Distributed Computational Architectures forIntegrated Time-Dynamic Neuroimaging
Dr. Allen D. Malony
Computer & Information Science DepartmentComputational Science Institute
CIBER
University of Oregon
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
Outline
Computational science and cognitive neuroscience Brain dynamics analysis problem
integrated electromagnetic analysis system Motivating case studies
observations Computational architectures
models and technology key ideas
Neuroinformatics GRID Final Thoughts
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
Computational Science & Cognitive Neuroscience
Computational methods applied to scientific research high-performance simulation of complex phenomena large-scale data analysis and visualization
Understand functional activity of the human cortex multiple cognitive domains multiple experimental paradigms and methods
Need for coupled/integrated modeling and analysis electrical and magnetic, cortical and theoretical
Need for robust tools: computational, informatic
Problem solving environment for brain analysis
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
Brain Dynamics Analysis Problem
Identify functional components in cognitive contexts Interpret with respect to cognitive theoretical models Requirements: spatial (structure), temporal (activity) Imaging techniques for analyzing brain dynamics
blood flow neuroimaging (PET, fMRI) good spatial resolution functional brain mapping temporal limitations to tracking of dynamic activities
electromagnetic measures (EEG/ERP, MEG) msec temporal resolution to distinguish components spatial resolution sub-optimal (source localization) potential to map electrical activity to cortex surface
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
Electromagnetic Analysis Methodology
Multi-trial analysis signal analysis and response analysis averaging across subjects and trials
distortion (smearing) of estimated source response noise artifacts, signal variation (individuals, trials) improvements: artifact removal, selective averaging
create component response models factor analysis: PCA, ICA error in source factors: variability, statistics
Multi-subject and single-subject analysis quantify differences of individual from population
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
Single-Trial Analysis Capability
Improve fidelity of single-subject response model higher information content than multi-trial/subject reduce analysis error from trial/subject variability knowledge of subject population, stimulus deviations
Diagnosis (identification) of cognitive state known stimulus blind stimulus match response to known component response model
Problems greater noise greater complexity
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
Single-Trial Analysis Methodology
Integrate methods for analyzing brain dynamics Improve resolution and robustness of techniques
increase measurement density (128 to 256 channels) Coupled modeling: constraints and cross-validation
component response model cortical activity model tuned models for single individual
Build models in experimental paradigm context Match single-trial measurements to models
known stimulus multiple trial models blind stimulus multiple stimulus/trial models
Training and learning
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
Integrated Electromagnetic Brain Analysis
Single-trialAnalysis
Structural /Functional
MRI
DenseArray EEG /
MEG
ConstraintAnalysis
Head Analysis
Source Analysis
Signal Analysis
Response Analysis
Experimentsubject
temporaldynamics
neuralconstraints
CorticalActivity Model
ComponentResponse Model
spatial patternrecognition
temporal patternrecognition
Cortical ActivityKnowledge Base
Component ResponseKnowledge Base
EEGMEG
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
Case Study: Readiness Potential
Self-paced button pressing task slow negative shifts in potential contralateral to hand
Single subject examination multi-trial (150 trials) averaged ERP analysis
Dense-array scalp electrical measurement 129 electrode array (EGI Geodesic Sensor Net)
Modeling of brain electrical activity MRI and CT data analysis with tissue segmentation realistic boundary element meshes (2K ’s for brain) source localization
Can ERP analysis accurately localize cortical activity?
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
processed EEG
Experimental Methodology
BrainVoyager
EMSE
CT and MRI
Interpolator 3D
NetStationEEG segmented
tissues
mesh generation,source localization
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Electrical Activity of Scalp and Brain
Expected brain activity Correlated with fMRI
experimental studies Topographic and cortex
mapped spatial analysis
-404 ms -56 ms 0 ms 160 ms
Lateralize Readiness Potential (LRP)
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
Case Study: Self-Monitored Motivated Action
Learning task with feedback (Gehring et al. (1993)) left- or right-hand button press response "incorrect" feedback on error "OK" or “late” feedback if correct timed expectancy and motivated response
Error-Related Negativity (ERN) large medial negative response on error self-monitoring when motivated action goes wrong
What is the nature and complexity of the ERN withrespect to dynamic components of brain activity?
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
Cognitive Experiments and Brain Dynamics
Visualize the dynamic operations of brain Example: fMRI blood flow response to reading a word Dense-array EEG / MEG frontal lobe activity (ERN)
significant changes in milliseconds frontal oscillations and separate time courses
BrainVoyager
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
ERN Analysis using ICA (Makeig, Salk Institute)
Average analysis smears temporal/spatial dynamics Single-trial analysis may expose greater detail Independent Components Analysis (ICA)
find independent EEG component contributors temporal and spatial components accounting for artifacts components accounting for functional sources (ERN)
analysis over single trials Two components account for averaged ERN
response-locked ERN difference wave dominated show temporal and functional independence
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
ERP and Component Envelopes (Left/Correct)
Component #2
Component #7
• Complementary behavior
• Both active at strongest ERN channels
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
ERPs averaged across response hand
neither C2nor C7 explainthe waveforms
component sumdoes explain the waveforms and showsERN response
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
Topographic Imaging and Dipole Modeling
Component #2 Component #2
Averaged ERN
Brain ElectricalSource Analysis
(BESA)
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ICA Component #2 Dynamics
Stimulus locked
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
ICA Component #7 Dynamics
Phase reset byresponse, largestafter incorrect
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
Case Study Observations
Diverse set of tools function and implementation separate and not integrated incompatibilities and limitations for interoperation
Complex analysis processes scientific discovery through integrated techniques heterogeneous, flexible, extensible capabilities increasingly high computational demands high-level process methodology
Multiple, interdisciplinary scientific domains
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
High-Performance Computational Environments
Integrated database, analysis, and visualization Distributed tool infrastructure
diverse tools across multiple platforms interoperation requirements user interaction requirements support portability, flexibility, extensibility
Scalable, high-performance parallel computing increase data resolution minimize solution time
High-level access to tools web-based access
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
Computational Systems: Models and Technology
Domain-specific, problem-specific environments (PSE) TIERRA
Scientific “workbench” SCIRun
Programming environments numerical frameworks
POOMA application coupling
PVM / MPI CUMULVS PAWS SILOON / PDT
Metacomputing / GRID Legion Globus
Heterogeneous distributed computing / coupling NetSolve INTERLACE HARNESS
Web-based environments ViNE PUNCH VNC
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
SCIRun (Johnson, University of Utah)
Scientific programming environment large-scale simulations “computational workbench” visual programming interface dataflow model of computing
modules: operation or algorithm with I/O ports network: set of modules and their interconnections widgets: 3D user interaction
data types: Mesh, Surface, Matrix, Field, Geometry extensible module library computational steering
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
SCIRun User Interface
Visual programming lets users select, arrange, and connect modules into a desired network
Interactive steering of design, computation, and visualization allows more rapid convergence
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
ICA for EEG Source Localization with SCIRun
PCA decomposition forEEG signal/noise subspaces
ICA activity map separationon signal subspace
Solution to a single dipolesource forward problem underlying model is shown
in the MRI planes dipole source is indicated by red and blue spheres electric field visualized by cropped scalp potential
map and wire-frame equipotential isosurface
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
PDT (Malony, University of Oregon)
Program Database Toolkit Program analysis
multi-language(Fortran, C,C++, Java)
commercial-grade parsers
IL to programdatabase (PDB)
API for PDBaccess / query
Tools: instrumentation, code wrapping, documentation
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
SILOON (Advanced Computing Lab, LANL; UO)
Scripting Interface Language for OO Numerics Toolkit and run-time support for building easy-to-use
external interfaces to existing numerical codes Scripting language to “glue” components together
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
Metasystems and Metacomputing
Many resources accessible on the internet computers, data, devices, people
Extend single system model to internet domain wide-area (department, campus, region, country) scalable, transparent access to resources hides network complexity (“as if on your machine”)
Extend computing model to internet domain shared persistent space of objects (data, execution) heterogeneous distributed and parallel processing meta-applications (multi-component, hierarchical)
Deal with complex environment / primitive tools
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
Characteristics of Meta-applications
Multiple components programs, databases, instruments, devices
Different authors Different languages Different applications
legacy, COTS, ... coupled modeling
Parallelism internal: task/data external: components
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
“The GRID”
New applications based on high-speed coupling of people, computers, databases, instruments, ... computer-enhanced instruments collaborative engineering browsing of remote datasets use of remote software data-intensive computing very large-scale simulation large-scale parameter studies
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
GRID Architectural Picture
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
GRID Technical Challenges
Complex application structures, combining aspects of parallel, multimedia, distributed, collaborative computing
Dynamic varying resource characteristics, in time and space
Need for high and guaranteed “end-to-end” performance, despite heterogeneity and lack of global control
Inter-domain issues of security, policy, payment
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
NetSolve (Dongarra, University of Tennessee)
Client-server systemto access distributedcomputational / DBHW/SW resources
Distributed computing:resources, processes,data, users
Load-balancing policy for efficiency / performance Integration with arbitrary software components
C, Fortran, Java, MatLab, Mathematica, Excel BLAS, (Sca)LAPACK, MINPACK, FFTPACK
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
NetSolve – 1999 R&D Winner
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
NetSolve Usage
“Blue collar” GRID-based computing users can set things up (without “su” privileges) no deep network programming knowledge required
Scenarios clients, servers, and agents anywhere on Internet clients, servers, and agents on an Intranet clients, servers, and agent on the same machine
Focus on MATLAB users OO-style language (objects are matrices) one of most popular desktop systems for numerical
computing (> 400K users)
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
NetSolve – The Client
NetSolve API hides complexity of numerical software Computation is location transparent Provides access to virtual libraries:
Component GRID-based framework Central management of library resources User not concerned with most up-to-date versions Automatic tie to Netlib repository
Synchronous or asynchronous calls User-level parallelism
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
Agent gateway to computational services performs load balancing and resource management
Server various software installed on various hardware configurable and extendable framework to easily add software many numerical libraries being integrated supports parallel computing
NetSolve – The Agent and Server
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
Using MCell with NetSolve
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
MCell (Bartol, Salk Institute; Salpeter, Cornell)
Monte Carlo simulator of cellular microphysiology Study how neurotransmitters diffuse and activate
receptors in synapses between different cells NetSolve distributes
processing workloadand allows access tocomputational resources
Simultaneous evaluationof large number ofdifferent parametercombinations
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
ViNE (Malony, University of Oregon)
Virtual Notebook Environment High-level, shared
notebooks, data, andtools in distributed,heterogenous system
Architecture leaves: notebook
functions and data stems: notebook
communication Web-based access
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
ViNE Experiment Builder
List of available, named data, tools, and experiments Visual dataflow model of experiment process Wrapped tools and databases
wrappedMATLAB
“tool”
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
Brain Electrophysiology Lab Notebook
Dense array EEG datasets
Commercial of the shelf statistical and numerical packages
Multiple machines types
Notebook content automatically generated from experiment results
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
PUNCH
Purdue University Network-Computing Hubs Educational and research computing “portals”
across the Purdue “enterprise” with affiliated institutions
Resource sharing by Purdue users computers, software, laboratory equipment educational materials
Distance education allows sharing of courses and instructors
Collaborative research
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
PUNCH – User’s and Developer’s View
Set of network-based laboratories that provide software tools for various fields
Specialized WWW-server interfaces WWW-browsers access software and download data run tools and view results
Tool specification Virtual laboratory
developmentenvironment
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
PUNCH Web Page
Hubs
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
PUNCH Software Components
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
PUNCH Across the Internet
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PUNCH Tool Display Support via VNC
MATLABcommandwindow
X Windowsdisplay
MATLABinteractive
window
MATLABgraphicswindow
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
Remote access to graphical user interfaces VNC “thin client” protocol
based on concept of remote frame buffer server updates a frame buffer displayed on a viewer
OS independent: Unix, Linux, MacOS, Windows, PDA Communications independent – reliable transport
Virtual Network Computing (VNC)
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
VNC Clients
X (Windows)
Mac-IE (Windows) Mac-IE (X)
PDA (X)
Mac (X) X-NS (Windows)
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
KEY IDEAS Problem-solving environments
domain specific support for the entire process
Programming environments numerical programming framework encapsulated parallelism application / tool coupling data exchange / interaction support high-level API’s / data support support for application interaction control support for application code wrapping
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
KEY IDEAS
Scientific “workbench” integrated application development environment “component-based” application programming high-level data objects
Metacomputing / GRID metasystems infrastructure / services metacomputing applications programming GRID resources
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
KEY IDEAS
Heterogeneous distributed computing high-level numeric computational services access to metasystem resources wrapping/linking of computational engines dynamic, adaptable, extensible high-level metasystems programming support
Web-based environments web-based access to tools web-based applications development web-based data, results, process management
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
Neuroinformatics GRID
Distributed network of labs and researchers share experimental data in a timely manner access research results as it becomes available establish and maintain cooperative relationships
Informatics hub of neuroimaging community on-line archive of “raw” electrophysiological data extension for experimental and reference meta-data tools for database query and dataset generation tools for data analysis, visualization, experimentation interactive research discussion forums
WWW, distributed computing, database technology
April 22, 2023 HBP Neuroinformatics Conference
Final Thoughts
Enable high-level problem solving environments Tools to enable scientists to compose solutions from
a set of building blocks Seamless access to local and remote resources Enabling infrastructure
framework standards and interfaces implementations of reusable components
Collaboration environments Opportunity to create Neuroinformatics GRID