key factors to reduce potential losses due to tsunami are AWARENESS and

PREPAREDNESS. The practical applications of this tsunami risk assessment, in


- 53 -

both quantitative and qualitative terms, for implementation into mitigation strategies

for the terrestrial and marine environments include

4.8 CASE STUDIES OF VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT Case Study 1: Planning Scenario for Humboldt and Del Norte Counties In 1995, the California Division of Mines and Geology published Special Publication 115,

entitled Planning Scenario in Humboldt and Del Norte Counties, California for a Great

Earthquake on the Cascadia Subduction Zone.

This report includes a description

with supporting maps of the

potential effects of a tsunami on the

cities of Eureka (Humboldt County)

and Crescent City (Del Norte

County). This report is an example

of local hazard and risk information

that can be used to support

mitigation efforts. The scenario

earthquake is assumed to generate

a local tsunami that would arrive

minutes after the earthquake. The

maps depict potential structure and

infrastructure damage and show

locations likely to be flooded by a

tsunami caused by a potential great earthquake (magnitude 8.4) occurring offshore on the

Gorda segment of the Cascadia Sub duction Zone.The planning scenario includes damage

probability and assessments for a variety of facilities, infrastructure, and services including:

schools and colleges, hospitals, highways, airports, marine facilities, railroads, and facilities

for electric power, natural gas, petroleum products, water supply, and wastewater. These

assessments are intended to assist localities in planning for emergency response efforts and

pre-disaster retrofitting and other risk

Mitigation efforts.

FIGURE 4.2 TSUNAMI RUNUP MAP HUMBOLDT AND DEL NORTE COUNTRIES


- 54 -

Case Study 2: Assessing tsunami vulnerability, example Greece, Crete:

S•1 Identification of field site S•2 Estimation of worst case scenario The worse case scenario has a

H(m)max of c.+5 m and correlates

with a tsunami int. of Ko IV.

S•3 Parameters for vulnerability Built environment (one floor / two

floor)

Building materials ,age, design Population density (day/ night)

Land use

Land cover/ barriers

Other indicators

S•4 GIS base map and generation of database Spatial data (aerial photo & topo map)1:5000

Attribute data (for parameters)

S•5 Results Disaster Planners, Local Authorities, Insurance Co

P•4 vulnerability map

FIGURE 4.3 STUDY AREA OF TSUNAMI VULNERAIBILITY MAP GREECE, CRETE

FIGURE 4.4 TSUNAMI VULNERAIBILITY MAP GREECE, CRETE


- 55 -

Case Study 3: Assessing tsunami vulnerability using GIS Northern California

FIGURE 4.5 TSUNAMI VULNERAIBILITY MAP USING GIS, NORTHEN CALIFORNIA.


- 56 -

4.9 MULTI HAZARD MAPPING

The following hazards are seen to occur in the coastal areas:

1. Earthquakes

2. Cyclonic wind

3. Storm surge in cyclones

4. Flooding by incessant rain

5. Tsunami

Fire is also known to occur quite frequently in many such areas. The situation on the west

and east coast of India is given in Table respectively.

FIGURE 4.6 MULTI HAZARD MAP OF INDIA SOURCS :UNDP


- 57 -

Name of coastal State

EQ. Hazard

Cyclonic Wind (m/s)

Storm Surge (m)

Astronomical High Tide (m)

Flood Proneness

Tsunami Prone-ness (m)

Gujarat V, IV, III 50 & 47 2.5 – 5.0 1.1 – 5.3 In 5 coastal

districts

10 – 12

(1945 Eq.)

Dadra & Nagar

Haveli III 44 5.0 1.1 – 5.3

-

+

Daman & Diu III 50 & 44 5.0 1.1 – 5.3 - +

Maharashtra IV & III 44 & 39 2.9 –4.2 * - +

Goa III & II 39 3.4 * - +

Karnataka III & II 39 3.2 – 3.7 * - +

Kerala III 39 2.3 –3.5 * In 9 coast

Districts 3 – 5

Lakshadweep III 39 * * *

- +

* To be obtained from survey of India * * To be obtained from IMD + To be estimated

TABLE 4.4 MULTI HAZARD DATA -WEST COAST OF INDIA


- 58 -

Name of coastal State

EQ. Hazard

Cyclonic Wind (m/s)

Storm Surge (m)

Astronomical High Tide (m)

Flood Proneness

Tsunami Prone-ness (m)

Tamil Nadu III & II 50,47,39

(PMWS- 64) 2.7 –11 * - 7 – 10

Pondicherry III

50,47,39

(PMWS- 64-

78)

3.0 –4.5 * In 1 coast

districts

10 (in 1

district)

Andhra

Pradesh III & II

50

(PMWS – 78) 3 – 6 *

In 8 coast

districts +

Orissa III & II 50 & 44

(PMWS – 78) 2.7 –9.8 1.15-1.60

In 3 coast

districts +

West Bengal IV & III 50

PMWS- 78 12.0 -12.5 *

In 3 coast

districts +

Andaman &

Nicobar V 44 * * * _ 3 – 6

* To be obtained from survey of India * * To be obtained from IMD

+ To be estimated

TABLE 4.5 MULTI HAZARD DATA -EAST COAST OF INDIA


- 59 -

4.10 Conclusions Strategies for Applying Hazard Information to Reducing Future Losses Strategy 1: Incorporate Hazard Information into Short- and Long-Term Planning

Processes

One of the best ways to prevent future losses from natural hazards is to

ensure the subject is ad-dressed along with all other issues in short- and long-term

comprehensive planning programs and project reviews.

Strategy2: Use Hazard Information to Build Public and Political Support for Mitigation Measures

Hazard information, loss estimates, and planning scenarios are powerful tools

to create understanding and commitment to mitigation.

Strategy 3: Estimate Reduced Future Losses by Evaluating the Effectiveness of Loss-Prevention Measures

One of the biggest challenges in preventing losses from rare events such as

tsunamis is to show that mitigation measures would be effective. At the community

level, the value of mitigation investments can be estimated by using scenarios and

maps to evaluate actions taken to reduce vulnerability and exposure to tsunami

hazards.

Strategy 4: Periodically Re-evaluate Community Vulnerability and Exposure

The tsunami hazard is unlikely to change over time, but communities are

changing constantly. This dynamic process leads to changes in vulnerability and

exposure.


- 60 -

Chapter 5

COASTAL REGULATION ZONE

5.1 NEED FOR COASTAL REGULATION ZONE The general functioning of the coast as such requires Sufficient spaces .The entire coast has

different varieties of ecosystems of which few are sensitive and the needs protection. CRZ

can help to reduce risk arising due to cyclone, flooding, erosion and other

geomorphologic/geological events such as tsunamis. Public access and preservation of the

natural beauty of the shoreline.

9999999999999999

Dune profiles - Primary dune is established and the Secondary dune is stabilized

OCEAN

Tolerant

Intensive Recreation

BEACH

Tolerant

PRIMARY DUNE

Intolerant

No passage, breaching or building

TROUGH

Intolerant


SECONDARY DUNE

Intolerant


BACK DUNE

Tolerant

Most suitable for development

BAY SHORE

Intolerant

No filling

FORE DUNE OR PRIMARY DUNESNewly developed dunes. Initiated by wind blown sand trapped by vegetation.

Sand binding vegetation thrives in this area. They are well adapted to this highly variable environment.

DUNE STRUCTURE:DUNE STRUCTURE:ESTABLISHED FORE DUNES

Develop from incipient fore dune by steadily growing with sand accretion on the sea ward size.

Leeward side becomes more stable and protected from salt spray and salt deposition.

LANDFORMSLANDFORMSLANDFORMS

FIGURE 5.1 COASTAL LANDFORM SOURCE: SPA,DELHI LANDSCAPE PRESENTATION ON TSUNAMI


- 61 -

5.2 SETBACK ZONES According to shoreline setbacks or exclusion zones, certain uses are restricted within

a specified distance.

Different set back zones for different activities on their impacts:

e.g. Housing 20 m-200 mts

Tourism 50 m-200 mts

Non-polluting Industries 300 m-500 mts

Polluting Industries more than 1000 m

Different Setback Zones in different areas based on their importance:

e.g. Critical Habitats 1000 m

Infrastructure developed areas 200 m

Under developed areas 500 m

Different Setback Zones in different areas based on their risk

Based on geomorphic events such as erosion and natural hazards such as earthquakes,

cyclones, etc., the coast could be classified into the following zones and setback distances

are determined accordingly.

e.g. High Risk Zone

Low Risk Zone

No Risk Zone

Different Setback Zones in different areas based on geomorphology/geology

Based on geomorphology of the coast such as rocky cliff, muddy coast or sandy coast,

the setback zones could be decided.

Different Governments have adopted, different setback zone based on developed

activities, geomorphology, ecosystems etc. The setback zones adopted by different

countries/States are as given below:


- 62 -

COUNTRIES SETBACK ZONE

5.3 CONCLUSIONS In the context of CRZ provisions, during the present episode of tsunami in the Indian

coast, the following preliminary observations are made:

a) The maximum damage has occurred in low lying areas near the coast.

b) High causalities are found in most thickly populated areas.

c) The mangroves, forests, sand dunes and coastal cliffs provided the best natural

barriers against the tsunami.

d) Heavy damage is reported in areas where sand dunes were heavily mined (eg.

Nagapatinam & Kolachal) and where coastal vegetation was less.

FIGURE 5.2 SETBACKS OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES ALONG THE COAST


- 63 -

Validation of CRZ after tsunami

Type of activity Clauses of the CRZ Notification

Interpretation / Comments

Construction of permanent houses.

Para 6(2) CRZ –I, II, III A lawyer in the Madras High Court, Mr. T.Mohan states ‘there is a difference in the interpretation of the words ‘no construction’, ‘no new construction’ and ‘no reconstruction’. The term ‘new construction’ need not apply to the reconstruction of an earlier authorised structure that was demolished or destroyed by the tsunami, if it is being reconstructed (as part of rehabilitation measures) provided the reconstructed structure is as per the same specifications, style and design as the earlier construction. There should be no increase in the area occupied or in the height of the construction as earlier’. However it is not really clear if such reconstruction is permitted within the CRZ – I, though the notification does not explicitly prohibit it. Applying the above interpretation, reconstruction of structures that were demolished in the CRZ –I areas

Construction of temporary shelters.

No specific mention in the Notification.

The Notification does not explicitly state its position on temporary shelters.

Construction of cyclone relief shelters.

Para 6(2) CRZ –I No new construction is permitted. Para 3(1) of the notification states that clearance shall be given for any activity within the Coastal Regulation Zone only if it requires waterfront and foreshore facilities.

There is no specific mention of cyclone shelters/tsunami shelters in CRZ It would seem logical that cyclone relief shelters would have to be located in areas close to existing settlements and work area.

Construction of fish drying and storage yards.

No specific mention in the notification. Para 6(2) CRZ –I No new construction is permitted. Para 3(1) of the notification states that clearance shall given for any activity within the Coastal Regulation Zone only if it requires waterfront and foreshore facilities.

Fishing related constructions that could be considered permissible only if the activity requires foreshore or waterfront facilities. For e.g fish washing and sun drying on the beach requires the foreshore and waterfront and is not prohibited in the notification. There are several fishing related activities that do not require the waterfront or foreshore area like the storage or desiccation of fish products in permanent constructions does not require the foreshore or waterfront and even today takes place at distances beyond 500 m. Constructions of the latter category cannot be permitted in the CRZ.

Construction of sheds for repair work.

No specific mention in the notification. Para 6(2) CRZ –I No new construction is permitted. Para 3(1) of the notification states that clearance shall be given for any activity within the Coastal Regulation Zone only if it requires waterfront and foreshore facilities.

No new constructions would be permitted in CRZ –I areas. For the reconstruction of destroyed sheds in the CRZ –I areas,a clarification from the MoEF and Tamil Nadu SCZMA will have to the sought. Only those constructions that require the foreshore and waterfront maybe permitted. Sheds could be considered as permissible and requiring the foreshore area, only if they catering to beach landing crafts that cannot be hauled further inland and if these sheds are meant for petty repairs. Large boat making yards would not be permitted in the 500 m area unless these require docks..


- 64 -

Chapter 6

ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL BARRIERS

6.1 SEA WALL AND OFF SHORE BREAKERS Today, nations around the Indian Ocean are trying to decide whether to allow rebuilding on

the coast, which structures to rebuild and which ones to relocate, and how to rebuild to

minimize losses in future tsunamis. There are a wide range of technical and management

options for coastal protection, which include the sea wall construction and off shore breakers

as artificial barriers.

6.2 ADVANTAGES OF SEA WALL CONSTRUCTION One town in Thailand that survived almost unscathed had built a sea wall of huge concrete

pyramids across their coastline. A new-type seawall constructed in Japan. This seawall has a

buffer zone to prevent coastal inundation due to overtopping waves. The waves overtopped

the front face of the seawall can permeate a buffer zone installed in front of the original

seawall

6.3 DIS-ADVANTAGES OF SEA WALL CONSTRUCTION: "Sea walls are like fortification on the shoreline. They are effective against small waves but not when it comes to a Tsunami,” Sea walls also give a false sense of security

and delay swift action. "Bio-shield" or planting vegetation is a better option as it acts as an

environment-friendly barrier against the water current.

The United Nations Country Programme Team when received requests from State and

district governments about the need to build sea defenses along the Tamil Nadu coast they

came out saying,

It is clear that the construction of a 600 km long seawall along the Coromandel Coast is an

extremely costly measure which could generate more problems than it solves.

Among the major disadvantages are the high cost of building these structures, particularly off

shore breakwaters and seawalls. Maintaining these structures is expensive. Most of these


- 65 -

structural coastal defenses also have a high impact on shoreline sediment transport, coastal

ecosystems and environmental assets such as scenic beaches. Encroachment of structures

on sea access by local communities can also impact livelihoods.

6.4 CONCLUSIONS

Sea walls should be viewed as an option in areas which are well developed, densely

populated, low lying and very near the coast.(density of coastal area of kerala is 2147 per

sq.km., in pondicherry settlement starts 20-30 mts from the coast North Chennai high density

and absence of lengthier coast ) . Critical infrastructure facilities which require foreshore can

be guarded with sea walls. Sea wall could never be an option for the entire coast.

Technological advancement is must for sea wall construction.

6.5 VEGETATION ALONG THE COAST A coastal landscape is generally comprised of combination of landforms, coastal water

surfaces, vegetation and other significant visual elements.

Landscape values and the presence of distinctive natural features are among the qualities

which go to make up the natural character of particular coastal areas. Distinctive natural

features within or immediately adjacent to the coastal marine area can include beaches,

sand spits, islands, and reefs.

VEGETATION FOUND ALONG TAMIL NADU COAST

6.6 MANGROVES AS NATURAL BARRIERS

NO VEGETATION GROUND COVER - IPOMEAFORE DUNE

LOW MESIC THICKETHIGH MESIC THICKET

CASUARINA,

COCONUT PALM

FIGURE 6.1 VEGETATION FOUND ALONG THE COAST


- 66 -

“Places that had healthy coral reefs and intact mangroves, which act as natural buffers,

were less badly hit by the tsunami than those where the reefs had been damaged and

mangroves ripped out and replaced by prawn farms and poorly planned beach front hotels.”

Similar observations were made by Indian scientists when a super-cyclone hit Orissa on

India’s east coast October killing at least In certain areas along the coastal line of these

lagoons, mangroves acted as barriers and safeguarded the effect of Tsunami

10,000 people and living 7.5 million homeless. Mangrove forests reduced the impact of

cyclone. If Mangrove ecosystem or Wet lands had found in these areas the impact would

have reduced as mangrove ecosystem would have acted as buffer zones People living

along the coastal zones must be encouraged to organize afforest ration programme of

mangrove for preventing future impact of tsunami in the coastal zones. While there is no

guarantee that replanting mangroves will prevent another tsunami tragedy, coastal

communities need many more life-saving belts to help filter the energy of strong winds and

tidal waves. Until recently, mangrove forests have been recognized mainly for their direct-use

values.

The first layer of red mangroves with flexible branches & tangled roots hanging in water absorb the first shock waves

Second layer of black mangrovesprotect the inland like a wall fromsea’s fury

TSUNAMI WAVES / CYCLONES

FIGURE 6.2 MANGROVES AND TSUNAMI


- 67 -

6.7 CONCLUSIONS Mangroves and vegetative cover had considerably reduced the impact of tsunami on

the coast. With the importance of CRZ felt after this tsunami the vegetative cover and

CRZ can be utilized together to create tsunami forest to act as buffer. These

tsunami forest should be handed over to the local communities. The rebuilding

could be phased in three stages, PPHHAASSEE II [[00--22 YYEEAARRSS]] :: RREECCOOVVEERRIINNGG TTHHEE CCOOAASSTT

• community projects may include the planting that will provide a vegetative buffer.

• Along with the extensive mangrove reforestation, planting of a variety of other coastal

species that have been lost, such as Cocos nucifera and Casuarina equisetifolia to be

promoted.

• Intercrops to be planted and harvested between trees to stabilize and protect the soil. The

species selected are saline resistant as the effect of salt intrusion after tsunami would still be

present in the soil and ground water.

and protect the soil. The species selected are saline resistant as the effect of salt intrusion

after tsunami would still be present in the soil and ground water.

FIGURE 6.3 RREECCOOVVEERRIINNGG TTHHEE CCOOAASSTT


- 68 -

PPHHAASSEE IIII [[22--55 YYEEAARRSS]] :: EESSTTAABBLLIISSHHIINNGG YYOOUUNNGG CCOOAASSTTAALL FFOORREESSTTSS • Forest biomass increases as plants and tree species mature.

• The salt content in the soil and aquifers may go down due to leeching and other natural

phenomena.

• planting of mesophytic vegetation as an inter crop to the existing salt resistant trees.

PPHHAASSEE IIIIII [[55--1100 YYEEAARRSS]] :: MMAATTUURRIINNGG CCOOAASSTTAALL FFOORREESSTTSS • Trees like coconut, casuarinas etc are ready to harvest.

• the new trees to be planted on the leeward side.

• Slowly, the salt resistant varieties to be phased out.

• commercially & ecologically beneficial species to be planted

WITHIN C R Z LIMIT

FIGURE 6.4 MMAATTUURRIINNGG CCOOAASSTTAALL FFOORREESSTTSS


- 69 -

Chapter 7

CONNECTIVITY

7.1 ROLE OF CONNECTIVITY DURING RECENT TSUNAMI During the recent tsunami the devastation wasn’t uniform throughout the coastal area. There

were several issues and reasons that determined the devastation. One such reason

identified was the connectivity,

case1 :SOTTHIKUPPAM: The entire

settlement is located in a level higher than the

mean sea level. And it also had a fantastic tree

belt in front of their residence . generally all

these features should have saved the

settlement. But the death toll for these

settlements is 23.

case 2 :SINGARATHOPPU: This was a low lying

area, flat terrain, with not much

Vegetation in the front. and the settlement was more

like an island. The tsunami water inundation was

high in this place. it lies under a risk zone. But the

death toll for this place happened to be nothing.

FIGURE 7.1 SSOOTTHHIIKKUUPPPPAAMM,,CCUUDDDDAALLOORREE-- FFEERRRRYY CCOONNNNEECCTTIIVVIITTYY

FIGURE 7.2 SINGGAARRAATTHHOOPPPPUU,,CCUUDDDDAALLOORREE-- BBRRIIDDGGEE CCOONNNNEECCTTIIVVIITTYY


- 70 -

The reason for such kind of irony is CONNECTIVITY Soththikuppam, is almost like an island.

The only means of connectivity was by FERRY, that too stops by night. In order to take the

road route, one have to travel another 6km via nochchikadu. During the recent tsunami

people rushed to the nearest ferry dock in the back waters and were washed away by the

wave. In Singarathoppu, though water surrounded them from all sides, people ran up the

bridge and guarded themselves,

Thus connectivity holds an important role, not only in saving lives and property, but also in

easing the rescue operations and rehabilitation measures.

7.2 CONCLUSIONS Connectivity played an important role during the recent Tsunami. The settlements with better

connectivity suffered less loss. Better connectivity in terms of roads facilitated immediate

relief measures. Movement assessment: the movement during Tsunami was mostly away

from the sea.That is a horizontal movement perpendicular to the coast.


- 71 -

Chapter 8

EVACUATION PLAN

8.1 ROLE OF EVACUATION PLAN

Evacuating people can save lives and reduce injuries, but it will have little, if any, effect on

reducing property and economic losses.

In coastal areas where building and population densities are high, where roads, bridges, and

other horizontal evacuation methods are limited, or where warning time may be insufficient,

vertical evacuation may be needed as an alternative to horizontal evacuation. Vertical

evacuation, while dependent on structures for its success, is primarily an emergency

preparedness and response measure.

8.2 TYPES OF EVACUATION vertical evacuation—moving people to higher floors in buildings

horizontal evacuation—moving people to more distant locations or higher ground.

Dense areas require vertical evacuation

Best possible routes has to be found and

escape route mapping has to be done

FIGURE 8.1 VVEERRTTIICCAALL EEVVAACCUUAATTIIOONN


- 72 -

8.3 EVACUATION CENTRES Immediate evacuation centers in each settlement within reachable distance, at the same time

at a safer distance. These are high raised structures or structures present in a highly

elevated land. Existing structures like school or a community hall is identified for the purpose.

CASE STUDY EVACUATION TOWER AND BUILDING

Photo shows an evacuation tower in Japan. This tower is 5 stories high and has about 220m

2 in area above the ground floor. It can admit 500 people. It is placed in the area difficult to

evacuation by the existence of a river. It is also important to use existing high and rigid

buildings for evacuation shelters.

CASE STUDY EVACUATION TERRACE

Okushiri Island suffered severe damage by the 1993 Hokkaido Nansei-oki Earthquake

Tsunami. The tsunami of 10m high attacked the south part of the island. After the

tsunami, high seawalls were constructed along the coast to protect coastal low-lying

areas. However, a fishery port was out of the seawalls to keep its fishery function. For

evacuation of the persons working at the port from tsunamis, a new terrace was

constructed as a tsunami shelter. The terrace was usually used for fishery activities.

FIGURE 8.2 EVACUATION TOWER IN KISEI-CHO,

MIE PREFECTURE, JAPAN


- 73 -

8.4 NODAL CENTRES

Higher order of an evacuation center is the nodal centers. All coastal settlement should have a evacuation center and out of which few settlements are identified as NODAL CENTRES based on the following parameters :

a, Population size

b. Degree of Connectivity

c. Facilities available.

d. Location Advantage

e. Safety factor.

These are the rehabilitation centers at next higher order.

Each of such settlement takes charge of few other hamlets, within the given distance.

These centers take care of :

Road connectivity

Economic connectivity

Socio-cultural connectivity and

Communication facilities

FIGURE 8.3 PHOTO TSUNAMI EVACUATION TERRACE


- 74 -

CASE STUDY ROAD RE – ALIGNMENT PROPOSAL The East Coast Road is either directly or indirectly connected to each settlement. The linking

distance varies from1 km to 6 km. the higher order road, did had a role to perform during a

disaster. And since horizontality is followed in connectivity settlement, there should be a

vertical road, parallel to the coast, connecting all these which would lead to CUDDALORE or

CHIDAMBARAM.

FIGURE 8.4 ROAD CONNECTIVITY AND EVACUATION ROUTES


- 75 -

Chapter 9

SETTLEMENT PLANNING

9.1 SPECIFIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR TSUNAMIS 9.1.1 KNOW THE TSUNAMI RISK AT THE SITE

Using the tsunami run up map each settlement has to decide safe zone and no safe

zone for habitations. This can be included as part of the land use planning for

building permissions. Other parameters to be considered are,

• Elevation of settlement from coast

• Distance of proposed /existing settlement from the coast.

• Type of the settlement

• Coastal bathymetry in front of the settlement

• Percentage of vegetation in front of the settlement

• Percentage of sand dunes in front of the settlement.

• Presence of backwaters

9.2 AVOID NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN TSUNAMI RUN-UP AREAS

Avoiding or minimizing the exposure of people and property through land use planning can

mitigate tsunami risk most effectively. Development should be prevented in high-hazard

areas wherever possible. Where development cannot be prevented, land use intensity,

building value, and occupancy should be kept to a minimum.

In areas where it is not feasible to restrict land to open-space uses, other land use planning

measures can be used. These include strategically controlling the type of development and

uses allowed in hazard areas, and avoiding high-value and high-occupancy uses to the

greatest degree possible.


- 76 -

Strategy 1: Designate Tsunami Hazard Areas for Open-Space Uses The designation and zoning of tsunami hazard areas for such open-space uses as

agriculture, parks and recreation, or natural hazard areas is recommended as the first land

use planning strategy to consider. This strategy is designed to keep development at a

minimum in hazard areas. It is particularly effective

in areas that have not yet experienced development pressure. It is obviously more difficult in

areas that are already partially developed or that have strong development pressures.

Strategy 2: Acquire Tsunami Hazard Areas for Open-Space Uses

Open-space acquisition has several advantages over strictly regulatory approaches such as

zoning. Acquisition ensures that the land will be controlled by a public agency or nonprofit

entity, and it removes any question about a regulatory taking. The primary disadvantage to

acquisition is cost.

Strategy 3: Restrict Development through Land Use Regulations

In areas where it is not feasible to restrict land to open-space uses, other land use planning

measures can be used. These include strategically controlling the type of development and

uses allowed in hazard areas, and avoiding high-value and high-occupancy uses to the

greatest degree possible.

FIGURE 9.1 MAP SHOWING THE LAND USE REGULATIONS FOR TSUNAMI UN UP AREAS


- 77 -

9.3 THE ROLE OF LAND USE PLANNING IN REDUCING TSUNAMI RISKS

Land use planning in communities guides the location, type, and intensity of development

and can, therefore, be used to reduce the community’s exposure to tsunami hazards.

Understand Locational Context Opportunities for reducing tsunami risk differ depending on local circumstances, so a one-

size fits- all approach cannot be used. The presence or absence of development within

tsunami hazard areas will determine the type of planning approach that is feasible.

Understand Trade-Offs

Mitigation often means making trade-offs between or among competing goals when dealing

with land use planning issues and tsunami hazards.

Review and Update Existing Zoning, Subdivision, and Other Regulations Land use policies and programs should address tsunami hazards as part of a comprehensive

tsunami mitigation program. Such an update should focus on the location and vulnerability to

damage of existing and planned land uses in the community, including the following:

• residential

• commercial/visitor-serving

• industrial (general)

• industrial (hazardous materials)

• public facilities (transportation and water systems)

• critical facilities and systems (communication, emergency response, electrical power, water

supply, and natural gas systems)


- 78 -

9.4 PLANNING FOR POST-TSUNAMI RECONSTRUCTION Disasters create the opportunity to eliminate nonconforming uses and reshape existing

patterns of development to minimize future losses. On the other hand, they can also create

enormous pressure to rebuild the community quickly and exactly as it was before the

disaster. These rebuilding issues should be addressed through the land use planning

process before a disaster strikes so that a community is prepared to deal with rebuilding

issues in the event of a disaster.

CASE STUDY : SHELTER AND HABITIAT DEVELOPMENT IN TSUNAMI AFFECTED COASTAL AREAS OF TAMIL NADU, UNDP

OBJECTIVE · To undertake an in-depth study of a few villages worst- affected in the tsunami and make

observations, both from the specialists’ viewpoint as well as through interactions with the

various stakeholders, mainly the community;

· To analyse the scenario prior to the tsunami, the damages brought about by the tsunami

and views about the possible rehabilitation measures that can be undertaken;

· To prepare a model recovery plan and evolve

long-term rehabilitation strategies along with

community participation with special focus on

resettlement/ in-situ redevelopment and housing

reconstruction and livelihoods restoration;

· To indicate areas wherein UNDP and other UN

agencies could possibly play a role in the entire

rehabilitation process.

FIGURE 9.2, 9.3 ANALYSING EXISTING SITUATION, SHELTER AND HABITIAT DEVELOPMENT IN TSUNAMI AFFECTED COASTAL AREAS OF TAMIL NADU, UNDP


- 79 -

RESETTLEMENT PLANNING

1. While planning a new settlement, an in-depth study of the existing settlement pattern is

necessary so as to recreate layouts and common spaces, which have evolved over time and

are culturally sensitive.

2. However the above traditional layout pattern must necessarily be integrated with disaster

mitigation aspects, so that risks are not again recreated.

3. Size and layouts of homesteads should provide space for carrying out the daily activities a

fishermen household in coastal Tamil Nadu practice and should provide allowance for lateral

and vertical growth.

4. Provisions for adequate lifeline infrastructure and common amenities like drinking water,

sanitation, electricity, proper approach roads, school cum multi-hazard resistant shelters, etc.

as appropriate depending upon the population have to be made.

5. Shore protection works –naturally e.g. through sand dunes, coastal plantations like

casuarinas, mangroves, etc. and artificially e.g. through tripods and tetra pods may have to

be introduced specially in case of redevelopment for existing settlements.


- 80 -

9.5 SITE PLANNING STRATEGIES TO REDUCE TSUNAMI RISK S•1: Avoiding Avoiding a tsunami hazard area is, of course, the most effective mitigation method. At the

site planning level, this can include siting buildings and infrastructure on the high side of a lot

or raising structures above tsunami inundation levels

S•2 Slowing Slowing techniques involve creating friction that reduces the destructive power of waves.

Specially designed forests, ditches, slopes can slow and strain debris from waves.

S•3 Steering Steering techniques guide the force of tsunamis away from vulnerable structures and people

by strategically spacing structures, using angled walls and ditches, and using paved surfaces

that create a low-friction path for water to follow. S•4 Blocking Hardened structures such as walls, compacted terraces and berms, parking structures, and

other rigid construction can block the force of waves.

S•1: Avoiding S•2 Slowing

S•3 Steering S•4 Blocking

FIGURE 9 4 SITE PLANNING STRATEGIES TO REDUCE TSUNAMI RISK


- 81 -

CASE STUDY: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR TSUANMI AFFECTED COASTAL AREAS OF CUDDALORE, PLANNING PROJECT,M.PLAN 2004-06’ BATCH After doing a detailed study on the coastal stretch of cuddalore district one settlement was taken for the detailed planning and the following proposals are given

• Site should be located preferably at high lands either at 350M from the HTL or+3M

• It should be placed away from the CRZ zone -500M.

• Settlement pattern should be perpendicular to the coast line.

• Orientation of houses should be across the coast.

• Restriction of kutcha houses near the coast.

• Artificial barriers to be created along the coast.

• Casuarinas should be planted as it could reduce the wave intensity.

• An elevated work space about 10’ high which could with stand the wave erosion.

• Can be used for net knitting, drying fish and other purposes.

• Boats docked under the stills.

• Strong concrete Catch poles for holding in case of tsunami.

• Creepers spread over the sand stretch as to provide grip for the sand.

• Creation of vegetation and sand dunes as the natural barriers.

• Gravels dumped through out the stretch as barriers.


- 82 -



- 83 -



- 84 -

9.5 TSUNAMI RESISTANT BUILDINGS – NEW DEVELOPMENTS

• Locally applicable Tsunami Hazard Information on Design Intensities

• Mandatory use of building Codes – Design Criteria

• Safety under Multi-hazard environment

• Qualified Engineers and Architects - knowledge about Earthquake, Wind and

Tsunami resistant planning and design

• Ensure quality construction

FIGURE 9.7 CASE STUDY, TSUNAMI RESISTANT BUILDINGS


- 85 -

FIGURE 9.8 ,9.9 CASE STUDY, TSUNAMI RESISTANT BUILDINGS


- 86 -

9.6 PROTECTION OF EXISTING BUILDINGS - RETROFIT, PROTECTION MEASURES

• Inventory of existing assets

• Assessment of Vulnerability and deficiencies to be taken care of through retrofitting

• Methods of retrofitting and use in design

• External protection methods from the onslaught of tsunami

CASE STUDY

• The Hilo Downtown Development Plan was adopted in 1974 to guide efforts to

revitalize the downtown core of Hilo, Hawaii.

• The Plan established a Safety District based on the 1946 and 1960 tsunami

inundation lines.

• All redevelopment in the Safety District was subject to urban design and building

design standards. Any structure below the 20-foot elevation contour line was required

to design to withstand the force of a major tsunami.

• A Parking District was also designated in the Plan to provide parking for downtown

businesses and to use parking structures as a protective barrier from a tsunami for

inland structures.

FIGURE 9.10 CASE STUDY, RETROFIT PLANNING


- 87 -

9.7 SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS IN LOCATING AND DESIGNING INFRASTRUCTURE AND CRITICAL FACILITIES The average coastal population density is 432 persons per sq. km as against 256 persons for

the entire country. Apart from protecting the community and resources, there is a need for

providing necessary infrastructure facilities for the communities to maintain a better standard

of living and their economic development.

To segregate non critical and critical infrastructure with respect to Tsunami To have compatibility analysis of these infra. with respect to coast and CRZ To formulate list of infrastructure to be permitted along the coast.

INFRASTRUCTURE

Transportation Systems

• Roads, highways, bridges, parking lots and structures, and traffic control

systems

• Railroads track beds, bridges, and rail and switching yards for freight and

passengers

• Transit systems , storage and maintenance facilities, power systems and

substations, control systems, bridges

• Airports and control towers

CRITICAL FACILITIES

• Police stations

• Firehouses

• Hospitals with surgery, acute care, or

emergency rooms

• Emergency operations and

communications facilities and equipment

• Garages and shelters for emergency

vehicles and aircraft

SPECIAL OCCUPANCY STRUCTURES

• Schools

• Universities and colleges

• Residential treatment centers

• Large-occupancy structures

• Power-generating stations and other

utility facilities needed for continuous

operations

TABLE 9.1 CRITICAL AND SPECIAL OCCUPANCY STRUCTURE


- 88 -

Compatibility analysis of infrastructure with respect to coast and CRZ

Locate New Infrastructure and Critical Facilities Outside the Tsunami Hazard Area or Design

to Resist Tsunami Forces. Examine plans for infrastructure and critical facilities to see if

other, equally efficient alternative locations, alignments, and routes can be used. Reserve

sites for infrastructure and critical facilities either outside the tsunami hazard area or in areas

where the risk can be reduced through feasible measures.

FIGURE 9.11 COMPATIBILITY ANALYSIS OF INFRASTRUCTURE WITH RESPECT TO COAST


- 89 -

Prohibit new critical facilities in tsunami hazard areas unless:

1. They are waterfront dependent and the design can mitigate the vulnerability to such

an extent that the resulting facility will perform as needed;

2. Risk is reduced through mitigation and emergency planning measures;

3. The need for the facility outweighs the consequences of its loss during a tsunami

(e.g., a small hospital in a remote, tsunami-prone area may be justified because it

needs to be close to the population for routine emergencies).

FIGURE 9.12 COMPATIBILITY CHATR OF ACTIVITIES WITH RESPECT TO

COAST AND CRZ


- 90 -

Author statement Issues/remarks TSUNAMI: WILL WE BE READY FOR THE NEXT ONE? 15 January 2005 NEW SCIENTIST

Local authorities can try to ensure that all critical infrastructure, such as water plants and hospitals, are located outside the tsunami danger zone. This would avoid problems like those in Kalpakkam in India, where a nuclear power plant was closed down for days after the tsunami sent salt water gushing into its pumping station..

Should we place infrastucture facilities which does not require foreshore near the coast?

Seawalls, dykes and so on may reduce the damage, but they are very expensive and may adversely affect the environment. Protective measures such as these may be used in areas that contain essential infrastructure, such as the Kalpakkam Nuclear Power Plant in Tamil Nadu, India.

Expensive options

SAMUDRA Report No. 40 March 2005 Benny Kuriakose ([email protected]), Chennai, India

Not just four walls and a roof Special structures such as hospitals and shelters that come very close to the sea can be built up to a height of three story’s. Building standards for common facilities such as hospitals, schools and community centers should be made very stringent, to resist even the worst of tsunamis.

Are these critical infrastructure the life line during a disaster?

The Tsunami Disaster A Perspective from Koodankulam www.tsunami.org

The DAE and the Indian government are building another nuclear power plant at Koodankulam (near the southernmost tip of India) that also sits on the Bay of Bengal badly affected by the tsunami. Neighboring coastal villages such as Idinthakarai, Kooduthazhai, Koothankuzhi, Uvari, Koottapuli have all been damaged by the tidal waves.

If the Koodankulam nuclear power site is this vulnerable, should we go ahead with the construction of this mega-nuclear site?

TABLE 9.2 CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE ISSUES PERTAINING TO THE COAST


- 91 -

Chapter 10

TSUNAMI WARNING AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

10.1 THE PRESENT STATUS OF TSUNAMI WARNINGS IN INDIA.

Tsunami is least probability event in India. As such, there is no codal provisions of Tsunami

warnings in India as yet though, there is a good seismological network in India to record any

earthquake within the country and its neighborhood. The need of a Tsunami Warning

Centre (TWC) in India is now being conceptualized at the Government of India level.

The Department of Ocean Development in Cooperation with Departments of Space and

Science and Technology is evolving a plan of tsunami warning system in the Bay of Bengal

and the Arabian Sea. The data from observing points to Warning Centre(s) will be sent

through satellite links, Specific systems called Deep Ocean Assessment and Reporting of

Tsunamis (DART) using Bottom Pressure Recorder, acoustic modem, acoustic release

system, battery pack bolted to platform and float action and recovery aids will be deployed.

10.2 INTERNATIONAL STATUS OF TSUNAMI WARNING AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Present techniques of Tsunami prediction are severely limited. The only way to determine,

with certainty, if an earthquake is accompanies by a Tsunami, is to note the occurrence and

epicenter of the earthquake and then detect the arrival of the Tsunami at a network of tide

stations. While it is possible to predict when a Tsunami will arrive at coastal locations, it is

not yet possible to predict the wave height, number of waves, duration of hazard, or the

forces to be expected from such waves at specific locations.

Tsunami Warning System is based on the concept that Tsunamis travel at much slower

velocity (500 to 700 km per hour or 0.20 km/sec) as compared to seismic waves (6 to 8 km

per second). That is seismic waves move 30 to 40 times faster than Tsunami waves. Thus,

after the occurrence of a damaging earthquake and quick determination of epicenter,

warning time of a few minutes to 2 to 3 hours is available depending upon the distance from


- 92 -

the epicenter to the coast line. This time can be utilized for warning the coastal community if

quick detection and rapid communication systems are established.

10.2.1Tsunami Warning System Following most common methods of detection is in use:-

• Japan has a network of land/sea sensors that records seismic activity and feeds

information to a national agency able to issue evacuation warnings within a minute

of occurrence of any earthquake. Earthquake warning issued by Japan

Meteorological Agency are relayed via satellite to the Municipal offices and

automatically broadcast from several sets of loudspeakers.

• Pacific Ocean issues warnings of tidal waves heading in a particular direction.

• Presently land and sea based sensors connected to satellite based link are

available.

• Satellite telemetry is used for data collection and dissemination; receive and display

of Tsunami warning utilizing existing Geostationary operational Environmental

Satellite (GOES) and Data Collection Interrogation System (DCIS). An earthquake

activates seismic instrument, which transmits signal to the GOES platform which

responds automatically transmitting an alert code to an active device at warning

site.

• Developing Tsunami and earthquake data base verification, Tsunami model,

preparation of hazard assessment maps for the coast line combing historical and

modeling result, establishment of seismic and tidal sensors using satellite telemetry

to provide early warning information.

• Extensive network of seismic and tidal station, as well as communication systems,

to ensure that the warning information is prompt and accurate.


- 93 -

System performs with detection of an earthquake, which has required magnitude to trigger

the alarm attached to the seismograph. The alarm thresholds are set so that ground

vibrations of the amplitude and duration associated with an earthquake of approximate

amplitude 6.5 or greater or Richter scale anywhere in Pacific will cause them to sound.

10.2.2 The Tsunami Warning System

Tsunami Warning System (TWS) in the Pacific, comprised of 28 participating international

Member States, has the functions of monitoring seismological and tidal stations throughout

the Pacific Basin to evaluate potentially Tsunamigenic earthquake and disseminating

Tsunami warning information. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) is the

operational center of the Pacific TWS. Located near Honolulu, Hawaii, PTWC provides

Tsunami warning information to national authorities in the Pacific Basin.

10.2.3 Tsunami Warning Centers

As part of an international cooperative effort to save lives and protect property, the National

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) National Weather Service operates two

Tsunami warning centres. The Alaska Tsunami Warning Center (ATWC) IN Palmer, Alaska,

serves as the regional Tsunami Warning Center for Alaska, British Columbia, Washington,

Oregon, and California.

The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center in Ewa Beach, Hawaii, serves as the regional Tsunami

Warning Centre for Hawaii and as a national/international warning center for Tsunamis that

pose a Pacific-wide threat. This international warning effort become a formal arrangement in

1965 when PTWC assumed the international warning responsibilities of the Pacific Tsunami

Warning System (PTWS). The PTWS is composed of 26 international Member States that

are organized as the International Coordination Group for the Tsunami Warning System in

the Pacific.


- 94 -

10.2.4 Tsunami Watch and Warning Dissemination

The objective of the PTWS is to detect, locate, and determine the magnitude of potentially

Tsunamigenic earthquake occurring in the Pacific Basin or its immediate margins.

Earthquake information is provided by seismic stations operated by PTWC, ATWC, the U.S.

Geological Survey’s National Earthquake Information Centre and international sources. If

the location and magnitude of an earthquake meet the known criteria for generation of a

Tsunami, a Tsunami warning is issued to warm of an imminent Tsunami hazard. The

warning includes predicted Tsunami arrival times at selected coastal communities within the

geographic area defined by the maximum distance the Tsunami could travel in a few hours.

A Tsunami watch with additional predicted Tsunami arrival times is issued for a geographic

area defined by the distance the Tsunami could travel in a subsequent time period. If a

significant Tsunami is detected by sea-level monitoring instrumentation, the Tsunami warning

is extended to the entire Pacific Basin. Seal level (or tidal) information is provided by

NOAA’s National Ocean Service, PTWC, ATWC, university monitoring networks and other

participating nations of the PTWS. The International Tsunami Information Center, part of the

Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, monitors and evaluates the performance

and effectiveness of the Pacific Tsunami Warning System. This effort encourages the most

effective data collection, data analysis, Tsunami impact assessment and warning

dissemination to all TWS participants.

10.2.5 Tsunami Warning Dissemination

Tsunami watch, warning and information bulletins are disseminated to appropriate

emergency officials and the general public by a variety of communication methods.

-Tsunami watch, warning and information bulletins issued by PTWC and Atlantic Tsunami

Warning Centre (ATWC) are disseminated to local, state, national and international users as

well as the media. These users, in turns, disseminate the Tsunami information to the public,

generally over commercial radio and television channels.

-The NOAA Weather Radio System, based on a large number of VHF transmitter sites,

provides direct broadcast of Tsunami information to the public.


- 95 -

-The US Coast Guard also broadcasts urgent marine warnings and related Tsunami

information to coastal users equipped with medium frequency (MF) and very high frequency

(VHF) marine radios.

-Local authorities and emergency managers are responsible for formulating and executing

evacuation plans for areas under a Tsunami warning. The public is advised to stay-turned to

the local media for evacuation orders and latest Tsunami warnings. People are advised not

to return to low lying coastal areas until all clear signals are issued from the Warning Centre.

10.3 SOME CONCEPTS OF WORK PLAN FOR THE TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM IN INDIA

• Assumption: Least probability event. Return period once after several hundred years. No

parallel in recorded history like Tsunami of 26 December 2004. Proposed system should be

sustainable and cost - effective.

• Observational system should be of multi use type (Oceanography, Meteorology,

Geophysics)

• Policy decision: Codal Provision to issue Tsunami warning.

• Identification/Establishment of Nodal Department

• Identification of Vulnerable area

• Fixation of critical value for the issuance of Tsunami warnings (Magnitude 7.0 or above in

Richter Scale )

• Cost effective and sustainable communication system (Radio and Satellite based

communication)


- 96 -

Chapter 11

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

11.1 INTRODUCTION An organizational network is made up of agencies whose activities are determined by human

settlements. The organizational system is the way in which the government connects

agencies so that specific decisions will be carried out and specific objectives attained. In any

governmental organization, two types of system are present. One is the vertical authority

where instructions are passed down from the upper levels for implementation to lower levels

and the other is the horizontal authority in which units from sector rely on the operation of

units in the other sector for successful implementation. For developmental initiatives at any

spatial level, the following Institutional agencies are involved,

For developmental initiatives at any spatial level, the following Institutional agencies are

involved

• GOVERNMENT

• CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

• STATE GOVERNMENT

• LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT

• ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT

• SECTORAL DEPARTMENT

• NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS (NGO'S)

• COMMUNITY BASED ORGANISATIONS (CBO'S)

• PRIVATE ORGANISATIONS

11.2 HIERARCHY OF EXISTING INSTITUIONAL SETUP District Planning Committee consolidates plans prepared by the panchayats and

municipalities in the district and prepares a draft development plan for the district as a whole.

It is a statutory body and serves as an excellent tool to integrate the plans of urban areas

and rural areas. It provides a platform for conflict reservations in the matter of common

resources and control of transitional areas. Collector is responsible for a very vast area and


- 97 -

has considerable scope for exercising control, power, influence and authority. The district

collector is the Inspector of the Panchayats. Out of three- tier

panchayats the village panchayats are being empowered to undertake works relating to any

developmental activity, maintenance and electrical. However, the panchayats are advised to

obtain administrative and technical sanction from the competent authorities. The government

has stipulated that the administrative sanction of the collector/inspector is required for

particular scheme or particular fund above a particular limit. The Block Development Officers

(BD0s) are the controlling mechanism below the district level.

11.3 LOCAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM OF GOVERNANCE Local Government is the lowest in the scheme and also the smallest in jurisdiction. Local

Government is described as that under which the people of the locality possess a certain

responsibility and choice in administration of local public affairs and in raising of required

finance to meet their expenses. Local Self Government freely elected, which, while subject to

supremacy of the National Government, are endowed in some respects with some power,

discretion and responsibility and which they can exercise without control over their decisions

by higher authority.

11.4 RELEIF EFFORTS Local Government is the lowest in the scheme and also the smallest in jurisdiction. Local

Government is described as that under which the people of the locality possess a certain

responsibility and choice in administration of local public affairs and in raising of required

finance to meet their expenses. Local Self Government freely elected, which, while subject to

supremacy of the National Government, are endowed in some respects with some power,

discretion and responsibility and which they can exercise without control over their decisions

by higher authority. Although the GOI and the State Government

Administration were caught unawares by the Tsunami, they responded quickly.


- 98 -

11.4.1 CENTRAL GOVERNMENT • The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) of the Government of India was designated as

the Nodal Agency for coordinating relief in the affected areas.

• A National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC) was established under the

Cabinet Secretary to draw up an emergency relief plan and to review those efforts.

• Funds were allocated to the affected areas from the National Calamity Contingency

Fund.

11.4.2 STATE GOVERNMENT • Revenue Department under the Relief Commissioner coordinated rescue and relief efforts

through relevant district collectors with assistance from the police force, fire and rescue

services, medical and health services and all other associated

departments.

• The district administration along with Local Self Government coordinated relief works at the

local level.

CATEGORIZATION OF RELEIF MEASURES The Relief Measures are categorized into three...

• Immediate short term

• Medium term

• Long term

IMMEDIATE SHORT TERM MEASURES • Disposed dead bodies, moved obstacles and rescued People.

• Moved People to safer locations.

• Prevention of outbreak of epidemics.

• Construction of temporary Rehabilitation Shelters and toilets.

• Distribution of Food and Medicine to the affected populace.

• Restoration of crucial communication and infrastructure, power and water supply.

• Medical teams with paramedical staff working in the affected areas.


- 99 -

Chief Minister announced a relief of one lakh for every diseased person and to be paid to the

next kin of the family.

MEDIUM TERM MEASURES • Commencement of the Trauma Management.

• Rehabilitation shelter and their associated infrastructures.

• Restoration of the Economic Activity.

• Reestablish the productivity of affected areas.


• Effective waste management and natural resource use.

LONG TERM MEASURES • Permanent reconstruction and rehabilitation for the affected populace.

• Sustainable strategies for long term ecological management and human welfare.

• Reestablish the productivity of affected areas.


• Effective waste management and natural resource use.

NON - GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATION/ CBO's • Non-Governmental organizations across India and abroad responded immediately to the

affected areas.

• They lived with one another to adopt entire settlement and people in their recovery process.

• They operated in sectors ranging from health, psycho social counseling, shelter, education,

livelihood and environment.

• Community based networks and social hierarchies were already in existence in the affected

areas were helpful during the calamity.

• Relief and Rescue operations were initialized and did not wait for the arrival of the outside

help.


- 100 -

11.5 NGO’s OPERATIONS The disasters local area specific dimension has more relevance to the NGO's. This is due to

the fact that the grass root feel and the close contact they have with the lifestyle and ethos,

of the affected lot. They initiated the following:

• Immediate Rescue operations initialized.

• Provision of Food, Clothing, Medicines and other basic amenities.

• Aiding the construction of Temporary Rehabilitation Shelters.

• Relocation of the affected populace in their own short stay homes/orphanages.

• Psychological counseling to the affected lot.

• Training SHG's to aid in the affected areas.

11.6 OBSERVATIONS • Relief measures were effective in the immediate short term ones.

• For the Medium and Long term measures, priority Action Plans were not crystallized

• Rapid Assessments and ongoing monitoring were not duly addressed during recovery

phase.

• Identification of priorities and opportunities for environmental restoration and improved

management of the coastal eco system to generate multiple benefits for different natural

resource, user groups were not initiated yet.

• The performance of the municipality was moderately fair .

11.7 CONCLUSIONS • Lack of ascertained networks and institutional setup for the immediate relief and rescue

operations.

• Distribution of immediate relief measures was not equitable along the stretch and even

within the settlements.

• Institutional Networks for Planning, Execution and Management and Implementation for

long term needs are to be identified.


- 101 -

Case study: proposed institutional frame work ,sustainable development plan for

tsuanmi affected coastal areas of cuddalore, planning project,m.plan 2004-06’

RELIEF MEASURES NGO's LOCAL

LEVEL DISTRICT LEVEL

STATE GOVT.

CENTRAL GOVT.

IMMEDIATE SHORT TERM MEAUSRES

1. Removal of Dead bodies.

Pre identified NGO

Village Volunteers

2. Moving people to safer location

Pre identified NGO

# Village Volunteers

# Chief-Fire Service

3. Prevention of outbreak of epidemics

Pre identified NGO

# Chief Medical Officer

4. Food & Clothing Pre identified NGO

#NSS, NCC volunteers

# Relief Commissioner

MEDIUM TERM MEAUSRES 1. Counselling & Trauma Mangaement

# NGO-Social workers

# Health Officer

2.Temporary Rehabilitation Centres

#Village Admn. Officer

# Development Officer

3. Restoration of Communication & Infrastructure Network

# Sanitary Inspector


LONG TERM MEAUSRES

1. Permanent Relocation center with Infrastructure

# Revenue Inspector


# Housing Board, PWD

# Ministry of Housing

2.Restoration of Livelihoods # Collector

# Rural Development Officer

# Ministry of Rural Development

3. Reestablish the productivity of the affected area

# Collector

# Dept. of Agriculture & Horticulture

# Dept. of Agri. & Horticulture

4. Sustainable strategies for long term eco. manga.

# Ministry of Human Welfare

# Ministry of Human Welfare

5. Efficient use of Natural Resources # Chief

Secretary

# Ministry of Home Affairs

TABLE 11.1 CASE STUDY, INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK


- 102 -

REFERENCES

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), After The Tsunami, Rapid Environmental

Assessment, UNEP, 2005

Alcira Kreimer, Margaret Arnold and Anne Carlin, Building Safer Cities, The Future Of

Disaster Risk, Conference Edition, Disaster Risk Management series, no. 3, World Bank,

2003 301 pages

Paul K Freeman, Leslie A Martin, Reinhard Mechler, Koko Warner and Peter Hausmann

Catastrophes And Development, Integrating Natural Catastrophes Into Development

Planning, Disaster Risk Management series, no. 4 , The World Bank, 2002

John R. Clark, Coastal Zone Management Handbook, CRC-Press, 1995

E.N. Bernard, The National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program, Developing Tsunami-

Resilient Communities, Springer, 2005

Disaster Reduction Technology List On Implementation Strategies, A Contribution

From Japan ,Office for Disaster Reduction Research, MEXT, Government of Japan,

Committee on Research and Development for Disaster Reduction, Working Group for

Development of Disaster Reduction Technology List (Kameda, H., Chair) , MEXT 2005

Julio Kuroiwa, Disaster Reduction: Living In Harmony With Nature, Julio Kuroiwa, 2004

Roy Gilbert, Doing More for Those Made Homeless by Natural Disasters: Disaster Risk

Management series, no. 1, The World Bank, 2001

Jochen Zschau and Andreas N. Küppers, Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster

Reduction, Springer-Verlag, 2003

John Twigg; Humanitarian Practice Network, Overseas Development Institute (ODI), Good

Practice Review 9: Disaster Risk Reduction, Mitigation and preparedness in development

and emergency programming


- 103 -

Prevention/Protection and Mitigation from Risk of Tsunami Disasters, Ministry of Home

Affairs National Disaster Management Division, Government of India

Prof.M.S.SWAMINATHAN,feb2005, Report of the committee chaired by Prof.

M.S.SWAMINATHAN to review CRZ notification 1991.

Designing for Tsunamis,March 2001,National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program

India Post Tsunami Recovery Program, March 8, 2005,Preliminary Damage and Needs

Assessment,Asian Development Bank, United Nations and World Bank New Delhi, India

Dudley, Walt. Tsunamis in Hawaii. Hilo, HI: Pacific Tsunami Museum, 1999.

Dudley, Walter C. and Min Lee. Tsunami! Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press,

1998.

Governor’s Office of Planning and Research, State of California. General Plan

Guidelines, 1998 ed. Sacramento, 1998.

Urban Regional Research for the National Science Foundation, Land Management in

Tsunami Hazard Areas. 1982.

Urban Regional Research for the National Science Foundation, Planning for Risk:

Comprehensive Planning for Tsunami Hazard Areas. 1988.

Guidelines for Tsunami-Related Rehabilitation and Development Assistance, Centre for

Poverty Analysis ,Colombo 7, Sri Lanka 01 March 2005

M. Papathoma1, D. Dominey-Howes2, Y. Zong3, and D. Smith4,Natural Hazards and Earth

System Sciences (2003) 3: 377–389, Assessing tsunami vulnerability, an example from

Herakleio, Crete,European Geosciences Union 2003 Natural Hazards and Earth System

Sciences


- 104 -

Anindya Kumar Sarkar,Ramachandra Panda,Manoranjan Sahoo, Dr. Reuben Samuel, Evolving Strategies For Long-Term Rehabilitation On Shelter & Habitat Development

In The Tsunami Affected Areas Of Tamil Nadu ,United Nations Development Programme,

ADB. 2003. Islands and Climate Change [DVD]. Asian Development Bank,

Philippines. Akhand, M.H. 1998. “Disaster Management and Cyclone Warning System in

Bangladesh”.Abstract at EWCII – Second International Conference on Early Warning,

Potsdam, Germany, 11 September 1998.

Bildan, L. 2003. Disaster Management in Southeast Asia: An Overview. ADPC (Asian

Disaster Preparedness Center), Bangkok,Thailand.

IFRC (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies). 2002. World

Disasters Report 2002 – Focus on Reducing Risk. International Federation of Red Cross

and Red Crescent Societies, Geneva, Switzerland.

UN (United Nations). 2005. “Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to

Disasters: Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015.” Draft programme outcome

document CONF.206/L.2/Rev.1. United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland.

Community Based Disaster Management Course Participants Workbook, Partnerships for

Disaster Reduction-South East Asia Program Asian Urban Disaster Mitigation

Program, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (2001).

Heijmans, Annelies . & Lorna Victoria (2001). CBDO-DR: Experiences and Practices in

Disaster Management of the Citizens’ Disaster Response Network in the Philippines.

Quezon City

Masagca, Esteban (April 1999). “The Mt. Pinatubo Experience: An NGO response to Mt.

Pinatubo disaster”, session hand-out during the Training of UNCRD Disaster Management

planning Hyogo office; People, Communities and Disasters, proceedings on

international workshop on earthquake safer world in the 21st century, Kobe, Japan,

February 2003.


- 105 -

UNCRD Disaster Management planning Hyogo office; Sustainable Community Based

Disaster Management (CBDM) practices in Asia, A Users guide, Kobe Japan, December

2004.

R. Shaw, N Britton, M Gupta (eds); January 2003, Towards Sustainable Community

Recovery, UNCRD, Kobe Japan,

UNCRD Disaster Management planning Hyogo office; December 2004, Defining The Past

And Building The Future Of CBDM, UNCRD tapestry, Kobe Japan,

Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC); World Bank, (2003),Handbook for estimating the socio-economic and environmental effects of E,

Inter-Agency Secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN/ISDR), (2005),Know Risk, UN/ISDR.

Inter-Agency Secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN/ISDR),

(2004).living with Risk, A global review of disaster reduction initiatives, UN/ISDR,

Greg Bankoff, George Frerks and Dorothea Hilhorst, (2004), Mapping Vulnerability:

Disasters, Development and People, Earthscan Publications.

Girish K. Misra and G. C. Mathur,(1993), Natural Disaster Reduction, Reliance Publishing

House and The Indian Institute of Public Administration.

Kevin Ronan and David Moore Johnston(2005), Promoting Community Resilience in

Disasters, The Role for Schools, Youth, and Families, Springer.

Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery, United Nations Development Programme

(UNDP)( 2004), Reducing Disaster Risk, A Challenge for Development: A Global Report,

UNDP.


- 106 -

Alois Kohler, Sebastian Jülich and Lena Bloemertz; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische

Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH(2004), Risk analysis, a basis for disaster risk

management: Guidelines, GTZ,

Robert Shangle(2005), Southeast Asia Tsunami: One of the World's Greatest Natural

Disasters in Modern Times, Amer Products Corp.

Rajib Shaw and Kenji Okazaki (2004); The United Nations Centre for Regional Development

(UNCRD) Disaster Management Planning Hyogo Office, Sustainable Community Based

Disaster Management (CBDM) Practices in Asia: a Users Guide, UNCRD Publication.

Gordon McGranahan, Pedro Jacobi, Jacob Songsor, Charles Surjadi and Marianne Kjellen

(2001), The Citizens at Risk: From Urban Sanitation to Sustainable Cities, Earthscan

Publications.

Debarati Guha-Sapir, David Hargitt and Philippe Hoyois(2004) Thirty Years of Natural

Disasters 1974-2003: The Numbers, Presses universitaires de Louvain.

Walter C. Dudley and Min Lee (1998) , Tsunami!, University of Hawaii Press.

International Tsunami Information Center (ITIC); Intergovernmental Oceanographic

Commission (Of UNESCO); International Co-Ordination Group For The Tsunami Warning

System In The Pacific (ICG/ITSU)(2005), Tsunami Glossary, ITIC,

Gerald T. Hebenstreit, (2002), Tsunami Research at the End of a Critical Decade: Series

Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research, Vol. 18, Springer.

U.S. Department of Commerce; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

(NOAA); National Weather Service (NWS); Intergovernmental Oceanographic

Commission (IOC); International Tsunami Information Center (ITIC),( 2005)

Tsunami: the Great Waves, IOC, Revised.

Inter-Agency Secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN/ISDR), World Conference on Disaster Reduction, 18-22 January 2005, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan:


- 107 -

Proceedings of the Conference, Building Resilience of Nations and Communities to

Disasters, United Nations, 2005.

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)(2004) , World

Disaster Report 2004, IFRC,

JOURNALS

A+D,,A JOUNAL ON INDIAN ARCHITECTURE,TRAILS OF TSUNAMI, VOL:XXII, NO:6,

JUNE 2005.

SDR,VOL:12,NO.1 JAN-FEB 05,TSUNAMI


- 108 -

WEBSITES

1. http://www.geophys.washington.edu/tsunami/intro.html University of Washington Geophysics Program - many links to other tsunami sites.

2. http://www.fema.gov/library/tsunamif.htm FEMA tsunami fact sheet and links.

3. www.training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/IS/ Emergency Management Institute Independent Study Program 4. http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami/

NOAA/PMEL Web site, with links to inundation mapping, modeling, events, forecasting

and the National Tsunami Hazards Mitigation Program sites.

5. http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami-hazard/links.html Important links to major tsunami sites.

6. http://www.redcross.org/disaster/safety/guide/tsunami.html Red Cross tsunami site, with overview, discussion of warning systems, and good

preparedness information.

7. http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/1029/ The Tsunami Page of Dr. George P.C. (Pararas-Carayannis) Just about everything you'd

need to know about tsunamis!

8. http://www.fema.gov/mit/handbook Property Acquisition Handbook for Local Communities (FEMA 317).

9. http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/bytopic/disasters/ Disaster preparedness and response

10. www.adpc.net ADPC Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Thailand

11. www.unisdr.org/eng/library/lib-terminology-eng%20home.htm International Strategy for Disaster Reduction

12. http://www.unisdr.org/eng/library/lib-index.htm International Strategy for Disaster Reduction ,Library

13. www.unep-wcmc.org/geo/geo3/ Global Environment Outlook 3: Past, Present and Future Perspectives (GEO-3)

14. http://www.eeri.org/lfe/clearinghouse/sumatra_tsunami/observ1.php SUMATRA-ANDAMAN ISLANDS Earthquake Virtual Clearinghouse – Observations

15. http://www.undp.org/bcpr/disred/tsunami/index.htm


- 109 -

UNDP -risk reduction into recovery and reconstruction programmes in the Asian tsunami

aftermath

16. http://ioc3.unesco.org/itic/files2.php The International Coordination Group for the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific

(ICG/ITSU)

17. http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/library/ The Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center (NHRAIC)

18. http://www.cidi.org/ Center for international disaster information


- 110 -

APPENDIX 1

TSUNAMI INFORMATION RESOUCES Report & Assessments

Asia Protected Areas potentially affected by the Asia Tsunami (excel 911kb)

Silvio Olivieri, IUCN - World Commission of Protected Areas January, 2005 Assessment of the damages to the ecosystems and to prioritize actions needed

Fish Bombing and Tsunami Effects (PDF 8.88kb) Bert Hoeksema,National Museum of Natural History Naturalist 18 January, 2005

IUCN’s Response to The Indian Ocean Tsunami Full Statement (PDF 12.7kb)

SUMMARY OF UPDATES ON TSUNAMI DISASTER (PDF 13.3kb) World Wildlife Fund 12 January 2005

Press Release: "Green reconstruction" vital in the aftermath of the tsunami (PDF 24.3kb) WWF 10 January 2005

Update Q and A for the network in response to and for responding to media questions on the tsunami - WWF (PDF 28.7kb) WWF

DRAFT Strategy for Rapid Assessment of Environmental Impact (PDF 15.9kb) IUCN and CORDIO South Asia January 2005 NB The methodology described below is still under development and will be modified according to need.

Brief Summary of Indian Ocean Reefs relative to the 26 December 2004 Tsunami (PDF 15.8kb) UN Task Force 06 January 2005

First preliminary report of the damage to coral reefs and related ecosystems of the western and central Indian Ocean caused by the Tsunami of December 26 (PDF 16.8kb) CORDIO CORDIO is a project to study the status of coral reefs in the central and western Indian Ocean. CORDIO was initiated after the massive coral bleaching in 1997/98 and has contributed to collection and compilation of monitoring data from coral reefs in 11 countries in the region. A substantial part of the work is focusing on developing alternative livelihoods for people affected by degraded coastal ecosystems. In the planning and implementation of its program, CORDIO is collaborating closely with IUCN (The World Conservation Union) in the South Asian region. The following is an account of observations by experts in the CORDIO/IUCN network in Sri Lanka, India, Maldives, Seychelles and Kenya during the first 10 days following the Tsunami.

Impacts of the Tsunami on Fisheries, Aquaculture and Coastal Livelihood (PDF 348kb) NACA/FAO/SEAFDEC/BOBP-IGO 7 January, 2005 The information in here are from India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka Thailand, and the Maldives.

Tsunami media update 10 January, 2005 Note: This is a daily summary of media reports concerning damage to aquaculture, aquatic livelihoods of coastal communities and related issues, gathered for the purpose of preparing a regional assessment to aid medium- to long-term rehabilitation of affected areas. It is not intended as a comprehensive summary of media reports, nor is it a summary of general damage. The content does not necessarily reflect the views of the NACA organization. Full Document (PDF 29.9kb)


- 111 -

Brief Summary of Indian Ocean Reefs relative to the 26 December 2004 Tsunami 5 January, 2005 General summary – many coral reef people associated with the GCRMN consider that the tsunami surges will have caused little to moderate damage to the corals, but that the backwash with large amounts of sediment and debris will be the major damaging factor. The large amounts of cloth (towels, clothing, sheets, curtains) will remain on the reefs for months causing major reef loss. Schooling fish were probably lifted onto the land and there are reports of fish inside rice paddies; the loss of coral habitat will be the long-term concern for target fish of fishing communities Full Statement (PDF 14.6kb)

ICRI/ICRAN roles and priorities after the December 26 tsunami (PDF 10.4kb) From: Richard Kenchington 1 January, 2005

Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka 2005 Post-Tsunami Recovery Program the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, Japan Bank for International Cooperation January 10-28, 2005 The main body of the report is contained in three parts: <<slnafull.1.pdf>><<slnafull.2.pdf>><<slnafull.3.pdf>> In addition to the main report, there are 15 sectoral or topical annexes. Each Annex provides background information, short- and medium-term needs and a budget for meeting those needs: <<Annex 01 Social Impacts.pdf>> <<Annex 02 Environment.pdf>> <<Annex 03 Economic Assessment.pdf>> <<Annex 07 Agriculture and Livestock.pdf>> <<Annex 08 Livelihoods.pdf>> <<Annex 10 Water Supply and Sanitation.pdf>> <<Annex 13 Fisheries.pdf>> <<Annex 14 Tourism.pdf>> <<Annex 15 Hazard Risk Management.pdf>> The rest of the Annexes can be found on http://www.worldbank.org

Get off the beach--now! (PDF 237kb) Nature Vol 433 27 January, 2005 the danger and initial effort to clear the beaches in Sri Lanka from Chris Chapman, Schlumberger Cambridge Research in Britain

On the trail of destruction (PDF 1.61mb) Nature Vol 433 27 January, 2005 Report: Where the wave hit hardest in Sri Lanka

Status and Progress Report, IUCN Asia’s Response to the Tsunami IUCN 8 January 2005 This report gives a brief overview of achievements so far and immediate priorities and needs. It focuses primarily on the assessment of environmental damages caused by the tsunami and the consequences thereof in the region concerned, at this point in time with a slight bias towards South Asia and Sri Lanka. The response of the organization as a whole has been detailed elsewhere. Additional information and clarifications are available on request. Full Statement (PDF 22.2kb)

India

A ssessment of the Needs and Rehabilitation Programme Centre for Environment Education (CEE) Offices in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh 6 January, 2005

Indonesia —

Tsunami Relief and Reconstruction Operations in Ache and their Implications fpr Leuser Ecosystem and Local Community Steven Galster and Mark Bowman of WildAid 20 January, 2005


- 112 -

Spatial plan for coastal cities proposed The Jakarta Post: from Zakki P. Hakim 6 January, 2005 http://www.thejakartapost.com/Archives/ArchivesDet2.asp?FileID=20050106.A06

Spatial plan for coastal cities proposed The Jakarta Post: from Zakki P. Hakim 6 January, 2005 http://www.thejakartapost.com/Archives/ArchivesDet2.asp?FileID=20050106.A06

Thailand —

WWF Thailand Update (PDF 7.75kb) WWF

Haiti —

Disaster Mitigation, Flood and Erosion Control in Haiti (PDF 30.3kb) From Mike D.Benge 07 January 2005

General Beyond the Tsunami: Scientists and International Organizations Agree on Principles for Mitigation of

Natural Disasters Ramsar Convention Secretariat Wetland scientists and nine intergovernmental organizations put forward a set of recommendations on how to improve the management of natural ecosystems to mitigate natural disasters. See the attached Press Release for more information. <WWD Press Release (FR).pdf>(36kb) <WWD Press release.pdf>(34kb) <International Declaration.pdf>(31kb)

First preliminary report of the damage to coral reefs and related ecosystems of the western and central Indian Ocean caused by the tsunami of December 26 CORDIO-IUCN Report 12 January 2005

Response to the Indian Ocean Tsunami December 2004 (PDF91.6kb) IUCN 12 January 2005

Response to the Indian Ocean Tsunami December 2004 (PDF 68.8kb) IUCN 10 January 2005

The Mega Tsunami of 26 December 2004: Recognizing Ecological Lessons from a Large- Scale Natural Disaster Gilberto Cintrón (USFWS) and Yara Schaeffer-Novelli (USP-Brasil) Statement (PDF 45.7kb) disclaimer: Use this as you see fit but make sure people are aware that this is not an official document and is only intended to elicit a dialogue, not to suggest policy or make any statement about issues related to the tsunami.


- 113 -

Remote Sensing Information UNOSAT

http://unosat.web.cern.ch/unosat/

the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) http://www.usgs.gov/ (USGS) http://edc.usgs.gov/ (EROS Data Center) The USGS National Center for Earth Resources Observation and Sciences (EROS) is providing pre- and post-tsunami satellite images and other vital information.

Pacific Disaster Center (PDC) http://www.pdc.org/ PDC news and updates, and other information products including preliminary damage maps for India, Thailand, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Somalia.....

DigitalGlobe: photos from Indonesia, Sri Lanka http://www.digitalglobe.com/images/tsunami Images of Aceh City <http://www.digitalglobe.com/images/tsunami/Banda_Aceh_Tsunami_Damage.pd> Images of Melabouh (small town on the west coast) <http://www.digitalglobe.com/images/tsunami/Meulaboh_Tsunami_Damage.pdf> Images of Gleebruk <http://www.digitalglobe.com/images/tsunami/Gleebruk_Tsunami_Damage_Jan2>

List of Web Address for Images Relevant to the Southeast Tsunami Disaster (Word 35.0kb) 14 January 2005

Nicobar Island Images from National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) "Tsunami - 2004 NICOBAR ISLAND"(Power Point 492kb)

ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/

International Charter “Space and Major Disasters” Indonesia and Thailand: http://www.disasterscharter.org/disasters/CALLID_079_e.html Sri Lanka: http://www.disasterscharter.org/disasters/CALLID_078_e.html Southern Asia: http://www.disasterscharter.org/disasters/CALLID_077_e.html

CRISP, National University of Singapore http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/tsunami/tsunami.html

TERRA Modis image © NASA 2004 http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/

Dartmouth Flood Observatory http://www.dartmouth.edu/~floods/2004193.html

DigitalGlobe http://www.digitalglobe.com/images/tsunami

DLR: Center for Satellite Based Crisis Information: Emergency Mapping and Disaster Monitoring http://www.zki.caf.dlr.de/applications/2004/indian_ocean/indian_ocean_2004_en.html

National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) http://www.nrsa.gov.in/

Service Regional de Traitement D’Image et de Teledetection (SERTIT) http://sertit.u-strasbg.fr/documents/asie/asia_en.html

USGS disaster response http://gisdata.usgs.gov/website/Disaster_Response


- 114 -

http://www.eeri.org/lfe/clearinghouse/sumatra_tsunami/observ1.php

SUMATRA-ANDAMAN ISLANDS Earthquake

Virtual Clearinghouse – Observations

The virtual clearinghouse attempts to accumulate earthquake data quickly. Therefore, the information in this clearinghouse is meant to be preliminary and reflects the authors' opinions at the time of writing, which may change over time.

EERI Reconnaissance Team Preliminary Reports EERI March 2005 Newsletter Preliminary Reconnaissance Reports on Northern Sumatra, Indonesia and

Southeast Indian Coast - Borrero, Yeh, Peterson, Chadha, Latha, & Katada

EERI April 2005 Newsletter Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on Mainland India and the Andaman-Nicobar Islands - Jain, Murty, Rai, Malik, Sheth, Jaiswal, Sanyal, Kaushik, Gandhi, Mondal, Dash, Sodhi, & Santosh

EERI May 2005 Newsletter Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on Societal Impacts in India and Sri Lanka - Rodriguez, Trainor, Wachtendorf, Kendra, Subramanian, & Alagan

EERI Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on Sumatra, Indonesia - by Dr. Jose Borrero, member of the EERI reconnaisance team

EERI Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on the South-East Indian Coast - by Yeh, Peterson, Chadha, Latha and Katada, members of the EERI reconnaisance team

EERI Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on Social Science Aspects in India - by Rodriguez, Wachtendorf, Kendra, Trainor and Subramanian, members of the EERI reconnaisance team

EERI Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on Social Science Aspects in Sri Lanka - by Rodriguez, Wachtendorf, Kendra, Trainor and Alagan, members of the EERI reconnaisance team

General info Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team (EEFIT) Tsunami Reconnaissance Report - British

earthquake engineers, architects and academics from the Institution of Structural Engineers (IStructE)

Tsunami Report with Engineering News Record and Architectural Record Articles - McGraw Hill Construction

The South-East Asia Earthquake and Tsunami Blog - up-to-date articles

Japanese Clearinghouse - Kyoto University (English and Japanese)

IRI/Columbia University - Lareef Zubair

Asia Earthquake and Tsunami: Overview and Comparison to the Cascadia Subduction Zone Presentation - ASCE/TCLEE Reconnaissance Team, Curtis Edwards (team leader)

01/26/05 Discussion on the Tsunami Warning Upgrade Plan - House Committee On Science, United States Congress

PDC News, Information on the Great Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami

News Links from Google

Wikipedia.com


- 115 -

Seismology Sumatran Plate Boundary Project: Aimed at understanding the nature of large earthquakes in subduction

zones. - by California Institute of Technology

Sumatra Earthquake Three Times Larger Than Originally Thought with M = 9.3 - by Seth Stein and Emile Okal at Northwestern University

USGS Official Measurements of the Sumatra-Andaman Islands Earthquake that caused the Indian Ocean Tsunami

Computer Simulation of Earth Movement that Spawned the Tsunami - Earth Observatory NASA

Seismometer recordings of the Sumatran earthquake and a M7.1 aftershock for comparison

Physics of Tsunamis USC Tsunami Research Center - University of Southern California

Tsunami Hazards Associated with the Catalina Fault in Southern California by Legg, Borrero and Synolakis - EERI Earthquake Spectra--August 2004 --Volume 20, Issue 3, pp. 917-950

Navy Releases Tsunami Images: UK scientists have released images of the ocean floor near the epicentre - BBC News Website

Western States Seismic Policy Council (WSSPC) - Tsunami Center Website

WSSPC - List of tsunami publications

Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources' tsunami publications

International Centre for Geohazards in Oslo

Tsunami Animation - by Kenji Satake, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan

Tsunami Travel Time and Wave Heights - Earth Observatory NASA

Images/Video Collection of Amateur Videos

Amazing before/after satellite image gallery - From DigitalGlobe

DigitalGlobe Tsunami Gallery

Photo gallery of survivors searching for missing relatives and rescue workers recovering more and more bodies. - Washington Post (THESE PHOTOS ARE EXPLICIT)

Video downloads - National Nine News (Australian)

Taiwanese FORMOSAT-2 Images

Information by Country India

Short Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on India - by Alex Tang, team leader of the ASCE reconnaisance team

EERI Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on Social Science Aspects in India - by Rodriguez, Wachtendorf, Kendra, Trainor and Subramanian, members of the EERI reconnaisance team

EERI Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on the South-East Indian Coast - by Yeh, Peterson, Chadha, Latha and Katada, members of the EERI reconnaisance team

Preliminary Data from EERI India Tsnami Reconnaissance Team, Harry Yeh (team leader) - including maps, images, tabulated data, etc.

Preliminary Survey Results - EERI India Team

Quick Report from Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Reconnaissance Team - Jan 19, 2005, includes text and images


- 116 -

Chenai, India Images - Earth Observatory NASA

Indonesia

Overview of Effects in Sumatra, Indonesia - by Teddy Boen, member of the EERI/WSSI regional team

EERI Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on Sumatra, Indonesia - by Dr. Jose Borrero, member of the EERI reconnaisance team

USC Tsunami Research Center: Sumatra Reconniassance - Dr. Jose Borrero of the University of Southern California and the EERI Team Member

Two PDFS comparing Cascadia to Indonesia - Professor Lori Dengler, Humbolt State University, Department of Geology

Flash Report on Field Survey of the Dec. 26, 2004 Tsunami Disaster in Indian Ocean - Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC)

Amazing before/after satellite image gallery - DigitalGlobe

Maldives


Georgia Tech Tsunami Site with images by Hermann Fritz (GT) and Costas Synolakis (USC) - including maps and images

The National Disaster Management Center website includes several lifeline-related reports

Singapore

Far Field Response of Singapore - by EERI member T.C. Pan, Nanyang Tech University

Response of Republic Plaza - by EERI member T.C. Pan, Nanyang Tech University

Sri Lanka

www.geolanka.net - Post-tsunami relief, rehabilitation, reconstruction, resources, meeting point

Initial Findings on Tsunami Sand Deposits, Damage, and Inundation in Sri Lanka, January 9-15, 2005 - by members of the EERI reconnaisance team

EERI Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on Social Science Aspects in Sri Lanka - by Rodriguez, Wachtendorf, Kendra, Trainor and Alagan, members of the EERI reconnaisance team

Georgia Tech Tsunami Site with images by Hermann Fritz (GT) and Costas Synolakis (USC) - including maps and images

Cornell University Internet Map Server for Sri Lanka Reconnaissance

News articles on EERI Reconnaissance Team in Sri Lanka

- On the Trail of Destruction - News Article by Nature Publishing Group

- Tsunami experts examine waves' debris: Sri Lanka warns of land mines, kidnappers - News Article in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer by Tom Paulson

- Tsunami detectives hunt for hidden clues: Scientists from U.S., around the world scramble into area - News Article in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer by Tom Paulson

- Sri Lanka may hold more answers about tsunamis - News Article in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer by Tom Paulson

- Studying the killer wave for clues that can save lives - News Article in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer by Tom Paulson

- Tsunami expert had tough case to prove - News Article in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer by Tom Paulson

- Secrets of tsunamis not easily revealed - News Article in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer by

Effects of the Latest Earthquake/Tsnami in Sri Lanka, - Prepared by Chandra Godavitame, for EERI


- 117 -

DigitalGlobe: Analysis of Sri Lanka tsunami images (For reference only. PDF 412KB)


Amazing before/after satellite image gallery - DigitalGlobe

Thailand

Short Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on Thailand - by Curt Edwards and Yumei Wang, members of the ASCE reconnaisance team

Preliminary observations: Two Days of Reconnaissance in Phuket Island - by EERI member and engineer, Chitr Lilavivat

Preliminary observations: Observation of the Tsunami that hit Phuket Island in Thailand - by EERI member and engineer, Chitr Lilavivat


Database of Structural Damage due to the Asian Tsunami in Thailand

Emergency Planning/Mitigation During earthquakes and aftershocks: Drop, cover, and hold on.

Emergency Planning Guidance For Local Government - by California's Office of Emergency Services

Local Planning Guidance on Tsunami Response - by California's Office of Emergency Services

Local Planning Guidance on Tsunami Response - by California's Office of Emergency Services

* This virtual clearinghouse contains information contributed by various earthquake engineering professionals around the world. All opinions, findings, conclusions and recommendations expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute or the authors' affiliate organizations.


- 118 -

http://ioc3.unesco.org/itic/files2.php

>>What to do?

How the Smart Family Survived a Tsunami Author: Washington Military Department, Emergency Management Division, Washington, USA Version: PDF (5.38 MB) Date: 24/03/05

Designing for Tsunamis: Seven Principles for Planning and Designing for Tsunami Hazards Author: Richard Eisner and others, 2001. US National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program. Version: PDF (532 KB) Date: 24/03/05

Tsunami Hazard Mapping of Alaska Coastal Communities Author: E.N. Suleimani and others, 2002. Alaska GeoSurvey News, Vol. 6 No. 2 Version: PDF (725 KB) Date: 24/03/05

Tsunami Warning Systems and Procedures : Guidance for Local Officials Author: Oregon Emergency Management and Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, 2001 Version: PDF (1.51 MB) Date: 24/03/05

>>What to do? >> Safety rules

Tsunami Safety Rules Author: ITIC Version: PDF (8.86 KB) Date: 22/03/05

>>What to do? >> After a Tsunami

Manuales y Guías 30: Guía de Campo Para Levantamientos (Spanish) Author: Comisión Oceanográfica Intergubernamental Version: PDF (232 KB) Date: 24/03/05

Manuels et guides 37: Guide Pour Les Études de Terrain Consécutives aux Tsunamis (French) Author: Commission oceanographique intergouvernementale Version: PDF (2.11 MB) Date: 24/03/05

>>IOC\'s tsunami programme >> What is the ICG/ITSU?

Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific Brochure Author: ITIC Version: PDF (1.18 MB) Date: 23/03/05

>>IOC\'s tsunami programme >> What is ITIC?

Bus Route (19 & 20) Map Author: ITIC Version: PDF (1.49 MB) Date: 21/03/05

International Tsunami Information Center Brochure Author: ITIC Version: PDF (1.99 MB) Date: 23/03/05

For the media

March 31, 2005 - News Release: Hawaii Tsunami Warning Exercise Author: NOAA - Delores Clark Version: PDF (33.4 KB) Date: 01/04/05

2005 Hawaii Tsunami Awareness Month Calendar of Events Author: NOAA Version: PDF (13.4 KB) Date: 01/04/05


- 119 -

>>For the media >> Factsheets

Major World-Wide Tsunamis Author: NOAA, PMEL Version: PDF (12 KB) Date: 22/03/05

Destructive Pacific-Wide Tsunamis Since 1800 Author: ITIC Version: PDF (10.7 KB) Date: 22/03/05

Destructive Local or Regional Tsunamis Since 1975 Author: ITIC Version: PDF (13.3 KB) Date: 22/03/05

Deadly or Destructive Tsunamis in Hawaiì Author: ITIC - Reference Cox, Tsunami Casualities and Mortality in Hawaiì. Version: PDF (13.4 KB) Date: 22/03/05

Reported & Confirmed Locally-generated Tsunamis in Hawaiì Author: ITIC - Reference Lander and Lockridge (1989). Version: PDF (11 KB) Date: 22/03/05

Hawaiì\'s Worst Natural Disasters (dates / cost / fatalities) Author: NOAA\'s National Weather Service Honolulu Forecast Office Version: PDF (6.05 KB) Date: 22/03/05

Fatalities in Hawaiì from Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Hurricanes & Tsunamis Author: ITIC Version: PDF (5.21 KB) Date: 22/03/05

Tsunami Buoy Article Author: L. Kong Version: PDF (899 KB) Date: 22/03/05

>>About tsunamis >> The Great Waves

Tsunami: Les Grandes Vagues (French) Author: IOC - ITIC - LDG - NOAA Version: PDF (2.17 MB) Date: 17/03/05

Tsunamis: Las Grandes Olas (Spanish) Author: IOC - ITIC - LDG - NOAA Version: PDF (3.33 MB) - Revised August 2003 Date: 17/03/05

>>About tsunamis >> Reading List

Tsunami Reading List Author: ITIC Version: PDF 32 (KB) Date: 16/03/05

NOAA: Backgrounder: Tsunamis Author: NOAA Version: PDF (44 KB) Date: 17/03/05

Big Waves: Tracking Deadly Tsunamis Author: Dr. Laura Kong Version: PDF (5.48 MB) Date: 17/03/05

Como Sobrevivir a un Maremoto Author: Servicio Hidrográfico y Oceanográfico de la Armada de Chile Version: PDF (999 KB) Date: 17/03/05

>>About tsunamis >> Learn more: Tsunami Glossary

Tsunami Glossary (English) Author: IOC Version: PDF (4.15 MB) - Revised 2005 Date: 18/03/05

Glosario de tsunamis (Spanish) Author: IOC/ Chile Version: PDF (3.61 MB) Date: 23/03/05

>>About tsunamis >>Education/classroom >> Tsunami Textbooks

Pre-Elementary School Student Textbook (English) Author: Servicio Hidrografico y Oceanografico de la Armada de Chile Version: PDF (1.38 MB) Date: 16/03/05

2nd to 4th Grade Student Textbook (English) Author: Servicio Hidrografico y Oceanografico de la Armada de Chile Version: PDF (1.01 MB) Date: 16/03/05


- 120 -

5th to 8th Grade Student Textbook (English) Author: Servicio Hidrografico y Oceanografico de la Armada de Chile Version: PDF (2.15 MB) Date: 16/03/05

High School Student Textbook Chapter 1 (English) Author: Servicio Hidrografico y Oceanografico de la Armada de Chile Version: PDF (2.00 MB) Date: 16/03/05





High School Student Textbook Chapter 6 (English) Author: Servicio Hidrografico y Oceanografico de la Armada de Chile Version: PDF (918 KB) Date: 16/03/05

Pre-Elementary Teacher Guidebook (English) Author: Servicio Hidrografico y Oceanografico de la Armada de Chile Version: PDF 673 KB Date: 16/03/05

2nd to 4th Grade Teacher Guidebook (English) Author: Servicio Hidrografico y Oceanografico de la Armada de Chile Version: PDF (680 KB) Date: 16/03/05

5th to 8th Grade Teacher Guidebook (English) Author: Servicio Hidrografico y Oceanografico de la Armada de Chile Version: PDF (683 KB) Date: 16/03/05

High School Teacher Guidebook (English) Author: Servicio Hidrografico y Oceanografico de la Armada de Chile Version: PDF (1.23 MB) Date: 16/03/05

Pre-Básica - Texto Para Alumno (Spanish) Author: Servicio Hidrografico y Oceanografico de la Armada de Chile Version: PDF (623 KB) Date: 24/03/05

2º a 4º año básico - Texto Para Alumno (Spanish) Author: Servicio Hidrografico y Oceanografico de la Armada de Chile Version: PDF (1.73 MB) Date: 24/03/05

5º a 8º año básico - Texto Para Alumno (Spanish) Author: Servicio Hidrografico y Oceanografico de la Armada de Chile Version: PDF (2.39 MB) Date: 24/03/05

Educación Media - Texto Para Alumno (Spanish) Author: Servicio Hidrografico y Oceanografico de la Armada de Chile Version: PDF (3.31 MB) Date: 24/03/05

Pre-Básica - Texto Guia Para Profesor (Spanish) Author: Servicio Hidrografico y Oceanografico de la Armada de Chile Version: PDF (537 KB) Date: 24/03/05

2º a 4º año básico - Texto Guia Para Profesor (Spanish) Author: Servicio Hidrografico y Oceanografico de la Armada de Chile Version: PDF (744 KB) Date: 24/03/05

5º a 8º año básico - Texto Guia Para Profesor (Spanish) Author: Servicio Hidrografico y Oceanografico de la Armada de Chile Version: PDF (374 KB) Date: 24/03/05

Educación Media - Texto Guia Para Profesor (Spanish) Author: Servicio Hidrografico y Oceanografico de la Armada de Chile Version: PDF (802 KB) Date: 24/03/05

>>About tsunamis >>Education/classroom >> K-12 Tsunami Curriculum

Grades K-6 Tsunami Curriculum (English) Author: Washington Military Department, Emergency Management Division Version: PDF 2.96 MB Date: 16/03/05

Grades 7-12 Tsunami Curriculum (English) Author: Washington Military Department, Emergency Management Division Version: PDF 6.85 MB Date: 16/03/05

>>About tsunamis >>Photo gallery >> Tsunami Waves


- 121 -

1946 Aleutian Island Tsunami Author: ITIC - Photo credit: NOAA Version: PDF (807 KB) Date: 22/03/05

1960 Chile Tsunami Author: ITIC - Photo credit: Honolulu Star Bulletin Version: PDF (667 KB) Date: 22/03/05

1983 Japan Sea Tsunami Author: ITIC - Photo credits: Tokai Univesity Version: PDF (901 KB) Date: 22/03/05


- 122 -

http://www-wds.worldbank.org/

The World Bank works to bridge this divide and turn rich country resources into poor

country growth. One of the world’s largest sources of development assistance, the

World Bank supports the efforts of developing country governments to build schools

and health centers, provide water and electricity, fight disease, and protect the

environment.

Documents & Reports

Your search for tsunami returned 10 records. (Results 1 - 10 of 10)

No. Document Title Date Report No Document Type

1 Sri Lanka - Development Forum : The economy, the Tsunami, and poverty reduction Vol. 1 of 1 (English) 2005/04/28 32221 Economic Report

2 India - Proposed Trust Fund for Tsunami Disaster Recovery Vol. 1 of 1 (English) 2005/04/26 32212 Board Report

3 Update on the World Bank response to the Tsunami disaster Vol. 1 of 1 (English) 2005/04/22 32242 Board Report

4 President ' s note to the Development Committee Vol. 1 of 1 (English) 2005/04/12 32383 Board Report

5 Learning lessons from disaster recovery : the case of Bangladesh Vol. 1 of 1 (English) 2005/04/01 32197 Working Paper

(Numbered Series)

6 Indonesia - Tsunami Emergency Recovery Support Package - Proposed Restructuring of Three Ongoing Projects in Response to the Late-2004 Natural Disaster Vol. 1 of 1 (English)

2005/03/31 31949 Board Report

7 World Bank response to the Tsunami disaster Vol. 1 of 1 (English) 2005/02/02 32154 Working Paper

8 Indonesia : preliminary notes on reconstruction - The December 26, 2004 natural disaster Vol. 1 of 1 (English) 2005/01/19 31381 Working Paper

9 Indonesia: preliminary damage and loss assessment - The December 26, 2004 natural disaster Vol. 1 of 1 (English) 2005/01/19 31380 Working Paper

10 Sri Lanka - 2005 Post-Tsunami Recovery Program Preliminary Damage and needs assessment Vol. 1 of 1 / Sri Lanka - 2005 Post-Tsunami Recovery Program (English)

2005/01/10 31507 Board Report


- 123 -

http://www.lonelyplanet.com/tsunami/

Complete Tsunami & Earthquake Coverage

Lonely Planet is providing complete coverage of countries affected by the Dec 26 Indian Ocean tsunami and subsequent Indonesian earthquakes. Many damaged parts of the affected countries are back on their feet and welcoming travellers. For other areas, however, the recovery process will take years. And throughout the region there are challenging issues large and small.


- 124 -

http://www.servicelearning.org/nslc/tsunami/index.php

South Asia Tsunami Resources and Tools The National Service-Learning Clearinghouse has collected resources and tools to help students and teachers develop a service-learning or community service project to assist with the tsunami relief effort. Below are organizations to join; lesson plans on fundraising, tsunamis, and the culture of the areas affected; and stories of what students around the world are doing to help. An opportunity to submit ideas and stories regarding the relief effort is also included.

Tsunami Relief Efforts

Service-Learning and Tsunami Relief: A Long-Term Response The National Youth Leadership Council is encouraging teachers to find service-learning projects that will contribute to the on-going relief effort. A list of resources and agencies is provided.

Quarters From Kids A grassroots effort to tap the power of youth in America as well as the people that work with them, this organization strives not only to collect donations for the relief effort, but also have the youth involved learn through their service and support. Download these two lesson plans: K-5th Grades (47K pdf) and 6th-12th Grades (56K pdf).

Do Something: Kids Tsunami Relief Fund Encouraging youth to get involved in the tsunami relief effort, Do Something gives ideas on how youth can raise money and how to donate that money to the relief effort. It also includes a flyer for youth to use in schools and resources for teachers (discussion questions, population comparisons, ways to help, and information on water and people).

UNICEF Youth Action Tsunami Relief This site provides ways for youth to raise or donate money for tsunami relief. Included are steps on how to organize a fund raiser, a link to donate online, and an address to donate by mail.

USA Freedom Corps Provides the latest information on tsunami relief efforts including how to help and a link to make donations.

What students are doing to help January 19, 2005, University of Texas at Austin News

Coordinated fundraising effort for tsunami disaster victims begins at The University of Texas at Austin The University's Volunteer and Service Learning Center has started a student fundraising effort. Volunteers are operating a donation station in town with the donations to be sent to UNICEF and the American Red Cross.

January 19, 2005, Education Week (free registration required) Tsunami-Relief Groups Advise K-12 As American schools pitch in with an array of charitable projects in response to the tsunami in South Asia, experts say educators and students should consider carefully how they can most effectively support relief groups, avoid fund-raising scams, and incorporate their efforts into service-learning programs.

January 14, 2005, The Online Rocket Fund drive to aid Tsunami victims The Institute for Community, Service Learning and Nonprofit Leadership at Slippery Rock University is holding a drive throughout the month to raise money for the victims of the tsunami.

January 12, 2005, edweek.org (free registration required) U.S. Schools Find Lessons in Tsunami


- 125 -

The earthquake and resulting tsunami that wracked coastlines along the Indian Ocean and killed an estimated 150,000 people or more prompted generosity and classroom lessons in U.S. schools last week.

More stories about what students are doing to help

South Asia Tsunami Lesson Plans and Curricula Tsunami Disaster in South Asia:

What can we do to help the victims and their families of the Asian Tsunamis? Includes activity directions and links to websites containing tsunami information.

Tsunami Disaster Relief and Information: How Your Classroom Can Make a Positive Difference. A list of web resources that provide information on tsunamis and earthquakes including pictures, articles, and assistance information.

Tsunami: The Big Wave is a tsunami teacher's guide by NASA's Observatorium. It provides a lesson plan (relevant topics and websites, questions, facts, activities), an article on tsunamis, and a quiz. The plan is intended for junior and senior high school students.

Surf Report: Natural Disasters This March 2005 issue of Surf Report, published by the Educational Communications Board of Wisconsin, provides information on nature's more violent tendencies. Information and links on tsumanis, floods, and earthquakes are included.

Local Culture of Affected Areas

Indonesia

Traditional games played by Indonesian children. These include versions of marbles, jacks, and paper/scissors/rock.

Child's guide to Indonesia offers an interactive website that gives information in small amounts so children can follow along. Includes games, quizzes, photos, facts, activities, and a website for teachers with resources and curriculum guides.

Indonesian Life Style is a website that has information on life in Indonesia including the water system, transportation, food, and entertainment.

Sri Lanka

Angelina Jolie’s journal (focusing on children) from her visit to Sri Lanka as a UNHCR representative. (450k PDF) The journal covers April 14-15, 2003.

Thailand

Online diary/culture guide written by a Thai student. An online magazine about the life of a Thai teenager in Thailand (published by the teenager). A new story has been added roughly each week for seven years.

Pictures of Thai children


- 126 -

http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami-hazard/index.htm

The National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program A program designed to reduce the impact of tsunamis

A handy resource that can be printed out and made into kits for use when answering media requests.

Tsunami Questions and Answers with Admiral Conrad Lautenbacher, Administrator, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, on the "Ask the White House" page January 14, 2005

Tsunami Hazard Awareness Handout with web address

National Tsunami Hazard Mitigtion Program brochure (prints on 8-1/2 x 14" paper)

NOAA Tsunami Backgrounder

NOAA Weather Radio

Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific (brochure) (8-1/2 X 11")

International Tsunami Information Center Media Resources

If An Earthquake Occurs (Handout)

Tsunami Trivia Game (download, print, and play!)

1997-1999 Activities of the Tsunami Mitigation Subcommittee

Surviving a Tsunami--Lessons from Chile, Hawaii, and Japan contains true stories that illustrate how to survive a tsunami and how not to survive a tsunami. The booklet is an educational tool meant for those who live and work or who visit coastlines that tsunamis may strike. Copies of the booklet can be obtained from

USGS Information Services, Box 25286, Denver, CO 80225, by calling 888-ASK-USGS.

International Tsunami Information Center

ITIC Tsunami Newsletter

Background Information and Photographs NGDC Tsunami Slide Sets

Tsunami Animations NOAA Animation of December 26, 2004, Indonesian Tsunami

Animation - Deep-Ocean Assessment and Report of Tsunamis Mooring System (DART)

Tsunami Propagation Animation - Andreanov

Inundation of Aonae during Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki Tsunami


- 127 -

Tsunami Inundation Animation - Aonae, Japan

Modeling & Forecasting

Indonesia Tsunami 2004.12.26

Model Simulation Results

Global Tsunami Propagation* 2.8 MB (2005.01.13)

Maximum Computed Tsunami Heights around the Globe *

Computed Tsunami Arrival Time from the global tsunami propagation model*

Observed wave arrival times (Source: WC/ATWC, India National Institute of Oceanography)*

Comparison of observed wave arrival times with modeled simulations*

Tsunami Propagation in the Indian Ocean* 1.4 MB (2005.01.12)

Maximum Computed Tsunami Heights in the Indian Ocean *

Computed Tsunami Arrival Times in the Indian Ocean *

DART - Deep-Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis For early detection and real-time reporting of tsunamis in the open ocean.

Animation w/earthquake*

Mooring System & Deployment Animation*

Other Sources of Information:

Compilation of Web-Links by Type of Data

NOAA REACTS QUICKLY TO INDONESIAN TSUNAMI - NOAA NEWS

NOAA SCIENTISTS ABLE TO MEASURE TSUNAMI HEIGHT FROM SPACE - NOAA NEWS

Worldwide Earthquake Activity in the Last Seven Days – USGS

Tsunami Media Gallery – DigitalGlobe

Tsunami Laboratory - Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics

National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program

International Tsunami Information Center

International Coordination Group the Tsunami Warning System Pacific

More Tsunami Links

* When using information, please credit NOAA

MOST Model - Method of Splitting Tsunami Mofjeld, H.O., V.V. Titov, F.I. Gonzalez and J.C. Newman (1999):

Tsunami Wave Scattering in the North Pacific IUGG 99 Abstracts (B), 132-133.

Mofjeld, H.O., V.V. Titov, F.I. Gonzalez, and J.C. Newman (2000): Analytic theory of tsunami wave scattering in the open ocean with application to the North Pacific Ocean NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL PMEL-116 38 pp.

Titov, V.V., H.O. Mofjeld, F.I. Gonzalez, and J.C. Newman (1999): Offshore forecasting of Alaska-Aleutian Subduction Zone tsunamis in Hawaii. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL PMEL-114, 22 pp.


- 128 -

Tsunami Propagation Animation - Andreanov

Titov, V.V., and F.I. Gonzalez (1997): Implementation and testing of the Method of Splitting Tsunami (MOST) model

NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL PMEL-112, 11 pp..

Inundation of Aonae during Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki Tsunami Tsunami Inundation Animation - Aonae, Japan

Titov, T.V., C.E. Synolakis (1997): Extreme Inundation Flows During the Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki Tsunami. In Geophysical Research Letters, 24(11), 1315-1318.

S. Koshimura and H. O. Mofjeld: Puget Sound Tsunamis - A New Partnership to Model and Map the Hazard USGS/Project Impact Meeting, November 29, 2000

Short-Term Forecasts - 1994 Shikotan Tsunami

Mofjeld, H.O., F.I. Gonzalez, and J.C. Newman (1997): Short-term forecasts of inundation during teletsunamis in the eastern North Pacific Ocean. In Perspectives on Tsunami Hazard Reduction, G. Hebenstreit, ed., Kluwer Academic Publishers, 145-155.

1992 Cape Mendocino Tsunami Gonzalez, F.I., K. Satake, E.F. Boss, and H.O. Mofjeld (1995):

Edge wave and non-trapped modes of the 25 April 1992 Cape Mendocino tsunami. Pure and Appl. Geophys., 144(3/4), 409-426.

References

Gonzalez, F.I., H.M. Milburn, E.N. Bernard and J.C. Newman(1998): Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART): Brief Overview and Status Report. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Tsunami Disaster Mitigation, 19-22 January 1998, Tokyo, Japan. version

Tsunami Detection Algorithm, H.M.Mofjeld

Milburn, H.B., A.I. Nakamura, and F.I. Gonzalez (1996): Real-time tsunami reporting from the deep ocean. Proceedings of the Oceans 96 MTS/IEEE Conference, 23-26 September 1996, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 390-394.

Eble, M.C., and F.I. Gonzalez (1991): Deep-ocean bottom pressure measurements in the northeast Pacific. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 8(2), 221-233.


- 129 -

http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/visualization/collections/tsunami_other.html

Tsunami Materials These materials and URLs were submitted by faculty in response to a request we sent out viw the web and the Geo-Ed listserv.

Clearinghouse Sites Tsunami!: This site is done by the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Washington. It

provides a wide array of information about tsunamis. Areas addressed include:

- The Physics of Tsunamis

- Tsunami Warning Systems

- Tsunami Hazard Mitigation

Windows on the Universe (more info) : Windows on the Universe is a very large Earth and Space Science website serving the educational community and the general public. They have a series of pages on tsunamis that starts at http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/headline_universe/earth_science/stories_2004/tsunami_news.html.

SpiNet: This site contains seismograms from school-based stations, articles and contributions from teachers who operate seismic stations in the classrooms, as well as links and other information.

Wikipedia: 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake: This page at Wikipedia is a community-developed clearinghouse for very extensive information on the earthquake and tsunami. There are tons of links, both internal and external to Wikipedia. They also provide access to news reports, pictures, videos, animations, scientific and government reports, as well as aid group sites.

Scientific and Educational Information on Indonesian Tsunami 2004: This page of Dr. C's Remarkable Ocean World contains link to information ranging from background articles and science papers to tsunami data and blogs and news articles. There are also several other types of resources that are linked from this page.

Audio/Visual Tsunami Computer Movies: This is a collection of tsunami animations by Dr. Charles L. Mader performed

using the SWAN code described in the monograph "Numerical Modeling of Water Waves," published in 1988 by University of California Press. There are a sizeable number of movies available on this page ranging from models of the 1755 Lisbon Tsunami to the 1960 Chile Tsunami and its effects throughout the Pacific Ocean region. The animations have to be downloaded as a zip file and unpacked before they can be viewed.

Amateur Tsunami Video Footage: This site holds a large collection of video footage shot by amateur videographers during the 12/26/04 Indian Ocean Tsunami.

The Earth: A Living Planet - Tsunami: This page from the Seed Project contains information on the Indian Ocean Tsunami as well as 2 new visualizations. THe first shows the main wave's progress across the ocean in hour increments. The second shows a hypothetical tsunami in profile as it travels across open water and then encounters a land mass. (Both of these links are images on the right hand side of the page.)

Cheese and Crackers: Tsunami Videos: This weblog has an extensive collection of video from the tsunami.

Asias Deadly Waves: This interactive multimedia site was done by the New York Times. There are pictures, animations and close-ups of the effects of the tsunami. This site is Flash driven.

NBC10 FeedRoom: This news station site has a collection of video clips that were shot by amateur photgraphers. The site requires Windows (98, NT, 2000, XP, or ME), Internet Explorer, and Flash (5.0) or Windows Media Player (7.1). After clicking on the link, click on "Deadly Tsunamis" in the upper-left part of the page and then select one of the video clips in the side bars to start watching the collection of clips.


- 130 -

Wave of Destruction: This site has extensive photo and video footage of the tsunami, most of it from amateur photographers in the affected areas at the time.

Landsat 7 Images Show Scale of Tsunami Damage: This NASA page shows before and after pictures taken by Landsat 7's Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) instrument of a part of the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. The images show that the scale of the tsunami's impact can be seen from space.

Spot Image - Asia Tsunami: This site provides satellite imagry of some of the affected areas, highlighting the effects of the tsunami.

Banda Aceh Pictures: This is a page of images of the devestation in Banda Aceh taken by two medical doctors in the region helping with the relief effort (Dr. Eric Rasmussen, MD, US Navy and Dr. Dave Warner, MD, Ph.D.). Most of the pictures were taken a mile or more from the coast.

Earthquake and Tsunami in Southern Asia: This page is part of the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters. They are providing before and after satellite imagry of affected areas.

Satellite Images of Tsunami Affected Areas: The satellite images of the Tsunami affected areas in this web page were acquired by the Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing and Processing at the National University of Singapore. They show the effects of the tsunamis on the affected areas in Indonesia, Thailand and island of India.

Environcast Media: This site provide high-resolution images of coastal areas in Thailand that were affected by the tsunami.

Class Pages and Educational Materials Introduction to Oceanography: This class schedule, submitted by Dr. Robert Stewart of Texas A & M

University, lays out the topics of discussion by day of class. One of the first days is devoted to a problem-based learning module where the students download information about the 12/26/04 tsunami from the web and forming opinions about what happened and why. The next day is devoted to the relationships between earthquakes, geologic setting and tsunamis as well as early warning systems.

Continuity and Catastrophy: This page is part of a site for the class The Story of Evolution and the Evolution of Stories: Exploring the Significance of Diversity taught by Paul Grobstein at Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania. In one section of the class, Dr. Grobstein uses the 12/26/04 tsunami as a take off point for a broad consideration of how humans make sense of "catastrophes" and how ways of doing so have changed over time. The page includes notes for the section and links to information that the students will need.

Earth Science Webshare: This is a forum for K12 educators to share their educational materials and favorite links on earth science topics. They have several posts related to the Tsunami in their different categories.

GSC 350: Natural Disasters: This page contains lecture notes from Dr. Jeff Marshall in the Geological Science Department at Cal Poly Pomona University. This subset of his classnotes for the Natural Disasters class deals with the Indian Ocean earthquake, tsunami and the aftermath of the disaster. The page also includes links that he has collected to items of interest.

Earth Science-Tsunami Tracker: This page was put together by Middle School Earth Science teacher Laurie Haddock as a tool for her students to conduct interactive web research to learn about tsunamis. This page is a part of the TrackStar site.

2004 Asian Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Project: This class activity by High School teacher Char Bezanson is a Project-Based-Learning unit that involves a research jigsaw. The scenario is that students are employees of a unit of the United Nations that will be helping with tsunami relief. The expert groups research the tsunami from various perspectives (geology, medicine, politics, economics), share what they find, and then are reassigned to groups based on an affected country.

Outreach Activities Surviving A Tsunami - Lessons from Chile, Hawaii, and Japan: This US Geological Survey circular was

compiled in 1999. There are many still photos from the 1960 tsunami that hit Chile, Hawaii, and Japan. The object of the circular is to disseminate lessons learned for surviving an earthquake and tsunami. There is also a PDF of the report (15.7 Mb).

International Tsunami Information Center: This intergovernmental organization maintains and develops relationships with scientific research and academic organizations, civil defense agencies, and the general public in order to mitigate the hazards associated with tsunamis for all Pacific Ocean nations. They also maintain the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center.


- 131 -

NOAA SCIENTISTS ABLE TO MEASURE TSUNAMI HEIGHT FROM SPACE: This news release from NOAA explains how scientists were able to use satellite measurements to calculate the hight of the tsunami waves at several times during the tsunami's progress throughout the region.

Reliefweb: This site provides disaster information to and about charities working around the world. They provide a large amount of data on deaths, injuries, damage, etc. all correlated on maps of affected areas.

Tsunami: A special Report on the Asian Tsunami Disaster: This site (created by Justin Sharpe, a teacher at Beal High School, Ilford, Essex. UK) grew out of a series of presentations the creator has been giving to assemblies of 11-17 year olds in a high school setting.

Pacific Tsunami Warning Center - About Tsunamis: This page on the PTWC site presents basic information about tsunamis in the Pacific basin.

Supercourse - Epidemiology, the Internet and Human Health: This group is developing a library of Just-In-Time Lectures written by faculty across the globe that are freely available to the rest of the world as a way of bringing more high quality information into classrooms. They have two lectures related to the earthquake and tsunmai in Southeast Asia.

- Tsunami

- Earthquake & Tsunami South Asia, 26 Dec 2004

Research and Data Dr. Steven Ward, University of California - Santa Cruz: Dr. Ward has an extensive site of information on

tsunamis. There are simulations and papers. Some highlights include:

- Ward and Day, 2001, Cumbre Vieja Volcano - Potential collapse and tsunami at La Palma, Canary Islands, Geophysical Review Letters, v 26, p 3141-3144.

- Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology: Tsunamis

- Tsunami Simulation Movies for different kinds of generation: impact, landslide, earthquake and volcano.

International Tsunami Symposium: This site contains papers and abstracts from the International Tsunami Symposium 2001 and the U.S. National Tsunami Mitigation Program Review, held in Seattle, Washington, on 7–10 August 2001.

PMEL Tsunami Research Program: Ths program seeks to mitigate tsunami hazards to Hawaii, California, Oregon, Washington and Alaska. Research and development activities focus on an integrated approach to improving tsunami warning and mitigation.

National Earthquake Information Center (more info) : The mission NEIC is to rapidly determine location and size of all destructive earthquakes worldwide and to immediately disseminate this information to concerned national and international agencies, scientists, and the general public.

USGS Earthquakes Hazard Program - SUMATRA-ANDAMAN ISLANDS EARTHQUAKE: This page summarizes USGS data on the 9.0 earthquake that spawned the 12/26/04 tsunami.

Tsunami Laboratory at the Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics of the Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences. This group conducts ongoing research into tsunamis and maitains databases of historical Pacific, Atlantic and Mediterranean tsunamis dating from antiquity to the present. Versions of these databases are available online.

The Sumatra-Andaman Islands Earthquake: This site by Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) provides figures, graphs, and other information about the mega-thrust earthquake that gave rise the the tsunami in South and Southeast Asia.

Tsunami Research Center at USC: This group is involved with all aspects of tsunami research; field surveys, numerical and analytical modeling, as well as hazard mitigation and planning.

UNAVCO, Inc.: UNAVCO has summarized preliminary scientific analyses (GPS) of the recent Mw 9.0 earthquake in a brief webpage. There is also a link to the web forum.

CGIAR Consortium for Spatial Information: This site is providing links to geospatial resources (GIS and RS) relevant to tsunami affected areas.


- 132 -

ZKI: This group, in partnership with other international agencies and associated with the German Aerospace Center DLR, has taken over responsibility for the acquisition of satellite data, the generation of image maps, and their dissemination to various relief organisations via the Internet.

DM Solutions Group: This site contains a wealth of data about all Indian Basin Tsunami affected countries and regions – collected both before and after the ongoing disaster. The goal of the site is to help facilitate, through the use of interactive Web-mapping technology, all aspects of disaster mitigation.

Tsunami Visualizations Compiled by John McDaris at Carleton College.

Be sure to check out the related page of visualizations about Plate Tectonic Movement

Indian Ocean Tsunami - 26 December, 2004

This Quicktime animation (more info) , by Dr. Steven Ward at the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics at the University of California - Santa Cruz, shows the tsunami's progress across the Indian Ocean. It also shows some water level graphs and run-up heights throughout the region.

This visualization (more info) from Kenji Satake at the Active Fault Research Center in Tsukuba, Japan, highlights the crests and troughs of the tsunami waves as they travel across the Indian Ocean and refract around islands and interfere with each other. The red color means that the water surface is higher than normal, while the blue means lower.

This Quicktime visualization from NOAA concentrates on the wave propagation in the Indian Ocean (more info) .

This NOAA visualization tracks the tsunami waves until they reach the East African coast of Somalia.


- 133 -

NOAA has rerun the tsunami model used to generate the two previous visualizations to generate a world-wide picture (more info) of the wave's propagation. This is a very large file.

This special report (more info) from The Guardian uses imagery from #2 above and uses a stepwise progression to show when waves reached particular points throughout the Indian Ocean area. This animation helps pull together the phenomenon, the timing, and the consequences for a more general audience.

Before and After Tsunami Photos (more info) : This series of 14 sets of before and after photos was taken via satellite of the tsunami-ravaged city of Banda Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia. The images are very dramatic and the ability to see before and after in the same scale and field of view in rapid succession is extremely powerful.

Other Historical Tsunamis

How Do Tsunamis Differ from Other Water Waves? (more info) : This page from a site from the University of Washington includes a Quicktime movie that shows the propagation of the earthquake-generated 1960 Chilean tsunami across the Pacific Ocean.

Papua New Guinea, 1998 (more info) : This is a USGS visualization of the 1998 tsunami that struck Papua New Guinea. There are also medium-(4.7 Mb) and high-resolution (16.8 Mb) versions.

Peru, 2001 (more info) : This is a medium-resolution (4.3 Mb) animation from the USGS of the June 23,


- 134 -

2001 tsunami that struck Peru and the west coast of South America. There is also a high-resolution version (24 Mb).

1700 Cascadia Tsunami (7Mb): This is a model of the wave propagation from the 1700 Cascadia Tsunami. Information about the visualization and its creators is available at http://www.pgc.nrcan.gc.ca/press/index_e.php

Hypothetical Tsunami Visualizations

Pacific Northwest, North America (more info) : This is a low-resolution (2.2 Mb) Quicktime visualization of a Stochastic Model for Potential Tsunamis in the Pacific Northwest created by the USGS. There is also a high-resolution version (11.3 Mb).

Tsunami Generation (more info) : This animation by Prof. Miho Aoki from the University of Alaska Fairbanks Art Department provides a very nice look at how a tsunami can be generated by a subduction zone earthquake. The visualization is large, so be prepared for lengthy download.

Coastal Inundation (more info) : This animation by Prof. Miho Aoki from the University of Alaska Fairbanks Art Department shows how a coastal town can be inundated by a tsunami.

How Tsunamis Form: This animation from the Prentice Hall Geoscience Animations series shows a schematic of how earthquakes can initiate a tsunami, how it travels in the deep ocean, and the effects it can have when it reaches shore.


- 135 -

Documents and publications on tsunamis

The UNESCO Library provides reference and information services, including online searches, to the Organization as a whole, as well as to the general public with an interest in UNESCO's fields of competence.

Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami ENG

IOC. Assembly; Paris; 23rd; 2005; Draft Programme and Budget, 2006-2007 16 p.; SC.2005/CONF.208/CLD.5; IOC-XXIII/2 Annex 3.

ENG The World heritage newsletter, no. 48 The World heritage newsletter; 48 Publ: 2005; 4 p.

ENG Address by Mr Koïchiro Matsuura, Director-General of UNESCO, delivered on behalf of the Director-General by Mr Patricio Bernal, Assistant Director-General, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) on the occasion of the Second International Coordination Meeting for the Development of a Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System for the Indian Ocean; Grand Baie, Republic of Mauritius, 14 April 2005 Publ: 2005; 6 p.; DG/2005/059.

ENG A World of science, vol. 3, no. 2 A World of science; 3, 2 Publ: 2005; 24 p., illus.

ENG International Coordination Meeting for the Development of a Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System for the Indian Ocean within a Global Framework; Paris; 2005; Report of working group 3: awareness and preparedness actions for an Indian Ocean tsunami warning system 7 p.; SC/IOC/2005/TSUNAMI/WORK/GP.3.

ENG International Coordination Meeting for the Development of a Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System for the Indian Ocean within a Global Framework; Paris; 2005; Report of working group 2: organizational aspects of an Indian Ocean tsunami warning system 4 p.; SC/IOC/2005/TSUNAMI/WORK/GP.2.

ENG International Coordination Meeting for the Development of a Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System for the Indian Ocean within a Global Framework; Paris; 2005; Report of working group 1: technical aspects of an Indian Ocean tsunami warning systems 15 p.; SC/IOC/2005/TSUNAMI/WORK/GP.1.

ENG Address by Mr Koïchiro Matsuura, Director-General of UNESCO, on the occasion of the opening of the International Coordination Meeting for the Development of a Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System for the Indian Ocean within a Global Framework; UNESCO, 3 March 2005 Publ: 2005; 7 p.; DG/2005/037.

ENG UNESCO Bangkok newsletter, no. 2


- 136 -

UNESCO Bangkok newsletter; 2 Publ: 2005; 11 p., illus.

ENG International Coordination Meeting for the Development of a Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System for the Indian Ocean within a Global Framework; Paris; 2005; Provisional anotated agenda 5 p.; IOC/IOTWS-I/1 + ADD. PROV. (only in Eng).

ENG Address by Mr Koïchiro Matsuura, Director-General of UNESCO, on the occasion of the Information Meeting for Permanent Delegates on Small Islands Developing States (SIDS), outcomes of the SIDS Mauritius Meeting and implications for UNESCO, and on UNESCO's responses to the Indian Ocean catastrophe, including the results of the World Conference on Disaster Reduction (WCDR) in Kobe, Japan (18-22 January 2005); UNESCO, 10 February 2005 Publ: 2005; 10 p.; DG/2005/022.

ENG Address by Mr Koïchiro Matsuura, Director-General of UNESCO, delivered on behalf of the Director-General by Mr Patricio Bernal, Assistant Director-General, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), on the occasion of the Ministerial Meeting on Regional Cooperation on Tsunami Early Warning Arrangements; Phuket, Thailand, 29 January 2005 Publ: 2005; 5 p.; DG/2005/017.

ENG Address by Mr Koïchiro Matsuura, Director-General of UNESCO, on the occasion of the Tsunami Session at the World Conference on Disaster Reduction; Kobe, Japan, 19 January 2005 Publ: 2005; 5 p.; DG/2005/007.

ENG Address by Mr Koïchiro Matsuura, Director-General of UNESCO, on the occasion of the Inter-Regional Meeting to Review Implementation of the Programme of Action on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States: general debate in high-level segment; Mauritius, 13 January 2005 Publ: 2005; 5 p.; DG/2005/005.

ENG International Coordination Group for the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific, nineteenth session, Wellington, New Zealand, 29 September-2 October 2003 IOC. Reports of governing and major subsidiary bodies; 103 Publ: 2003; 78 p.; SC.2004/WS/25; IOC/ITSU-XIX/3; IOC/ITSU-XIX/3s.

ENG An Intra-Americas Sea Tsunami Warning System project proposal Publ: 2002; 24 p.; SC.2002/WS/27; IOC/INF-1174.

ENG International Coordination Group for the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific, eighteenth session, Cartagena, Colombia, 8-11 October 2001 IOC. Reports of governing and major subsidiary bodies; 93 Publ: 2001; 54 p.; SC.2002/WS/37; IOC/ITSU-XVIII/3.

eng Meeting of the Officers of the International Co-ordination Group for the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific (ICG/ITSU), 6-9 February 2001, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA; summary report Publ: 2001; (32 p. in various pagings); IOC/INF/1152; SC.2001/WS/22.

ENG International Coordination Group for the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific, seventeenth session, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 4-7 October 1999 IOC. Reports of governing and major subsidiary bodies; 84 Publ: 2000; (60 p. in various pagings); SC.2000/WS/13; IOC/ITSU/XVII/3.

eng Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific: Master plan Publ: 1999; 34 p., illus., maps; IOC/INF.1124; SC.99/WS/36.

eng Panza, Giuliano F.; Romanelli, Fabio; Yanovskaya, Tatiana B.


- 137 -

Synthetic tsunami mareograms for realistic oceanic models Publ: 1999; 33 p., illus.; IC.99/18.

eng International Co-ordination Group for the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific (ICG/ITSU); Honolulu, USA; 1999; International Co-ordination Group for the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific (ICG/ITSU) Officers Meeting: summary report (24 p. in various pagings); IOC/INF/1115; SC.99/WS/18.

eng Intra-Americas Sea Tsunami Warning System: education, warning, management and research; draft project proposal Publ: 1999; 15 p.; IOC/INF/1126; SC.99/CONF.212/CLD.18.


- 138 -

http://www.un-oceans.org/Documents.htm

UN-OCEANS Task Force on Post-Tsunami Response Lead Agency: UNESCO - IOC (Focal Point: Patricio Bernal) Participating Agencies: UNEP / GPA, FAO, World Bank, WMO, IMO, UNDP, UN-DOALOS

Objective 1. To coordinate the contributions of UN-OCEANS agencies in support of the establishment of an early warning system in the Indian Ocean. Activities: UNESCO - IOC will regularly inform UN-OCEANS agencies on the outcomes of relevant meetings, and solicit input on contributions from Task Force participants to advance the implementation of the warning system.

Towards the Establishment of a Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System for the Indian Ocean. This site, launched on Tuesday 10 February 2005, is intended to keep you informed about the progress in developing a Regional Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System for the Indian Ocean. You may subscribe to this site to receive emails of new content.

Post-Tsunami Field Surveys

Objective 2. To provide technical assistance to affected countries through the development of Key Principles for Reconstruction in affected coastal areas based on Integrated Coastal Management approaches. Activities: UNEP/GPA will coordinate the implementation of an action plan for the application and, in close cooperation with World Bank, development of the proposed guidelines for reconstruction, as well as additional targeted guidelines on coastal and oceans aspects, including possibly fisheries, aquaculture, tourism, water supply and sewage collection, and treatment, coastal engineering, livelihood, ports management, etc, that may be developed by other members of UN-OCEANS.

UNEP Asian Tsunami Disaster Site

World Bank Tsunami Recovery Activities

Coastal Zone Rehabilitation and Management in the Tsunami Affected Region 17th February 2005, Cairo, Egypt.

Key Principles to Guide the Reconstruction of Coastlines Affected by the Tsunami

Objective 3. To act as a clearinghouse mechanism providing information on the various post-event assessments. Activities: The Task Force will compile directory-type information on the various post-event assessments related to natural resources, socio-economic, livelihoods, and sectoral aspects of ocean and coastal areas that are being implemented by UN agencies, programmes, and other UN-OCEANS partners. FAO will develop a clearinghouse mechanism on the UN Atlas of the Ocean for this information. List of UN-OCEANS Partners sites on Tsunami-related activities :

UNEP

FAO

IMO

UNDP

WMO

WB

UNESCO

Objective 4. To coordinate inputs to the ICP and the annual report of the Secretary-General on oceans and law of the sea on this issue. Activities: UN-DOALOS will coordinate inputs for all necessary inter-agency reporting activities.

Documents / Reports UN Oceans First Session Report, Paris, January 2005


- 139 -

Brief History of ACC SOCA and UN-OCEANS after ICP-3

Report of ACC SOCA 9th Session (ACC/2000/22) - London

Report of ACC SOCA 8th Session (ACC/2000/8) - Hague

Report of ACC SOCA 7th Session (ACC/1999/8) - Monaco

Date post:	12-Nov-2014
Category:	Documents
Upload:	ravi-shankar
View:	2,745 times
Download:	3 times