Chem.Moustafa ElSheikhChem.Moustafa ElSheikh

Distillation:-Distillation:- is the method used to separateis the method used to separate tow or more liquid components of liquid solution into pure tow or more liquid components of liquid solution into pure

fraction.fraction.

The operation involves vaporization and subsequent The operation involves vaporization and subsequent condensation of the liquid.condensation of the liquid.

The vapor phase is created by supplying heat The vapor phase is created by supplying heat Separation is achieved because of the difference in the Separation is achieved because of the difference in the

vapor pressure of the components at a given vapor pressure of the components at a given temperature. temperature.

Distillation:-Distillation:-

The separation of the constituents of a liquid mixture by partial vaporization of the mixture, followed by separate recovery of

the vapor and liquid residue.

Absorber:Absorber:

A tower or column that provides contact A tower or column that provides contact between natural gas being processed and between natural gas being processed and liquid solventliquid solvent

AdsorptionAdsorption::

The process by which gaseous components The process by which gaseous components are adsorbed on solids because of their are adsorbed on solids because of their molecular attraction to the solid surface. molecular attraction to the solid surface.

Atmospheric pressure:-.Atmospheric pressure:-.

The pressure exerted on the earth The pressure exerted on the earth

A pressure of 760 mm Hg or 101.3250 k paA pressure of 760 mm Hg or 101.3250 k pa

So , what the different between absolute and So , what the different between absolute and

Gauge pressure?Gauge pressure?

Blanket gas:-Blanket gas:-

A gas phase maintained in a vessel containing A gas phase maintained in a vessel containing liquid to protect the liquid against air liquid to protect the liquid against air contamination to reduce the hazard of contamination to reduce the hazard of detonation (explosion) detonation (explosion)

Blow down:-Blow down:-

The act of empting or depressurizing a vessel The act of empting or depressurizing a vessel (boiler& cooling tower) (boiler& cooling tower)

Breathing:-Breathing:-

The movement of vapor in or out of an The movement of vapor in or out of an atmospheric pressure storage tank atmospheric pressure storage tank because of a change of level of the stored because of a change of level of the stored liquid or a change of the temperature of liquid or a change of the temperature of the vapor space above the liquid. the vapor space above the liquid.

Critical temperatureCritical temperature:-:-the maximum temperature the maximum temperature at which the pure component an exist as a at which the pure component an exist as a liquid.liquid.

Critical pressureCritical pressure :- :-The vapor pressure of substance at its critical The vapor pressure of substance at its critical

temperaturetemperatureCritical densityCritical density:-:-The density of the substance at its critical The density of the substance at its critical

temperature and critical pressure temperature and critical pressure

Cryogenic plantCryogenic plant

A gas processing pant which is capable of A gas processing pant which is capable of producing natural gas liquid products producing natural gas liquid products including ethane at very low operating including ethane at very low operating temperature, usually below -50temperature, usually below -50 ْْ C C

Debutanizer:-Debutanizer:-A fractionator designed to separate butane A fractionator designed to separate butane

and more volatile components from a and more volatile components from a hydrocarbon mixture.hydrocarbon mixture.

Demethanizer:-Demethanizer:-A fractionator designed to separate methane A fractionator designed to separate methane

and more volatile components from and more volatile components from hydrocarbon mixturehydrocarbon mixture

DepropanizerDepropanizer:- :- ????

Dehydration:-Dehydration:-

The act of process of removing water from The act of process of removing water from gases or liquid.gases or liquid.

Desiccant:-Desiccant:-

a substance used in dehydrator to remove a substance used in dehydrator to remove water and moisture from the process. water and moisture from the process.

Dew pointDew point

The temperature at any given pressure at The temperature at any given pressure at which liquid initially condenses from gas or which liquid initially condenses from gas or vapor vapor

water dew point water dew point

hydrocarbon dew point hydrocarbon dew point

Fractionation:-Fractionation:-

Same definition of the distillationSame definition of the distillation

Separation of a mixture of hydrocarbon into Separation of a mixture of hydrocarbon into individual products based on difference in individual products based on difference in the boiling point or relative volatility the boiling point or relative volatility

Flash point:-Flash point:-

The lowest temperature at which vapor from The lowest temperature at which vapor from a hydrocarbon liquid will ignite.a hydrocarbon liquid will ignite.

Gas processing:-Gas processing:-The separation of constituents from natural The separation of constituents from natural

gas from the purpose of making salable gas from the purpose of making salable products and also for treating the residue products and also for treating the residue as to meet required specifications.as to meet required specifications.

Gas processing plant :-Gas processing plant :-A plant whichA plant which processes natural gas for processes natural gas for

recovery of natural gas liquids and recovery of natural gas liquids and sometimes other substance such as sulfur sometimes other substance such as sulfur

Heating valueHeating value

The amount of heat obtained by the complete combustion of a unit The amount of heat obtained by the complete combustion of a unit quantity of materialquantity of material

The higher heating value :-The higher heating value :-

the a amount of heat obtained when the water produced is condensedthe a amount of heat obtained when the water produced is condensed

The higher heating value :-The higher heating value :-

the a amount of heat obtained when the water produced is not the a amount of heat obtained when the water produced is not condensedcondensed

Joule -Thomson effectJoule -Thomson effect

The change in gas temperature which The change in gas temperature which occurs when the gas is expanded at occurs when the gas is expanded at constant enthalpy from a higher pressure constant enthalpy from a higher pressure to a lower pressure .to a lower pressure .

The effect for most gases at normal The effect for most gases at normal pressure is a cooling of the gas.pressure is a cooling of the gas.

Light hydrocarbonsLight hydrocarbons the low molecule Weight hydrocarbon such as methane, ethane the low molecule Weight hydrocarbon such as methane, ethane

propane and butanepropane and butaneLNG ( liquefied natural gas)LNG ( liquefied natural gas)The light hydrocarbon portion of natural gas, predominately methane The light hydrocarbon portion of natural gas, predominately methane

which has liquefiedwhich has liquefiedLPG ( liquefied natural gas)LPG ( liquefied natural gas)Predominately propane and butanePredominately propane and butaneNGL NGL NATURAL GAS LIQUID INCLUDE ETHANE, PROPANE, BUTANE NATURAL GAS LIQUID INCLUDE ETHANE, PROPANE, BUTANE

AND GASOLINE.AND GASOLINE.l l

PACKED COULMNPACKED COULMNA FRACTIONATION OR ABSORPTION COULMN A FRACTIONATION OR ABSORPTION COULMN

FILLED WITH PACKING DESIGED TO GIVE FILLED WITH PACKING DESIGED TO GIVE THE REQUIRED CONTACT BETWEEN THE THE REQUIRED CONTACT BETWEEN THE RISING VAPOR AND THE DESENDING RISING VAPOR AND THE DESENDING LIQUID LIQUID

REFLUXREFLUXIN A FRACTIONATION THE PORTION OF IN A FRACTIONATION THE PORTION OF

CONDESED OVERHEAD RETURNED TO THE CONDESED OVERHEAD RETURNED TO THE COLUMN TO ENHANCE ACHIVABLE PURITY COLUMN TO ENHANCE ACHIVABLE PURITY OF THE OVERHEAD PRODUCT OF THE OVERHEAD PRODUCT

Reflux ratioReflux ratio

A way of giving a relative measurement to A way of giving a relative measurement to the volume of reflux. usually referred the volume of reflux. usually referred either to the feed or overhead product either to the feed or overhead product

Sour gasSour gas

Gas containing undesirable quantities of Gas containing undesirable quantities of hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans and/or hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans and/or carbon dioxide carbon dioxide

A Liquid stream, usually concentrated in low boiler, is introduced at the top of the column. This return is called REFLUX.

The reflux entering the top of the column is, if cold, immediately heated to its boiling point by the vapor , and throughout the column liquid and vapor are at their boiling and condensing temperature, respectively.

To obtain an increase in the concentration of the low boiler in the vapor , the reflux must be richer in low boiler than the equilibrium concentration corresponding

To the vapor leaving the column bottom.At all levels of the column, some low boiler

spontaneously diffuses from the liquid into the vapor , vaporizing as it passes from one phase to the other.

Higher boiler diffuses spontaneously from vapor to liquid.

As the vapor rises in the column , it becomes enriched in low boiler, or more volatile components.

At the liquid descends the column, its content of higher boiler increases.

The flow of the bulk of the low boiler is up the column, and that of the high boiler is down the column.

SplitterSplitter

A fractionator used to separating isomersA fractionator used to separating isomers

Stabilized condensateStabilized condensate

Condensate that has been stabilized to a Condensate that has been stabilized to a definite vapor pressure in the system.definite vapor pressure in the system.

StabilizerStabilizer

A fractionatorA fractionator column designed to reduce column designed to reduce the vapor pressure of a liquid stream the vapor pressure of a liquid stream

Unsaturated compoundsUnsaturated compounds

Hydrocarbon having one or more Hydrocarbon having one or more unsaturated bonds like ethylene, unsaturated bonds like ethylene, propylenepropylene

-not found in a natural gas due to have high -not found in a natural gas due to have high chemical reactivity chemical reactivity

-produced by thermal cracking or chemical -produced by thermal cracking or chemical reactionreaction

Wobbe numberWobbe number

A number proportional to the heat input to a A number proportional to the heat input to a burner at constant pressure burner at constant pressure

-it is the heating value of a gas divided by -it is the heating value of a gas divided by the square root of its gravitythe square root of its gravity

Distillation equipment and operationDistillation equipment and operation vertical shellvertical shell trays ,plates and packingtrays ,plates and packingRe-boilerRe-boilerCondenserCondenserReflux drumReflux drumRefluxRefluxDown comerDown comer

Basic operation and terminologyBasic operation and terminologyThe liquid mixture known as the feedThe liquid mixture known as the feedRectification section on the topRectification section on the topStripping section on the bottomStripping section on the bottomHeat is supplied to the re-boiler to generate Heat is supplied to the re-boiler to generate vaporvaporOver head product is cooled in the condenser Over head product is cooled in the condenser and the liquid holding in the reflux drumand the liquid holding in the reflux drumSome of this liquid recycled to the column called Some of this liquid recycled to the column called the refluxthe reflux

Column internalsColumn internals

Trays , plates and desigenTrays , plates and desigen- Bubble cap traysBubble cap trays- Valve traysValve trays- Sieve traysSieve trays

- Liquid and vapor flow in a tray column Liquid and vapor flow in a tray column

PackingPacking

Packing s passive devices that designed to Packing s passive devices that designed to increase the interfacial area for vapor-increase the interfacial area for vapor-liquid contactliquid contact

-not cause excessive pressure drop across -not cause excessive pressure drop across a packing section to reduce the required a packing section to reduce the required energy to drive the vapor in the column energy to drive the vapor in the column

Packing versus traysPacking versus traysTo de-bottlenecked a tray column the trays To de-bottlenecked a tray column the trays

section is replaced with packing because:section is replaced with packing because:Packing provide extra inter-facial area for Packing provide extra inter-facial area for liquid-vapor contact liquid-vapor contact Efficiency of separation is increased for Efficiency of separation is increased for the same column heightthe same column heightPacked column are shorter than trays Packed column are shorter than trays column column

Packed columnPacked column are called continuous are called continuous contact column while contact column while tray columntray column are are called staged-contact column because o called staged-contact column because o the manner in which vapor and liquid are the manner in which vapor and liquid are contacted contacted

Column re-boilerColumn re-boiler

The heat exchanger that are required to The heat exchanger that are required to transfer enough energy to bring the liquid transfer enough energy to bring the liquid at the bottom of the column to boiling point at the bottom of the column to boiling point

Principles of gas processing operationPrinciples of gas processing operationThere are many reasons to remove the NGLThere are many reasons to remove the NGLIf the NGL is more valuableIf the NGL is more valuableGas quality specification may effected Gas quality specification may effected Restrict the gas flow pipe lineRestrict the gas flow pipe lineThere are many different processes can be There are many different processes can be

used to separate NGL:-used to separate NGL:-

1-Cryogenics1-Cryogenics

-Natural gas cooled below -45 °C-Natural gas cooled below -45 °C

-The ethane and heavier hydrocarbons -The ethane and heavier hydrocarbons liquefiedliquefied

-The ethane and heavies are then separated -The ethane and heavies are then separated from the methane from the methane

2-refregeration2-refregeration

The principle is to chill the natural gas from The principle is to chill the natural gas from -18 °C to -29°C-18 °C to -29°C

Chilling causes the heavier hydrocarbons to Chilling causes the heavier hydrocarbons to liquefy and then this NGLS can be liquefy and then this NGLS can be separated from the gas. separated from the gas.

Lean oil absorberLean oil absorber

90-95% propane and heavier hydrocarbon 90-95% propane and heavier hydrocarbon 98-100% can be use oil absorption98-100% can be use oil absorption

Fractionation Fractionation

-De-etherizer-De-etherizer

-De-propanizer-De-propanizer

-De-butanizer -De-butanizer

Product specificationProduct specification

How a distillation column is controlled?How a distillation column is controlled?

By independent variableBy independent variable

-To control the distillate and bottom -To control the distillate and bottom specification and compositionspecification and composition