DISTRIBUTED POWER FLOW CONTROLER (DPFC)

8/12/2019 DISTRIBUTED POWER FLOW CONTROLER (DPFC)

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A FACTS DEVICE: DISTRIBUTED POWER-FLOW CONTROLLER(DPFC)

1.INTRODUCTION

The growing de!nd !nd "he !ging o# ne"wor$ %o$e i" de%ir!&'e "o on"ro' "he

ower #'ow in ower-"r!n%i%%ion %*%"e% #!%" !nd re'i!&'*+ The #'e,i&'e !-"r!n%i%%ion%*%"e (FACTS) "h!" i% de#ined &* IEEE !% ! ower-e'e"roni &!%ed %*%"e !nd o"her %"!"i

e./ien" "h!" ro0ide on"ro' o# one or ore !-"r!n%i%%ion %*%"e !r!e"er% "o enh!ne

on"ro''!&i'i"* !nd inre!%e ower-"r!n%#er !!&i'i"*12 !nd !n &e /"i'i3ed #or ower-#'ow

on"ro'+ C/rren"'*2 "he /ni#ied ower-#'ow on"ro''er (UPFC) %hown in Fig+ 4+42 i% "he o%"

ower#/' FACTS de0ie2 whih !n %i/'"!neo/%'* on"ro' !'' "he !r!e"er% o# "he %*%"e:

"he 'ine ied!ne2 "he "r!n%i%%ion !ng'e2 !nd &/% 0o'"!ge+

Fig+4+4 Si'i#ied rere%en"!"ion o# ! UPFC+

The UPFC i% "he o&in!"ion o# ! %"!"i %*nhrono/% oen%!"or (STATCO5) !nd

! %"!"i %*nhrono/% %erie% oen%!"or (SSSC)2 whih !re o/'ed 0i! ! oon d 'in$2 "o

!''ow &idire"ion!' #'ow o# !"i0e ower &e"ween "he %erie% o/"/" "erin!'% o# "he SSSC !nd

"he %h/n" o/"/" "erin!'% o# "he STATCO5+ The on0er"er in %erie% wi"h "he 'ine ro0ide%

"he !in #/n"ion o# "he UPFC &* in6e"ing ! #o/r-./!dr!n" 0o'"!ge wi"h on"ro''!&'e

!gni"/de !nd h!%e+ The in6e"ed 0o'"!ge e%%en"i!''* !"% !% ! %*nhrono/% !-0o'"!ge

%o/re2 whih i% /%ed "o 0!r* "he "r!n%i%%ion !ng'e !nd 'ine ied!ne2 "here&*indeenden"'* on"ro''ing "he !"i0e !nd re!"i0e ower #'ow "hro/gh "he 'ine+

The %erie% 0o'"!ge re%/'"% in !"i0e !nd re!"i0e ower in6e"ion or !&%or"ion &e"ween

"he %erie% on0er"er !nd "he "r!n%i%%ion 'ine+ Thi% re!"i0e ower i% gener!"ed in"ern!''* &*

"he %erie% on0er"er (%ee e+g+2 SSSC)2 !nd "he !"i0e ower i% %/'ied &* "he %h/n" on0er"er

"h!" i% &!$-"o-&!$ onne"ed+ The %h/n" on0er"er on"ro'% "he 0o'"!ge o# "he d !!i"or

&* !&%or&ing or gener!"ing !"i0e ower #ro "he &/%7 "here#ore2 i" !"% !% ! %*nhrono/%

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In h!"er 2 "he rini'e o# "he DPFC i% re%en"ed2 #o''owed &* ! %"e!d*-%"!"e

!n!'*%i% o# "he DPFC+ D/ring "he !n!'*%i%2 "he on"ro' !!&i'i"* !nd "he in#'/ene o# "he

DPFC on "he ne"wor$ !re in0e%"ig!"ed+ The rini'e !nd !n!'*%i% o# !no"her de0ie "h!"

eerge% #ro "he IPFC2 "he %o-!''ed Di%"ri&/"ed In"er'ine Power F'ow Con"ro''er (DIPFC)2

i% !'%o in"rod/ed+

Ch!"er ; e,'!in% !&o/" iro0een" o# ower ./!'i"* &* /%ing 0!rio/% e"hod% !nd

i" !'%o gi0e% &ene#i"% o# ower ./!'i"*+

To on"ro' "he /'"i'e on0er"er%2 DPFC on%i%"% o# "hree "*e% o# on"ro''er%7 "he*

!re en"r!' on"ro''er2 %h/n" on"ro'2 !nd %erie% on"ro'+ Ch!"er < e,'!in% !&o/" "ho%e

on"ro''er% !nd !'%o gi0e% &!%i ide! o# PW5+

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2.CLASSIFICATION OF FACTS D!ICS

2.1 INTRODUCTION

F'e,i&'e AC Tr!n%i%%ion S*%"e%2 !''ed FACTS2 go" in "he reen" *e!r% ! we''

$nown "er #or higher on"ro''!&i'i"* in ower %*%"e% &* e!n% o# ower e'e"roni

de0ie%+ Se0er!' FACTS-de0ie% h!0e &een in"rod/ed #or 0!rio/% !'i!"ion% wor'dwide+ A

n/&er o# new "*e% o# de0ie% !re in "he %"!ge o# &eing in"rod/ed in r!"ie+

In o%" o# "he !'i!"ion% "he on"ro''!&i'i"* i% /%ed "o !0oid o%" in"en%i0e or

'!nd%!e re./iring e,"en%ion% o# ower %*%"e%2 #or in%"!ne 'i$e /gr!de% or !ddi"ion% o#

%/&%"!"ion% !nd ower 'ine%+ FACTS-de0ie% ro0ide ! &e""er !d!"!"ion "o 0!r*ing

oer!"ion!' ondi"ion% !nd iro0e "he /%!ge o# e,i%"ing in%"!''!"ion%+ The &!%i !'i!"ion%

o# FACTS-de0ie% !re:

= Power #'ow on"ro'2

= Inre!%e o# "r!n%i%%ion !!&i'i"*2

= Vo'"!ge on"ro'2

= Re!"i0e ower oen%!"ion2

= S"!&i'i"* iro0een"2

= Power ./!'i"* iro0een"2

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on0er"er% #or high !nd e0en highe%" 0o'"!ge 'e0e'%+ The o0er!'' %"!r"ing oin"% !re ne"wor$

e'een"% in#'/ening "he re!"i0e ower or "he ied!ne o# ! !r" o# "he ower %*%"e+

Fig/re 8+4 %how% ! n/&er o# &!%i de0ie% %e!r!"ed in"o "he on0en"ion!' one% !nd "he

FACTS-de0ie%+

2.2 O!R!I" OF #A$OR FACTS%D!ICS

For "he FACTS %ide "he "!,ono* in "er% o# >d*n!i> !nd >%"!"i> need% %oe

e,'!n!"ion+ The "er >d*n!i> i% /%ed "o e,re%% "he #!%" on"ro''!&i'i"* o# FACTS-de0ie%

ro0ided &* "he ower e'e"roni%+ Thi% i% one o# "he !in di##eren"i!"ion #!"or% #ro "he

on0en"ion!' de0ie%+ The "er >%"!"i> e!n% "h!" "he de0ie% h!0e no o0ing !r"% 'i$e

eh!ni!' %wi"he% "o er#or "he d*n!i on"ro''!&i'i"*+ There#ore o%" o# "he FACTS-

de0ie% !n e./!''* &e %"!"i !nd d*n!i+

Fig 8+8 O0er0iew o# FACTS-De0ie%

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The 'e#" o'/n in Fig/re 8+8 on"!in% "he on0en"ion!' de0ie% &/i'd o/" o# #i,ed or

eh!ni!''* %wi"h !&'e oonen"% 'i$e re%i%"!ne2 ind/"!ne or !!i"!ne "oge"her wi"h

"r!n%#orer%+ The FACTS-de0ie% on"!in "he%e e'een"% !% we'' &/" /%e !ddi"ion!' ower

e'e"roni 0!'0e% or on0er"er% "o %wi"h "he e'een"% in %!''er %"e% or wi"h %wi"hing

!""ern% wi"hin ! *'e o# "he !'"ern!"ing /rren"+ The 'e#" o'/n o# FACTS-de0ie% /%e%

Th*ri%"or 0!'0e% or on0er"er%+ The%e 0!'0e% or on0er"er% !re we'' $nown %ine %e0er!'

*e!r%+ The* h!0e 'ow 'o%%e% &e!/%e o# "heir 'ow %wi"hing #re./en* o# one ! *'e in "he

on0er"er% or "he /%!ge o# "he Th*ri%"or% "o %i'* &ridge ied!ne% in "he 0!'0e%+

The righ" o'/n o# FACTS-de0ie% on"!in% ore !d0!ned "ehno'og* o# 0o'"!ge

%o/re on0er"er% &!%ed "od!* !in'* on In%/'!"ed ?!"e Bio'!r Tr!n%i%"or% (I?BT) or

In%/'!"ed ?!"e Co/"!"ed Th*ri%"or% (I?CT)+ Vo'"!ge So/re Con0er"er% ro0ide ! #ree

on"ro''!&'e 0o'"!ge in !gni"/de !nd h!%e d/e "o ! /'%e wid"h od/'!"ion o# "he I?BT% or

I?CT%+

@igh od/'!"ion #re./enie% !''ow "o ge" 'ow h!roni% in "he o/"/" %ign!' !nd e0en

"o oen%!"e di%"/r&!ne% oing #ro "he ne"wor$+ The di%!d0!n"!ge i% "h!" wi"h !n

inre!%ing %wi"hing #re./en*2 "he 'o%%e% !re inre!%ing !% we''+ There#ore %ei!' de%ign% o#

"he on0er"er% !re re./ired "o oen%!"e "hi%+

2.& CONFI'URATIONS OF FACTS%D!ICS(

2.&.1 S)UNT D!ICS(

The o%" /%ed FACTS-de0ie i% "he SVC or "he 0er%ion wi"h Vo'"!ge So/re

Con0er"er !''ed STATCO5+ The%e %h/n" de0ie% !re oer!"ing !% re!"i0e ower

oen%!"or%+ The !in !'i!"ion% in "r!n%i%%ion2 di%"ri&/"ion !nd ind/%"ri!' ne"wor$%

!re:

= Red/"ion o# /nw!n"ed re!"i0e ower #'ow% !nd "here#ore red/ed ne"wor$ 'o%%e%+

= eeing o# on"r!"/!' ower e,h!nge% wi"h &!'!ned re!"i0e ower+

= Coen%!"ion o# on%/er% !nd iro0een" o# ower ./!'i"* e%ei!''* wi"h h/ge

de!nd #'/"/!"ion% 'i$e ind/%"ri!' !hine%2 e"!' e'"ing '!n"%2 r!i'w!* or /ndergro/nd

"r!in %*%"e%+

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= Coen%!"ion o# Th*ri%"or on0er"er% e+g+ in on0en"ion!' @VDC 'ine%+

= Iro0een" o# %"!"i or "r!n%ien" %"!&i'i"*+

A'o%" h!'# o# "he SVC !nd ore "h!n h!'# o# "he STATCO5% !re /%ed #or ind/%"ri!'!'i!"ion%+ Ind/%"r* !% we'' !% oeri!' !nd doe%"i gro/% o# /%er% re./ire ower

./!'i"*+ F'i$ering '!% !re no 'onger !e"ed2 nor !re in"err/"ion% o# ind/%"ri!' roe%%e%

d/e "o in%/##iien" ower ./!'i"*+ R!i'w!* or /ndergro/nd %*%"e% wi"h h/ge 'o!d 0!ri!"ion%

re./ire SVC% or STATCO5%+

2.&.2 STATIC !AR CO#*NSATOR +S!C,

E'e"ri!' 'o!d% &o"h gener!"e !nd !&%or& re!"i0e ower+ Sine "he "r!n%i""ed 'o!d0!rie% on%ider!&'* #ro one ho/r "o !no"her2 "he re!"i0e ower &!'!ne in ! grid 0!rie% !%

we''+ The re%/'" !n &e /n!e"!&'e 0o'"!ge !'i"/de 0!ri!"ion% or e0en ! 0o'"!ge

dere%%ion2 !" "he e,"ree ! 0o'"!ge o''!%e+

A r!id'* oer!"ing S"!"i V!r Coen%!"or (SVC) !n on"in/o/%'* ro0ide "he

re!"i0e ower re./ired "o on"ro' d*n!i 0o'"!ge o%i''!"ion% /nder 0!rio/% %*%"e

ondi"ion% !nd "here&* iro0e "he ower %*%"e "r!n%i%%ion !nd di%"ri&/"ion %"!&i'i"*+

Applic-tion of the S!C /te0 in tr-n0iion /te0(

!+ To inre!%e !"i0e ower "r!n%#er !!i"* !nd "r!n%ien" %"!&i'i"* !rgin

&+ To d! ower o%i''!"ion%

+ To !hie0e e##e"i0e 0o'"!ge on"ro'

In -ition S!C -re -lo ue

1. in tr-n0iion /te0

A+ To red/e "eor!r* o0er 0o'"!ge%

B+ To d! %/& %*nhrono/% re%on!ne%

C+ To d! ower o%i''!"ion% in in"eronne"ed ower %*%"e%

2. in tr-ction /te0

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!+ To &!'!ne 'o!d%

&+ To iro0e ower #!"or

+ To iro0e 0o'"!ge reg/'!"ion

&. In )!DC /te0

2.&.& S!C USD IN !ARIOUS T3*S

!+ To ro0ide re!"i0e ower "o !d on0er"er%

In%"!''ing !n SVC !" one or ore %/i"!&'e oin"% in "he ne"wor$ !n inre!%e "r!n%#er

!!&i'i"* !nd red/e 'o%%e% whi'e !in"!ining ! %oo"h 0o'"!ge ro#i'e /nder di##eren"

ne"wor$ ondi"ion%+ In !ddi"ion !n SVC !n i"ig!"e !"i0e ower o%i''!"ion% "hro/gh

0o'"!ge !'i"/de od/'!"ion+

SVC in%"!''!"ion% on%i%" o# ! n/&er o# &/i'ding &'o$%+ The o%" ior"!n" i% "he

Th*ri%"or 0!'0e2 i+e+ %"!$ !%%e&'ie% o# %erie% onne"ed !n"i-!r!''e' Th*ri%"or% "o ro0ide

on"ro''!&i'i"*+ Air ore re!"or% !nd high 0o'"!ge AC !!i"or% !re "he re!"i0e ower

e'een"% /%ed "oge"her wi"h "he Th*ri%"or 0!'0e%+ The %"e / onne"ion o# "hi% e./ien" "o

"he "r!n%i%%ion 0o'"!ge i% !hie0ed "hro/gh ! ower "r!n%#orer+

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Fig 8+9 SVC &/i'ding &'o$% !nd 0o'"!ge /rren" h!r!"eri%"i

In rini'e "he SVC on%i%"% o# Th*ri%"or Swi"hed C!!i"or% (TSC) !nd Th*ri%"orSwi"hed or Con"ro''ed Re!"or% (TSR TCR)+ The oordin!"ed on"ro' o# ! o&in!"ion o#

"he%e &r!nhe% 0!rie% "he re!"i0e ower !% %hown in Fig/re+

The #ir%" oeri!' SVC w!% in%"!''ed in 48 #or !n e'e"ri !r #/rn!e+ On

"r!n%i%%ion 'e0e' "he #ir%" SVC w!% /%ed in 4+ Sine "hen i" i% wide'* /%ed !nd "he o%"

!e"ed FACTS-de0ie+

2.4 S!C USIN' A TCR AND AN FC

In "hi% !rr!ngeen"2 "wo or ore FC (#i,ed !!i"or) &!n$% !re onne"ed "o ! TCR

("h*ri%"or on"ro''ed re!"or) "hro/gh ! %"e-down "r!n%#orer+ The r!"ing o# "he re!"or i%

ho%en '!rger "h!n "he r!"ing o# "he !!i"or &* !n !o/n" "o ro0ide "he !,i/ '!gging

0!r% "h!" h!0e "o &e !&%or&ed #ro "he %*%"e+

B* h!nging "he #iring !ng'e o# "he "h*ri%"or on"ro''ing "he re!"or #ro G "o 4HG2

"he re!"i0e ower !n &e 0!ried o0er "he en"ire r!nge #ro !,i/ '!gging 0!r% "o 'e!ding0!r% "h!" !n &e !&%or&ed #ro "he %*%"e &* "hi% oen%!"or+

Fig 8+; SVC /%ing ! TCRFC "*e

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2.4.1 S!C of the FC5TCR t/pe(

The !in di%!d0!n"!ge o# "hi% on#ig/r!"ion i% "he %igni#i!n" h!roni% "h!" wi'' &e

gener!"ed &e!/%e o# "he !r"i!' ond/"ion o# "he '!rge re!"or /nder nor!' %in/%oid!'

%"e!d*-%"!"e oer!"ing ondi"ion when "he SVC i% !&%or&ing 3ero 5VAr+

The%e h!roni% !re #i'"ered in "he #o''owing !nner+ Tri'e, h!roni% !re !ne'ed

&* !rr!nging "he TCR !nd "he %eond!r* winding% o# "he %"e-down "r!n%#orer in de'"!

onne"ion+

The !!i"or &!n$% wi"h "he he' o# %erie% re!"or% !re "/ned "o #i'"er #i#"h2 %e0en"h2

!nd o"her higher-order h!roni% !% ! high-!%% #i'"er+ F/r"her 'o%%e% !re high d/e "o "he

ir/'!"ing /rren" &e"ween "he re!"or !nd !!i"or &!n$%+

Fig 8+< Co!ri%on o# "he 'o%% h!r!"eri%"i% o# TSCTCR2 TCRFC oen%!"or%

!nd %*nhrono/% onden%er

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The%e SVC% do no" h!0e ! %hor"-"ie o0er'o!d !!&i'i"* &e!/%e "he re!"or% !re

/%/!''* o# "he !ir-ore "*e+ In !'i!"ion% re./iring o0er'o!d !!&i'i"*2 TCR /%" &e

de%igned #or %hor"-"ie o0er'o!ding2 or %e!r!"e "h*ri%"or-%wi"hed o0er'o!d re!"or% /%" &e

e'o*ed+

2.4.2 S!C USIN' A TCR AND TSC(

Thi% oen%!"or o0eroe% "wo !6or %hor"oing% o# "he e!r'ier oen%!"or% &*

red/ing 'o%%e% /nder oer!"ing ondi"ion% !nd &e""er er#or!ne /nder '!rge %*%"edi%"/r&!ne%+ In 0iew o# "he %!''er r!"ing o# e!h !!i"or &!n$2 "he r!"ing o# "he re!"or

&!n$ wi'' &e 4n "ie% "he !,i/ o/"/" o# "he SVC2 "h/% red/ing "he h!roni%

gener!"ed &* "he re!"or+ In "ho%e %i"/!"ion% where h!roni% h!0e "o &e red/ed #/r"her2 !

%!'' !o/n" o# FC% "/ned !% #i'"er% !* &e onne"ed in !r!''e' wi"h "he TCR+

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Fig 8+ SVC /%ing ! TCR !nd TSC "*e

2.4.& STATIC S3NC)RONOUS CO#*NSATOR +STATCO#,(

In 4 "he #ir%" SVC wi"h Vo'"!ge So/re Con0er"er !''ed STATCO5 (S"!"i

Coen%!"or) wen" in"o oer!"ion+ The STATCO5 h!% ! h!r!"eri%"i %ii'!r "o "he

%*nhrono/% onden%er2 &/" !% !n e'e"roni de0ie i" h!% no iner"i! !nd i% %/erior "o "he

%*nhrono/% onden%er in %e0er!' w!*%2 %/h !% &e""er d*n!i%2 ! 'ower in0e%"en" o%" !nd

'ower oer!"ing !nd !in"en!ne o%"%+ A STATCO5 i% &/i'd wi"h Th*ri%"or% wi"h "/rn-o##

!!&i'i"* 'i$e ?TO or "od!* I?CT or wi"h ore !nd ore I?BT%+ The %"!"i 'ine &e"ween

"he /rren" 'ii"!"ion% h!% ! er"!in %"eene%% de"erining "he on"ro' h!r!"eri%"i #or "he

0o'"!ge+

The !d0!n"!ge o# ! STATCO5 i% "h!" "he re!"i0e ower ro0i%ion i% indeenden"

#ro "he !"/!' 0o'"!ge on "he onne"ion oin"+ Thi% !n &e %een in "he di!gr! #or "he

!,i/ /rren"% &eing indeenden" o# "he 0o'"!ge in o!ri%on "o "he SVC+ Thi% e!n%2"h!" e0en d/ring o%" %e0ere on"ingenie%2 "he STATCO5 $ee% i"% #/'' !!&i'i"*+

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In "he di%"ri&/"ed energ* %e"or "he /%!ge o# Vo'"!ge So/re Con0er"er% #or grid

in"eronne"ion i% oon r!"ie "od!*+ The ne," %"e in STATCO5 de0e'oen" i% "he

o&in!"ion wi"h energ* %"or!ge% on "he DC-%ide+

The er#or!ne #or ower ./!'i"* !nd &!'!ned ne"wor$ oer!"ion !n &e iro0ed

/h ore wi"h "he o&in!"ion o# !"i0e !nd re!"i0e ower+

Fig 8+H STRUCTURE OF STATCO5

2.6 SRIS D!ICS(

Serie% de0ie% h!0e &een #/r"her de0e'oed #ro #i,ed or eh!ni!''* %wi"hed

oen%!"ion% "o "he Th*ri%"or Con"ro''ed Serie% Coen%!"ion (TCSC) or e0en Vo'"!ge

So/re Con0er"er &!%ed de0ie%+

The 0-in -pplic-tion (

= Red/"ion o# %erie% 0o'"!ge de'ine in !gni"/de !nd !ng'e o0er ! ower 'ine2

= Red/"ion o# 0o'"!ge #'/"/!"ion% wi"hin de#ined 'ii"% d/ring h!nging ower

"r!n%i%%ion%2

= Iro0een" o# %*%"e d!ing re%+ d!ing o# o%i''!"ion%2

= Lii"!"ion o# %hor" ir/i" /rren"% in ne"wor$% or %/&%"!"ion%2

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= A0oid!ne o# 'oo #'ow% re%+ ower #'ow !d6/%"en"%+

2.6.1 T)3RISTOR CONTROLLD SRIS CO#*NSATOR +TCSC,(

Th*ri%"or Con"ro''ed Serie% C!!i"or% (TCSC) !ddre%%e% %ei#i d*n!i!'

ro&'e% in "r!n%i%%ion %*%"e%+ Fir%"'* i" inre!%e% d!ing when '!rge e'e"ri!' %*%"e%

!re in"eronne"ed+ Seond'* i" !n o0eroe "he ro&'e o# S/& S*nhrono/% Re%on!ne

(SSR)2 ! henoenon "h!" in0o'0e% !n in"er!"ion &e"ween '!rge "her!' gener!"ing /ni"% !nd

%erie% oen%!"ed "r!n%i%%ion %*%"e%+

The TCSC>% high %eed %wi"hing !!&i'i"* ro0ide% ! eh!ni% #or on"ro''ing

'ine ower #'ow2 whih eri"% inre!%ed 'o!ding o# e,i%"ing "r!n%i%%ion 'ine%2 !nd !''ow%

#or r!id re!d6/%"en" o# 'ine ower #'ow in re%on%e "o 0!rio/% on"ingenie%+ The TCSC

!'%o !n reg/'!"e %"e!d*-%"!"e ower #'ow wi"hin i"% r!"ing 'ii"%+

Fro ! rini!' "ehno'og* oin" o# 0iew2 "he TCSC re%e&'e% "he on0en"ion!'

%erie% !!i"or+ A'' "he ower e./ien" i% 'o!"ed on !n i%o'!"ed %"ee' '!"#or2 in'/ding

"he Th*ri%"or 0!'0e "h!" i% /%ed "o on"ro' "he &eh!0ior o# "he !in !!i"or &!n$+ Li$ewi%e

"he on"ro' !nd ro"e"ion i% 'o!"ed on gro/nd o"en"i!' "oge"her wi"h o"her !/,i'i!r*%*%"e%+ Fig/re %how% "he rini'e %e"/ o# ! TCSC !nd i"% oer!"ion!' di!gr!+ The #iring

!ng'e !nd "he "her!' 'ii"% o# "he Th*ri%"or% de"erine "he &o/nd!rie% o# "he oer!"ion!'

di!gr!+

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Fig 8+ S"r/"/re o# "h*ri%"or on"ro''ed %erie% !!i"or(TCSC)

Av-nt-7e

Con"in/o/% on"ro' o# de%ired oen%!"ion 'e0e'

Dire" %oo"h on"ro' o# ower #'ow wi"hin "he ne"wor$

Iro0ed !!i"or &!n$ ro"e"ion

Lo!' i"ig!"ion o# %/& %*nhrono/% re%on!ne (SSR)+ Thi% eri"% higher 'e0e'% o#

oen%!"ion in ne"wor$% where in"er!"ion% wi"h "/r&ine-gener!"or "or%ion!' 0i&r!"ion%

or wi"h o"her on"ro' or e!%/ring %*%"e% !re o# onern+

2.8 Shunt -n Serie Device

2.8.19-ic concept of D/n-0ic *o:er Flo: Controller

A new de0ie in "he !re! o# ower #'ow on"ro' i% "he D*n!i Power F'ow

Con"ro''er (DFC)+ The DFC i% ! h*&rid de0ie &e"ween ! Ph!%e Shi#"ing Tr!n%#orer

(PST) !nd %wi"hed %erie% oen%!"ion+

A #/n"ion!' %ing'e 'ine di!gr! o# "he D*n!i F'ow Con"ro''er i% %hown in Fig/re

8+4+ The D*n!i F'ow Con"ro''er on%i%"% o# "he #o''owing oonen"%:

A %"!nd!rd h!%e %hi#"ing "r!n%#orer wi"h "!-h!nger (PST)

Serie%-onne"ed Th*ri%"or Swi"hed C!!i"or% !nd Re!"or%

(TSC TSR)

A eh!ni!''* %wi"hed %h/n" !!i"or (5SC)+ (Thi% i%

O"i!' deending on "he %*%"e re!"i0e ower re./ireen"%)

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Fig 8+4 "he %"r/"/re o# DFC

B!%ed on "he %*%"e re./ireen"%2 ! DFC igh" on%i%" o# ! n/&er o# %erie% TSC or

TSR+ The eh!ni!''* %wi"hed %h/n" !!i"or (5SC) wi'' ro0ide 0o'"!ge %/or"

in !%e o# o0er'o!d !nd o"her ondi"ion%+ Nor!''* "he re!"!ne o# re!"or% !nd "he

!!i"or% !re %e'e"ed &!%ed on ! &in!r* &!%i% "o re%/'" in ! de%ired %"eed re!"!ne

0!ri!"ion+ I# ! higher ower #'ow re%o'/"ion i% needed2 ! re!"!ne e./i0!'en" "o "he

h!'# o# "he %!''e%" one !n &e !dded+

The %wi"hing o# %erie% re!"or% o/r% !" 3ero /rren" "o !0oid !n* h!roni%+

@owe0er2 in gener!'2 "he rini'e o# h!%e-!ng'e on"ro' /%ed in TCSC !n &e!'ied #or ! on"in/o/% on"ro' !% we''+ The oer!"ion o# ! DFC i% &!%ed on "he

#o''owing r/'e%:

TSC TSR !re %wi"hed when ! #!%" re%on%e i% re./ired+

The re'ie0e o# o0er'o!d !nd wor$ in %"re%%ed %i"/!"ion% i% h!nd'ed &* "he TSC TSR+

The %wi"hing o# "he PST "!-h!nger %ho/'d &e inii3ed !r"i/'!r'* #or "he

/rren"% higher "h!n nor!' 'o!ding+

The PST (!%%/ing ! ./!dr!"/re &oo%"er) wi'' in6e" ! 0o'"!ge in ./!dr!"/re wi"h "he

node 0o'"!ge+ The on"ro''!&'e re!"!ne wi'' in6e" ! 0o'"!ge in ./!dr!"/re wi"h "he

"hro/gh/" /rren"+ A%%/ing "h!" "he ower #'ow h!% ! 'o!d #!"or 'o%e "o one2 "he

"wo !r"% o# "he %erie% 0o'"!ge wi'' &e 'o%e "o o''ine!r+ @owe0er2 in "er% o# %eed

o# on"ro'2 in#'/ene on re!"i0e ower &!'!ne !nd e##e"i0ene%% !" high'ow 'o!ding

"he "wo !r"% o# "he %erie% 0o'"!ge h!% ./i"e di##eren" h!r!"eri%"i%+

Dept. of EEE 17


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The %"e!d* %"!"e on"ro' r!nge #or 'o!ding% / "o r!"ed /rren" i% i''/%"r!"ed in Fig/re

8+442 where "he ,-!,i% orre%ond% "o "he "hro/gh/" /rren" !nd "he *-!,i%

orre%ond% "o "he in6e"ed %erie% 0o'"!ge+

Oer!"ion in "he #ir%" !nd "hird ./!dr!n"% orre%ond% "o red/"ion o# ower "hro/gh

"he DFC2 where!% oer!"ion in "he %eond !nd #o/r"h ./!dr!n"% orre%ond% "o

inre!%ing "he ower #'ow "hro/gh "he DFC+ The %'oe o# "he 'ine !%%ing "hro/gh "he

origin (!" whih "he "! i% !" 3ero !nd TSC TSR !re &*!%%ed) deend% on "he %hor"

ir/i" re!"!ne o# "he PST+

S"!r"ing !" r!"ed /rren" (8 $A) "he %hor" ir/i" re!"!ne &* i"%e'# ro0ide% !n

in6e"ed 0o'"!ge (!ro,i!"e'* 8 $V in "hi% !%e)+ I# ore ind/"!ne i% %wi"hed in

!ndor "he "! i% inre!%ed2 "he %erie% 0o'"!ge inre!%e% !nd "he /rren" "hro/gh "he

DFC dere!%e% (!nd "he #'ow on !r!''e' &r!nhe% inre!%e%)+ The oer!"ing oin"

o0e% !'ong 'ine% !r!''e' "o "he !rrow% in "he #ig/re+ The %'oe o# "he%e !rrow%

deend% on "he %i3e o# "he !r!''e' re!"!ne+

The !,i/ %erie% 0o'"!ge in "he #ir%" ./!dr!n" i% o&"!ined when !'' ind/"i0e %"e%

!re %wi"hed in !nd "he "! i% !" i"% !,i/+

Now2 !%%/ing !,i/ "! !nd ind/"!ne2 i# "he "hro/gh/" /rren" dere!%e%

(d/e e+g+ "o h!nging 'o!ding o# "he %*%"e) "he %erie% 0o'"!ge wi'' dere!%e+

A" 3ero /rren"2 i" wi'' no" !""er whe"her "he TSC TSR %"e% !re in or o/"2 "he* wi''

no" on"ri&/"e "o "he %erie% 0o'"!ge+ Con%e./en"'*2 "he %erie% 0o'"!ge !" 3ero /rren"

orre%ond% "o r!"ed PST %erie% 0o'"!ge+ Ne,"2 o0ing in"o "he %eond ./!dr!n"2 "he

oer!"ing r!nge wi'' &e 'ii"ed &* "he 'ine orre%onding "o !,i/ "! !nd "he

!!i"i0e %"e &eing %wi"hed in (!nd "he ind/"i0e %"e% &*-!%%ed)+ In "hi% !%e2 "he

!!i"i0e %"e i% !ro,i!"e'* !% '!rge !% "he %hor" ir/i" re!"!ne o# "he PST2

gi0ing !n !'o%" on%"!n" !,i/ 0o'"!ge in "he %eond ./!dr!n"+

Dept. of EEE 18


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20/44


&.UNIFID *O"R FLO" CONTROLLR+U*FC,

&.1 INTRODUCTION

The UPFC i% ! o&in!"ion o# ! %"!"i oen%!"or !nd %"!"i %erie% oen%!"ion+ I"

!"% !% ! %h/n" oen%!"ing !nd ! h!%e %hi#"ing de0ie %i/'"!neo/%'*+

Fig 9+4 Prini'e on#ig/r!"ion o# !n UPFC

The UPFC on%i%"% o# ! %h/n" !nd ! %erie% "r!n%#orer2 whih !re onne"ed 0i! "wo

0o'"!ge %o/re on0er"er% wi"h ! oon DC-!!i"or+

The DC-ir/i" !''ow% "he !"i0e ower e,h!nge &e"ween %h/n" !nd %erie%

"r!n%#orer "o on"ro' "he h!%e %hi#" o# "he %erie% 0o'"!ge+ Thi% %e"/2 !% %hown in Fig/re 9+42

ro0ide% "he #/'' on"ro''!&i'i"* #or 0o'"!ge !nd ower #'ow+

The %erie% on0er"er need% "o &e ro"e"ed wi"h ! Th*ri%"or &ridge+ D/e "o "he high

e##or"% #or "he Vo'"!ge So/re Con0er"er% !nd "he ro"e"ion2 !n UPFC i% ge""ing ./i"e

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e,en%i0e2 whih 'ii"% "he r!"i!' !'i!"ion% where "he 0o'"!ge !nd ower #'ow on"ro' i%

re./ired %i/'"!neo/%'*+

&.2 O*RATIN' *RINCI*L OF U*FC

The &!%i oonen"% o# "he UPFC !re "wo 0o'"!ge %o/re in0er"er% (VSI%) %h!ring !

oon d %"or!ge !!i"or2 !nd onne"ed "o "he ower %*%"e "hro/gh o/'ing

"r!n%#orer%+ One VSI i% onne"ed "o in %h/n" "o "he "r!n%i%%ion %*%"e 0i! ! %h/n"

"r!n%#orer2 whi'e "he o"her one i% onne"ed in %erie% "hro/gh ! %erie% "r!n%#orer+

A &!%i UPFC #/n"ion!' %hee i% %hown in #ig+4

Fig 9+8 Oer!"ing rini'e o# UPFC

The %erie% in0er"er i% on"ro''ed "o in6e" ! %*e"ri!' "hree h!%e 0o'"!ge %*%"e

(V%e)2 o# on"ro''!&'e !gni"/de !nd h!%e !ng'e in %erie% wi"h "he 'ine "o on"ro' !"i0e !nd

re!"i0e ower #'ow% on "he "r!n%i%%ion 'ine+ So2 "hi% in0er"er wi'' e,h!nge !"i0e !nd

re!"i0e ower wi"h "he 'ine+ The re!"i0e ower i% e'e"roni!''* ro0ided &* "he %erie%

in0er"er2 !nd "he !"i0e ower i% "r!n%i""ed "o "he d "erin!'%+ The %h/n" in0er"er i%

Dept. of EEE 21


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oer!"ed in %/h ! w!* !% "o de!nd "hi% d "erin!' ower (o%i"i0e or neg!"i0e) #ro "he

'ine $eeing "he 0o'"!ge !ro%% "he %"or!ge !!i"or Vd on%"!n"+ So2 "he ne" re!' ower

!&%or&ed #ro "he 'ine &* "he UPFC i% e./!' on'* "o "he 'o%%e% o# "he in0er"er% !nd "heir

"r!n%#orer%+ The re!ining !!i"* o# "he %h/n" in0er"er !n &e /%ed "o e,h!nge re!"i0e

ower wi"h "he 'ine %o "o ro0ide ! 0o'"!ge reg/'!"ion !" "he onne"ion oin"+

The "wo VSI% !n wor$ indeenden"'* o# e!h o"her &* %e!r!"ing "he d %ide+ So in

"h!" !%e2 "he %h/n" in0er"er i% oer!"ing !% ! STATCO5 "h!" gener!"e% or !&%or&% re!"i0e

ower "o reg/'!"e "he 0o'"!ge !gni"/de !" "he onne"ion oin"+ In%"e!d2 "he %erie% in0er"er i%

oer!"ing !% SSSC "h!" gener!"e% or !&%or&% re!"i0e ower "o reg/'!"e "he /rren" #'ow2 !nd

hene "he ower 'ow on "he "r!n%i%%ion 'ine+

The UPFC h!% !n* o%%i&'e oer!"ing ode%+ In !r"i/'!r2 "he %h/n" in0er"er i%

oer!"ing in %/h ! w!* "o in6e" ! on"ro''!&'e /rren"2 i%h in"o "he "r!n%i%%ion 'ine+ The

%h/n" in0er"er !n &e on"ro''ed in "wo di##eren" ode%:

VAR Con"ro' 5ode: The re#erene in/" i% !n ind/"i0e or !!i"i0e VAR re./e%"+

The %h/n" in0er"er on"ro' "r!n%'!"e% "he 0!r re#erene in"o ! orre%onding %h/n" /rren"

re./e%" !nd !d6/%"% g!"ing o# "he in0er"er "o e%"!&'i%h "he de%ired /rren"+ For "hi% ode o#

on"ro' ! #eed&!$ %ign!' rere%en"ing "he d &/% 0o'"!ge2 Vd2 i% !'%o re./ired+

A/"o!"i Vo'"!ge Con"ro' 5ode: The %h/n" in0er"er re!"i0e /rren" i% !/"o!"i!''*

reg/'!"ed "o !in"!in "he "r!n%i%%ion 'ine 0o'"!ge !" "he oin" o# onne"ion "o ! re#erene

0!'/e+ For "hi% ode o# on"ro'2 0o'"!ge #eed&!$ %ign!'% !re o&"!ined #ro "he %ending end

&/% #eeding "he %h/n" o/'ing "r!n%#orer+

The %erie% in0er"er on"ro'% "he !gni"/de !nd !ng'e o# "he 0o'"!ge in6e"ed in %erie%

wi"h "he 'ine "o in#'/ene "he ower #'ow on "he 'ine+ The !"/!' 0!'/e o# "he in6e"ed 0o'"!ge

!n &e o&"!ined in %e0er!' w!*%+

Dire" Vo'"!ge In6e"ion 5ode: The re#erene in/"% !re dire"'* "he !gni"/de !nd

h!%e !ng'e o# "he %erie% 0o'"!ge+

Ph!%e Ang'e Shi#"er E/'!"ion ode: The re#erene in/" i% h!%e di%'!een"

&e"ween "he %ending end 0o'"!ge !nd "he reei0ing end 0o'"!ge+ Line Ied!ne E/'!"ion

ode: The re#erene in/" i% !n ied!ne 0!'/e "o in%er" in %erie% wi"h "he 'ine ied!ne

Dept. of EEE 22


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24/44


! %*%"e+ The re!' ower e,h!nged !" "he ! "erin!' (i+e+2 !" "he "erin!' o# in%er"ion

"r!n%#orer) i% on0er"ed &* "he in0er"er in"o d ower "h!" !e!r% !" "he d 'in$ !% o%i"i0e

or neg!"i0e re!' ower de!nded+ The re!"i0e ower e,h!nged !" "he ! "erin!' i%

gener!"ed in"ern!''* &* "he in0er"er+

The &!%i #/n"ion o# in0er"er 4 i% "o %/'* or !&%or& "he re!' ower de!nded &*

In0er"er 8 !" "he oon d 'in$+ Thi% d 'in$ ower i% on0er"ed &!$ "o ! !nd o/'ed "o

"he "r!n%i%%ion 'ine 0i! ! %h/n"-onne"ed "r!n%#orer+ In0er"er 4 !n !'%o gener!"e or

!&%or& on"ro''!&'e re!"i0e ower2 i# i" i% de%ired2 !nd "here &* i" !n ro0ide indeenden"

%h/n" re!"i0e oen%!"ion #or "he 'ine+

I" i% ior"!n" "o no"e "h!" where !% "here i% ! 'o%ed dire"1 !"h #or "he re!' ower

nego"i!"ed &* "he !"ion o# %erie% 0o'"!ge in6e"ion "hro/gh In0er"er% 4 !nd 8 &!$ "o "he 'ine2

"he orre%onding re!"i0e ower e,h!nged i% %/'ied or !&%or&ed 'o!''* &* in0er"er 8 !nd

"here#ore i" doe% no" #'ow "hro/gh "he 'ine+

&.6 9ASIC *RINCI*LS OF ACTI! AND RACTI! *O"R CONTROL

Con%ider Fig 9+; A" (!) ! %i'e "wo !hine (or "wo &/% ! in"er-"ie) %*%"e wi"h

%ending end 0o'"!ge V%2 reei0ing-end 0o'"!ge Vr2 !nd 'ine (or "ie) ied!ne (!%%/ed2 #or

%i'ii"*2 ind/"i0e) i% %hown+ A" (&) "he 0o'"!ge% o# "he %*%"e in "he #or o# ! h!%or

di!gr! !re %hown wi"h "r!n%i%%ion !ng'e !nd V%MVrMV+ A" () "he "r!n%i""ed ower

P (PMV8 %in) !nd "he re!"i0e ower JMJ%MJr(JMV8 (4-o%)) %/'ied !" "he end% o#

"he 'ine !re %hown 'o""ed !g!in%" !ng'e + A" (d) "he re!"i0e ower JMJ%MJr i% %hown

'o""ed !g!in%" "he "r!n%i""ed ower orre%onding "o %"!&'e 0!'/e% o# 1 (i+e+2 M

Mo)+

Dept. of EEE 24


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Fig 9+; Si'e "wo !hine %*%"e (!) re'!"ed 0o'"!ge h!%or% (&)Re!' !nd re!"i0e ower

0er%e% "r!n%i%%ion !ng'e () %ending endreei0ing end re!"i0e ower 0er%e% "r!n%i""ed

re!' ower(d)+

B!%i ower %*%"e o# #ig 9+; wi"h "he we'' $nown "r!n%i%%ion h!r!"eri%"i% i%

in"rod/ed #or "he /ro%e o# ro0iding ! 0ehi'e "o e%"!&'i%h "he !!&i'i"* o# "he UPFC "o

on"ro' "he "r!n%i""ed re!' ower P !nd "he re!"i0e ower de!nd%2 J% !nd Jr2 !" "he

%ending end2 re%e"i0e'*2 "he reei0ing end o# "he 'ine+

Con%ider Fig 9+


26/44


Thi% i% in !rr!ngeen" wi"h "he UPFC ir/i" %"r/"/re in whih "he d 'in$ &e"ween

"he "wo on%"i"/en" in0er"er% e%"!&'i%h ! &i-dire"ion!' o/'ing #or re!' ower #'ow &e"ween

"he in6e"ed %erie% 0o'"!ge %o/re !nd "he %ending end &/%+

A% Fig 9+< i'ie%2 in "he re%en" di%/%%ion i" i% #/r"her !%%/ed #or '!ri"* "h!" "he

%h/n" re!"i0e oen%!"ion !!&i'i"* o# "he UPFC no" /"i'i3ed+ Thi% i% "he UPFC %h/n"

in0er"er i% !%%/ed "o &e oer!"ed !" /ni"* ower #!"or2 i"% %o'e #/n"ion &eing "o "r!n%#er "he

re!' ower de!nd o# "he %erie% in0er"er "o "he %ending-end gener!"or+ Wi"h "he%e

!%%/"ion%2 "he %erie% 0o'"!ge %o/re2 "oge"her wi"h "he re!' ower o/'ing "o "he %ending

end gener!"or !% %hown in #ig 9+


27/44


&.; Di-v-nt-7e

4+The oonen"% o# "he UPFC h!nd'e "he 0o'"!ge% !nd /rren"% wi"h high r!"ing7 "here#ore2"he "o"!' o%" o# "he %*%"e i% high+

8+D/e "o "he oon d-'in$ in"eronne"ion2 ! #!i'/re "h!" h!en% !" one on0er"er wi''

in#'/ene "he who'e %*%"e+

9+To !hie0e "he re./ired re'i!&i'i"* #or ower %*%"e%2 &*!%% ir/i"% !nd red/nd!n"

&!$/% (&!$/ "r!n%#orer2 e"+) !re needed2 whih on o"her h!nd2 inre!%e "he o%"+

+Aording'*2 "he UPFC h!% no" &een oeri!''* /%ed2 e0en "ho/gh7 i" h!% "he o%"

!d0!ned on"ro' !!&i'i"ie%+

To !0oid "he%e ro&'e% in"rod/e ! new one" !''ed !% ! di%r"ri&/"ed ower #'ow

on"ro''er +

Dept. of EEE 27


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4.DISTRI9UTD *O"R FLO" CONTROLLR

4.1 INTRODUCTION

IN "he re0io/% h!"er2 !n o0er0iew w!% gi0en o# eh!ni!'- !nd PE-&!%ed PFCD%+

Be!/%e o# high on"ro' !!&i'i"*2 "he PE-&!%ed o&ined PFC%2 %ei#i!''* UPFC !nd

IPFC !re %/i"!&'e #or "he #/"/re ower %*%"e+ @owe0er2 "he UPFC !nd IPFC !re no" wide'*

!'ied in r!"ie2 d/e "o "heir high o%" !nd "he %/%e"i&i'i"* "o #!i'/re%+ ?ener!''*2 "he

re'i!&i'i"* !n &e iro0ed &* red/ing "he n/&er o# oonen"%7 howe0er2 "hi% i% no"

o%%i&'e d/e "o "he o'e, "oo'og* o# "he UPFC !nd IPFC+ To red/e "he #!i'/re r!"e o# "he

oonen"% &* %e'e"ing oonen"% wi"h higher r!"ing% "h!n nee%%!r* or e'o*ing

red/nd!n* !" "he oonen" or %*%"e 'e0e'% !re !'%o o"ion%+ Un#or"/n!"e'*2 "he%e %o'/"ion%inre!%e "he ini"i!' in0e%"en" nee%%!r*2 neg!"ing !n* o%"- re'!"ed !d0!n"!ge%+ Aording'*2

new !ro!he% !re needed in order "o inre!%e re'i!&i'i"* !nd red/e o%" o# "he UPFC !nd

IPFC !" "he %!e "ie+

A#"er %"/d*ing "he #!i'/re ode o# "he o&ined FACTS de0ie%2 i" i% #o/nd "h!" !

oon DC 'in$ &e"ween on0er"er% red/e% "he re'i!&i'i"* o# ! de0ie2 &e!/%e ! #!i'/re in

one on0er"er wi'' er0!de "he who'e de0ie "ho/gh "he DC 'in$+ B* e'iin!"ing "hi% DC 'in$2

"he on0er"er% wi"hin "he FACTS de0ie% !re oer!"ed indeenden"'*2 "here&* inre!%ing "heir

re'i!&i'i"*+ The e'iin!"ion o# "he oon DC 'in$ !'%o !''ow% "he DSSC "o %erie%

on0er"er%+ In "h!" !%e2 "he re'i!&i'i"* o# "he new de0ie i% #/r"her iro0ed d/e "o "he

red/nd!n* ro0ided &* "he di%"ri&/"ed %erie% on0er"er%+ In !ddi"ion2 %erie% Con0er"er

di%"ri&/"ion red/e% o%" &e!/%e no high-0o'"!ge i%o'!"ion !nd high ower r!"ing oonen"%

!re re./ired !" "he %erie% !r"+ B* !'*ing "he "wo !ro!he% e'iin!"ing "he oon DC

'in$ !nd di%"ri&/"ing "he %erie% on0er"er2 "he UPFC i% #/r"her de0e'oed in"o ! new o&ined

FACTS de0ie: "he Di%"ri&/"ed Power F'ow Con"ro''er (DPFC)2 !% %hown in Fig/re 9-4+

4.1 D*FC TO*OLO'3

B* in"rod/ing "he "wo !ro!he% o/"'ined in "he re0io/% %e"ion (e'iin!"ion o# "he

oon DC 'in$ !nd di%"ri&/"ion o# "he %erie% on0er"er) in"o "he UPFC2 "he DPFC i%

!hie0ed+ Sii'!r !% "he UPFC2 "he DPFC on%i%"% o# %h/n" !nd %erie% onne"ed on0er"er%+

The %h/n" on0er"er i% %ii'!r !% ! STATCO52 whi'e "he %erie% on0er"er e'o*% "he DSSC

one"2 whih i% "o /%e /'"i'e %ing'e-h!%e on0er"er% in%"e!d o# one "hree-h!%e

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on0er"er+ E!h on0er"er wi"hin "he DPFC i% indeenden" !nd h!% i"% own DC !!i"or "o

ro0ide "he re./ired DC 0o'"!ge+ The on#ig/r!"ion o# "he DPFC i% %hown in Fig/re +8+

Fig +8 DPFC on#ig/r!"ion

A% %hown2 &e%ide% "he $e* oonen"% - %h/n" !nd %erie% on0er"er%2 ! DPFC !'%o

re./ire% ! high !%% #i'"er "h!" i% %h/n" onne"ed "o "he o"her %ide o# "he "r!n%i%%ion 'ine !nd

! "r!n%#orer on e!h %ide o# "he 'ine+ The re!%on #or "he%e e,"r! oonen"% wi'' &e

e,'!ined '!"er+ The /ni./e on"ro' !!&i'i"* o# "he UPFC i% gi0en &* "he &!$-"o-&!$

onne"ion &e"ween "he %h/n" !nd %erie% on0er"er%2 whih !''ow% "he !"i0e ower "o #ree'*

e,h!nge+ To en%/re "he DPFC h!% "he %!e on"ro' !!&i'i"* !% "he UPFC2 ! e"hod "h!"

!''ow% !"i0e ower e,h!nge &e"ween on0er"er% wi"h !n e'iin!"ed DC 'in$ i% re./ired+

4.2 D*FC O*RATIN' *RINCI*L

+8+4 ACTIVE POWER EC@AN?E WIT@ ELI5INATED DC LIN

Wi"hin "he DPFC2 "he "r!n%i%%ion 'ine re%en"% ! oon onne"ion &e"ween "he

AC or"% o# "he %h/n" !nd "he %erie% on0er"er%+ There#ore2 i" i% o%%i&'e "o e,h!nge !"i0e

ower "hro/gh "he AC or"%+ The e"hod i% &!%ed on ower "heor* o# non-%in/%oid!'

oonen"%+ Aording "o "he Fo/rier !n!'*%i%2 non-%in/%oid!' 0o'"!ge !nd /rren" !n &e

e,re%%ed !% "he %/ o# %in/%oid!' #/n"ion% in di##eren" #re./enie% wi"h di##eren"

!'i"/de%+ The !"i0e ower re%/'"ing #ro "hi% non-%in/%oid!' 0o'"!ge !nd /rren" i%

de#ined !% "he e!n 0!'/e o# "he rod/" o# 0o'"!ge !nd /rren"+ Sine "he in"egr!'% o# !'' "he

Dept. of EEE 29


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ro%% rod/" o# "er% wi"h di##eren" #re./enie% !re 3ero2 "he !"i0e ower !n &e e,re%%ed

&*:

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +4

where Vi !nd Ii !re "he 0o'"!ge !nd /rren" !" "he i"h h!roni #re./en* re%e"i0e'*2 !nd

i% "he orre%onding !ng'e &e"ween "he 0o'"!ge !nd /rren"+ E./!"ion (+4) %how% "h!" "he

!"i0e ower% !" di##eren" #re./enie% !re indeenden" #ro e!h o"her !nd "he 0o'"!ge or

/rren" !" one #re./en* h!% no in#'/ene on "he !"i0e ower !" o"her #re./enie%+ The

indeendene o# "he !"i0e ower !" di##eren" #re./enie% gi0e% "he o%%i&i'i"* "h!" !on0er"er wi"ho/" ! ower %o/re !n gener!"e !"i0e ower !" one #re./en* !nd !&%or& "hi%

ower #ro o"her #re./enie%+

B* !'*ing "hi% e"hod "o "he DPFC2 "he %h/n" on0er"er !n !&%or& !"i0e ower

#ro "he grid !" "he #/nd!en"!' #re./en* !nd in6e" "he ower &!$ !" ! h!roni

#re./en*+ Thi% h!roni !"i0e ower #'ow% "hro/gh ! "r!n%i%%ion 'ine e./ied wi"h

%erie% on0er"er%+ Aording "o "he !o/n" o# re./ired !"i0e ower !" "he #/nd!en"!'

#re./en*2 "he DPFC %erie% on0er"er% gener!"e ! 0o'"!ge !" "he h!roni #re./en*2 "here &*

!&%or&ing "he !"i0e ower #ro h!roni oonen"%+ Neg'e"ing 'o%%e%2 "he !"i0e ower

gener!"ed !" "he #/nd!en"!' #re./en* i% e./!' "o "he ower !&%or&ed !" "he h!roni

#re./en*+ For ! &e""er /nder%"!nding2 Fig/re 9-9 indi!"e% how "he !"i0e ower i%

e,h!nged &e"ween "he %h/n" !nd "he %erie% on0er"er% in "he DPFC %*%"e+ The high-!%%

#i'"er wi"hin "he DPFC &'o$% "he #/nd!en"!' #re./en* oonen"% !nd !''ow% "he

h!roni oonen"% "o !%%2 "here&* ro0iding ! re"/rn !"h #or "he h!roni oonen"%+

The %h/n" !nd %erie% on0er"er%2 "he high !%% #i'"er !nd "he gro/nd #or ! 'o%ed 'oo #or "he

h!roni /rren"+

4.&. USIN' T)IRD )AR#ONIC CO#*ONNTS

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D/e "o "he /ni./e #e!"/re% o# 9rd h!roni #re./en* oonen"% in ! "hree-h!%e

%*%"e2 "he 9rd h!roni i% %e'e"ed #or !"i0e ower e,h!nge in "he DPFC+ In ! "hree-h!%e

Fig +9 A"i0e ower e,h!nge &e"ween DPFC on0er"er%

S*%"e2 "he 9rd h!roni in e!h h!%e i% iden"i!'2 whih e!n% "he* !re Q3ero-

%e./ene oonen"%+ Be!/%e "he 3ero-%e./ene h!roni !n &e n!"/r!''* &'o$ed &*

"r!n%- #orer% !nd "he%e !re wide'* inoror!"ed in ower %*%"e% (!% ! e!n% o#

h!nging 0o'"!ge)2 "here i% no e,"r! #i'"er re./ired "o re0en" h!roni 'e!$!ge+ A%

in"rod/ed !&o0e2 ! high-!%% #i'"er i% re./ired "o !$e ! 'o%ed 'oo #or "he h!roni /rren"

!nd "he /"o## #re./en* o# "hi% #i'"er i% !ro,i!"e'* "he #/nd!en"!' #re./en*+

Be!/%e "he 0o'"!ge i%o'!"ion i% high !nd "he h!roni #re./en* i% 'o%e "o "he /"o##

#re./en*2 "he #i'"er wi'' &e o%"'*+ B* /%ing "he 3ero-%e./ene h!roni2 "he o%"'* #i'"er !n

&e re'!ed &* ! !&'e "h!" onne"% "he ne/"r!' oin" o# "he "r!n%#orer on "he righ"

%ide in Fig/re +8 wi"h "he gro/nd+ Be!/%e "he -winding !e!r% oen-ir/i" "o "he 9rd

h!roni /rren"2 !'' h!roni /rren" wi'' #'ow "hro/gh "he - winding !nd onen"r!"e "o

"he gro/nding !&'e !% %hown in Fig/re ++ There#ore2 "he '!rge high-!%% #i'"er i% e'iin!"ed+

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Fig + U"i'i3e gro/nded "r!n%#orer "o #i'"er 3ero-%e./ene h!roni

Ano"her !d0!n"!ge o# /%ing "he 9rd h!roni "o e,h!nge !"i0e ower i% "h!" "he gro/nding

o# "he "r!n%#orer% !n &e /%ed "o ro/"e "he h!roni /rren" in ! e%hed ne"wor$+ I#

"he ne"wor$ re./ire% "he h!roni /rren" "o #'ow "hro/gh ! %ei#i &r!nh2 "he ne/"r!' oin"

o# "he "r!n%#orer in "h!" &r!nh2 !" "he %ide oo%i"e "o "he %h/n" on0er"er2 wi'' &e

gro/nded !nd 0ie 0er%!+ Fig/re +; %how% ! %i'e e,!'e o# ro/"ing "he h!roni /rren"

&* /%ing "he gro/nding o# "he "r!n%#orer+ Be!/%e "he #'o!"ing ne/"r!' oin" i% 'o!"ed

on "he "r!n%#orer o# "he 'ine wi"ho/" "he %erie% on0er"er2 i" i% !n oen-ir/i" #or 9rd

h!roni oonen"% !nd "here#ore no 9rd h!roni /rren" wi'' #'ow "hro/gh "hi% 'ine+

Fig +; Ro/"e "he h!roni /rren" &* /%ing "he gro/nding o# "he "r!n%#orer

The h!roni !" "he #re./enie% 'i$e 9rd2


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+8

Where i i% "he 'ine ied!ne !" i"h #re./en*2 !nd !re "he 0o'"!ge

!gni"/de% o# "he h!roni o# "he %h/n" !nd %erie% on0er"er%2 !nd i% "he

!ng'e di##erene &e"ween "he "wo 0o'"!ge%+ A% %hown2 "he ied!ne o# "he 'ine 'ii"% "he

!"i0e ower e,h!nge !!i"*+ To e,h!nge "he %!e !o/n" o# !"i0e ower2 "he 'ine wi"h

high ied!ne re./ire% higher 0o'"!ge%+ Be!/%e "he "r!n%i%%ion 'ine ied!ne i% o%"'*

ind/"i0e !nd roor"ion!' "o #re./en*2 high "r!n%i%%ion #re./enie% wi'' !/%e high

ied!ne !nd re%/'" in high 0o'"!ge wi"hin on0er"er%+ Con%e./en"'*2 "he 3ero-%e./eneh!roni wi"h "he 'owe%" #re./en* - "he 9rd h!roni - h!% &een %e'e"ed+

4.6 ANAL3SIS OF T) D*FC

In "hi% %e"ion2 "he %"e!d*-%"!"e &eh!0ior o# "he DPFC i% !n!'*3ed2 !nd "he on"ro'

!!&i'i"* o# "he DPFC i% e,re%%ed in "he !r!e"er% o# "he ne"wor$ !nd "he DPFC+ To

%i'i#* "he DPFC2 "he on0er"er% !re re'!ed &* on"ro''!&'e 0o'"!ge %o/re% in %erie% wi"h

ied!ne+ Sine e!h on0er"er gener!"e% "he 0o'"!ge !" "wo di##eren" #re./enie%2 i" i%rere%en"ed &* "wo %erie%-onne"ed on"ro''!&'e 0o'"!ge %o/re%2 one !" "he #/nd!en"!'

#re./en* !nd "he o"her !" "he "hird-h!roni #re./en*+ A%%/ing "h!" "he on0er"er% !nd

"he "r!n%i%%ion 'ine !re 'o%%'e%%2 "he "o"!' !"i0e ower gener!"ed &* "he "wo #re./en*

0o'"!ge %o/re% wi'' &e 3ero+ The /'"i'e %erie% on0er"er% !re %i'i#ied !% one '!rge

on0er"er wi"h "he 0o'"!ge2 whih i% e./!' "o "he %/ o# "he 0o'"!ge% #or !'' %erie% on0er"er2

!% %hown in Fig+ ++

Dept. of EEE 33


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Fig + DPFC %i'i#ied rere%en"!"ion+

In Fig+ +2 "he DPFC i% '!ed in ! "wo-&/% %*%"e wi"h "he %ending-end !nd "he

reei0ing-end 0o'"!ge% Vs !nd Vr 2 re%e"i0e'*+ The "r!n%i%%ion 'ine i% rere%en"ed &* !n

ind/"!neLwi"h "he 'ine /rren"I+ The 0o'"!ge in6e"ed &* !'' "he DPFC %erie% on0er"er% i%

V%e,4 !nd V%e,9 !" "he #/nd!en"!' !nd "he "hird-h!roni #re./en*2 re%e"i0e'*+ The %h/n"

on0er"er i% onne"ed "o "he %ending &/% "hro/gh "he ind/"orL%h !nd gener!"e% "he 0o'"!ge

V%h,4 !nd V%h,9 7 "he /rren" in6e"ed &* "he %h/n" on0er"er i%I%h + The !"i0e !nd re!"i0e

ower #'ow !" "he reei0ing end i%Pr !nd Qr2 re%e"i0e'*+

Thi% rere%en"!"ion on%i%"% o# &o"h "he #/nd!en"!' !nd "hird-h!roni #re./en*

oonen"%+ B!%ed on "he %/ero%i"ion "heore2 "he ir/i" in Fig+ + !n &e #/r"her

%i'i#ied &* &eing %'i" in"o "wo ir/i"% !" di##eren" #re./enie%+ The "wo ir/i"% !re

i%o'!"ed #ro e!h o"her2 !nd "he 'in$ &e"ween "he%e ir/i"% i% "he !"i0e ower &!'!ne o#

e!h on0er"er2 !% %hown in Fig+ +4+

Fig +4 DPFC e./i0!'en" ir/i"+ (!) F/nd!en"!' #re./en*+ (&) Third h!roni #re./en*+

The ower-#'ow on"ro' !!&i'i"* o# "he DPFC !n &e i''/%"r!"ed &* "he !"i0e ower

Pr !nd re!"i0e ower Qr reei0ed !" "he reei0ing end+ Be!/%e "he DPFC ir/i" !" "he

#/nd!en"!' #re./en* &eh!0e% "he %!e !% "he UPFC2 "he !"i0e !nd re!"i0e ower #'ow

!n &e e,re%%ed !% #o''ow% (4)

++ (+9)

Where Pr 2Qr 2 !nd !re "he !"i0e2 re!"i0e ower #'ow2 !nd "he "r!n%i%%ion

!ng'e o# "he /noen%!"ed %*%"e2X%e,4 M L%e i% "he 'ine ied!ne !" #/nd!en"!'

#re./en*2 !nd |V| i% "he 0o'"!ge !gni"/de !" &o"h end%+

Dept. of EEE 34


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In "he PQ-'!ne2 "he 'o/% o# "he ower #'ow wi"ho/" "he DPFC oen%!"ion f

(Pr,Qr) i% ! ir'e wi"h "he r!di/% o# |V |8/|X4 | !ro/nd "he en"er de#ined &* oordin!"e%P

M !nd Q M |V |8/|X4 |+ E!h oin" o# "hi% ir'e gi0e% "he Pr !nd Qr 0!'/e% o# "he

/noen%!"ed %*%"e !" "he orre%onding "r!n%i%%ion !ng'e + The &o/nd!r* o# "he

!""!in!&'e on"ro' r!nge #orPr !nd Qr i% o&"!ined #ro ! o'e"e ro"!"ion o# "he 0o'"!ge

V%e,4 wi"h i"% !,i/ !gni"/de+ Fig+ +44 %how% "he on"ro' r!nge o# "he DPFC wi"h "he

"r!n%i%%ion !ng'e +

Fig +44 DPFC !"i0e !nd re!"i0e ower on"ro' r!nge wi"h "he "r!n%i%%ion !ng'e +

To en%/re "he %erie% on0er"er% "o in6e" ! 9


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Fig +48 Re'!"ion%hi &e"weenP%e,4 !nd "he ower #'ow !" "he reei0ing end+

Con%e./en"'*2 "he re./ired !"i0e ower &* "he %erie% on0er"er !n &e wri""en !% #o''ow%:

(+;)

Where "he oe##iien" !nd i% "he !re! o# "he "ri!ng'e (, Sr, Sr )+

The !ng'e di##erene r r !n &e o%i"i0e or neg!"i0e2 !nd "he %ign gi0e% "he dire"ion o#

"he !"i0e ower "hro/gh "he DPFC %erie% on0er"er%+ The o%i"i0e %ign e!n% "h!" "he DPFC

%erie% on0er"er% gener!"e !"i0e ower !" "he #/nd!en"!' #re./en* !nd vise versa+ The

!"i0e ower re./ireen" 0!rie% wi"h "he on"ro''ed ower #'ow2 !nd "he !"i0e ower

re./ireen" h!% i"% !,i/ when "he 0e"or Sr Sr i% erendi/'!r "o "he 0e"or Sr 2 !%

%hown in Fig+ +49+

Fig +49 5!,i/ !"i0e ower re./ireen" o# "he %erie% on0er"er%+

Aording "o Fig+ +492 "he re'!"ion%hi &e"ween "he ower #'ow on"ro' r!nge !nd "he

!,i/ !"i0e ower re./ireen" !n &e rere%en"ed &*

Dept. of EEE 36


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++ (+


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Fig +4 DPFC ower-#'ow on"ro' r!nge+

To o&"!in "he %!e on"ro' !!&i'i"* !% "he UPFC2 "he r!"ing o# "he DPFC on0er"er

!" "he #/nd!en"!' #re./en* %ho/'d &e "he %!e !% "he one #or "he UPFC+ Be!/%e "he

0o'"!ge% !nd /rren"% !" "he "hird-h!roni #re./en* h!0e "o &e !dded2 "he r!"ing o# "he

DPFC on0er"er i% %'igh"'* '!rger "h!n "he UPFC+ The inre!%ed r!"ing i% re'!"ed wi"h "he

!"i0e ower e,h!nged !" "he "hird-h!roni #re./en*+ For ! "r!n%i%%ion 'ine2 "he 'ine

ied!ne |X4 | i% nor!''* !ro/nd +; +/+ (er /ni")+ A%%/ing "he &/% 0o'"!ge% |V | !nd

/noen%!"ed ower #'ow |Sr |i% 4 +/+2 !nd "hen2 #ro (+)2 we !n %ee "h!" "o on"ro' 4-

+/+ ower #'ow2 "he e,h!nged !"i0e ower i% !ro/nd +; +/+

E0en wi"h "hi% e,"r! 0o'"!ge !nd /rren" !" "he "hird-h!roni #re./en*2 "he o%" o#

"he DPFC i% %"i'' /h 'ower "h!n "he UPFC2 #or "he #o''owing re!%on%: 4) "he UPFC

on0er"er h!nd'e% "he 'ine-"o-'ine 0o'"!ge i%o'!"ion "h!" i% /h '!rger "h!n 0o'"!ge in6e"ed

&* "he %erie% on0er"er7 8) no '!nd re./ireen" #or "he %erie% on0er"er7 !nd 9) "he !"i0e !nd

!%%i0e oonen"% #or "he DPFC on0er"er !re 'ow-0o'"!ge oonen"% ('e%% "h!n 4$V !nd


39/44


40/44


S"e re%on%e o# "he DPFC: %erie% on0er"er 0o'"!ge+

Dept. of EEE 40


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S"e re%on%e o# "he DPFC: 'ine /rren"+

S"e re%on%e o# "he DPFC: &/% 0o'"!ge !nd /rren" !" "he %ide o# "he "r!n%#orer+

Dept. of EEE 41


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S"e re%on%e o# "he DPFC: !"i0e !nd re!"i0e ower in6e"ed &* "he %erie% on0er"er !" "he

#/nd!en"!' #re./en*+

Dept. of EEE 42


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44/44


RFRNCS

4 +-@+ Song !nd A+ ohn%2 F'e,i&'e ! Tr!n%i%%ion S*%"e% (FACTS) (IEE Power !nd

Energ* Serie%)2 0o'+ 9+ London2 U++: In%"i"/"ion o# E'e"ri!' Engineer%2 4+

8 N+ ?+ @ingor!ni !nd L+ ?*/g*i2 Under%"!nding FACTS: Cone"% !nd Tehno'og* o#F'e,i&'e AC Tr!n%i%%ion S*%"e%+ New or$: IEEE Pre%%2 8+

9 L+?*/g*i2 C+D+ Sh!/der2 S+ L+Wi''i!%2 T+ R+ Rie"!n2D+ R+ Torger%on2 And A+ Edri%2

The /ni#ied ower #'ow on"ro''er: A new !ro!h "o ower "r!n%i%%ion on"ro'21 IEEE

Tr!n%+ Power De'+2 0o'+ 42 no+ 82 + 4H; 42 Ar+ 4;+

A+-A+ Edri%2 Proo%ed "er% !nd de#ini"ion% #or #'e,i&'e ! "r!n%i%%ion %*%"e (#!"%)21

IEEE Tr!n%+ Power De'+2 0o'+ 482 no+ 2 + 4HH4H;92 O"+ 4+

; + + Sen2 S%%-%"!"i %*nhrono/% %erie% oen%!"or: Theor*2 ode'ing2 !nd

!'i!"ion21 IEEE Tr!n%+ Power De'+2 0o'+ 492 no+ 42 + 848

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DISTRIBUTED POWER FLOW CONTROLER (DPFC)

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