DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF AURANGABADmines.bih.nic.in/DSR/MM/DSR-MM-Aurangabad.pdf10/23/2018 DISTRICT...

10/23/2018

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF AURANGABAD Sand Mineral and Brick Kilns

As per Notification No. S.O. 3611 (E) New Delhi, the 25th

July, 2018 of Ministry of

Environment Forest and Climate change, Government of India

Prepared by

INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENT & ECO- DEVELOPMENT, PATNA

Ground Floor, Shyam Nagar Colony, Maurya Path, Khajpura P.O. B.V. College,

Patna-800014, Bihar, India E-mail- [email protected] Website-

www.ieedindia.in Tel.: 0612-2590373, Telefax- 0612-2590373 M-+91-

9472919161, 7004620817

Submitted to

Under Secretary

Mines & Geology Department, Government of Bihar

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.ieedindia.in/

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - AURANGABAD - BIHAR Page 1

PREFACE

The Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MoEF&CC), Government of India, made

Environmental Clearance (EC) for mining of minerals mandatory through its Notification of 27th

January, 1994 under the provisions of Environment Protection Act, 1986. Keeping in view the

experience gained in environmental clearance process over a period of one decade, the MoEF&CC

came out with Environmental Impact Notification, SO 1533 (E), dated 14th September 2006. Now

again Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MoEF&CC), Government of India

amended the notification S.O. 141(E) Dated 15th

January, 2016 videS.O. 3611(E) Dated 25th

July, 2018. It has been made mandatory to obtain environmental clearance for different kinds of

development projects as listed in Appendix-X of the Notification.

Further, in pursuance to the order of Hon’ble Supreme Court dated the 27th February, 2012 in I.A.

No.12- 13 of 2011 in Special Leave Petition (C) No.19628-19629 of 2009, in the matter of Deepak

Kumar etc. Vs. State of Haryana and Others etc., prior environmental clearance has now become

mandatory for mining of minor minerals irrespective of the area of mining lease; And also in view of

the Hon’ble National Green Tribunal, order dated the 13th January, 2015 in the matter regarding sand

mining has directed for making a policy on environmental clearance for mining leases in cluster for

minor Minerals, The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change in consultation with State

governments has prepared Guidelines on Sustainable Sand Mining detailing the provisions on

environmental clearance for cluster, creation of District Environment Impact Assessment Authority

and proper monitoring of minor mineral mining using information technology and information

technology enabled services to track the mined out material from source to destination.

The DEIAA and DEAC will scrutinize and recommend the prior environmental clearance of mining

of minor minerals on the basis of District Survey Report. This will a model and guiding document

which is a compendium of available mineral resources, geographical set up, environmental and

ecological set up of the district and replenishment of minerals and is based on data of various

departments, published reports, journals and websites. The District Survey Report will form the basis

for application for environmental clearance, preparation of reports and appraisal of projects. The

Report will be updated once every five years.


OBJECTIVES

The main objective of the preparation of District Survey Report (as per the Sustainable Sand

Mining Guideline) is to ensure the following –

Identification of mineral wealth in the district.

Identification of areas of aggradations or deposition where mining can be allowed;

and

Identification of areas of erosion and proximity to infrastructural structures and

installations where mining should be prohibited and calculation of annual rate of

replenishment and allowing time for replenishment after mining in that area.


INDEX

Sl. No. Chapters Page No.

Chapter-1 Introduction 4

Chapter-2 Overview of Mining Activity in the District 13

Chapter-3 The List of Mining Leases in the District with location, area and

period of validity

16

Chapter-4 Details of Royalty or Revenue received from minor minerals in last

three years

17

Chapter-5 Detail of Production of Sand in last three years 18

Chapter-6 Process of Deposition of Sediments in the rivers of the District 19

Chapter-7 General Profile of the District 23

Chapter-8 Land Utilization Pattern in the district: Forest, Agriculture,

Horticulture, Mining etc.

25

Chapter-9 Physiography of the District 28

Chapter-10 Rainfall: month-wise 33

Chapter-11 Geology and Mineral Wealth

Drainage System with description of main rivers.

Salient Features of Important Rivers and Streams

34

Chapter-12 Status of Brick Kilns in Aurangabad district 40

References 41

Annexures


CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

As per Gazette Notification of 15th January, 2016 of Ministry of Environment, Forest and

Climate Change a survey shall be carried out by the District Environment Impact Assessment

Authority (DEIAA) with assistance of Irrigation department, Drainage department, Forest

department, Mining department and Revenue department in district of preparation of District

Survey Report as per the sustainable sand mining guidelines to ensure identification of are of

aggradations or deposition where mining can be allowed, and identification of areas of erosion

and proximity to infrastructural structures and installation where mining should be prohibited

and calculation of annual rate of replenishment and allowing time for replenishment after mining

in that area.

Every effort has been made to cover sand mining locations, areas and overviews of mining

activity in the district with all the relevant features pertaining to geology and mineral wealth in

replenishable and non-replenishable areas of rivers, stream and other sources. The mineral

potential is calculated based on field investigation taking coordinates of the area and gather all

relevant information and geology of the catchment area of the river or stream. Also gather all

data for bricks mining, taking area coordinates with local soil quality, availability of soil etc.

Also as per the site condition and location depth of mineable mineral is defined. The area of

removal of mineral in the river and stream is decided on geomorphology and other factors, it can

be 50% to 60% of the area of a particular river or stream. Similarly for bricks mining all data

gathered. Other constituents like clay and slit are excluded as waste while calculating the mineral

potential of particular river or stream. This District Survey Report shall form the basis of

application for environmental, preparation of reports and appraisal of projects. The report shall

be updated once every 5 years.


Historical Perspective:-

Aurangabad district is one of the

districts of Bihar, and

Aurangabad town is the

administrative headquarters of

this district. Aurangabad district

is a part of Magadh division. It is

situated on the Grand Trunk

Road. Aurangabad features in

traditional records. The Saint

Chyawan spent his life in this

district, and gives his name to a

product of the area, called

Chyawanprash. According to

Hindu mythology, a deity named

a small town in the area Surya

Devta. In modern times, the town's name is Deo, and is the location of a popular religious

festival called Chhat puja.

Location, Area and Administrative Details:-

Aurangabad is one of the 38 districts in Bihar. It is one of the 5 districts of Magadh division. The

head quarter of the district is Aurangabad. The district with a geographical area of 3389 Km2

between the longitudes of

840 00’- 84

0 45’ E and

latitudes of 240 30’ -25

015’ N is located in the

South Bihar Plains (SBP)

and constitute a part of the

marginal alluvial plains of

Ganga Basin. The Sone

River forms the western

boundary of the district and

at the southern boundary

lays the Chhotanagpur

Granitic Gneissic Complex

(CGGC) of Jharkhand

state, which forms a part of

the peninsular India. The

district is bounded in the

north and the east by the

Arwal district and the Gaya district respectively. The district has two sub-divisions namely


Aurangabad and Daudnagar and 11 blocks, namely Madanpur, Kutumbba, Daudnagar,

Aurangabad, Barun, Obra, Deo, Nabinagar, Haspura, Goh and Rafiganj. There is total 224 Gram

Panchayats covering 1712 villages in the district.

Topography:-

The District can be divided into two regions namely hard core rock region and Jalodhak

region.The district consists of flat alluvial plain. The northern portion of the district is mostly a

plain formed an alluvial soil and is extremely fertile. In a few portion of Aurangabad, fertile

alluvium is found. This is locally known as Kewal and is very suitable for paddy, wheat and

sugar-cane. In the southwestern part of this district, below the hills, sandy loam is found. The

only important and principal river of the district is the Sone which rises near the sources of

Narbada and Mahanadi in the elevated plateau of Central India near Maikal Hills. It treverses a

course of 520 kilometres through a hilly tract until it enters the gangetic valley opposite

Akbarpur in Rohtas district. It then passes Barun and Daudnagar and then leaves the district. The

Sone receives no tributary of any importance from the point where it enters the district until it

joins the Ganges. The river, as a matter of fact, does not enter the district and after passing Barun

and Daudanagar, leaves the district. At Barun there is a massive masonry dam on the river Sone.

Forest:-

Aurangabad forest is divided into four regions. The forest mostly have dry dedicous trees i.e.,

tandu patta, khair, plantseeso, akesia, ambala and bair.

In past the area was well known for its wildlife games. However, in present times wildlife is not

prominent in the tract. Jackal, hare, rats, monkeys and few reptiles are seen in this tract.


Basin/Sub-Basin and Drainage:-

The Aurangabad

district falls in

the Punpun River

Sub-basin. The

craton-origin

Punpun River is a

3 rd. order

stream, forming a

souther tributary

of the Ganga

River. It forms

the major

drainage and the

entire

Aurangabad

district falls in

the watershed of

the river. There

are other

drainages namely

Batane, Batre,

Adri, Ramrekha, Kasman, Madar, Dhawa etc, which merge with Punpun at different points

within the district and the trunk river flows out of the district as a single thread. Major stretches

of the river seem to follow the palaeochannels of Sone. The river in its northern stretches is

highly incised and often braided. The northwestern peripheral part is drained by the river Sone,

flowing from south-west to north-east. Though, the Sone and the Punpun bear little flow during

non-monsoon periods, most of the other streams in the district remain almost dry during the same

period.

Land use, Agriculture and Irrigation Practices:-

The people of the district depend on agriculture for their livelihood and sustenance. Rice and

wheat are the staple crops. Besides, mustard, vegetables and dal are richly cultivated, specifically

in the southern parts of the district. The northwestern parts of the district covering the blocks

such as Barun, Obra, Daudnagar, Goh and Hanspura get East Sone Canal water for irrigation.

Though, there is a culture of triple harvesting a year in the district, in many parts people fail to

achieve this due to lack of irrigation facilities.

Location of Aurangabad district in the map of Bihar:-



The district is divided into 2 subdivisions and 11 blocks which are as under:-

Division District Sub-division Blocks

Magadh Aurangabad 1. Aurangabad and

2. Daudnagar

1. Madanpur

2. Kutumbba

3. Daudnagar

4. Aurangabad

5. Barun

6. Obra

7. Deo

8. Nabinagar

9. Haspura

10. Goh

11. Rafiganj


Hydrogeology of Aurangabad:-

Water Bearing Formations:-

Unconsolidated Quaternary Alluvium,

weathered zone and consolidated (fissured)

formation-Granite gneiss form three

hydrogeological units in the district. About

95% of the geographical area of the

Aurangabad district is covered with

Quaternary Gangetic alluvial deposits. The

groundwater occurs under unconfined

conditions in the shallow aquifer whereas in

the deeper aquifers it occurs under confined

conditions. The shallow tube wells in the

depth range of 30-50 m are capable of

yielding 15-20 m3 /hr discharges, whereas,

the deeper aquifers are capable of yielding

50-100 m3 /hr. The thickness of the

weathered zone ranges from 5 m to 30 m.

Ground water occurs under unconfined

condition within the weathered mantle.

Joints, cracks, fractures and other types of

secondary porosity control the occurrence

and movement of groundwater. The

discharge and yield of the wells varies from

place to place due to in homogeneity of the fractures. The results of the exploratory drilling

carried out by the Central Ground Water Board at Deo in the hard rock area indicate presence of

2 to 3 sets of productive fractures down to a depth of 135 m (33-35 m, 68-70 m & 79-80 m depth

ranges). The yield from the wells varied between 30-40 m3 /hr. The transmissivity of the fracture

zones varied between 16-28.5 m2/day, whereas, the Storativity was estimated at 0.0111

indicating unconfined character of the aquifer.

Source: Centre for Ground Water Board (CGWB)

Climate and Rainfall:-

A warm and humid climate embraces the area. 175 The summer (March–June) is hot with mean

maximum temperature during June (peak summer) as 36.60C. A dry and cold winter (October to

February) records mean minimum temperature as 9.20C in January. Humidity varies from 24.7%

to 83.45% (Govt. of Bihar 1994). The districts in the SBP fall in the South Agro-Climatic Zones

of Bihar and the annual rainfall in this area varies within 990-1300 mm. 88% of this rainfall

comes during the southwest monsoon (June to September). The months July and August register

peak rainfall in a year .The last decade rainfall distribution indicates alternate peaks and troughs

in rainfall.


Soils:-

Three types of soil are mainly observed in the district:

a) Younger Alluvial soils,

b) Older Alluvial soils, and

c) Foot hill soils.

These soils have been formed as a narrow belt along the western periphery of the district

following the Sone River. These are generally yellowish white to reddish yellow in colour, sandy

to loamy sand in texture. Major parts of the district are occupied by the Older Alluvial soils.

These soils are composed of very fine to fine sand and clay. These are gray to grayish yellow in

colour and moderate to heavy

in texture. They develop wide

polygonal cracks during the

dry season. Layers of calcium

carbonate concretions are also

common in some places. The

foot hill soils occur at the

southern parts of the district in

the blocks of Kutumba, Deo,

Madanpur and Rafiganj. These

soils are mainly derived from

the crystalline rocks. These soils form a very thin veneer over the bed-rocks. These are generally

light textured, stony and gravelly, moderately acidic in nature. Most of these soils support the

forests.


Connectivity:-

Aurangabad town is located in north east India on the national highway 02 (Grand Trunk Road)

at its crossing with national highway 98. It’s nearest large town is Bodh Gaya 70 kilometres

(43 miles) to the west. The capital of Bihar, Patna is 140 kilometres (87 mi) to the north east.


By Road

Some of the important

stations/routes from where

regular buses service is

available to & from

Aurangabad (Bihar)

1. Patna To

Aurangabad Bihar

Distance By Road:

140 Km

2. Ranchi to

Aurangabad Bihar

approximate

distance is 231

Kms.

By Train

Anugrah Narayan Road

(AUBR) is the Nearest

Railway Station, about 09

KM far from Aurangabad

City. NH-139 (Old NH-98)

and NH-19 (Old NH-02)

are the Major Highways

Connects Aurangabad

to Patna, Daltonganj, New

Delhi and Kolkata.

By Air

Aurangabad is not well

connected to other major cities of the country via regular flights. The nearest airport is Jay

Prakash Narayan International Airport in Patna at a distance around 140kms in North-East

direction.


CHAPTER - 2

OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITY IN THE DISTRICT

Topography:-

The District can be divided into two regions namely hard core rock region and Jalodhak region.

The district consists of flat alluvial plain. The northern portion of the district is mostly a plain

formed an alluvial soil and is extremely fertile. In a few portion of Aurangabad, fertile alluvium

is found. This is locally known as Kewal and is very suitable for paddy, wheat and sugar-cane. In

the southwestern part of this district, below the hills, sandy loam is found. The only important

and principal river of the district is the Sone which rises near the sources of Narbada and

Mahanadi in the elevated plateau of Central India near Maikal Hills. It traverses a course of 520

kilometres through a hilly tract until it enters the gangetic valley opposite Akbarpur in Rohtas

district. It then passes Barun and Daudnagar and then leaves the district. The Sone receives no

tributary of any importance from the point where it enters the district until it joins the Ganges.

The river, as a matter of fact, does not enter the district and after passing Barun and Daudanagar,

leaves the district. At Barun there is a massive masonry dam on the river Sone.

General Geology:-

The general geology of Aurangabad district is Stretches hard/crystalline rocks exists along the

southern parts of the district covering the parts of Nabinagar, Deo, Kutumba, Rafiganj and

Madanpur blocks. As far as rock types are concerned, in the western parts, a narrow stretch of

Vindhyan rocks (sandstones and quartzite) exists, whereas in the central and eastern parts

granitic (porphyritic) and gneissic rocks predominate. The remaining major part of the district is

occupied by alluvium, which lies directly and unconformably over the basement rocks. The

basement rocks dip northward. In the southern parts of the district the alluvial cover over the

basement is thin ranging in thickness from few meters to few tens of meters, whereas in the

northern and northwestern parts, the alluvial cover goes up to a depth of 100-150 m below

ground. In the southern parts, basement is exposed as inliers in a linear fashion at many patches.

Availability of Mineral resources:-


The mineral resources of Aurangabad district playing massive role in industrial, social and economic

development of the district.

Available mineral resources in the district:-

Sand

Sandstones

Quartzite

Approach to Sand Mining:-

River sand mining is a common practice as habitation concentrates along the rivers and the

mining locations are preferred near the markets or along the transportation route, for reducing the

transportation cost. River sand mining can damage private and public properties as well as

aquatic habitats. Excessive removal of sand may significantly distort the natural equilibrium of a

stream channel.

Main objectives of Sustainable Sand Mining:-

To ensure that sand and gravel mining is done in environmentally sustainable and

socially responsible manner.

To ensure availability of adequate quantity of aggregate in sustainable manner.

To improve the effectiveness of monitoring of mining and transportation of mined out

material:

Ensure conservation of the river equilibrium and its natural environment by protection

and restoration of the ecological system.

Avoid aggradations at the downstream reach especially those with hydraulic structures

such as jetties, water intakes etc.

Ensure that the rivers are protected from bank and bed erosion beyond its stable profile.

No obstruction to the river flow, water transport and restoring the riparian rights and in

stream habitats.

Avoid pollution of river water leading to water quality deterioration.

To prevent depletion of ground water reserves due to excessive draining out of ground

water.


To prevent ground water pollution by prohibiting sand mining on fissures where it works

as filter prior to ground water recharge.

To maintain the river equilibrium with the application of sediment transport principles in

determining the locations, period and quantity to be extracted

Streamlining and simplifying the process for grant of environmental clearance (EC) for

sustainable mining.


CHAPTER - 3

LIST OF MINING LEASES IN THE DISTRICT WITH LOCATION, AREA AND

PERIOD OF VALIDITY

E.C. Approved Sand Ghat Status of Aurangabad District

SR.

No.

Name of Sand

Ghat & River

Area

in

Hect

s.

Perio

d (in

Yrs)

Name of

Minor

Minerals

Name of

Granted of

Minerals

Concession

Annual

Capacity as

per

E.C./Mining

Plants/Tor in

MT.

Present

Status

1 Dihra Sand Ghat

(Son River)

4.9 5 Sand M/s Aditya

Multicom

Pvt. Ltd.

Near Hotal

Vandana,

Shivganj,

Pali Road,

Dehrion Son,

Rohtas, Bihar

2 Petarhi Sand Ghat

(Batane River)

1.5 5

3 Gautholi Sand

Ghat (Son River)

9.33 5

4 Mahirawan Sand

Ghat (Son River)

4.5 5

5 Dhongra Sand

Ghat (Batane

River)

4.8 5

6 Silar Sand Ghat

(Batane River)

4.5 5

7 Purnabigha Sand

Ghat (Son River)

4.9 5

8 Dumra Sand Ghat

(Batane River)

4 5

9 Pawai Sand Ghat

(Batane River)

4.8 5

10 Baghtarpa Sand

Ghat (Batane

River)

2.5 5

11 Bela Sand Ghat

(Punpun River)

2.3 5

12 Raipur Sand Ghat

(Batane River)

2.5 5

Details of new identified sand Ghats is attached in annexure-I


CHAPTER - 4

DETAILS OF ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED FROM MINOR MINERALS IN

LAST THREE YEARS

Sl. No. Financial Year Total (Rs. In Lakh)

1 2014-15 10075.12

2 2015-16 7298.90

3 2016-17 8824.70

Total 26198.72


CHAPTER - 5

DETAILS OF PRODUCTION OF SAND IN LAST THREE YEARS

Sl.No. Year Production

1 2014-15

2 2015-16

3 2016-17

Total


CHAPTER - 6

PROCESS OF DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS IN THE RIVERS OF THE DISTRICT

PROCESS:-

Sediment is a naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and

erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of wind, water and/or by the force of

gravity acting on the particles. Sediments are most often transported by water. Sediment is

transported based on the strength of the flow that carries it and its own size, volume, density, and

shape. Stronger flows will increase the lift and drag on the particle, causing it to rise, while larger

or denser particles will be more likely to fall through the flow.

Deposition is the processes

where material being

transported by a river is

deposited. Deposition occurs

when a river loses energy. This

can be when a river enters a

shallow area (this could be

when it floods and comes into

contact with the flood plain) or

towards its mouth where it

meets another body of water.

Rivers flood on a regular basis. The area over which they flood is known as the floodplain and

this often coincides with regions where meanders form. Meanders support the formation of flood

plains through lateral erosion.

When rivers flood the velocity of water slows. As the result of this the river's capacity to

transport material is reduced and deposition occurs. This deposition leaves a layer of sediment

across the whole floodplain. After a series of floods layers of sediment form along the flood

plain.


Larger material and the majority of deposition occur next to the river channel. This is the result

of increased friction (with the flood plain) causing the velocity of the river to slow and therefore

rapidly reduce its ability to transport material. This leaves a ridge of higher material next to the

river channel on both banks of the river known as a levee.

If the upwards velocity approximately equal to the settling velocity, sediment will be transported

Downstream entirely as suspended load. If the upwards velocity is much less than the settling

velocity, but still high enough for the sediment to move, it will move along the bed as bed load

by rolling, sliding, and saltating (jumping up into the flow, being transported a short distance

then settling again). If the upwards velocity is higher than the settling velocity, the sediment will

be transported high in the flow as wash load.

As there are generally a range of different particle sizes in the flow, it is common for material of

different sizes to move through all areas of the flow for given stream conditions.

The various factors governing the occurrence and deposition of sand is country rock i.e.

geological disposition, climate, and rainfall, water load physical parameters of river and velocity

of water current. Rivers have a lot of energy and because they have energy, they do stuff. The

obvious things rivers do with their energy is flow but, besides this, they also transport load, erode

load and erode the channel through which they flow. Erosion is the breaking down of material by

an agent. In the case of a river, the agent is water. The water can erode the river’s channel and

the river’s load. A river’s load is bits of eroded material, generally rocks, which the river

transports until it deposits its load.

Capacity & Competence Rivers can only carry so many loads depending on their energy. The

maximum volume of load that a river can carry at a specific point in its course is called the age

river’s capacity. The biggest sized particle that a river could carry at a specific point is called the

river’s competence. Deposition to transport load a river needs to have energy so when a river

loses energy it is forced to deposit its load. There are several reasons why a river could lose

energy. If the river’s discharge is reduced then the river will lose energy because it isn’t flowing

as quickly anymore. This could happen because of a lack of precipitation or an increase in

evaporation. Increased human use (abstraction) of a river could also reduce its discharge forcing

It deposits its load. If the gradient of the river’s course flattens out, the river will deposit its load

because it will be travelling a lot slower. When a river meets the sea a river will deposit its load


because the gradient is generally reduced at sea level and the sea will absorb a lot of energy. As

rivers get nearer to their mouths they flow in increasingly wide, gentle sided valleys. The

channel increases in size to hold the extra water which the river has to receive from its

tributaries. As the river gets bigger it can carry larger amounts of material. This material will be

small in size, as larger rocks will have broken up on their way from the mountains. Much of the

material will be carried in suspension and will erode the river banks by abrasion. When rivers

flow over flatter land, they develop large bends called meanders. As a river goes around a bend

most of the water is pushed towards the outside causing increased erosion. The river is now

eroding sideways into its banks rather than downwards into its bed, a process called lateral

erosion. On the inside of the bend, in contrast, there is much less water. The river will therefore

be shallow and slow-flowing. It cannot carry as much material and so sand and shingle will be

deposited.

This is called a point bar or slip off slope Due to erosion on the outside of a bend and deposition

on the inside, the shape of a meander will change over a period of time. Notice how erosion

narrows the neck of the land within the meander. In time, and usually during a flood, the river

will cut right through the neck. The river will then take the new, shorter route. The fastest

current, called the thalweg, will now tend to be in the centre of the river, and so deposition is

likely to occur in gentler water next to the banks. Eventually deposition will block off the old

meander to leave an oxbow lake. The oxbow lake will slowly dry up, only refilling after heavy

rain or during a flood. Streams lose velocity and make deposits when their gradient decreases,

when the volume of water decreases, when there is an increase in cross section, when they

encounter obstructions, or when they enter still water. They deposit alluvial fans, alluvial cones,

piedmont alluvial plains, channel fill, bars, flood plains and deltas.

Rivers in the Gangetic plains have a habit of meandering, i.e., changing course. In India this is a

prominent feature of rivers which swell in the monsoon, occasionally suddenly, and the torrential

movement carves out a new course in the soft alluvial plain. The Ganga River, in Patna, has

meandered and migrated northwards in the Patliputra area. This migration has resulted in

deposition of earth on the south [right] bank of the river and created a massive space of a few

hundred hectares between the urban development line and the active river channel.

A river system can be divided into three subsystems:-


Collecting system (branches) -- consisting of a network of tributaries in the headwater

region, collects and funnels water and sediment to the main stream.

Transporting system (trunk) -- the main trunk stream, which functions as a channel way

through which water and sediment move from the collecting area toward the ocean.

(Erosion and deposition also occur in a river's transporting system)

Dispersing system (roots) -- consists of a network of distributaries at the mouth of a river

(delta), where sediment and water are dispersed into an ocean, a lake, or a dry basin

Removal of washed in Silt Load:-

Geologically, the district forms part of the vast Indo-Gangetic alluvial tract. The origin of the

Indo -`Gangetic tract as a whole is now attributed to the sag in the earth crust formed in the

upper Eocene times between Gondwana land and the raising of Himalaya belt. The economic

minerals found in the district are Sand, Soil and Kankar.

The sand deposits being an integral part of the dynamic river system to which it belongs.

Therefore, as a part of natural cycle, the monsoon flow of every river carries with it

replenishment of silt and washed out soil and clay from upstream areas in the catchment. This

silt shall be removed during the sieving of sand before it is loaded into truck/tipper/trailer to

carry to the consumers.

Sand mining is critical to infrastructure development around the globe. Sand is an essential

minor mineral used extensively across the country as a useful construction constituent and

variety of other uses in sports, agriculture, glass making (a form of sand with high silica content)

etc. The rivers are the most important source of Sand. It acts as source of transportation and

deposition of sand etc.


CHAPTER-7

GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT

Sl.No. ITEMS STATISTICS

01 GENERAL INFORMATION

i) Geographical area (Sq.km) 3389

ii) Administrative Divisions 2

Number of Tehsil/Block 11

Number of Panchayat 203

Villages 1884

iii) Population (As on 2011 Census):

Rural

Urban

Total

2303219

236854

2540073

iv) Average Annual Rainfall (mm) 1106

02 GEOMORPHOLOGY

Major physiographic units Quaternary alluvium,granite-

gneiss

Major Drainages Punpun river

03 LAND USE (sq.km )

a) Forest area: 111sq.km.

b) Net area sown: 1393 sq. km

c) Total Cropped area: 1393 sq.km

04 MAJOR SOIL TYPES Loam,silty loam,weathered

residuum

05 IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES

(Area in ha, Govt. of Bihar 2008-09)

Area (ha)

Dug wells and Tube wells 4759,28.55 sq.km &11715,117

sq km

Canal 1150 sq .km

Net irrigated area 1820 sq .km

Gross irrigated area 1940 sq.km

06 PREDOMINANT GEOLOGICAL

FORMATIONS

Quaternary Alluvium

HYDROGEOLOGY

Major Water bearing formations

Pre-monsoon Depth to water level during 2011

Sand zones in quaternary

alluvium, weathered zones and

fracture zones

2.22-12.23m bgl

Post-monsoon Depth to water level during 2011

Long term water level trend in 10 years (2002-2011)

in m/yr

0.53-9.3m bgl

No significant decline

07 GROUND WATER EXPLORATION BY CGWB

(As on 31.03.2013)

No. of wells drilled (EW, OW, PZ, SH = Total) 1 EW,2 OW

Depth Range (m) 101-135 m bgl

Discharge 30-40 m3/hr


Storativity (S) 16-28.5

Transmissivity (m2/day) 0.0111m2/day

08 GROUND WATER QUALITY

Presence of Chemical constituents more than

permissible limit (e.g., EC, F, As, F )

Fresh and potable

fluoride

09 DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES (as

on 31st March 2009) – in mcm

Annual Replenishable Ground Water Resources 103150 ha.m

Net Annual Ground Water Draft 21132 ha.m

Projected Demand for Domestic and Industrial Uses

upto 2025

6464 ha.m

Stage of Ground Water Development 23.2%

10 MINING SCENARIO

Total No. Mining Leases (Major Minerals) -

Total Area of Mining Leases (Major Minerals) -

Total Number of Quarry Lease (Minor Minerals) -

Total area of Quarry Lease -

Total Roylty or Revenue Received from Minor

Minerals in 2015-2016

-

Total No. Notified Sand Lease -

Total Area of sand Lease -

11 BRICK KILNS -

Total no. of Brick Kilns 258



CHAPTER-8

LAND UTILIZATION PATTERN IN THE DISTRICT: FOREST, AGRICULTURE,

HORTICULTURE, MINING

Forest:-

Aurangabad forest is divided

into four regions. The forest

mostly have dry dedicous trees

i.e. tandu, patta, khair,

plantseeso, akesia, ambala and

bair.

In past the area was well

known for its wildlife games.

However, in present times

wildlife is not prominent in the

tract. Jackal, hare, rats,

monkeys and few reptiles are

seen in this tract.

Agriculture:-

With fertile soil and having good

irrigation facilities, about 80% area of

the district is under agricultural use.

The land level is plain and fertile land

of total area available for cultivation,

most of the area is used as double

cropped area. The people of the

district depend on agriculture for their

livelihood and sustenance. Rice and

wheat are the staple crops. Besides,

mustard, vegetables and dal are richly

cultivated, specifically in the southern

parts of the district. The northwestern

parts of the district covering the

blocks such as Barun, Obra,

Daudnagar, Goh and Hanspura get

East Sone Canal water for irrigation.

Though, there is a culture of triple harvesting a year in the district.


Horticulture:-

Aurangabad district is under

Low Level of Production in

Horticultural Crops - The low

level of horticultural

development has found in the

district.

These districts come under

the periphery areas where

there is a great lack of

infrastructure regarding

horticultural crops.

Floriculture in the district is

not developing in the same

fashion as compared to other

crops. So, there is need to

emphasis on these crops.

Horticulture cultivation is

always advantageous. It

paves the ways and means of

development. It has been

observed that it could be

developed in the state if the

government provides

protection and subsidies to

the farmers. There is a great need to emphasis on marketing management and boosting the

irrigation resource of the state along with that there is need of awareness on profitability and

techno managerial skill among farmers to promote the horticultural cultivation in the state.

Mining:-

The mineral resources of Aurangabad district playing massive role in industrial, social and

economic development of the district.

Available mineral resources in the district

Sand

Sandstones

Quartzite


Especially Sand mining activities is playing a significant role industrial, social and economic

development of the district. The sand mining carried out throughout the district mainly in stretch

of Sone River.

There are two stone mining site at Rafiganj and Madanpur block of the district. Stone Mining

work at Sadhail in Madanpur block is operation while Pachar stone mining is non-operational.

Some land holding in the district are categorized in medium and large stake holder.

Landuse details are given in below table:-

01 LAND USE (sq.km.)

a) Forest area: 111

b) Net area sown: 1393

c) Total Cropped area: 1393

02 AREA UNDER PRINCIPAL CROPS

IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES

(Area in ha, Govt. of Bihar 2008-09)

Area (sq.km)

Dug wells and Tube wells 28.55 & 117

Canal 1150

Net irrigated area 1820

Gross irrigated area 1940


CHAPTER-9

PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE DISTRICT

The Bihar state can be broadly subdivided into three major unit’s i.e., main physical sub-

divisions is the Norhern Mountains, the Gangetic Plains and the Central Highlands.

Northern Mountains comprises the Himalayan ranges including their foot hills. The

Gangetic plains, situated between the Himalayas and the Deccan plateau,constitute the

most fertile plains of the sub-basin ideally suited for intensive cultivation.The Central

highlands lying to the south of the Great plains consists of mountains, hills and plateaus

intersected by valleys and river plains.They are largely covered by forests.Aravali

uplands, Bundelkhand upland, Malwa plateau, Vindhyan and Narmada valley lie in the

this region.Predominant soil types found in the sub- basin are sandy, loamy , clay and

their combinations such as sandy loam , loam , silty clay loam and loamy sand soils.

PHYSIOGRAPHY MAP OF THE BIHAR


The southern hilly ranges and the northern Gangetic Plains form two physiographic units of the

Aurangabad district. The southern hilly unit is undulating in character, occupied by high

mountain ranges and low valleys covering parts of Kutumba, Nabinagar, Deo and Madanpur

blocks. The constituting rocks of the hills dip northward and form the basement of the northern

lying Gangetic Plain. At the transition parts from hard rock to alluvial plain, the hard rocks are

exposed (linearly) at places as inliers. The northern alluvial plain slopes NNE.

The maximum elevation is attained to heights of 411.48 m above mean sea level by the hills

located south of Deo. The minimum elevation of ~80 m amsl runs at the northeastern parts

around Goh.

Soil:-

Three types of soil are mainly observed in the district:


(1) Younger

Alluvial soils,

(2) Older

Alluvial soils, and

(3) Foot hill

soils.

These soils have

been formed as a

narrow belt along

the western

periphery of the

district following

the Sone River.

These are

generally

yellowish white to

reddish yellow in

colour, sandy to

loamy sand in

texture. Major

parts of the district

are occupied by the Older Alluvial soils. These soils are composed of very fine to fine sand and

clay. These are gray to grayish yellow in colour and moderate to heavy in texture. They develop

wide polygonal cracks during the dry season. Layers of calcium carbonate concretions are also

common in some places. The foot hill soils occur at the southern parts of the district in the blocks

of Kutumba, Deo, Madanpur and Rafiganj. These soils are mainly derived from the crystalline

rocks. These soils form a very thin veneer over the bed-rocks. These are generally light textured,

stony and gravelly, moderately acidic in nature. Most of these soils support the forests.

Source: NBSS& LUP, Regional Centre, Kolkata

Hydrogeology of Aurangabad


Water Bearing

Formations:

Unconsolidated Quaternary

Alluvium, weathered zone

and consolidated (fissured)

formation-Granite gneiss

form three hydrogeological

units in the district. About

95% of the geographical area

of the Aurangabad district is

covered with Quaternary

Gangetic alluvial deposits.

The groundwater occurs

under unconfined conditions

in the shallow aquifer

whereas in the deeper

aquifers it occurs under

confined conditions. The

shallow tube wells in the depth range of 30-50 m are capable of yielding 15-20 m3 /hr

discharges, whereas, the deeper aquifers are capable of yielding 50-100 m3 /hr. The thickness of

the weathered zone ranges from 5 m to 30 m. Ground water occurs under unconfined condition

within the weathered mantle. Joints, cracks, fractures and other types of secondary porosity

control the occurrence and movement of groundwater. The discharge and yield of the wells

varies from place to place due to inhomogeneity of the fractures. The results of the exploratory

drilling carried out by the Central Ground Water Board at Deo in the hard rock area indicate

presence of 2 to 3 sets of productive fractures down to a depth of 135 m (33-35 m, 68-70 m &

79-80 m depth ranges). The yield from the wells varied between 30-40 m3 /hr. The

transmissivity of the fracture zones varied between 16-28.5 m2/day, whereas, the Storativity was

estimated at 0.0111 indicating unconfined character of the aquifer.

Depth to Water Level :-

(a) Depth to water level map of pre- and


(b) postmonsoon periods for Aurangabad district in SBP. The map displays the autoflow condition in the

district at its southwestern corner.



CHAPTER-10

RAINFALL: MONTH-WISE

A warm and humid climate embraces the area. The summer (March–June) is hot

with mean maximum temperature during June (peak summer) as 36.60C. A dry and cold

winter (October to February) records mean minimum temperature as 9.20C in January.

Humidity varies from 24.7% to 83.45% (Govt. of Bihar 1994). The districts in the SBP

fall in the South Agro-Climatic Zones of Bihar and the annual rainfall in this area varies

within 990-1300 mm. 88% of this rainfall comes during the southwest monsoon (June to

September). The months July and August register peak rainfall in a year (Fig A). The last

decade rainfall distribution indicates alternate peaks and troughs in rainfall (Fig B).

(A) Average monthly rainfall in mm for Aurangabad district. (B) Trend in annual rainfall distribution observed during last 10 years (2000-2011) in the district.



CHAPTER-11

GEOLOGY AND MINERAL WEALTH

Geology:-

The general geology of Aurangabad district is Stretches hard/crystalline rocks exists along the

southern parts of the district covering the parts of Nabinagar, Deo, Kutumba, Rafiganj and

Madanpur blocks. As far as rock types are concerned, in the western parts, a narrow stretch of

Vindhyan rocks (sandstones and quartzite) exists, whereas in the central and eastern parts

granitic (porphyritic) and gneissic rocks predominate. The remaining major part of the district is

occupied by alluvium, which lies directly and unconformably over the basement rocks. The

basement rocks dip northward. In the southern parts of the district the alluvial cover over the

basement is thin ranging in thickness from few meters to few tens of meters, whereas in the

northern and northwestern parts, the alluvial cover goes up to a depth of 100-150 m below

ground. In the southern parts, basement is exposed as inliers in a linear fashion at many patches.

The geology of the district can be divided as under:-

GROUP FORMATION LITHOLOGY

Quaternary-Alluvium Recent Fine to Coarse sand ,clay , silt

Older Fine to Coarse sand,gravel,kankars,

clay

……………………………………

………………..

UNCONFOR

MITY

…………………………………………

……………….

Pre- Cambrian Chhotanagpur

granite gneiss--

- granite

Coarse grained,porphyritic, gray in

colour

Granitic gneiss Grayish black to black in colour

Regional Geology:-

Geologically, it represents nearly two third of Bihar is under cover of Ganga basin composed of

alluvium and masks the nature of basement rocks.

Geological succession and their occurrences distribution

Age Geology Occurrences

Quaternary Alluvial Deposits (sand, clay, silt,

Fragments)

North Bihar Plain & Central Bihar Plain

Tertiary Sand Stones& Clay Stones North Champaran Hills

Gondwana Coal Measures, Forming a series Banka District


of small outlier basins

Vindhyans Sandstones, shales, Limestones

etc.

Parts of Bahbhua and Rohtas Disricts

Satpura Schist,Phyllite,Quartzite Part of Aurangabad, Gaya, Nawada,

Nalanda, Sheikhpura and Munger District

Proterozoic Schist, amphibolites, quartzite,

granites, dolerites and pegmatites

Nawada, Jamui and Banka

Archaean Gneisses,

Granites,Schists,Phyllites,quartzit

es, amphibolites & intrusive all

metamorphosed sedimentary and

igneous rocks

Part of Aurangabad ,Gaya, Nawada ,Jamui,

Banka and Bhagalpur

Mining:-

The mineral resources of Aurangabad district playing massive role in industrial, social and

economic development of the district.

Available mineral resources in the district

Sand

Sandstones

Quartzite

Especially Sand mining activities are playing a significant role industrial, social and economic

development of the district. The sand mining carried out throughout the district mainly in stretch

of Sone River.

There are two stone mining sites at Rafiganj and Madanpur block of the district. Stone Mining

work at Sadhail in Madanpur block is operation while Pachar stone mining is non-operational.

(a) Details of river or stream and other sand source of the district:-

Sand is one of the major minor mineral of Aurangabad district of Bihar. Son and Punpun

River is major sand source in the district.

(b) Availability of Sand or gravel or aggregate resources:-

Son and Punpun River is major sand source and in the district. The rivers of the district

bring out the sediment as bed load and suspended load during the monsoon period and

post monsoon when the carrying capacity of river decreases it deposit the sediment as

braided deposit, point bars, etc. these are the main source of sand in the district.


(c) Existing Mining Lease of sand and aggregates:-

Refer to Chater-3

Drainage system with description of main rivers:-

The rivers of the district bring out the sediment as bed load and suspended load during the

monsoon period and post monsoon when the carrying capacity of river decreases it deposit the

sediment as braided deposit, point bars, etc. these are the main source of sand in the district.

Drainage system with description of main rivers:-

Sl. No. Name of the River Area drained (Sq.

Km)

% Area drained in the

District

1. Adri 1.18 0.0357

2. Amjhar 0.14 0.0042

3. Batane 5.71 0.1727

4. Batra 1.08 0.0326

5. Hulia 0.28 0.0084

6. Jharhi 0.49 0.0148

7. Keshar 1.18 0.0357

8. Madar 1.27 0.0384

9. Punpun 6.20 0.1875

10. Son River 96.44 2.9180

TOTAL 113.97 3.448

Salient Features of Important Rivers and Streams:-

Sl. No. Name of the

River

Total Length in the

District (in Km)

Place of origin Altitude at Origin (in

m.)

1. Adri 35 Kataia 125

2. Amjhar 6.5 Sahiari 172

3. Batane 40 Dulare 151

4. Batra 20 Hanea 160

5. Hulia 10 Khajuri Panru 176

6. Jharhi 16 Umga 159

7. Keshar 35 Eraura 162

8. Madar 37 Baligawan 100

9. Punpun 130 Basdiha 151

10 Son River 72 Thengo 120

Methodology Adopted for Calculating of Mineral Potential:-


The mineral potential is calculated based on field investigation and geology of the catchment

area of the river/ streams. As per the policy of the State and location, depth of minable mineral is

defined. The area for removal of mineral in a river or stream can be decided depending on geo-

morphology and other factors, it can be 50% to 60% of the area of a particular river/stream, e.g.

in river mineral constituents like sand up to a depth of three meters considered as resource

mineral. Other constituents like clay and silt are excluded as waste while calculating the mineral

potential of particular river/ stream.

The specific gravity of each mineral constituent is different. While calculating the mineral

potential, the average specific gravity is taken as 2.25. The percent of mineral constituent like

sand also varies for different river and streams. While calculating the mineral potential the

percentage of each mineral constituent is taken as Sand 25-30% and 5-10% for silt and clay.

The quantum of deposition varies from stream to stream depending upon factors like catchment

lithology, discharge, river profile and geomorphology of the river course. There are certain geo-

morphological features developed in the river beds such as channel bar, point bar etc. where

annual deposition is more even two to three meters.

The details are given below:

River of Stream Portion of

the river or

stream

recommend

ed for

mineral

concession

Length of area

recommended

for mineral

concession (in

Kilometer)

Average

width of area

recommende

d for mineral

concession in

meter)

Area recommended

for mineral

concession (In lakh

Square Meter)

Mineable

Mineral

Potential (In

Lakh Metric

Tonne) 60% of

total Mineral

Adri 1.18 35 33.71 11.79 32.49

Amjhar 0.14 6.5 21.53 1.39 3.85

Batane 5.71 40 142.75 57.1 157.25

Batra 1.08 20 54 10.8 29.74

Hulia 0.28 10 28 2.8 7.71

Jharhi 0.49 16 30.62 4.9 13.49

Keshar 1.18 35 33.71 11.79 32.49

Madar 1.27 37 34.32 12.69 34.97

Punpun 6.20 130 47.69 61.99 170.73

Son River 96.44 72 1339.4 964.39 2655.95

TOTAL 113.97 401.5 176.57

(Average)

1139.64 3138.67


Mineral Potential is calculated in Following Way:-

Mineral Potential:-

Sand (MT) Total Mineable Mineral Potential(MT)

3138.67 Lakh MT 3138.67 Lakh MT

Annual Deposition (30%)

941.60 Lakh MT 941.60 Lakh MT

Conclusion:-

The process of Sand / Soil reclamations is highly dependent upon the rainfall received in the

catchment areas of rivers and their tributaries and the velocity of river. It is a dynamic process.

Thus it is difficult to predict, what quantity of Sand / Soil may be reclaimed/redeposit by river.

Because, in case of less rain, less water in the river, there may be less erosion and transportation

may also be minimal and as a result deposition too will be less. Moreover, in case of floods, the

sudden gush of water may force the change in the river course, thus old sites of sand deposition

may not be relevant.

The data narrated in the report, regarding annual deposition of sand and associated aggregates

and mineable mineral potential is concerned, is only estimation based on the data provided by the

district mining office. Thus, the figures may vary from area to area and year on year basis.

Therefore, this document is not static one but has to be a dynamic one, the figures of which may

vary with respect to time.

These mineral concessions shall also reduce demand load and will be helpful to minimize illegal

extraction of minerals, failure of which may result in to illegal mining at odd hours and shall be

haphazard and more detrimental to the local ecology. Irrespective of it following geo-scientific

considerations are also suggested to be taken into account during the river bed mining in a

particular area:

Abandoned stream channels or terrace and inactive floodplains may be preferred rather

than active channels and their deltas and floodplains.

Stream should not be diverted to form inactive channel.


Mining below subterranean water level should be avoided as a safeguard against

environmental contamination and over exploitation of resources.

Large rivers and streams whose periodic sediment replenishment capacities are larger,

may be preferred than smaller rivers.

Segments of braided river system should be used preferably falling within the lateral

migration area of the river regime that enhances the feasibility of sediment

replenishment.

Mining at the concave side of the river channel should be avoided to prevent bank

erosion. Similarly meandering segment of a river should be selected for mining in such a

way as to avoid natural eroding banks and to promote mining on naturally building

(aggrading) meander components.

Continued riverbed material mining in a given segment of the river will induce seasonal

scouring and intensify the erosion activity within the channel. This will have an adverse

effect not only within the mining area but also both in upstream and downstream of the

river course. Hazardous effects of such scouring and enhanced erosion due to riverbed

mining should be evaluated periodically and avoided for sustainable mining activities.

Mining area should be demarcated on the ground with Pucca pillars so as to avoid illegal

unscientific mining.

It is recommended that Sub Divisional Level Committee may take into consideration all

its relevant aspects / data while scrutinizing and recommending the application for EC to

the concerned Authority


CHAPTER – 12

BRICK KILNS IN AURANGABAD DISTRICT OF BIHAR

The state of Bihar is developing rapidly. In

the five year period from 2004 to 2009

Bihar’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

has grown by 11.03% and between 2001

and 2011 there has been a significant

increase in urbanization with the number

of towns increasing from 120 to 213

according to the latest census. This has

been possible through investment in various sectors, especially the construction sector. If this

growth rate needs to be sustained, the demand for quality building materials will increase

manifold. In rural areas too, Bihar faces challenges with the need for over 7.5 billion bricks over

the next five years to meet the rural housing gap. A field study was conducted in 5 districts on

Bihar to understand the present scenario of the brick industry and to assess the market potential

and barriers for introducing energy efficient technologies for walling materials. The major brick

producing districts of Bihar is Patna, Nalanda, Siwan, Muzaffarpur, Sitamarhi, East and West

Champaran, Darbhanga, Samastipur and Madhubani. With over 5,700 authorized brick kilns the

state produces around 17 billion bricks per year. The brick sector in Bihar is growing at a rate of

9%, however it continues to be dominated by traditional technology - the Fixed Chimney Bulls

Trench Kiln (FCBTK). Unlike the rest of India (except Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and West

Bengal) the state of Bihar is the only state which has transformed the brick firing technology

from movable to fixed chimney.

Status of Brick Kilns in Aurangabad District

SL. No No of operational Units of Brick Kilns in

Aurangabad district during Financial Year

(2016-17)

No of Units of Brick Kilns in

Aurangabad district Identified by

IEED

1 222 258

Lists of Bricks Kilns are attached in Annexure –II


REFERENCES

1. Singh, U,(1965): “Ditribution and Character of Cities of The Ganga Plain.” National

Geographical Journal of India,Vol.XI P.37

2. Optimum Utilisation of Surface Water and Ground Water Potential Using Fuzzy Approach

National Systems Conference, NSC 2008, 17–19 December 2008

3. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov results/Census2011Bihar.pdf

4. Census of India 2011 - Provisional Population Totals - Bihar - Data Sheet" (PDF).

Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Vital Statistics Division. Office of the Registrar

General & Census Commissioner, India. 2011. pp. 1 & 2. Retrieved 16 August 2012.

5. http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Bihar/AURANGABAD.pdf

6. cgwb.gov.in/gwprofiles/st_Bihar.htm

7. www.cgwb.gov.in/Regions/GW-year.../GWYB%20MER%20(Bihar)%202015-16.pdf

8. www.census2011.co.in › Bihar

10. http://www.cwc.nic.in

11. http://www.ecobrick.in

12. https://en.climate-data.org/location.

http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov%20results/Census2011Bihar.pdf

http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Bihar/AURANGABAD.pdf

http://www.cgwb.gov.in/Regions/GW-year.../GWYB%20MER%20(Bihar)%202015-16.pdf

http://www.cwc.nic.in/

http://www.ecobrick.in/

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