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CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Lead
• Properties of lead
• Chief ores of lead
• Distribution of lead in India
• Uses of lead
• Conclusion
• References
INTRODUCTION•Lead was probably one of the first metals to be produced by man because itis highly malleable, easy to smelt and work with.
INTRODUCTION•Lead was probably one of the first metals to be produced by man because itis highly malleable, easy to smelt and work with.•. Romans used it for making iron pins to hold large stone blocks forbuildings.
INTRODUCTION•Lead was probably one of the first metals to be produced by man because itis highly malleable, easy to smelt and work with.•. Romans used it for making iron pins to hold large stone blocks forbuildings.•Ancient Indians possessed the knowledge of mining, metals and alloys; theliterary evidence of which is evidenced in Kautilya's ‘Arthsastra’, a treatise onmining and metals written in about 400 BC.
INTRODUCTION•Lead was probably one of the first metals to be produced by man because itis highly malleable, easy to smelt and work with.•. Romans used it for making iron pins to hold large stone blocks forbuildings.•Ancient Indians possessed the knowledge of mining, metals and alloys; theliterary evidence of which is evidenced in Kautilya's ‘Arthsastra’, a treatise onmining and metals written in about 400 BC.• India’s present need for lead is met mostly by imports from foreign countries..
INTRODUCTION•Lead was probably one of the first metals to be produced by man because itis highly malleable, easy to smelt and work with.•. Romans used it for making iron pins to hold large stone blocks forbuildings.•Ancient Indians possessed the knowledge of mining, metals and alloys; theliterary evidence of which is evidenced in Kautilya's ‘Arthsastra’, a treatise onmining and metals written in about 400 BC.• India’s present need for lead is met mostly by imports from foreign countries.• The total world productions of lead metal in 1990 were about 5.7 million tonnes, to which India’s contributions were about 0.7%(0.040 m.tonnes) lead.
INTRODUCTION•Lead was probably one of the first metals to be produced by man because itis highly malleable, easy to smelt and work with.•. Romans used it for making iron pins to hold large stone blocks forbuildings.•Ancient Indians possessed the knowledge of mining, metals and alloys; theliterary evidence of which is evidenced in Kautilya's ‘Arthsastra’, a treatise onmining and metals written in about 400 BC.• India’s present need for lead is met mostly by imports from foreign countries.• The total world productions of lead metal in 1990 were about 5.7 million tonnes, to which India’s contributions were about 0.7%(0.040 m.tonnes) lead.•USA, Russia, Japan, Germany, UK, Canada, France, Australia, Belgium, and China together produce majority of the world production of refined lead
INTRODUCTION•Lead was probably one of the first metals to be produced by man because itis highly malleable, easy to smelt and work with.•. Romans used it for making iron pins to hold large stone blocks forbuildings.•Ancient Indians possessed the knowledge of mining, metals and alloys; theliterary evidence of which is evidenced in Kautilya's ‘Arthsastra’, a treatise onmining and metals written in about 400 BC.• India’s present need for lead is met mostly by imports from foreign countries.• The total world productions of lead metal in 1990 were about 5.7 million tonnes, to which India’s contributions were about 0.7%(0.040 m.tonnes) lead.•USA, Russia, Japan, Germany, UK, Canada, France, Australia, Belgium, and China together produce majority of the world production of refined lead
LEAD
Lead(Pb) occurs in native state, but it is quite rare.
LEAD
Lead(Pb) occurs in native state, but it is quite rare.The metal is bluish grey in colour & shows on its fresh surface a bright metallic lustre which quickly oxidiseson exposure to air.
LEAD
Lead(Pb) occurs in native state, but it is quite rare.The metal is bluish grey in colour & shows on its fresh surface a bright metallic lustre which quickly oxidiseson exposure to air. It is so soft that it can be scratched with finger-nail and shows a black streak on paper.
LEAD
Lead(Pb) occurs in native state, but it is quite rare.The metal is bluish grey in colour & shows on its fresh surface a bright metallic lustre which quickly oxidiseson exposure to air. It is so soft that it can be scratched with finger-nail and shows a black streak on paper.Its high Sp.Gr of 11.34 makes it heavy.
LEAD
Lead(Pb) occurs in native state, but it is quite rare.The metal is bluish grey in colour & shows on its fresh surface a bright metallic lustre which quickly oxidiseson exposure to air. It is so soft that it can be scratched with finger-nail and shows a black streak on paper.Its high Sp.Gr of 11.34 makes it heavy.It is highly resistant to corrosion, hence is used for storage of acids
LEAD
Lead(Pb) occurs in native state, but it is quite rare.The metal is bluish grey in colour & shows on its fresh surface a bright metallic lustre which quickly oxidiseson exposure to air. It is so soft that it can be scratched with finger-nail and shows a black streak on paper.Its high Sp.Gr of 11.34 makes it heavy.It is highly resistant to corrosion, hence is used for storage of acids.Deposits of lead are either of hydrothermal (cavity –filling and replacement) or of sedimentary origin.
LEAD
Lead(Pb) occurs in native state, but it is quite rare.The metal is bluish grey in colour & shows on its fresh surface a bright metallic lustre which quickly oxidiseson exposure to air. It is so soft that it can be scratched with finger-nail and shows a black streak on paper.Its high Sp.Gr of 11.34 makes it heavy.It is highly resistant to corrosion, hence is used for storage of acidsDeposits of lead are either of hydrothermal (cavity –filling and replacement) or of sedimentary origin.
PROPERTIES OF LEAD
• Colour -metallic gray• Streak -lead gray• Luster -Metallic• Diaphaneity -opaque• Cleavage -None• Hardness -2 to 2.5 • Specific Gravity -11.34 • Diagnostic Properties -Luster, streak• Chemical Composition -Pb• Crystal System -Isometric
CHIEF ORES OF LEAD
• Galena(PbS)• Cerussite(PbCO3)• Anglesite(PbSO4)
DISTRIBUTION OF LEAD IN INDIA
85% of the lead deposits if India occur in Rajasthan.
The important lead deposits of India include Rampura-Agucha
(Bhilwara district), Rajpura-Daribaand Sindesar (Rajsamand district),
Zawar (Udaipur), Sawarand Kayar-Ghugra (Ajmer district), Basantgarh and Deri (Sirohi district)
in Rajasthan;Mineralisation occurs along several
belts in rocks ofthe Aravalli (Ca +1400 my) and
Delhi (Ca +740 my) Supergroupsand in
pre-Aravalli (Ca +2200 my) rocks.
RAJASTHAN
Rampura-Agucha Lead-Zinc Mines
Rampura-Agucha Lead-Zinc Mines
ANDHRA PRADESHGalena occurs at Chityala and Chelima in Kurnool district,
Karempudi in Guntur district and Zangamrajupalle in Cuddapah
district. Galena is also reported to occur near Chintakunta in
Nalgonda district and Jestaipalliin Khamam district.
These deposits and occurrences are mostly hosted in rocks of the Cuddapah Supergroup and to a
lesser extent in rocks of the Kurnool Group, Pakhal
supergroup
JHARKHAND
Occurrences of argentiferouslead ore had been located in
Hazaribagh district. Galena is found in parts of Singhbhum,
Ranchi, Hazaribagh and Palamaudistricts but with little chance of success in their working. The GSI
has taken up investigation in some parts of the State
MADHYA PRADESHLead-ores, often argentiferous, are on a fairly large scale. Mahanadi River near Padampur, Bilaspurdistrict. Occurrences have been
reported at Ranitalao near Chicholi, Thelkadand Karamatara in Durg
district, Bhelaunda and Chiraikhurdin Sarguja district, Andar in Shivpuri
district and near Kurol in Gwalior district.
In Madhya Pradesh, basemetaldeposits and occurrences have been
recorded from Malanjkhandgranitoid belt, Bhundelkhand granite
complex and the Mahakhosal and Vindhyan Groups of rocks.
KARNATAKA
Lumps of galena were found at Metri, 40 kms north-west of Bellary during 1951-52; but
detailed prospecting by drilling and pitting has shown that the deposits are not of economic importance. Some minor occurrences of lead-ore are known near Ingaldhal in
Chitradurga district.These deposits and occurrences are
mostly hosted in rocks of the Dharwar supergroup.
ODISHA
The lead-ore deposits were located along a 35 km belt of the
Sargipalli in Sundargarh, Kesarpur in Mayurbhanj
district,Karmali in Sambalpur. During the year 1986 the
district of Sundargarh produced 5,451 tonnes of lead
concentrate.Lead mineralization forms part of the southern extension of the
Singhbhum Copper belt of Jharkhand.
GUJARAT
Lead ores are found in Ambamata-Chitrasani
in BanasakanthaDistrict , Khandia in
Vadodara district
WEST BENGALSmall pockets of argentiferous galena, cerussite and sphalerite occur in the
dolomite bands in Buxa Duars area of Jalpaiguri district. Lead-ores occur also
in a number of other places in Darjeeling and western Duars area. In the district of
Darjeeling 2.27 million tonnes of probably recoverable reserves have been estimated in which each of the lead and
zinc metals, are estimated at 56 thousand tonnes.
Lead-zinc deposit occurs in the DalingGroup (Precambrian to early Cambrian
age) which consists mainly grey green orgreen chlorite-quartz-sericite
schist/phyllite, sericite-chlorite quartzite, quartzmagnetite
rock, mylonites, epidiorites, etc.
USES OF LEAD
• Lead is the main constituent of lead-acid batteries
USES OF LEAD
• Lead is the main constituent of lead-acid batteries• It is widely used as a coloring agent in stained glasses for reducing the
radiation transmission.
USES OF LEAD
• Lead is the main constituent of lead-acid batteries• It is widely used as a coloring agent in stained glasses for reducing the
radiation transmission.• Due to its high specific gravity it is used as fishing sinkers and in
balancing wheels of vehicles.
USES OF LEAD
• Lead is the main constituent of lead-acid batteries• It is widely used as a coloring agent in stained glasses for reducing the
radiation transmission.• Due to its high specific gravity it is used as fishing sinkers and in
balancing wheels of vehicles.• It is also used in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic for coating the electrical
metal wires, and for shielding from radiation in x-ray laboratories.
USES OF LEAD
• Lead is the main constituent of lead-acid batteries• It is widely used as a coloring agent in stained glasses for reducing the
radiation transmission.• Due to its high specific gravity it is used as fishing sinkers and in
balancing whee.ls of vehicles.• It is also used in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic for coating the electrical
metal wires, and for shielding from radiation in x-ray laboratories.• In electronics its use as soldering agent is well known.
USES OF LEAD
• Lead is the main constituent of lead-acid batteries• It is widely used as a coloring agent in stained glasses for reducing the
radiation transmission.• Due to its high specific gravity it is used as fishing sinkers and in
balancing whee.ls of vehicles.• It is also used in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic for coating the electrical
metal wires, and for shielding from radiation in x-ray laboratories.• In electronics its use as soldering agent is well known.• Molten lead is used as a coolant in lead cooled fast reactors.
USES OF LEAD
• Lead is the main constituent of lead-acid batteries• It is widely used as a coloring agent in stained glasses for reducing the
radiation transmission.• Due to its high specific gravity it is used as fishing sinkers and in
balancing whee.ls of vehicles.• It is also used in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic for coating the electrical
metal wires, and for shielding from radiation in x-ray laboratories.• In electronics its use as soldering agent is well known.• Molten lead is used as a coolant in lead cooled fast reactors.
• Lead has many applications in building constructions e.g. sheets as architectural metals in roofing, cladding, flashings, gutters and joints, etc.
CONCLUSION
• Occurrence of metallic or native lead is very rare.
CONCLUSION
• Occurrence of metallic or native lead is very rare.• It occurs as ore minerals mostly associated with zinc-cadmium-silver, and
some copper ores in varied geological environments and different rock formations.
.
CONCLUSION
• Occurrence of metallic or native lead is very rare.• It occurs as ore minerals mostly associated with zinc-cadmium-silver, and
some copper ores in varied geological environments and different rock formations.
• A total of 59 ore minerals of lead are known but the most common are galena (PbS ), cerussite (PbCO3), anglesite(PbSO4) and minium (Pb3O4).
CONCLUSION
• Occurrence of metallic or native lead is very rare.• It occurs as ore minerals mostly associated with zinc-cadmium-silver, and
some copper ores in varied geological environments and different rock formations.
• A total of 59 ore minerals of lead are known but the most common are galena (PbS ), cerussite (PbCO3), anglesite(PbSO4) and minium (Pb3O4).
• India has 176.8 Mt recoverable reserves of lead-zinc ore as on April 2000.
CONCLUSION
• Occurrence of metallic or native lead is very rare.• It occurs as ore minerals mostly associated with zinc-cadmium-silver, and
some copper ores in varied geological environments and different rock formations.
• A total of 59 ore minerals of lead are known but the most common are galena (PbS ), cerussite (PbCO3), anglesite(PbSO4) and minium (Pb3O4).
• India has 176.8 Mt recoverable reserves of lead-zinc ore as on April 2000.
• The important deposits of lead are in the states of Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal.
CONCLUSION
• Occurrence of metallic or native lead is very rare.• It occurs as ore minerals mostly associated with zinc-cadmium-silver, and
some copper ores in varied geological environments and different rock formations.
• A total of 59 ore minerals of lead are known but the most common are galena (PbS ), cerussite (PbCO3), anglesite(PbSO4) and minium (Pb3O4).
• India has 176.8 Mt recoverable reserves of lead-zinc ore as on April 2000.
• The important deposits of lead-zinc are in the states of Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal.
REFERENCES
• Umeshwar Prasad;2014, Economic Geology-Economic Mineral
Deposits. CBS Publications, pp. 109-114
• K.M Bangar;2014, Principles of Engineering Geology, Standard Publishers, pp. 349-351
• K.V.G.K. Gokhale & T.C Rao;1973, Ore Deposits of India, Thomson Press Ltd, pp.86-88
Digital Resources:
• http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,771815&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead
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