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Distinctive Features of Russian
Science and Government Policy
Irina DezhinaHead of Economics of Science and Innovations Division,Institute of World Economy and International Relations,
Head of Research Group on Science and Industrial Policy,Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology
Contents
1. Financing, workforce and scientific results: major trends
2. Government measures to strengthen research in universities
3. Inviting foreign scholars: approaches and results
4. Institutional reform 5. Conclusions
Expenditures on R&D, as % of GDP (Russia-2012; other –nearest year available)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
1.12
4.4
3.4
2.88 2.8
2.24
1.77
0.910.6 0.74
0.93 1.030.84
0.63
Total expendituresFrom the federal budget
Expenditures on R&D Financed by Government and Business
Government Business Government Business2003 2012
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
59.6
30.8
67.8
27.2
38.4
52.1
37.0
53.5
33.4
57.6
21.7
73.9
31.2
63.1
33.4
60.0
18.2
73.9
16.4
76.5
RussiaFranceChinaUSAJapan
Foreign Financing, % of total Expenditures on R&D in Russia
1998
1999
2000
2005
2010
2012
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0
19.3
16.9
12.0
7.6
3.5
4.0
Changes in the Number of Researchers (thousands, headcount)
2000 2005 2008 2010 20122012/2000
%
Researchers - total 426.0 391.1 375.8 368.9 372.6 -12.5
From total:
RAS institutes 61.9 60.8 54.7 55.1 52.9 -14.5
Universities 28.3 30.1 33.2 38.6 43.0+51.9
Dynamics of the Age Structure
1994 2000 2010 2011 20120.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
Younger then 2930-3940-4950-5960 and older
Average Age of Researchers in Russia
1994 2000 2008 2010 20120
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
4549 49 48 4849
53 53 53 52
5860
62 62 63
TotalCandidate degree holdersDoctorate degree holders
Share of Publications in World Total: Top 5 Countries and Russia (WoS)Country 2002 2012USA 32.0 27.13China 4.68 13.7Germany 8.29 7.28Japan 8.84 5.67France 5.93 5.04Russia 3.09 2.06Source: http://isterligov.blogspot.ru/2013/06/web-of-science-1998-2012.html
Articles and Citations: BRIC Countries and USA, 2008-2012, WoS
Country No. of Articles Citations per Article
Russia 135363 2.56
Brazil 160443 3.22
India 207086 3.87
China 699044 4.01
USA 1664136 7.43
Share of Publications with Russian Researchers in Country Total, SCOPUS-2012
Country Share of publications in co-authorship with Russian researchers, %
Belarus 30.41
Armenia 30.28
Georgia 30.12
Ukraine 10.09
Germany 2.23
France 1.90
UK 1.09
Japan 0.76
USA 0.60
Government Programs to Strengthen Universities
Government Programs
Innovational Educational Program (2006-2008)
Research Universities(since 2009)
57 universities 29 universities1 billion USD 1.7 billion USD
New quality of education
Inclusion in the list oftop-500
within 10-15 years
20% co-financing20% co-financing
Federal Universities(since 2006)
8 NEWUniversities,
0.6 billion USD
Regional development
“5 in top 100” Program15 universities (since 2013)Total 1.1 billion USD for 4 years Special status to MSU
and SPbSU,1.75 billion USDfor 2011-2013
Programs for Development55 universities (since 2012)
Leading Universities: General Regulations• New goal: 5 out of 15 have to be in top-100
leading world universities by 2020 (Presidential Decree from 07.05.2012)
• System of indicators. Attention to publications and citations; foreign students (at least 15%) and professors
• Research and Federal Universities: low flexibility in spending budgetary financing (it is not allowed to spend money on R&D, support of graduate students; salary for technicians who operate equipment)
• Teaching loads have not been reduced and may be even increased
New Role of Universities: Government View
“IVORY TOWERS” BUT ENTREPRENEURAL:- Should become centers of fundamental research- Should substitute corporate research (in-house R&D) and should be in demand from industry
Foreign Scholars in Russian ScienceCooperative projects led by diaspora
members76% PIs - from universities; 31% - from USA; 44% - professors. Average citations per article – 7.7Megagrants119 labs; 1/3 of leaders – 45-60 years old; 800 publications in WoS or Scopus journalsMegagrants: expert evaluation of
proposals and monitoring of results (half of reviewers are foreigners)
Current Institutional Reforms1. Reform of RAS: combining RAS, RAMS, and
RAAS2. 1007 former Academy institutes
transferred to the Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations
3. New approaches for assessing performance of research institutes (not linked to assessment of research universities)
4. Possible shutdown of institutes and cuts of personnel
5. Growing grant support: Russian Science Foundation
Major sectors in Russian R&D Complex (2012)
Academy Higher education
Business enterprise
Number of organizations
involved in R&D
871 (24.4%)
660 (18.5%)
1362 (38.2%)
Researchers, thousand
72.3 (19.4%)
43.0 (11.5%)
192.3(51.6%)
Intramural expenditures on R&D, thousand RUR
91.2 (13.0%)
65.0 (9.3%)
408.3 (58.3%)
Share in total basic research, %
63.5 16.7 10.2
RAS ProductivityRussian Academy of Sciences
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Max Planck Society (Germany)
National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS, France)
Number of publications in Scopus
81,075 109,727 43,109 117,311
Average number of publications per researcher
1.43 2.81 9.17 10.11
Average number of citations per publication
2.66 3.8 11.97 7.42
Source: Nature 464, 1257 (2010)
Basic Research Expenditures, % GDP (2011)
France
USA
Israel
Japan
Russia
UK
China
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
0.55
0.48
0.42
0.42
0.19
0.17
0.09
Budgets of Foundations (federal financing in billion RUR)
2014 2015 2016
Russian Science
Foundation
11.4 17.2 19.1
Russian Foundation for
Basic Research
9.2 10.93 14.3
Russian Foundation for
Humanities
1.54 1.82 2.37
Measuring Performance of Research InstitutesInteragency evaluation of performance25 major criteria which will be grouped (by 6-7)
for assessing different types of institutes4 groups of indicators:
1) Outputs (bibliometrics, patent stats, and attracted funds)
2) Workforce development (number of graduate students and personnel who took part in various trainings)
3) Integration into the world’s community (co-authorship)
4) Resources (funding, researchers and their demographic profile, salaries)
Role of qualitative indicators?
ConclusionsRussian R&D complex is mainly
government-owned and government-financed. The role of government is increasing
The biggest problem is researchers – they leave, they are getting older in average, the “generation gap” is growing
Positive developments: support of research in universities; inviting foreign scholars
Negative: absence of strategic vision; ill-conceived decisions