Distributed Intelligence Architectures for Smart Grid · Distributed Intelligence Architectures for...

Power System Engineering Research Center

Distributed Intelligence Architecturesfor Smart Grid

Prof. Santiago Grijalvag jApril 6, 2010

0

Outline

Intelligenceg Smart Grid

Describing the Smart Grid Grid Complexity Limitations of Centralized Architectures

Distributed Architecture The Basics: Consumer Needs The Prosumer Distributed Intelligent Architecture R h A hit t C t

2010 © All Rights Reserved, Santiago Grijalva 1

Research on Architecture Components

“Smartness” Intelligence (roughly speaking)

Ability to comprehend the surroundings "catching on", "making sense" of things, or "figuring out" what to do in order to achieve something

Intelligence

order to achieve something.

Knowledge/Learning

Understanding Decision MakingGoals

g g

EnvironmentSensing Actions


/Situation

Intelligenceg

As the Artificial Intelligence (AI) community would As the Artificial Intelligence (AI) community would confirm, realizing intelligence is not trivial at all.

But in power systems IED, adaptive relays and advanced controls have been there for a while. All th bl t d id d t All these are able to sense, decide, and act.

Thus, what is the difference between what has been Thus, what is the difference between what has been done and the Smart Grid?


Intelligenceg

Intelligent Devices and Controls Intelligent Devices and Controls Decision making is not hardwired Goals are set in real-time Actions are autonomous and proactive Ability to plan Ability to learn:

Understanding, Goal Setting, and Decision Making are enhanced by learningenhanced by learning


Intelligenceg Intelligent Systems

We are interested in the intelligence of the system (the Grid)

Intelligent Devices Intelligent System There is a lot of knowledge in EMS and DMS systems. Significant level of automation (e.g. AGC) System is not autonomous

g g y

System is not autonomous

Power System

Intelligent electricity systems are in their infancy.Ha ing an intelligent electricit s stem o ld not be a tri ial task


Having an intelligent electricity system would not be a trivial task

Smart Grid

6

Smart Grid DriversWhat is going on?

Markets

Renewables

Energy Efficiency

EnergyInvolvement

Regulators

Deregulation

Retail Markets

Choice

Government

Environmental Awareness Strategic Investment EmpowermentConsumer

Electricity Industry

P El t i

Communications

Information Systems

Core Computing

Al ith

y

Smart Metering

Power Electronics

Storage

PHEVReduced Investment

A i I f t t

Aging Workforce

Algorithms

Information

PHEV

Power TechnologyInfrastructure

Aging Infrastructure


There are several megatrends affecting the electricity industry. Some are game changers, some are “revolutions” on their own

Smart Grid Componentsp

El i i i f (th id)

What are we dealing with?

Electricity infrastructure (the grid) Information systems including communications, cyber-

security, etcy Energy sources The consumer Specialized controls

Smart Grid has several interacting elements. Smart Grid solutions must be “aware” of these elements Specialized controls

Electricity markets Policy issues

F i h i k

be aware of these elements.

Fringe components such as transportation, energy markets, and smart village components.


Electric Grid Complexityp yWhat are we dealing with?

Space

Country

St tRelevant State

City/Town

Station

Home/Building

Relevant Phenomenon

Time

Outlet/Appliance

ms sec days months years

EventScenario


Electric Grid Complexityp yWhat are we dealing with?

Consider a system with about 100 branchesDo N-1 single contingenciesClustered Results

DeviceOverload %

Outaged Branches

2010 © All Rights Reserved, Santiago Grijalva 10The Grid, which we want to make smart, is actually a very complex system

Desired Smart Grid FeaturesWhat do we want to achieve?

Self-Healing (self-healing)

Smart Grid Features

Self-Healing (self-healing) Consumer Empowering 21st Century Power Qualityy Q y Tolerant of Attack Variety of Generation Options Maturing Electricity Markets Optimize Assets


Smart Grid GoalWhat do we want to achieve?

Transform the electricity infrastructure to be more resilient, flexible and efficient, so it can sustain theresilient, flexible and efficient, so it can sustain the economic development of a digitalized, greenersociety driven by empowered consumers.


Smart Grid Creation Process

I f t t

How are we going to do it?

Infrastructure

Deployment Products& Services

MarketsBulk GridMicrogrids

Technology Consumers

Sources & Loads

Sustainable Economic NeedsResearch

Policy

Development

The power industry has been entrusted ith th ibilit t li th S t


with the responsibility to realize the Smart Grid. The expectations are high.

Smart Grid Creation ProcessHow are we going to do it?

2010 © All Rights Reserved, Santiago Grijalva14

Architecture

15

Centralized ArchitectureNuclear Power Plants

Natural GasTransmission

System

Smart Grid functionality restores the b l

Natural Gas Generators

balance Hydro power Distribution

Substationsplants SubstationsCustomers

We should recognize that there is a lot of knowledge and intelligence in current bulk

2010 © All Rights Reserved, Santiago Grijalva 16operations

Emerging GridNuclear Power Plants


SystemDistributed storage

g gRooftop Solar

Distributed wind



Solar


SubstationsPHEV

plants SubstationsCustomers

Wind Farms

Home EnergyStorage

EnergyEfficiency

Smart Grid will increase the current dataSolar Farms

Smart Grid will increase the current data acquisition in about 4 orders of magnitude

Centralized control architecture is rapidlyb i t t d


becoming saturated

Evidence of Saturation1. Too much data is needed for operation

C i i b l k2. Communication bottlenecks3. Intractable control and optimization problems 4. Some problems can’t be solved even with super-computers.p p p5. Events can occur due to limitations of controlling large-

scale renewable energy.6 Operators complain of too much information6. Operators complain of too much information7. EMS, DMS system complexity continues to grow8. Operation manuals are thousands of pages long

M k id h d f l9. Market guides are thousands of pages long10. Centralized infrastructure can be a security target

. . . Evidence would suggest a shift towards a


Evidence would suggest a shift towards a more distributed architecture for the industry.This has occurred in other industries as well

Consumer NeedsConsumer’s Electricity Needs Consumer wants:

Enough electricity to meet its needs. To pay as little as possibleCost

Quantity

p y p Reliable service Frequency, voltage, power factor, balance, etc

Reliability

Quality

To use electricity in an efficient manner To contribute to address environmental problems

il bili f i h i l i

Efficiency

Sustainability

Availability of power at various changing locations Options and choice To be hands off

Ubiquity

Differentiation

Simplicity


To be hands-offSimplicity

SG Features Consumer NeedsConsumer’s Electricity NeedsWhat SG features help meet the

consumer’s electricity needs?

Cos

t

elia

bilit

y

Qua

lity

ffici

ency

stai

nabi

lity

Ubi

quity

Qua

ntity

eren

tiatio

n

impl

icity

consumer s electricity needs?

Self-Healing

Smart Grid Features

o o

R Q Ef

Sus UQ

Diff

e Si

Self Healing Consumer Empowering Enhanced Power Quality Tolerant of Attack

o o o o

o o

o o Tolerant of Attack Variety of Source Options Maturing Electricity Markets

o o

o o o o o o o

o o o o o


Optimize Assets o o o

The Consumer that Produces

There is a radical change when the traditional consumer There is a radical change when the traditional consumer (residential, commercial, industrial) or the utility producespower in addition to only consuming power. p y g p

We can call this a Prosumer Since the prosumer sources and loads are not necessary

located at the same electric point, the prosumer is now dealing with a grid and hence it transports electricity.

It also needs to deal with both purchasing as well as It also needs to deal with both purchasing as well as selling and with economic optimization.


The Prosumer

The Prosumer is an economically motivated entity y ythat consumes and produces electricity, operates or owns a power system that contains sources, loads, and possibly energy storage, and who optimizes the economic decisions regarding its energy utilization.

Prosumer Symbol:Prosumer Symbol:


Prosumer Functions

External External Consumes energy Produces energy St Stores energy Participates in a market

Internal Operates a power system Economically optimizes its energy use


Prosumer Componentsp

Sources loads storage other prosumers Sources, loads, storage, other prosumers A grid A grid control systemg y A market or other economic decision making system


Prosumer ExamplespResidential Commercial & Commercial Aggregator UtilityProsumer

d O t /O

Acts on a

Retail Market Wholesale MarketMarket

Home Grid Microgrid Grid

and Operates/Owns

Grid

which Contains

SourcesLoads

Sources

Appliances Loads Loads Home Grids Microgrids

which Contains

StorageStorage

To Meet

El t i it N d


Electricity Needs

Prosumer Needs(Already discussed)Consumer’s Needs

Standard connection to the grid To be paid as much as possible Grid reliability

CostGrid Reliability

AccessProducer Needs

y

Operational Goals and Framework Models, Data, and Real-Time Information

OP Framework

C t l S tOP Models/InfoGrid

Operator Control System Analytics and Decision Making

i l k d d d

OP Intelligence

Control SystemOpe atoNeeds

Economic Goals, Framework, and Standards Models, Rates, Costs, Offers and Bids Market System

MK Framework

MK SystemMK Models/InfoMarket

Operator Needs

2010 © All Rights Reserved, Santiago Grijalva 26 Analytics and Decision MakingMK Intelligence

SG Solutions Prosumer NeedsProsumer’s NeedsWhat smart grid solutions

ensure the prosumer’s pneeds are met?

Cos

t

Rel

iabi

lity

Qua

lity

ffici

ency

stai

nabi

lity

Ubi

quity

Qua

ntity

eren

tiatio

n

Sim

plic

ity

Fram

ewor

k

Inte

llige

nce

trol S

yste

m

Acce

ss

Mod

els/

Info

Fram

ewor

k

Inte

llige

nce

K S

yste

m

Mod

els/

Info

R E

Sus UQ

Diff

e S

OP

F

OP

I

Con

tA

OP

M

MK

F

MK

IMK

MK

M

Smart Grid SolutionsSmart Grid Solutions


Solution Types Prosumer NeedsProsumer’s NeedsWhat smart grid Solution

Types will ensure the

Cos

t

Rel

iabi

lity

Qua

lity

ffici

ency

stai

nabi

lity

Ubi

quity

Qua

ntity

eren

tiatio

n

Sim

plic

ity

Fram

ewor

k

Inte

llige

nce

trol S

yste

m

Acce

ss

Mod

els/

Info

Fram

ewor

k

Inte

llige

nce

K S

yste

m

Mod

els/

Info

Types will ensure the prosumer’s needs are met?

o o o o o o o o o o

R E

Sus UQ

Diff

e S

OP

F

OP

I

Con

tA

OP

M

MK

F

MK

IMK

MK

M

Smart Grid Solution Types

Policyo o o o o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o

Policy Market System Control Device Control o o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o o

Device Control Device


Solutions to Date Prosumer NeedsProsumer’s Needs : Proposed Solutions

Cos

t

Rel

iabi

lity

Qua

lity

ffici

ency

stai

nabi

lity

Ubi

quity

Qua

ntity

eren

tiatio

n

Sim

plic

ity

Fram

ewor

k

Inte

llige

nce

trol S

yste

m

Acce

ss

Mod

els/

Info

Fram

ewor

k

Inte

llige

nce

K S

yste

m

Mod

els/

Infoo : None or Little Solutions

o o o o

R E

Sus UQ

Diff

e S

OP

F

OP

I

Con

tA

OP

M

MK

F

MK

IMK

MK

M

Smart Grid Solution Types

Policy o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o

o o

Policy Market System Control Device Control o o

o o

Device Control Device


Architecture

Prosumer Modeling Prosumer Modeling Operational Framework Market Framework Simplicity Intelligence Sustainability Sustainability

Significant work is required at the level of “power system architecture”


p y

Prosumer Abstraction

ExternalSupply

EnergyStorage

LocalEnergy

Wires

Load 1 Load 2 . . . . Load n


Prosumer AbstractionExternalSupply

EnergyStorage

LocalEnergySupply Storage

WiWires

Load 1 L d 2

Wires

Load 1 Load 2 . . . . Load n

Control AreaUtilityMicrogridMicrogridBuildingHouseShipHybrid CarL t


Laptop. . .




The prosumer must only interact with other prosumers.p y p If prosumers share the same level in the architecture,

we obtain a network architecture.we obtain a network architecture. Interactions occur in the device, control, and market

layers.


layers.

Distributed Architecture

Prosumer

M k t

OtherProsumer

Control

Market Market External InterfaceEngine

C t lCTRL MK I t f

MK-CTRL Interface

Market External Interface

C t l

MK-PSMR Interface

ion

Control

Device

ControlExternal Interface

CTRL-MK Interface

System

CTRL-DEV InterfaceCTRL Engine

DEV-CTRL Interface

ControlExternal Interface

System

Info

rmat

Device SystemExternal InterfaceDevice

DEV-CTRL Interface SystemExternal Interface


Distributed ParadigmgCentralized Paradigm Distributed Paradigm

Encapsulate Intelligence


Autonomous Smart Grid ControlNuclear Power Plants


SystemDistributed storage Rooftop

S l



Solar


SubstationsPHEV

plants SubstationsCustomers

Wind Farms

Home EnergyStorage

EnergyEfficiency

Solar Farms


Distributed Intelligent ArchitecturegProsumer Prosumer

Prosumer Agent

Agent

Prosumer Agent

AGT-PSMR Interface AgentExternal

AgentExternal

Market Market External

Market External

AGT-MK InterfaceExternal Interface

External Interface

on

MK-AGT Interface

Control

External InterfaceEngine

ControlExternal

CTRL-MK Interface

MK-CTRL InterfaceExternal Interface

ControlExternal In

form

atio

Device

Interface

SystemExternal I t f

CTRL-DEV InterfaceCTRL Engine

D i

DEV-CTRL Interface

Interface

SystemExternal I t f


InterfaceDevice Interface

Important Observationp

1 Smart Grid requires some intelligence1. Smart Grid requires some intelligence embedded IN the gridW d i h id “b i ”2. We need to give the grid a “brain” Actually we need multiple brains IN the grid

3. “Smartness” could be implemented using advanced software and hardware. But we need to understand the intelligence first!!


Engineering Researchg g

1. Home Energy Optimizer

2. Smart Grid Simulator

3. Generalized Grid Applications

4. Learning Visualization

5. Autonomous HW Microgrid


1. Home Energy Optimizergy p

Electricity Markets Calculate yReal-Time Locational Marginal Prices (LMP) LMP = f ( x, y, t) Utilities pass these prices on

to the consumer (either retail market or regulated price) Consumers respond to price.


Home Energy Optimizergy p

Minimize Energy Cost Minimize Energy Cost

Subject to: tj Home appliance utilization and energy consumption PHEV charging cost and available schedule Energy storage capability Energy storage capability Heating/ air conditioning requirements, comfort limits Existing wind and solar sources Customer behavior



Microgrid Energy Optimizer



You Prosumer


2. Smart Grid Simulator

Focuses on consumer behavior Focuses on consumer behavior Core algorithm is the home energy optimizer Uses distribution system software to aggregate Uses distribution system software to aggregate

statistical behavior of a collection of consumers Supports parametric simulation of various Supports parametric simulation of various

technology solutions and smart grid goals.


Smart Grid Simulator

Impact of Distributed Generationfor losses reduction

30Realistic

Main generation

Distributed generation

LoadRealistic

2010 © All Rights Reserved, Santiago Grijalva

Load

46

Smart Grid Simulator

Impact of Storage for Losses Reduction

Energy demand

nominal

t

nominal

0am 12pm12am Realistic0am 12pm12am

Energy demand Energy

St

Energy Use

nominalStorage

Realistic

2010 © All Rights Reserved, Santiago Grijalva

0am 12pm12am t

47

3. Generalized Grid Algorithmsg

Goal is to have intelligent distributed gridGoal is to have intelligent distributed grid algorithms. Transparent to PS stages (time dimension)p g ( ) Transparent to voltage levels and boundaries

(space dimension) Intelligent:

Executed proactively as needed by the layer Actively seek (negotiate) the needed informationActively seek (negotiate) the needed information Can handle granularity in a dynamic manner. Have learning capabilities


Generalized Grid Algorithms

Dynamically

g

Expands/CollapsesNetwork Regions


Generalized Grid AlgorithmsGeneralized Grid AlgorithmsTransparent Operations and Planning Stages Ability to use existing planning applications in

real-time to directly solve operations models. Ability for planners to work directly on, and fully

study, a real-time case in the off-line environment Seamless exchange of data models and Seamless exchange of data, models, and

simulations between planning and operations Full interoperability of EMS and planning at the p y p g

study and contingency solution level


4. Learning Visualizationg

During the last decade the industry has made major g y jadvancements in power system visualization.

Situational awareness has been drastically enhanced.


Learning Visualizationg

We are interested in the HM visualization process.p What analytics takes place during the visualization? How the operator learns from visualization?

tt


Learning Visualizationg

Understanding is a key component of intelligenceg y p g Learning Visualization is the central piece of

operational intelligence.Intelligence

Learning/Knowledge

Understanding Decision MakingGoals

Environment/Situation

Sensing Actions


/Situation

5. Autonomous HW Microgrid

Electric Power Systems Control Theory

Large-Scale Power Systems Classical Control

Energy Control Centers

Distribution Automation

Modern Control

Artificial Intelligence

Distributed Inverter Sources

Information/Smart Grid

Optimum/Robust Control

Social/Bio Networks

Microgrid Autonomous Control

Autonomous Microgrid Control


g

5. Autonomous HW Microgridg

Principles drawn from:p Power System Control Networked Control Theory (Lyapunov Level) Multi agent theory Multi-agent theory Embedded Systems

Autonomous Agents Autonomy Reactivity Reactivity Pro-activity Social Ability

S i l O i i2010 © All Rights Reserved, Santiago Grijalva 55

Social Organization

5. Autonomous HW Microgridg

Agent Typesg yp Simple Reflex Agents State Based Agents Goal Based Agents Learning Agents


Autonomous HW Microgridg


Conclusions

Established consumer and prosumer needs Established consumer and prosumer needs Determined mapping of SG solution types to needs Need of “power system architecture” efforts Need of power system architecture efforts Based proposed layered architecture on the concept of

prosumer and formal distributed intelligent systemsprosumer and formal distributed intelligent systems. Currently working on various components of the

architecture in a demonstrable settingarchitecture in a demonstrable setting.


Thanks!

P f S ti G ij lProf. Santiago [email protected](404) 894-2974


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