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Distances of complexes derived from spherical curves and their estimates Joint work with Noboru Ito University of Tokyo Megumi Hashizume Meiji Univ. Organiza=on for the Strategic Coordina=on of Research and Intellectual Proper=es / OCAMI Dec.,23,2018
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Page 1: Distances of complexes derived from spherical …Distances of complexes derived from spherical curves and their estimates Joint work with Noboru Ito University of Tokyo Megumi Hashizume

Distances of complexes derived from spherical curves

and their estimates

JointworkwithNoboruItoUniversityofTokyo

MegumiHashizumeMeijiUniv.Organiza=onforthe

StrategicCoordina=onofResearchandIntellectualProper=es/OCAMI

Dec.,23,2018

Page 2: Distances of complexes derived from spherical …Distances of complexes derived from spherical curves and their estimates Joint work with Noboru Ito University of Tokyo Megumi Hashizume

Deforma1onsofsphericalcurves

SphericalcurveDeforma=onsofsphericalcurves

Inthistalk,wefocusonRIandRIII.

RIRIII

RII

Page 3: Distances of complexes derived from spherical …Distances of complexes derived from spherical curves and their estimates Joint work with Noboru Ito University of Tokyo Megumi Hashizume

ComplexinducedbysphericalcurveandRI,RIII

Nota1onC:thesetoftheambientisotopyclassesofthesphericalcurves

2 Megumi Hashizume

領域

交差

C2C

ψ(H)ϕ(H)c∈|H|G|G|Nodd

M ∈ M|M |MM := {M ∈ 2R|ϕ(M) = C}Bi

B0

B1

B2

Bn

i(0 ≤ i ≤ n)|Bi||B1| = 4|B0| = 8|B2| = 4|M | = 3|R|Z2

, . . . ,dim(Imψ) = dim(Imϕ)− 1Imϕ = Imψ ⨿ (C + Imψ) ∃≡∼= 同相≃ 同位pictures

RI’sPP’ def

Def(RI-equivalence)v,v’∈CvRIv’⇔P,P’:representa=vesofv,v’s.t.Nota1onC:=C/RI[P](∈C):theequivalenceclasscontainingP

2 Megumi Hashizume

領域

交差

C2C

ψ(H)ϕ(H)c∈|H|G|G|Nodd

M ∈ M|M |MM := {M ∈ 2R|ϕ(M) = C}Bi

B0

B1

B2

Bn

i(0 ≤ i ≤ n)|Bi||B1| = 4|B0| = 8|B2| = 4|M | = 3|R|Z2

, . . . ,dim(Imψ) = dim(Imϕ)− 1Imϕ = Imψ ⨿ (C + Imψ) ∃≡∼= 同相≃ 同位pictures

On the image and the cokernel of homomorphism 9

結び目の数学 2017講演Title:On equivalence classes of spherical curves by Reidemeister moves I andIII

Abstract:球面曲線に対して,交差の上下の情報を無視した Reidemeister movesI, II, III (RI, RII, RIII と書く) を考える.2つの球面曲線P , P ′が与えられて,それらがRIとRIIIで移り合うときに同値であるとみなす.この同値関係による同値類は無限個あることが知られている ([H-Y], [I-T]).しかし,そのどの1つも決定されていない.本講演では,単純閉曲線を代表元に持つ上記の同値関係による同値類に関して講演する.更に,ある球面曲線が同値類に入るための判定条件に関しても述べる.本研究は伊藤昇氏(東京大学)との共同研究である.

[H-Y] T. Hagge and J. Yazinski, On the necessity of Reidemeister move2 for simplifying immersed planar curves, Banach Center Publ. 103(2014), 101–110.[I-T] N. Ito and Y. Takimura, On a nontrivial knot projection under(1,3) homotopy, Topology Appl. 210 (2016), 22–28.

Let P, P ′ be spherical curves. Suppose that P, P ′ are reduced spher-ical curves. Then the following conditions are piarwise equivalent(A) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence of deformations ofRI, RIII and ambient isotopy.(B) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence deformations of RIII,α, β and ambient isotopy.

RIII

RI

C

C!

αβ

On the image and the cokernel of homomorphism 9

結び目の数学 2017講演Title:On equivalence classes of spherical curves by Reidemeister moves I andIII

Abstract:球面曲線に対して,交差の上下の情報を無視した Reidemeister movesI, II, III (RI, RII, RIII と書く) を考える.2つの球面曲線P , P ′が与えられて,それらがRIとRIIIで移り合うときに同値であるとみなす.この同値関係による同値類は無限個あることが知られている ([H-Y], [I-T]).しかし,そのどの1つも決定されていない.本講演では,単純閉曲線を代表元に持つ上記の同値関係による同値類に関して講演する.更に,ある球面曲線が同値類に入るための判定条件に関しても述べる.本研究は伊藤昇氏(東京大学)との共同研究である.

[H-Y] T. Hagge and J. Yazinski, On the necessity of Reidemeister move2 for simplifying immersed planar curves, Banach Center Publ. 103(2014), 101–110.[I-T] N. Ito and Y. Takimura, On a nontrivial knot projection under(1,3) homotopy, Topology Appl. 210 (2016), 22–28.

Let P, P ′ be spherical curves. Suppose that P, P ′ are reduced spher-ical curves. Then the following conditions are piarwise equivalent(A) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence of deformations ofRI, RIII and ambient isotopy.(B) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence deformations of RIII,α, β and ambient isotopy.

RIII

RI

C

C!

αβ

On the image and the cokernel of homomorphism 9

結び目の数学 2017講演Title:On equivalence classes of spherical curves by Reidemeister moves I andIII

Abstract:球面曲線に対して,交差の上下の情報を無視した Reidemeister movesI, II, III (RI, RII, RIII と書く) を考える.2つの球面曲線P , P ′が与えられて,それらがRIとRIIIで移り合うときに同値であるとみなす.この同値関係による同値類は無限個あることが知られている ([H-Y], [I-T]).しかし,そのどの1つも決定されていない.本講演では,単純閉曲線を代表元に持つ上記の同値関係による同値類に関して講演する.更に,ある球面曲線が同値類に入るための判定条件に関しても述べる.本研究は伊藤昇氏(東京大学)との共同研究である.

[H-Y] T. Hagge and J. Yazinski, On the necessity of Reidemeister move2 for simplifying immersed planar curves, Banach Center Publ. 103(2014), 101–110.[I-T] N. Ito and Y. Takimura, On a nontrivial knot projection under(1,3) homotopy, Topology Appl. 210 (2016), 22–28.

Let P, P ′ be spherical curves. Suppose that P, P ′ are reduced spher-ical curves. Then the following conditions are piarwise equivalent(A) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence of deformations ofRI, RIII and ambient isotopy.(B) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence deformations of RIII,α, β and ambient isotopy.

RIII

RI

C

C!

αβ

On the image and the cokernel of homomorphism 9

結び目の数学 2017講演Title:On equivalence classes of spherical curves by Reidemeister moves I andIII

Abstract:球面曲線に対して,交差の上下の情報を無視した Reidemeister movesI, II, III (RI, RII, RIII と書く) を考える.2つの球面曲線P , P ′が与えられて,それらがRIとRIIIで移り合うときに同値であるとみなす.この同値関係による同値類は無限個あることが知られている ([H-Y], [I-T]).しかし,そのどの1つも決定されていない.本講演では,単純閉曲線を代表元に持つ上記の同値関係による同値類に関して講演する.更に,ある球面曲線が同値類に入るための判定条件に関しても述べる.本研究は伊藤昇氏(東京大学)との共同研究である.

[H-Y] T. Hagge and J. Yazinski, On the necessity of Reidemeister move2 for simplifying immersed planar curves, Banach Center Publ. 103(2014), 101–110.[I-T] N. Ito and Y. Takimura, On a nontrivial knot projection under(1,3) homotopy, Topology Appl. 210 (2016), 22–28.

Let P, P ′ be spherical curves. Suppose that P, P ′ are reduced spher-ical curves. Then the following conditions are piarwise equivalent(A) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence of deformations ofRI, RIII and ambient isotopy.(B) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence deformations of RIII,α, β and ambient isotopy.

RIII

RI

C

C!

αβ

On the image and the cokernel of homomorphism 9

結び目の数学 2017講演Title:On equivalence classes of spherical curves by Reidemeister moves I andIII

Abstract:球面曲線に対して,交差の上下の情報を無視した Reidemeister movesI, II, III (RI, RII, RIII と書く) を考える.2つの球面曲線P , P ′が与えられて,それらがRIとRIIIで移り合うときに同値であるとみなす.この同値関係による同値類は無限個あることが知られている ([H-Y], [I-T]).しかし,そのどの1つも決定されていない.本講演では,単純閉曲線を代表元に持つ上記の同値関係による同値類に関して講演する.更に,ある球面曲線が同値類に入るための判定条件に関しても述べる.本研究は伊藤昇氏(東京大学)との共同研究である.

[H-Y] T. Hagge and J. Yazinski, On the necessity of Reidemeister move2 for simplifying immersed planar curves, Banach Center Publ. 103(2014), 101–110.[I-T] N. Ito and Y. Takimura, On a nontrivial knot projection under(1,3) homotopy, Topology Appl. 210 (2016), 22–28.

Let P, P ′ be spherical curves. Suppose that P, P ′ are reduced spher-ical curves. Then the following conditions are piarwise equivalent(A) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence of deformations ofRI, RIII and ambient isotopy.(B) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence deformations of RIII,α, β and ambient isotopy.

RIII

RI

C

C!

αβ

te s tIt is the pen.球面曲線に対して交差の上下の情報を無視した Reidemeister move

I, II, III (RI,RII, RIIIと書く) を考える.球面曲線とRIとRIIIを施すことから誘導される複体を考える.本講演ではこの複体を考えるにあたって,局所変形RIとRIIIに代わる局所変形を考え,その局所変形から誘導される複体を考える.

xおかの

3 + 5 = 8(1)

G−1(x, y) = xn−1 + xn − 1(2)

α5 + 6 = 11

w =

⎣w0,0 · · · w0,n−1...

. . ....

wn−1,0 · · · wn−1,n−1

⎦(3)

∫∫

D

f(x, y)dxdy(4)

∫ ∫

D

f(x, y)dxdy(5)

limx→∞

f(x)(6)

S1

S3

DR∂RH = {Rj1, . . . , Rjs}Rji(i = 1, . . . , s)∀J∃∈ψϕImψImϕ

1

te s tIt is the pen.球面曲線に対して交差の上下の情報を無視した Reidemeister move

I, II, III (RI,RII, RIIIと書く) を考える.球面曲線とRIとRIIIを施すことから誘導される複体を考える.本講演ではこの複体を考えるにあたって,局所変形RIとRIIIに代わる局所変形を考え,その局所変形から誘導される複体を考える.

xおかの

3 + 5 = 8(1)

G−1(x, y) = xn−1 + xn − 1(2)

α5 + 6 = 11

w =

⎣w0,0 · · · w0,n−1...

. . ....

wn−1,0 · · · wn−1,n−1

⎦(3)

∫∫

D

f(x, y)dxdy(4)

∫ ∫

D

f(x, y)dxdy(5)

limx→∞

f(x)(6)

S1

S3

DR∂RH = {Rj1, . . . , Rjs}Rji(i = 1, . . . , s)∀J∃∈ψϕImψImϕ

1

te s tIt is the pen.球面曲線に対して交差の上下の情報を無視した Reidemeister move

I, II, III (RI,RII, RIIIと書く) を考える.球面曲線とRIとRIIIを施すことから誘導される複体を考える.本講演ではこの複体を考えるにあたって,局所変形RIとRIIIに代わる局所変形を考え,その局所変形から誘導される複体を考える.

xおかの

3 + 5 = 8(1)

G−1(x, y) = xn−1 + xn − 1(2)

α5 + 6 = 11

w =

⎣w0,0 · · · w0,n−1...

. . ....

wn−1,0 · · · wn−1,n−1

⎦(3)

∫∫

D

f(x, y)dxdy(4)

∫ ∫

D

f(x, y)dxdy(5)

limx→∞

f(x)(6)

S1

S3

DR∂RH = {Rj1, . . . , Rjs}Rji(i = 1, . . . , s)∀J∃∈ψϕImψImϕ

1

Page 4: Distances of complexes derived from spherical …Distances of complexes derived from spherical curves and their estimates Joint work with Noboru Ito University of Tokyo Megumi Hashizume

K3:the1-complexs.t.・{v|v:vertexofK3}   C・v,v’(∈C)arejoinedbyanedged3([P],[P’]):thedistancefromvtov’

ComplexinducedbysphericalcurveandRI,RIII

On the image and the cokernel of homomorphism 9

結び目の数学 2017講演Title:On equivalence classes of spherical curves by Reidemeister moves I andIII

Abstract:球面曲線に対して,交差の上下の情報を無視した Reidemeister movesI, II, III (RI, RII, RIII と書く) を考える.2つの球面曲線P , P ′が与えられて,それらがRIとRIIIで移り合うときに同値であるとみなす.この同値関係による同値類は無限個あることが知られている ([H-Y], [I-T]).しかし,そのどの1つも決定されていない.本講演では,単純閉曲線を代表元に持つ上記の同値関係による同値類に関して講演する.更に,ある球面曲線が同値類に入るための判定条件に関しても述べる.本研究は伊藤昇氏(東京大学)との共同研究である.

[H-Y] T. Hagge and J. Yazinski, On the necessity of Reidemeister move2 for simplifying immersed planar curves, Banach Center Publ. 103(2014), 101–110.[I-T] N. Ito and Y. Takimura, On a nontrivial knot projection under(1,3) homotopy, Topology Appl. 210 (2016), 22–28.

Let P, P ′ be spherical curves. Suppose that P, P ′ are reduced spher-ical curves. Then the following conditions are piarwise equivalent(A) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence of deformations ofRI, RIII and ambient isotopy.(B) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence deformations of RIII,α, β and ambient isotopy.

RIII

RI

C

C

K3

!

αβ

te s tIt is the pen.球面曲線に対して交差の上下の情報を無視した Reidemeister move

I, II, III (RI,RII, RIIIと書く) を考える.球面曲線とRIとRIIIを施すことから誘導される複体を考える.本講演ではこの複体を考えるにあたって,局所変形RIとRIIIに代わる局所変形を考え,その局所変形から誘導される複体を考える.

xおかの

3 + 5 = 8(1)

G−1(x, y) = xn−1 + xn − 1(2)

α5 + 6 = 11

w =

⎣w0,0 · · · w0,n−1...

. . ....

wn−1,0 · · · wn−1,n−1

⎦(3)

∫∫

D

f(x, y)dxdy(4)

∫ ∫

D

f(x, y)dxdy(5)

limx→∞

f(x)(6)

S1

S3

DR∂RH = {Rj1, . . . , Rjs}Rji(i = 1, . . . , s)∀J∃∈ψϕImψImϕ

1

On the image and the cokernel of homomorphism 9

結び目の数学 2017講演Title:On equivalence classes of spherical curves by Reidemeister moves I andIII

Abstract:球面曲線に対して,交差の上下の情報を無視した Reidemeister movesI, II, III (RI, RII, RIII と書く) を考える.2つの球面曲線P , P ′が与えられて,それらがRIとRIIIで移り合うときに同値であるとみなす.この同値関係による同値類は無限個あることが知られている ([H-Y], [I-T]).しかし,そのどの1つも決定されていない.本講演では,単純閉曲線を代表元に持つ上記の同値関係による同値類に関して講演する.更に,ある球面曲線が同値類に入るための判定条件に関しても述べる.本研究は伊藤昇氏(東京大学)との共同研究である.

[H-Y] T. Hagge and J. Yazinski, On the necessity of Reidemeister move2 for simplifying immersed planar curves, Banach Center Publ. 103(2014), 101–110.[I-T] N. Ito and Y. Takimura, On a nontrivial knot projection under(1,3) homotopy, Topology Appl. 210 (2016), 22–28.

Let P, P ′ be spherical curves. Suppose that P, P ′ are reduced spher-ical curves. Then the following conditions are piarwise equivalent(A) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence of deformations ofRI, RIII and ambient isotopy.(B) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence deformations of RIII,α, β and ambient isotopy.

RIII

RI

C

C!

αβ

On the image and the cokernel of homomorphism 9

結び目の数学 2017講演Title:On equivalence classes of spherical curves by Reidemeister moves I andIII

Abstract:球面曲線に対して,交差の上下の情報を無視した Reidemeister movesI, II, III (RI, RII, RIII と書く) を考える.2つの球面曲線P , P ′が与えられて,それらがRIとRIIIで移り合うときに同値であるとみなす.この同値関係による同値類は無限個あることが知られている ([H-Y], [I-T]).しかし,そのどの1つも決定されていない.本講演では,単純閉曲線を代表元に持つ上記の同値関係による同値類に関して講演する.更に,ある球面曲線が同値類に入るための判定条件に関しても述べる.本研究は伊藤昇氏(東京大学)との共同研究である.

[H-Y] T. Hagge and J. Yazinski, On the necessity of Reidemeister move2 for simplifying immersed planar curves, Banach Center Publ. 103(2014), 101–110.[I-T] N. Ito and Y. Takimura, On a nontrivial knot projection under(1,3) homotopy, Topology Appl. 210 (2016), 22–28.

Let P, P ′ be spherical curves. Suppose that P, P ′ are reduced spher-ical curves. Then the following conditions are piarwise equivalent(A) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence of deformations ofRI, RIII and ambient isotopy.(B) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence deformations of RIII,α, β and ambient isotopy.

RIII

RI

C

C!

αβ

someRI’sandsingleRIII

On the image and the cokernel of homomorphism 9

結び目の数学 2017講演Title:On equivalence classes of spherical curves by Reidemeister moves I andIII

Abstract:球面曲線に対して,交差の上下の情報を無視した Reidemeister movesI, II, III (RI, RII, RIII と書く) を考える.2つの球面曲線P , P ′が与えられて,それらがRIとRIIIで移り合うときに同値であるとみなす.この同値関係による同値類は無限個あることが知られている ([H-Y], [I-T]).しかし,そのどの1つも決定されていない.本講演では,単純閉曲線を代表元に持つ上記の同値関係による同値類に関して講演する.更に,ある球面曲線が同値類に入るための判定条件に関しても述べる.本研究は伊藤昇氏(東京大学)との共同研究である.

[H-Y] T. Hagge and J. Yazinski, On the necessity of Reidemeister move2 for simplifying immersed planar curves, Banach Center Publ. 103(2014), 101–110.[I-T] N. Ito and Y. Takimura, On a nontrivial knot projection under(1,3) homotopy, Topology Appl. 210 (2016), 22–28.

Let P, P ′ be spherical curves. Suppose that P, P ′ are reduced spher-ical curves. Then the following conditions are piarwise equivalent(A) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence of deformations ofRI, RIII and ambient isotopy.(B) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence deformations of RIII,α, β and ambient isotopy.

RIII

RI

C

C

K3

!

αβ

⇔PP’

Page 5: Distances of complexes derived from spherical …Distances of complexes derived from spherical curves and their estimates Joint work with Noboru Ito University of Tokyo Megumi Hashizume

Result1P:asphericalcurveDP:knotdiag.obtainedfromPbyaddingover/underinforma=ontoeachdoublept.ofPKalt(P):analternaingknotwhichpossessesDPthatisanalterna=ngdiag.K:aknotg(K):thegenusofK

Then,d3([P],[P’])≧|g(Kalt(P’))-g(Kalt(P))|RI,RIII

PP’ 

N.ItoandY.Takimura,Crosscapnumberandknotprojec=ons,IntrnatJMath.29,No.12pp21.

Page 6: Distances of complexes derived from spherical …Distances of complexes derived from spherical curves and their estimates Joint work with Noboru Ito University of Tokyo Megumi Hashizume

ProofofResult1

Keydeforma=on

+

-

-

Page 7: Distances of complexes derived from spherical …Distances of complexes derived from spherical curves and their estimates Joint work with Noboru Ito University of Tokyo Megumi Hashizume

Def(RI-minimal)AsphericalcurvePiscalledRI-minimalifPdoesnotcontainamonogon.

Fact1[Ito-Takimura]ForanysphericalcurveP,theRI-minimalsphericalcurveobtainedfromPisuniqueuptoambi.iso.

N.ItoandY.Takimura,(1,2)andweak(1,3)homotopiesonknotprojec=ons,J.KnotTheoryRamifica=ons22(2013),1350085,14pp.

P reduced(P)

Preliminaries

someRI’s

Page 8: Distances of complexes derived from spherical …Distances of complexes derived from spherical curves and their estimates Joint work with Noboru Ito University of Tokyo Megumi Hashizume

Theorem[Ito-H.]P,P’:sphericalcurves

  PP’

singleRIII, singleβ(m)singleαor

someRI’sandsingleRIII

reduced(P) reduced(P’)

Previousresult

Page 9: Distances of complexes derived from spherical …Distances of complexes derived from spherical curves and their estimates Joint work with Noboru Ito University of Tokyo Megumi Hashizume

K3αβ:the1-complexs.t.・v:vertexofreduced(P)・v,v’(∈C)arejoinedbyanedge

ComplexinducedbysphericalcurveandRIII,α,β

C:thesetoftheambientisotopyclassesofthesphericalcurves

On the image and the cokernel of homomorphism 9

結び目の数学 2017講演Title:On equivalence classes of spherical curves by Reidemeister moves I andIII

Abstract:球面曲線に対して,交差の上下の情報を無視した Reidemeister movesI, II, III (RI, RII, RIII と書く) を考える.2つの球面曲線P , P ′が与えられて,それらがRIとRIIIで移り合うときに同値であるとみなす.この同値関係による同値類は無限個あることが知られている ([H-Y], [I-T]).しかし,そのどの1つも決定されていない.本講演では,単純閉曲線を代表元に持つ上記の同値関係による同値類に関して講演する.更に,ある球面曲線が同値類に入るための判定条件に関しても述べる.本研究は伊藤昇氏(東京大学)との共同研究である.

[H-Y] T. Hagge and J. Yazinski, On the necessity of Reidemeister move2 for simplifying immersed planar curves, Banach Center Publ. 103(2014), 101–110.[I-T] N. Ito and Y. Takimura, On a nontrivial knot projection under(1,3) homotopy, Topology Appl. 210 (2016), 22–28.

Let P, P ′ be spherical curves. Suppose that P, P ′ are reduced spher-ical curves. Then the following conditions are piarwise equivalent(A) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence of deformations ofRI, RIII and ambient isotopy.(B) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence deformations of RIII,α, β and ambient isotopy.

RIII

RI

C

C!

αβ

C:=C/RI[P](∈C):theequivalenceclasscontainingPByFact1,reduced(P)∈[P].

2 Megumi Hashizume

領域

交差

C2C

ψ(H)ϕ(H)c∈|H|G|G|Nodd

M ∈ M|M |MM := {M ∈ 2R|ϕ(M) = C}Bi

B0

B1

B2

Bn

i(0 ≤ i ≤ n)|Bi||B1| = 4|B0| = 8|B2| = 4|M | = 3|R|Z2

, . . . ,dim(Imψ) = dim(Imϕ)− 1Imϕ = Imψ ⨿ (C + Imψ) ∃≡∼= 同相≃ 同位pictures

On the image and the cokernel of homomorphism 9

結び目の数学 2017講演Title:On equivalence classes of spherical curves by Reidemeister moves I andIII

Abstract:球面曲線に対して,交差の上下の情報を無視した Reidemeister movesI, II, III (RI, RII, RIII と書く) を考える.2つの球面曲線P , P ′が与えられて,それらがRIとRIIIで移り合うときに同値であるとみなす.この同値関係による同値類は無限個あることが知られている ([H-Y], [I-T]).しかし,そのどの1つも決定されていない.本講演では,単純閉曲線を代表元に持つ上記の同値関係による同値類に関して講演する.更に,ある球面曲線が同値類に入るための判定条件に関しても述べる.本研究は伊藤昇氏(東京大学)との共同研究である.

[H-Y] T. Hagge and J. Yazinski, On the necessity of Reidemeister move2 for simplifying immersed planar curves, Banach Center Publ. 103(2014), 101–110.[I-T] N. Ito and Y. Takimura, On a nontrivial knot projection under(1,3) homotopy, Topology Appl. 210 (2016), 22–28.

Let P, P ′ be spherical curves. Suppose that P, P ′ are reduced spher-ical curves. Then the following conditions are piarwise equivalent(A) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence of deformations ofRI, RIII and ambient isotopy.(B) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence deformations of RIII,α, β and ambient isotopy.

RIII

RI

C

C!

αβ

On the image and the cokernel of homomorphism 9

結び目の数学 2017講演Title:On equivalence classes of spherical curves by Reidemeister moves I andIII

Abstract:球面曲線に対して,交差の上下の情報を無視した Reidemeister movesI, II, III (RI, RII, RIII と書く) を考える.2つの球面曲線P , P ′が与えられて,それらがRIとRIIIで移り合うときに同値であるとみなす.この同値関係による同値類は無限個あることが知られている ([H-Y], [I-T]).しかし,そのどの1つも決定されていない.本講演では,単純閉曲線を代表元に持つ上記の同値関係による同値類に関して講演する.更に,ある球面曲線が同値類に入るための判定条件に関しても述べる.本研究は伊藤昇氏(東京大学)との共同研究である.

[H-Y] T. Hagge and J. Yazinski, On the necessity of Reidemeister move2 for simplifying immersed planar curves, Banach Center Publ. 103(2014), 101–110.[I-T] N. Ito and Y. Takimura, On a nontrivial knot projection under(1,3) homotopy, Topology Appl. 210 (2016), 22–28.

Let P, P ′ be spherical curves. Suppose that P, P ′ are reduced spher-ical curves. Then the following conditions are piarwise equivalent(A) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence of deformations ofRI, RIII and ambient isotopy.(B) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence deformations of RIII,α, β and ambient isotopy.

RIII

RI

C

C!

αβ

On the image and the cokernel of homomorphism 9

結び目の数学 2017講演Title:On equivalence classes of spherical curves by Reidemeister moves I andIII

Abstract:球面曲線に対して,交差の上下の情報を無視した Reidemeister movesI, II, III (RI, RII, RIII と書く) を考える.2つの球面曲線P , P ′が与えられて,それらがRIとRIIIで移り合うときに同値であるとみなす.この同値関係による同値類は無限個あることが知られている ([H-Y], [I-T]).しかし,そのどの1つも決定されていない.本講演では,単純閉曲線を代表元に持つ上記の同値関係による同値類に関して講演する.更に,ある球面曲線が同値類に入るための判定条件に関しても述べる.本研究は伊藤昇氏(東京大学)との共同研究である.

[H-Y] T. Hagge and J. Yazinski, On the necessity of Reidemeister move2 for simplifying immersed planar curves, Banach Center Publ. 103(2014), 101–110.[I-T] N. Ito and Y. Takimura, On a nontrivial knot projection under(1,3) homotopy, Topology Appl. 210 (2016), 22–28.

Let P, P ′ be spherical curves. Suppose that P, P ′ are reduced spher-ical curves. Then the following conditions are piarwise equivalent(A) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence of deformations ofRI, RIII and ambient isotopy.(B) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence deformations of RIII,α, β and ambient isotopy.

RIII

RI

C

C!

αβ

te s tIt is the pen.球面曲線に対して交差の上下の情報を無視した Reidemeister move

I, II, III (RI,RII, RIIIと書く) を考える.球面曲線とRIとRIIIを施すことから誘導される複体を考える.本講演ではこの複体を考えるにあたって,局所変形RIとRIIIに代わる局所変形を考え,その局所変形から誘導される複体を考える.

xおかの

3 + 5 = 8(1)

G−1(x, y) = xn−1 + xn − 1(2)

α5 + 6 = 11

w =

⎣w0,0 · · · w0,n−1...

. . ....

wn−1,0 · · · wn−1,n−1

⎦(3)

∫∫

D

f(x, y)dxdy(4)

∫ ∫

D

f(x, y)dxdy(5)

limx→∞

f(x)(6)

S1

S3

DR∂RH = {Rj1, . . . , Rjs}Rji(i = 1, . . . , s)∀J∃∈ψϕImψImϕ

1

te s tIt is the pen.球面曲線に対して交差の上下の情報を無視した Reidemeister move

I, II, III (RI,RII, RIIIと書く) を考える.球面曲線とRIとRIIIを施すことから誘導される複体を考える.本講演ではこの複体を考えるにあたって,局所変形RIとRIIIに代わる局所変形を考え,その局所変形から誘導される複体を考える.

xおかの

3 + 5 = 8(1)

G−1(x, y) = xn−1 + xn − 1(2)

α5 + 6 = 11

w =

⎣w0,0 · · · w0,n−1...

. . ....

wn−1,0 · · · wn−1,n−1

⎦(3)

∫∫

D

f(x, y)dxdy(4)

∫ ∫

D

f(x, y)dxdy(5)

limx→∞

f(x)(6)

S1

S3

DR∂RH = {Rj1, . . . , Rjs}Rji(i = 1, . . . , s)∀J∃∈ψϕImψImϕ

1

On the image and the cokernel of homomorphism 9

結び目の数学 2017講演Title:On equivalence classes of spherical curves by Reidemeister moves I andIII

Abstract:球面曲線に対して,交差の上下の情報を無視した Reidemeister movesI, II, III (RI, RII, RIII と書く) を考える.2つの球面曲線P , P ′が与えられて,それらがRIとRIIIで移り合うときに同値であるとみなす.この同値関係による同値類は無限個あることが知られている ([H-Y], [I-T]).しかし,そのどの1つも決定されていない.本講演では,単純閉曲線を代表元に持つ上記の同値関係による同値類に関して講演する.更に,ある球面曲線が同値類に入るための判定条件に関しても述べる.本研究は伊藤昇氏(東京大学)との共同研究である.

[H-Y] T. Hagge and J. Yazinski, On the necessity of Reidemeister move2 for simplifying immersed planar curves, Banach Center Publ. 103(2014), 101–110.[I-T] N. Ito and Y. Takimura, On a nontrivial knot projection under(1,3) homotopy, Topology Appl. 210 (2016), 22–28.

Let P, P ′ be spherical curves. Suppose that P, P ′ are reduced spher-ical curves. Then the following conditions are piarwise equivalent(A) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence of deformations ofRI, RIII and ambient isotopy.(B) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence deformations of RIII,α, β and ambient isotopy.

RIII

RI

C

C

K3

K3αβ

!

On the image and the cokernel of homomorphism 9

結び目の数学 2017講演Title:On equivalence classes of spherical curves by Reidemeister moves I andIII

Abstract:球面曲線に対して,交差の上下の情報を無視した Reidemeister movesI, II, III (RI, RII, RIII と書く) を考える.2つの球面曲線P , P ′が与えられて,それらがRIとRIIIで移り合うときに同値であるとみなす.この同値関係による同値類は無限個あることが知られている ([H-Y], [I-T]).しかし,そのどの1つも決定されていない.本講演では,単純閉曲線を代表元に持つ上記の同値関係による同値類に関して講演する.更に,ある球面曲線が同値類に入るための判定条件に関しても述べる.本研究は伊藤昇氏(東京大学)との共同研究である.

[H-Y] T. Hagge and J. Yazinski, On the necessity of Reidemeister move2 for simplifying immersed planar curves, Banach Center Publ. 103(2014), 101–110.[I-T] N. Ito and Y. Takimura, On a nontrivial knot projection under(1,3) homotopy, Topology Appl. 210 (2016), 22–28.

Let P, P ′ be spherical curves. Suppose that P, P ′ are reduced spher-ical curves. Then the following conditions are piarwise equivalent(A) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence of deformations ofRI, RIII and ambient isotopy.(B) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence deformations of RIII,α, β and ambient isotopy.

RIII

RI

C

C

K3

K3αβ

!

singleRIII, singleβ(m)singleαorreduced(P) reduced(P’)⇔

On the image and the cokernel of homomorphism 9

結び目の数学 2017講演Title:On equivalence classes of spherical curves by Reidemeister moves I andIII

Abstract:球面曲線に対して,交差の上下の情報を無視した Reidemeister movesI, II, III (RI, RII, RIII と書く) を考える.2つの球面曲線P , P ′が与えられて,それらがRIとRIIIで移り合うときに同値であるとみなす.この同値関係による同値類は無限個あることが知られている ([H-Y], [I-T]).しかし,そのどの1つも決定されていない.本講演では,単純閉曲線を代表元に持つ上記の同値関係による同値類に関して講演する.更に,ある球面曲線が同値類に入るための判定条件に関しても述べる.本研究は伊藤昇氏(東京大学)との共同研究である.

[H-Y] T. Hagge and J. Yazinski, On the necessity of Reidemeister move2 for simplifying immersed planar curves, Banach Center Publ. 103(2014), 101–110.[I-T] N. Ito and Y. Takimura, On a nontrivial knot projection under(1,3) homotopy, Topology Appl. 210 (2016), 22–28.

Let P, P ′ be spherical curves. Suppose that P, P ′ are reduced spher-ical curves. Then the following conditions are piarwise equivalent(A) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence of deformations ofRI, RIII and ambient isotopy.(B) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence deformations of RIII,α, β and ambient isotopy.

RIII

RI

C

C!

αβ

te s tIt is the pen.球面曲線に対して交差の上下の情報を無視した Reidemeister move

I, II, III (RI,RII, RIIIと書く) を考える.球面曲線とRIとRIIIを施すことから誘導される複体を考える.本講演ではこの複体を考えるにあたって,局所変形RIとRIIIに代わる局所変形を考え,その局所変形から誘導される複体を考える.

xおかの

3 + 5 = 8(1)

G−1(x, y) = xn−1 + xn − 1(2)

α5 + 6 = 11

w =

⎣w0,0 · · · w0,n−1...

. . ....

wn−1,0 · · · wn−1,n−1

⎦(3)

∫∫

D

f(x, y)dxdy(4)

∫ ∫

D

f(x, y)dxdy(5)

limx→∞

f(x)(6)

S1

S3

DR∂RH = {Rj1, . . . , Rjs}Rji(i = 1, . . . , s)∀J∃∈ψϕImψImϕ

1

Page 10: Distances of complexes derived from spherical …Distances of complexes derived from spherical curves and their estimates Joint work with Noboru Ito University of Tokyo Megumi Hashizume

d3αβ(reduced(P),reduced(P’)):thedistancefromvtov’

ComplexinducedbysphericalcurveandRIII,α,β

On the image and the cokernel of homomorphism 9

結び目の数学 2017講演Title:On equivalence classes of spherical curves by Reidemeister moves I andIII

Abstract:球面曲線に対して,交差の上下の情報を無視した Reidemeister movesI, II, III (RI, RII, RIII と書く) を考える.2つの球面曲線P , P ′が与えられて,それらがRIとRIIIで移り合うときに同値であるとみなす.この同値関係による同値類は無限個あることが知られている ([H-Y], [I-T]).しかし,そのどの1つも決定されていない.本講演では,単純閉曲線を代表元に持つ上記の同値関係による同値類に関して講演する.更に,ある球面曲線が同値類に入るための判定条件に関しても述べる.本研究は伊藤昇氏(東京大学)との共同研究である.

[H-Y] T. Hagge and J. Yazinski, On the necessity of Reidemeister move2 for simplifying immersed planar curves, Banach Center Publ. 103(2014), 101–110.[I-T] N. Ito and Y. Takimura, On a nontrivial knot projection under(1,3) homotopy, Topology Appl. 210 (2016), 22–28.

Let P, P ′ be spherical curves. Suppose that P, P ′ are reduced spher-ical curves. Then the following conditions are piarwise equivalent(A) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence of deformations ofRI, RIII and ambient isotopy.(B) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence deformations of RIII,α, β and ambient isotopy.

RIII

RI

C

C

K3

K3αβ

!

On the image and the cokernel of homomorphism 9

結び目の数学 2017講演Title:On equivalence classes of spherical curves by Reidemeister moves I andIII

Abstract:球面曲線に対して,交差の上下の情報を無視した Reidemeister movesI, II, III (RI, RII, RIII と書く) を考える.2つの球面曲線P , P ′が与えられて,それらがRIとRIIIで移り合うときに同値であるとみなす.この同値関係による同値類は無限個あることが知られている ([H-Y], [I-T]).しかし,そのどの1つも決定されていない.本講演では,単純閉曲線を代表元に持つ上記の同値関係による同値類に関して講演する.更に,ある球面曲線が同値類に入るための判定条件に関しても述べる.本研究は伊藤昇氏(東京大学)との共同研究である.

[H-Y] T. Hagge and J. Yazinski, On the necessity of Reidemeister move2 for simplifying immersed planar curves, Banach Center Publ. 103(2014), 101–110.[I-T] N. Ito and Y. Takimura, On a nontrivial knot projection under(1,3) homotopy, Topology Appl. 210 (2016), 22–28.

Let P, P ′ be spherical curves. Suppose that P, P ′ are reduced spher-ical curves. Then the following conditions are piarwise equivalent(A) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence of deformations ofRI, RIII and ambient isotopy.(B) P ′ is obtained from P by applying a sequence deformations of RIII,α, β and ambient isotopy.

RIII

RI

C

C

K3

!

αβ

Keyfactd3([P],[P’])=d3αβ(reduced(P),reduced(P’))

Page 11: Distances of complexes derived from spherical …Distances of complexes derived from spherical curves and their estimates Joint work with Noboru Ito University of Tokyo Megumi Hashizume

LemmasLemma1Α+consistsofβ+(1),RIII,β-(0).

RIII

+

Page 12: Distances of complexes derived from spherical …Distances of complexes derived from spherical curves and their estimates Joint work with Noboru Ito University of Tokyo Megumi Hashizume

Lemma2P,P’:sphericalcurves

⇒g(Kalt(P’))-g(Kalt(P))=1

β+PP’ 

Lemmas

β+

alterna=ng

Page 13: Distances of complexes derived from spherical …Distances of complexes derived from spherical curves and their estimates Joint work with Noboru Ito University of Tokyo Megumi Hashizume

Lemma3P,P’:sphericalcurves⇒|g(Kalt(P’))-g(Kalt(P))|=0or1⇒g(Kalt(P’))-g(Kalt(P))=0

singlestrongRIIIPP’ 

singleweakRIIIPP’ 

Lemmas

strongRIII

weakRIII

Page 14: Distances of complexes derived from spherical …Distances of complexes derived from spherical curves and their estimates Joint work with Noboru Ito University of Tokyo Megumi Hashizume

ProofofLemma3s(P):thenum.oftheSeifertcirclesofKalt(P)n(P):thenum.ofthedoublepointsofP

⇒|g(Kalt(P’))-g(Kalt(P))|=

|s(P)-s(P’)|2

=0or1

singlestrongRIIIPP’ 

=

Χ(P)=s(P)-n(P)

1-2g(Kalt(P))

10 Megumi Hashizume

αβχ

O

Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women’s Uni-versity

E-mail address: [email protected]

strongRIII

|s(P’)-s(P)|=2

s(P’)-s(P)=0

Page 15: Distances of complexes derived from spherical …Distances of complexes derived from spherical curves and their estimates Joint work with Noboru Ito University of Tokyo Megumi Hashizume

⇒g(Kalt(P’))-g(Kalt(P))=0

singleweakRIIIPP’ 

ProofofObserva1on3

weakRIII s(P’)-s(P)

=0

Page 16: Distances of complexes derived from spherical …Distances of complexes derived from spherical curves and their estimates Joint work with Noboru Ito University of Tokyo Megumi Hashizume

|g(Kalt(P’))-g(Kalt(P))|=|g(Kalt(Pm))-g(Kalt(P0))|=|Σ(g(Kalt(Pi))-g(Kalt(Pi-1)))|

≦Σ|g(Kalt(Pi))-g(Kalt(Pi-1))|

≦d3αβ(P0,Pm)=d3([P],[P’])

Op2Op1 OpmPP0P1・・・ PmP’ 

m

i=1m

i=1

RI’s RI’s

ProofofResult1

= =

reduced(P) reduced(P’) Opi=RIII,αorβ

Page 17: Distances of complexes derived from spherical …Distances of complexes derived from spherical curves and their estimates Joint work with Noboru Ito University of Tokyo Megumi Hashizume

K:aknota2(K):the2ndcoefficientofConwaypoly.ofKP:asphericalcurveKpos(P):aposi=veknotwhichpossessesDPthatisanposi=vediag.

K,K’:knotsd△(K,K’):△-GordiandistancefromKtoK’

Result2

△-move

N.ItoandY.Takimura,(1,2)andweak(1,3)homotopiesonknotprojec=ons,J.KnotTheoryRamifica=ons22(2013),1350085,14pp.

Page 18: Distances of complexes derived from spherical …Distances of complexes derived from spherical curves and their estimates Joint work with Noboru Ito University of Tokyo Megumi Hashizume

#ofstrongRIII’sofaseq.oflengthd3([P],[P’])

≧d△(Kpos(P),Kpos(P’))≧|a2(Kpos(P’))-a2(Kpos(P))|

RI,RIIIPP’ 

Result2

Inpar=cular,#ofnega=vestrongRIII’sofaseq.oflengthd3([P],[P’])

RI,weakRIII,nega=vestrongRIIIPP’ 

=d△(Kpos(P),Kpos(P’))=a2(Kpos(P’))-a2(Kpos(P))

Page 19: Distances of complexes derived from spherical …Distances of complexes derived from spherical curves and their estimates Joint work with Noboru Ito University of Tokyo Megumi Hashizume

CorollaryofResult2

#ofnega=vestrongRIII’sofaseq.oflengthd3([P],[○])

≧u△(Kpos(P))≧a2(Kpos(P))

K:aknotu△(K):△-unknoongnum.ofK

Page 20: Distances of complexes derived from spherical …Distances of complexes derived from spherical curves and their estimates Joint work with Noboru Ito University of Tokyo Megumi Hashizume

Then,d△(Kpos(P),Kpos(P’))≧|a2(Kpos(P’))-a2(Kpos(P))|

ProofofResult2

Fact[Okada]K,K’:knotsIfK’isobtainedfromKbyasingle△-move,then|a2(K’)-a2(K)|=1.

M.Okada,Delta-unknoongopera=onandthesecondcoefficientoftheConwaypolynomial,J.Math.Soc.JapanVol.42,No.4,1990.

Page 21: Distances of complexes derived from spherical …Distances of complexes derived from spherical curves and their estimates Joint work with Noboru Ito University of Tokyo Megumi Hashizume

By[Polyak-Viro‘94],a2(K)=〈,GK〉.Then,bynega=vestrongRIII,a2isincreasedby1.Hence,#ofnega=vestrongRIII’sofaseq.oflengthd3([P],[P’])isincreasedbya2(Kpos(P’))-a2(Kpos(P)).

ProofofResult2

△-move

M.PolyakandO.Viro,GaussDiagramFormulasforVassilievInvariants,Interna=onalMath.ResearchNo=ces,No.11,1994.


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