DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF BHAGALPUR · 2019-01-17 · 12/25/201817/08/2018 DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT...

17/08/2018 12/25/2018

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF BHAGALPUR Stone Mineral

As per Notification no. S.O.3611 (E) New Delhi, the 25th, July, 2018 of Ministry of

Environment Forest and Climate change, Government of India

Prepared by

INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENT & ECO- DEVELOPMENT, PATNA

Ground Floor, Shyam Nagar Colony, Maurya Path, Khajpura P.O. B.V. College,

Patna-800014, Bihar, India E-mail- [email protected] Website-

www.ieedindia.in Tel.: 0612-2590373, Telefax- 0612-2590373 M-+91-

9472919161, 7004620817

Submitted to

Under Secretary

Mines & Geology Department, Government of Bihar

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.ieedindia.in/

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - STONE MINING - BHAGALPUR - BIHAR Page 1

PREFACE

The Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MoEF&CC), Government of India,

made Environmental Clearance (EC) for mining of minerals mandatory through its Notification

of 27th

January, 1994 under the provisions of Environment Protection Act, 1986. Keeping in

view the experience gained in environmental clearance process over a period of one decade, the

MoEF&CC came out with Environmental Impact Notification, SO 1533 (E), dated 14th

September 2006. Now again Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MoEF&CC),

Government of India amended the notification S.O. 141(E) Dated 15th

January, 2016 videS.O.

3611(E) Dated 25th

July, 2018. It has been made mandatory to obtain environmental clearance

for different kinds of development projects as listed in Appendix-X of the Notification.

Further, in pursuance to the order of Hon’ble Supreme Court dated the 27th February, 2012 in

I.A. No.12- 13 of 2011 in Special Leave Petition (C) No.19628-19629 of 2009, in the matter of

Deepak Kumar etc. Vs. State of Haryana and Others etc., prior environmental clearance has now

become mandatory for mining of minor minerals irrespective of the area of mining lease; And

also in view of the Hon’ble National Green Tribunal, order dated the 13th January, 2015 in the

matter regarding sand mining has directed for making a policy on environmental clearance for

mining leases in cluster for minor Minerals, The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate

Change in consultation with State governments has prepared Guidelines on Sustainable Sand

Mining detailing the provisions on environmental clearance for cluster, creation of District

Environment Impact Assessment Authority and proper monitoring of minor mineral mining

using information technology and information technology enabled services to track the mined

out material from source to destination.

The DEIAA and DEAC will scrutinize and recommend the prior environmental clearance of

mining of minor minerals on the basis of District Survey Report. This will a model and guiding

document which is a compendium of available mineral resources, geographical set up,

environmental and ecological set up of the district and replenishment of minerals and is based on

data of various departments, published reports, journals and websites. The District Survey Report

will form the basis for application for environmental clearance, preparation of reports and

appraisal of projects. The Report will be updated once every five years.


OBJECTIVES

The main objective of the preparation of District Survey Report is to ensure the following –

Identification of mineral wealth in the district.

Identification of areas of Minor Mineral having the potential mineral where mining

can be allowed. And

Identification of areas of proximity to infrastructural structures and installations

where mining should be prohibited.


INDEX

Sl. No. Chapters Page No.

1 Introduction 4

2 Overview of Mining Activity in the District 8

3 General Profile of the District 15

4 Geology of the District 21

5 Drainage of Irrigation pattern 23

6 Land Utilization Pattern in the District : Forest, Agricultural, Horticulture,

Mining etc.;

25

7 Surface Water and Ground Water scenario of the district; 28

8 Rainfall of the district and climatic condition 33

9 Details of the mining leases in the District 35

10 Details of Royalty or Revenue received in last three years 36

11 Details of Production of Minor Minerals in last three years 37

12 Mineral Map of the District 38

13 List of letter of Intent (LOI) Holders in the District along with its validity 39

14 Total Mineral Reserve available in the District 40

15 Quality/ Grade of Mineral available in the district 48

16 Use of Mineral 49

17 Demand and supply of the Mineral in last three years 50

18 Mining Lease marked on the map of the district 51

19 Details of cluster of mining lease viz. number of mining lease location (Latitude

and longitude)

52

20 Eco Sensitive area in the district 53

21 Impact on the Environment (Air, Water, Noise, Soil, Flora & Fauna, Land use,

Agriculture, forest etc.) due to mining activity

55

22 Remedial measure to mitigate the impact of mining on the environment 58

23 Reclamation on mined out area in the district 60

24 Risk assessment and disaster management plan 61

25 Details of occupational health ( Last five year Data of number of patient of

Silicosis & Tuberculosis)

65

26 Plantation and Green Belt Development in respect of lease already granted 66

27 References 68


CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

Historical Perspective:-

Bhagalpur, being an important junction between Delhi and Bengal, continued to be a popular

destination throughout the medieval history. However,the fate of the city swayed between the

fortunes of the kings of Delhi and the rulers of Bengal. Various grandees passed by this

important city and have left their mark. During the Tughlaq period it was a mint town and was

greatly partronised by the Mughals. A number of educational institutions were popular in

medieval Bhagalpur. Jehangir awarded jagirs for the upkeep of a resident madarsa founded by

Maulana Shahbaz, a scholar and a saint who was an authourity on Mohammadan law and

tradition.

Location, Area and Administrative Details:-

Bhagalpur is a city of historical importance on the southern banks of the river Ganges in the

Indian state of Bihar. It is the 3rd largest

city of Bihar and also the headquarters of

Bhagalpur district and Bhagalpur division.

Known as Silk City, it is a major

educational, commercial, and political

centre, and listed for development under the

Smart City program, a joint venture between

Government and industry. The Gangetic

plains surrounding the city are very fertile

and the main crops include rice, wheat,

maize, barley, and oilseeds. The river is

home to the Gangetic dolphin, the National

Aquatic Animal of India, and the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary is established near

the town. The district Bhagalpur is located in the eastern part of the state and extends between

the Gangetic alluvium plain covering an area of 2570 Sq.km. It is bounded by the district

Munger in the west, Sahebganj and Katihar in the east, Madhepura and Purnea in the north and

Banka in the south. Bhagalpur Sadar, Kahalgaon and Naugachhia are the three sub-divisions of

the district with a total of sixteen community development blocks namely Pirpainti, Kahalgoan,

Sanhaula, Sabour, Nathnagar, Jagdishpur, Sultanganjpurushottam (thana road), Sahkund, Bihpur,

Navgachia, Gopalpur, Kharik, Narayanpur, Gauradih, Ismailpur and Rangrachowk. As per the

2011 Census, the total population of the district stands at 3032226. The density of population is

743 per sq.km.


Topography:-

The landscape of the district comprises Gangatic plane area and the hilly area which is the part of

Santhal Pargana. The Gangatic plane is rich in agriculture.

General Geology:-

The Predominant Geological Formation in the district Quaternary Formations, Basement

Precambrian Granitic Gneiss with few exposures as Inliers. An ancient crystalline rock called the

Archean 'gneiss covers the greater part of the district in the western and south western parts. It

stretches from a few 'kilometers north of Godda to about 30 kilometres, south of Dumka.

Towards the east these crystalline rocks are covered with thick flows of volcanic lava which

forms the Rajmahal hills that stretches approximately 150 kilometres from near Sakrigali

Railway station southwa~ds' along the border of Birbhum District. A narrow strip of lower

gondwana rocks skirt the lower formation along its western margin. The ancient crystalline rocks

are collectively 'called the Archean Gneisses the principal 'rock of which is granitoid gneiss. It

contains inclusions of older dark hornbl'enudic and pyroxenic rock withigranolitic structures. It

alternates with homblemdic and rnicacious schists and contain felspars of salmon white colour.

Geomorphologically, the district Bhagalpur forms a part of the Mid-Ganga Foreland Basin. The

north and central Bhagalpur towards the north and south of Ganga respectively forms a flat

IndoGangetic alluvium tract (parts of the North Bihar Plains and Central Bihar Plains

respectively). The southern part of the district forms a marginal alluvial tract. The general

elevation of the alluvium tract remains within 45 m above mean sea level (amsl). The master

slope of region at both north and south is towards the river Ganga. There are some detached hard

rock bodies of pre-cambrian age, which stand out as prominent peaks (inliers) within the alluvial

plains. Among these, the highest one is at Shahkund with a height of 143 m.

Basin/Sub-Basin and Drainage:-

The part of the district towards the south of the river Ganga falls in the Badua- Koa Sub-Basin

and the area to north of Ganga falls in the Baghmati - Kosi sub-basin. These two sub-basins are

parts of Mid-Ganga basin in Bihar. The district is principally drained by the river Ganga, which

enters the district at Sultanganj. The northern boundary of the district is marked by the river Kosi

(Ghugri) known to be heavily laden with silt and sand. The river Ganga has two major tributaries

joining from south; Badua and Koa. Apart from these, a number of ephemeral streams such as

Gahra, Chanan, Kadwa, Gerua and Bhena from Chotnagpur plateau join the mighty Ganga.

Agriculture:-

Agriculture is the main occupation of the people of the district and also the main source of

livelihood of the people. Though Bhagalpur has an agro-based economy, agriculture is largely

restricted only to khariff season due to lack of adequate irrigation facilities. Paddy, maize and

lentils are the important crops of the district. A large ground water resource in the district has

been remained untapped.


LOCATION OF BHAGALPUR DISTRICT IN THE MAP OF BIHAR:-


Connectivity:-

Bhagalpur is well connected to the rest of the state and India by rail, road and air connections.

By Air: -

Patna the capital city of Bihar is the nearest Airport from Bhagalpur . Patna is linked by

regular flights to important cities like: Delhi, Kolkata Varanasi, Lucknow and so on. One can

also reach Patna from Katmandu.

By Road:-

A convenient road network covers

Bhagalpur connecting it to a number

of important cities in Bihar, such as:

Patna (235 km), Muzaffarpur (242

km), which are in turn linked to rest of

the country. Other important

destinations in Bihar, namely;

Bodhgaya (250kms), Rajgir (187kms),

Nalanda (185kms) lie close by.

By Rail:-

Bhagalpur district is well connected

with railway network. Bhagalpur is

major railway station in Bhagalpur

district. It is connected with state

capital as well Ranchi and other

major parts of India.


CHAPTER-2

OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITY IN THE DISTRICT

Topography:-



General Geology:-

The Predominant Geological Formation in the districtQuaternary Formations, Basement

Precambrian Granitic Gneiss with few exposures as Inliers. An ancient crystalline rock called the

Archean 'gneiss covers the greater part of the district in the western and south western parts. It

stretcnes from a few 'kilometers north of Godda to about 30 kilometres, south of Dumka.

Towards the east these crystalline rocks are covered with thick flows of volcanic lava which

forms the Rajmahal hills that stretches approximately 150 kilometres from near Sakrigali

Railway station southwa~ds' along the border of Birbhum District. A narrow strip of lower

gondwana rocks skirt the lower formation along its western margin. The ancient crystalline rocks

are collectively 'called the Archean Gneisses the principal 'rock of which is granitoid gneiss. It

contains inclusions of older dark hornbl'enudic and pyroxenic rock withigranolitic structures. It

alternates with homblemdic and rnicacious schists and contain felspars of salmon white colour.

Geomorphology:-

the district Bhagalpur forms a part of the Mid-Ganga Foreland Basin. The north and central

Bhagalpur towards the north and south of Ganga respectively forms a flat IndoGangetic alluvium

tract (parts of the North Bihar Plains and Central Bihar Plains respectively). The southern part of

the district forms a marginal alluvial tract. The general elevation of the alluvium tract remains

within 45 m above mean sea level (amsl). The master slope of region at both north and south is

towards the river Ganga. There are some detached hard rock bodies of pre-cambrian age, which

stand out as prominent peaks (inliers) within the alluvial plains. Among these, the highest one is

at Shahkund with a height of 143 m.

Availability of Mineral resources:-

The mineral resources of Bhagalpur district playing massive role in industrial, social and

economic development of the district.

Available mineral resources in the district

Stones

Quartzite

sand


STONE DEPOSITS IN BHAGALPUR DISTRICT

1. BHADESHAR HILL

(NEAR NTPC)

VILLAGE:-SALEMPUR SAINI

P.S.:- KAHALGAON

BLOCK:-KAHALGAON

DISTT. : - BHAGALPUR

GPS COORDINATES

Corner point LATITUDE (N ) LONGITUDE (E )

A 25.262772 87.293438

B 25.259908 87.291158

C 25.260211 87.295083

D 25.256678 87.294120

2. KASHRI HILL

VILLAGE :- KASHRI

MAUZA :-ANTICHAK

BLOCK :- KAHALGAON

DISTT. :- BHAGALPUR

GPS COORDINATES


A 25.299747 87.268948

B 25.306404 87.276299

C 25.316158 87.270393

D 25.309645 87.267882


3. GANGALDEI HILL

VILLAGE: - MASUDANPUR

BLOCK: - KAHALGAON


GPS COORDINATES


A 25.285492 87.254921

B 25.284513 87.257228

C 25.281417 87.256972

D 25.283271 87.254262

4. SALEMPUR HILL:-

MAUZA: - SALEMPUR

P. S.:- PIRPAINTHI

BLOCK: - PIRPAINTHI


GPS COORDINATES

Corner point LATUTUDE (N ) LONGITUDE ( E )

A 25.268635 87.482478

B 25.273998 87.483549

C 25.281346 87.484518

D 25.276358 87.480276


5. MANIKPUR HILL

VILLAGE: - MANIKPUR

MAUZA: - TUNDWA MUNDWA

P .S. - PIRPAINTHI

BLOCK: - PIRPAINTHI


GPS COORDINATES

Corner point LATITUDE (N ) LONGITUDE ( E )

A 25.310259 87.431582

B 25.312348 87.428483

C 25.308989 87.427656

D 25.307587 87.430254

6. PURANI KHERHI

MAUZA: - PURANI KHERHI

P .S.:- SAHKUND

BLOCK: - SAHKUND


GPS COORDINATES Corner point LATITUDE ( N ) LONGITUDE ( E )

A 25.165365 86.818101

B 25.160834 86.812506

C 25.152463 86.811187

D 25.158979 86.815889


7. JAGARIA HILL

P. S.:- SAHKUND

BLOCK: - SAHKUND

DISTT. :- BHAGALPUR

GPS COORDINATES Corner point LATITUDE (N ) LONGITUDE (E )

A 25.148118 86.805669

B 25.144389 86.812083

C 25.151126 86.809227

D 25.149940 86.812293

8. PANCHKATHIA

MAUZA:-PANCHKATHIA

P . S.:-SAHKUND

BLOCK: - SAHKUND

DISTT. :- BHAGALPUR

GPS COORDINATES Corner point LATITUDE (N ) LONGITUDE (E )

A 25.144957 86.818826

B 25.146256 86.820249

C 25.148703 86.822461

D 25.148130 86.820042


9. VALINAGAR

MAUZA:-SAHKUND

BLOCK:-SAHKUND

DISTT. :- BHAGALPUR

GPS COORDINATES


A 25.171891 86.823234

B 25.172902 86.825421

C 25.173954 86.823670

D 25.174542 86.826199

10 . BANAMA

P. S. :-AKBARNAGAR

BLOCK :-SAHKUND

DISTT. :- BHAGALPUR

GPS COORDINATES Corner point LATITUDE (N ) LONGITUDE ( E )

A 25.148457 86.825396

B 25.149189 86.827255

C 25.152329 86.828231

D 25.150277 86.826635


11. PARMANPUR

P. S.: - SAHKUND

BLOCK: SAHKUND

DISTT-.BHAGALPUR

GPS COORDINATES

Corner point LATITUDE ( N ) LONGITUDE ( E )

A 25.164690 86.844677

B 25.166594 86.845719

C 25.167680 86.847585

D 25.165534 86.846689


CHAPTER-3

GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT

GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT

Sl

No.

Items Statistics

1. GENERAL INFORMATION

I. Geographical Area (Sq. Km.)

2,570 sq.km.

Administrative Divisions Bhagalpur, Kahalgaon, Naugachhia

No. of Panchayats/Villages

II. Population (As per 2011 Census) Rural: 2432126 Urban: 600100

III. Average Annual Rainfall (mm)

1148.52

2 GEOMORPHOLOGY

Major Physiographic Units 1. Flat Indo-Gangetic

Alluvium Tract

2. Marginal Alluvium Tract

Major Drainages Ganga, Gerua, Chanan and Andhari

3 LAND USE


a) Forest Area Nil

b) Net Area Sown 1850 sq.km

c) Cultivable Area 1930 sq. km

4 MAJOR SOIL TYPES Vertisols, inceptisols, entisols.

5 AREA UNDER PRINCIPAL CROPS

6 IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES

(Areas and Number of Structures)

Dugwells 2244

Tubewells/Borewells (STW) 10598

Tanks/ponds 6

Canals 3

Other Sources 3 - 15

Net Irrigated Area 666 sq. km (35 % of net sown

area)

Gross Irrigated Area 790 sq. km

7 NUMBER OF GROUND WATER

MONITERING WELLS OF CGWB

(2011)

No. of Dugwells 09

No. of Piezometers Nil

8 PREDOMINANT GEOLOGICAL 1. Quaternary Formations

FORMATIONS 2. Basement Pre-cambrian

Granitic Gneiss with few

exposures as Inliers.

9 HYDROGEOLOGY

Major water bearing formations Alluvium

Pre-monsoon Depth to water level during 2011

2.5 – 10.69 m bgl

Post-monsoon Depth to water level during 2011

1.53 – 8.04 m bgl

Long term water level trend in last 10 yrs(2002 –

No significant decline

2011) in m/yr

10 GROUND WATER EXPLORATION BY

CGWB (As on 31-03-2013)

No. of well drilled (EW,OW, PZ, SH, Total)

EW=12, OW=1, PZ=7

Depth Range (m) 61 – 294 m bgl

Discharge (m3/hr) 1. 20 – 50 m3/hr for STW

Within50 m bgl2. 50 – 200 m3/hr for DTWbeyond 100 m bgl.

Storativity (s) -

Transmissitivity (m2/day) 100 – 600 m2/day, 4208 at

Rampur.


11 GROUND WATER QUALITY Good for drinking and

irrigation

Presence of Chemical constituents more than the

Few patches are identified to

permissible limit (e.g.EC, F, As, F) be contaminated with Arsenic.

Type of Water Potable

12 DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES

(as on 31st March 2009) In ha m.

Annual Replenishble Ground Water Resources

69583

Net Annual Ground Water Draft 22941

Projected Demand for Domestic and Industrial

7665

Uses up to 2025

Stage of Ground Water Development 33%

13 AWARENESS AND TRAINING ACTIVITY

One day Training Programme Organized

Date 08.03.2007

Place Hotel Rajhans International, Bhagalpur

No. of Participants 110

14 GROUND WATER CONTROL AND

REGULATION

No. of OE Blocks Nil

No. of Critical Blocks Nil

No. of Blocks Notified Nil

15 MAJOR GROUND WATER PROBLEMS AND

Arsenic pollution of ground

ISSUES water along the banks of river

Ganga

16 Total no. of Brick kilns 187

Source: Centre for Ground Water Board (CGWB)


Topography:-



Physiography:-

The Bihar state can be broadly subdivided into three major unit’s i.e., main physical sub-

divisions is the Norhern Mountains, the Gangetic Plains and the Central Highlands. Northern

Mountains comprises the Himalayan ranges including their foot hills. The Gangetic plains,

situated between the Himalayas and the Deccan plateau, constitute the most fertile plains of the

sub-basin ideally suited for intensive cultivation. The Central highlands lying to the south of the

Great plains consists of mountains, hills and plateaus intersected by valleys and river plains.

They are largely covered by forests. Aravali uplands, Bundelkhand upland, Malwa plateau,

Vindhyan and Narmada valley lie in the this region. Predominant soil types found in the sub-

basin are sandy, loamy , clay and their combinations such as sandy loam , loam , silty clay loam

and loamy sand soils.

Geomorphology:-


north and central Bhagalpur towards the north and south of Ganga respectively forms a flat Indo-

Gangetic alluvium tract (parts of the North Bihar Plains and Central Bihar Plains respectively).

The southern part of the district forms a marginal alluvial tract. The general elevation of the

alluvium tract remains within 45 m above mean sea level (amsl). The master slope of region at

both north and south is towards the river Ganga. There are some detached hard rock bodies of

pre-cambrian age, which stand out as prominent peaks (inliers) within the alluvial plains. Among

these, the highest one is at Shahkund with a height of 143 m.









Climate and Rainfall:-

In general a warm and humid climate prevails in the district. Winter starts from November and

extends up to February. Temperature usually does not drop below 150 C but during the coldest

months (late December to early January) temperature even comes down to 80 C. During this


period, wind blows from northwest and west. The summer period begins from March with the

peak temperature of 40 – 450 C in May. The month of March and April are the driest months of

the year with the relative humidity of 50 – 55 % in the morning and 35 – 40 % in the afternoon.

The humidity increases in May and June to 80 % or more. About 80 % of the rainfall is under the

influence of southwest monsoon, which normally breaks in the second fortnight of June. The

monsoon lasts till the later part of the September. Generally the eastern and northeastern part of

the district receives higher amount of rainfall. The annual normal rainfall in the district remains

above 1148 mm.

Land use, Agriculture and Irrigation Practices:-

Though Bhagalpur has an agro-based economy, agriculture is largely restricted only to khariff

season due to lack of adequate irrigation facilities. Paddy, maize and lentils are the important

crops of the district. A large ground water resource in the district has been remained untapped

Land utilization pattern in the district:-

01 LAND USE (sq.km.)

a) Forest area: Nil

b) Net area sown: 1850

c) Cultivable area: 1930


IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES

(Area in sq.km, Govt. of Bihar 2008-09)

Area (sq.km)

Dug wells and Tube wells -

Canal -

Net irrigated area 666

Gross irrigated area 790


Soils:-

The soils in the district are

mainly derived from the older

and newer alluvium. These

alluvial plain soils are light grey

to dark grey in colour, rather

heavy and texturally fine in

nature. The pH values range

from neutral to acidic and the

acidity of the soil gradually

increases from north to south.

The hilly soils are acidic with

low nitrogen, medium to high

potash. The soils derived from

older alluvium are mainly

loamy in character with

moderate to heavy texture and

well drained. In low lands these

are poorly drained with heavy texture. These soils comprise an association of vertisols, entisols,

alfisols, and ultisols. Black soils found in Shahkund, Sonhaulia, and Sultanganj belong to

vertisols category. Sandy soils (Diara soils) derived from younger alluvium are light textured,

well drained. These are moderate to highly 10 fertile calcareous soils and found along the

banks/course of the river Ganga. These comprise the soil association of inceptisols and entisols.


CHAPTER-4

GEOLOGY OF THE DISTRICT

Geology:-

The Predominant Geological Formation in the district Quaternary Formations, Basement

Precambrian Granitic Gneiss with few exposures as Inliers.

An ancient crystalline rock called the Archean 'gneiss covers the greater part of the district in the

western and south western parts. It stretcnes from a few 'kilometers north of Godda to about 30

kilometres, south of Dumka. Towards the east these crystalline rocks are covered with thick

flows of volcanic lava which forms the Rajmahal hills that stretches approximately 150

kilometres from near Sakrigali Railway station southwa~ds' along the border of Birbhum

District. A narrow strip of lower gondwana rocks skirt the lower formation along its western

margin. The ancient crystalline rocks are collectively 'called the Archean Gneisses the principal

'rock of which is granitoid gneiss. It contains inclusions of older dark hornbl'enudic and

pyroxenic rock withigranolitic structures. It alternates with homblemdic and rnicacious schists

and contain felspars of salmon white colour.


north and central Bhagalpur towards the north and south of Ganga respectively forms a flat

IndoGangetic alluvium tract (parts of the North Bihar Plains and Central Bihar Plains

respectively). The southern part of the district forms a marginal alluvial tract. The general

elevation of the alluvium tract remains within 45 m above mean sea level (amsl). The master

slope of region at both north and south is towards the river Ganga. There are some detached hard

rock bodies of pre-cambrian age, which stand out as prominent peaks (inliers) within the alluvial

plains. Among these, the highest one is at Shahkund with a height of 143 m.

Geological succession:-

Age Lithostratigraphy

Holocene Newer

Alluvium

Channel Alluvium and colluvial fan depostis.

Lacustrine grey silt and clay. Terrace Alluvium.

Alluvial fan deposits.

…………………………………….Disconformity…………………………………..

MiddletoLatePleistocene Varanasi

Alluvium

Polycyclic sequence of boulder beds, and silt-clay

with calcrete.

…………………………….Unconformity………………………..

Early Miocene to Early Pleistocene Siwalik Group

Late Eocene to Early Miocene Dharmshala Group


Late Paleocene to Late Eocene Subathu Group

------ Unconformity ----

Precambrian Basement

(Lithostratigraphy of the Ganga Basin sedimentary fill (compiled from Raiverman et al. 1983, Kumar et al.

1996 and Valdiya, 2010).

Regional Geology:-

Geologically, it represents nearly two third of Bihar is under cover of Ganga basin composed of

alluvium and masks the nature of basement rocks.

Geological succession and their occurrences distribution

Age Geology Occurrences

Quaternary Alluvial Deposits (sand, clay, silt,

Fragments)

North Bihar Plain & Central Bihar Plain

Tertiary Sand Stones& Clay Stones North Champaran Hills

Gondwana Coal Measures, Forming a series

of small outlier basins

Banka District

Vindhyans Sandstones, shales, Limestones

etc.

Parts of Bahbhua and Rohtas Disricts

Satpura Schist,Phyllite,Quartzite Part of Aurangabad, Gaya, Nawada, Nalanda,

Sheikhpura and Munger District

Proterozoic Schist, amphibolites, quartzite,

granites, dolerites and pegmatites

Nawada, Jamui and Banka

Archaean Gneisses,

Granites,Schists,Phyllites,quartzite

s, amphibolites & intrusive all

metamorphosed sedimentary and

igneous rocks

Part of Aurangabad ,Gaya, Nawada ,Jamui,

Banka and Bhagalpur


CHAPTER-5

DRAINAGE OF IRRIGATION PATTERN

Drainage:-

The rivers of the district bring out the sediment as bed load and suspended load during the

monsoon period and post monsoon when the carrying capacity of river decreases it deposit the

sediment as braided deposit, point bars, etc. these are the main source of sand in the district.









Agriculture:-

Agriculture is the main occupation of the people of the district and also the main source of

livelihood of the people Though Bhagalpur has an agro-based economy, agriculture is largely

restricted only to khariff season due to lack of adequate irrigation facilities. Paddy, maize and

lentils are the important crops of the district. A large ground water resource in the district has

been remained untapped

RIVER MAP OF THE BHAGALPUR DISTRICT


Salient Features of Important Rivers and Streams:-

Sl. No. Name of the River of

Stream

Total Length in the

District (in Km)

Place of

Origin

Altitude at

Origin

1 GANGA 97 K.M GhorghatMilik 34 meters

2 GERUA 30 K.M Biswaspur 41 meters

3 CHANAN 6 K.M Manihari 51 meters

4 ANDHARI 12.5 K.M Hajipur 49 meters

Drainage System with description of main rivers:-

Sl. No. Name of the River Area drained (sq.

Km.)

% Area drained in the

District

1 GANGA 116.648 4.556 %

2 GERUA 3.73267 0.145 %

3 CHANAN 0.096319 0.003 %

4 ANDHARI 0.776851 0.030 %

Total 121.25384 4.73 %


CHAPTER-6

LAND UTILIZATION PATTERN IN THE DISTRICT

Forest:-

The 0.03 % of Land in Bhagalpur is forest land which is 193.35 acres. There are various types of

wood and bamboo available in the forest. Forest produce are minor.

Agriculture:-

Agriculture is the

main occupation of

the people of the

district and also the

main source of

livelihood of the

people. Though

Bhagalpur has an

agro-based economy,

agriculture is largely

restricted only to

khariff season due to

lack

of adequate irrigation

facilities. Paddy,

maize and lentils are the important crops of the district. A large ground water resource in the

district has been remained untapped.

Mining:-

The mineral resources of Bhagalpur district playing massive role in industrial, social and

economic development of the district.

Available mineral resources in the district:-

Sand

Soil

Quartzite

Stones


Horticulture:-

Bhagalpur district is

under medium Level of

Production in

Horticultural Crops -

Horticulture level of

horticultural

development has found

in the district.

These districts come

under the periphery areas

where there is a lack of

infrastructure regarding

horticultural crops.

Floriculture in the district

is now developing in the

same fashion as

compared to other crops.

So, there is need to

emphasis on these crops.

Horticulture cultivation

is always advantageous.

It paves the ways and means of development. It has been observed that it could be developed in

the state if the government provides protection and subsidies to the farmers. There is a great need

to emphasis on marketing management and boosting the irrigation resource of the state along

with that there is need of awareness on profitability and techno managerial skill among farmers

to promote the horticultural cultivation in the state.

Bestowed with fertile soil and having good irrigation facilities, about 80% area of the district is

under agricultural use. The land level is plain and fertile land of total area available for

cultivation, most of the area is used as double cropped area. The land is cover by the forest area,

cultivable land agriculture barren land, current fallow, other fallow land ,usar and non

cultibileland,land used other than agriculture,pasture land and vacant land etc. The land is used

for orchard tree, plantation and cane productions. The land holdings are generally small in size.


Though Bhagalpur has an agro-based economy, agriculture is largely restricted only to khariff

season due to lack of adequate irrigation facilities. Paddy, maize and lentils are the important

crops of the district. A large ground water resource in the district has been remained untapped

The soils in the district are mainly derived from the older and newer alluvium. These alluvial

plain soils are light grey to dark grey in colour, rather heavy and texturally fine in nature. The pH

values range from neutral to acidic and the acidity of the soil gradually increases from north to

south. The hilly soils are acidic with low nitrogen, medium to high potash.

The soils derived from older alluvium are mainly loamy in character with moderate to heavy

texture and well drained. In low lands these are poorly drained with heavy texture. These soils

comprise an association of vertisols, entisols, alfisols, and ultisols. Black soils found in

Shahkund, Sonhaulia, and Sultanganj belong to vertisols category. Sandy soils (Diara soils).

Land utilization pattern in the district:-

01 LAND USE (sq.km.)

a) Forest area: Nil

b) Net area sown: 1850

c) Cultivable area: 1930


IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES

(Area in sq.km, Govt. of Bihar 2008-09)

Area (sq.km)

Dug wells and Tube wells -

Canal -

Net irrigated area 666

Gross irrigated area 790


CHAPTER-7

SURFACE WATER AND GROUND WATER SCENARIO OF THE DISTRICT

Geohydrology:-

Water bearing formations:-

The sand layers in the Quaternary Alluvium (both newer and older) form the main source of

ground water in the district. Based on the strata logs and hydrogeological properties, the aquifer

system in the district can be divided into two categories;

I the shallow aquifers

within 50 m depth.

II The deep aquifers

within 50 – 200 m

depth. In shallow

aquifers, the ground

water occurs under

unconfined condition

and in deeper aquifers

under semi-confined to

confined conditions.

The shallow aquifers

consisting of fine to

medium sand with

clay, silt and kankars

are the main sources of

ground water in the

marginal alluvial tract

in the south Bhagalpur. In general the thickness of these aquifers varies from 13 to 18 m, being

more at central parts than the eastern and western parts of the marginal alluvium. The thickness

of the aquifer is controlled by the geometry of the underlying basement rock. The deeper aquifers

mainly consist of sand, gravel and calcareous nodules with alternating layers of clay. The

exploration data reveals the presence of four to five major aquifers with cumulative thickness 20

to 85 m. These aquifers thin out towards Sultanganj in the western part since clay dominancy


increase. The composition of the aquifer is not homogeneous at many places. These are very

often mixed with silt and little clay, which impedes their water yielding capacity. The yield of

these zones varies between 14.30 m3 /hr at Rampur to 202.70 m3 /hr at Madarganj with

reference draw down of 6 – 27m.

Depth to Water Level:-

The pre-monsoon water level data of the year 2011 reveals that the depth to water level in the

district remains within 2.5 – 10.69 m bgl, with the deepest of 10.69 m bgl and the shallowest of

2.5 m bgl. In post-monsoon, the depth to water level in the district comes to be within 1.53 –

8.04 m bgl. The pre and post-monsoon water level data indicates that the water level in the

district has registered a rise of 0.77 to 5.14 m within the season. The pre and post-monsoon

depth to water level contours has been prepared and produced in Fig. 1 and 2

respectively.

Pre- monsoon 2011 depth to water level contours in Bhagalpur district, Bihar.

Post- monsoon 2011 depth to water level

contours in Bhagalpur district, Bihar.


Ground Water Quality:-

The following information regarding the quality aspects of the ground water in

Bhagalpur district has been gathered from the partial and complete analysis of water

samples collected from the district. The study of this analytical data reveals that in general the

quality of ground water is for drinking and irrigation purposes.

Electrical conductance 450 to 1400 micromhos/cm at 250C

pH 7.0 to 8.05

Total Dissolved Solids 145 to 826 ppm

Total Hardness as CaCO3 70 to 488 ppm

Calcium 12 to 158 ppm

Magnesium 9.7 to 60 ppm

Sodium 14 to 189 ppm

Potassium 0.18 to 4.0 ppm

Chloride 10.6 to 200 ppm

Carbonate NIL

Bicarbonate 122 to 634 ppm

Sulphate Less than 2 to 40 ppm

Iron Less than 0.1 to 1.40 ppm

Fluoride 0.01 to 1.80 ppm

Nitrate Less than 1 to 50 ppm

Silica 12 to 40 ppm


Ground Water Management Strategy:-

Ground water Development

As per the resource evaluation (31st march 2009) the average stage of ground water utilisaton in

the district is less than 33 %, which means none of the blocks in the district comes under semi-

critical/critical or over exploited category. The present infrastructural facilities yield 15370.4 ha

m of ground water for irrigation and there is a vast surplus replenishable ground water potential

of 45118.5 ha.m to be tapped.

Depending on the ground water yield potential, the district can be divided into three parts;

1) High potential zone

The areas bordering the south of Ganga from Sultanganj to Ghogha and north of Ganga

from Bihpur to Nuagachia belong to this zone.In this zone a tube well drilled down to

160 – 200 m bgl can yield 150 – 200 m3 /hr for a reference Drawdown of 4 to 8 m.

2) Medium potential zone

The central Bhagalpur with yield potential from 50 to 100 m3 /hr for drawdown of 6 – 15

m belongs to this zone. The depth of the tube well should be within 50 to 100 m bgl.

3) Low potential zone

The marginal alluvium tract with yield potential less than 50 m3/hr for draw down of 6 –

20 m comes under this zone. The well should be within 50 m bgl tapping 10 to 15 m of

the saturated zone.

Ground Water Related Issues and Problems:-

Ground water in the blocks Sultanganj, Nathnagar and Jagdispur has been reported to be polluted

with arsenic.

Status of ground water development:-

As far as stage of ground water development is concerned, all the blocks in the district fall under

safe category as per the norms of GEC, 1997. The block Ismailpur and Narayanpur are having

significantly low stage of ground water development i.e. 15.6 and 18.8 % respectively. Only 4

blocks, which possess more than 40 % stage of ground water development, are Jagdispur (64.2

%), Naugacchia (54.8 %), Nathnagar (43.6 %) and Shahkund (54.5 %). Thus the district

possesses a good ground water potential for further utilization in irrigation purposes.

Number of dug wells used in irrigation for kharif and rabi are 2244 and 2720 respectively (as

per 1993 well census). A total of 10598 shallow tube wells utilized for irrigation out of which

319 were electric operated, 10172 were diesel engine operated and rest were either solar or

man/animal operated. Though a total of 146 deep tube wells were found but most of them were

defunct due to unavailability of power. The rest are working for few hours because of power

crunch.


As per available statistics, area irrigated by different sources constitute only 35.01 % of the total

cultivated area, out of which only 9.48 % is served by surface water and the rest 25.53 % is

served by ground water.

It is imperative that optimum utilization of water resources, both surface as well as ground water

is vital for the integrated and intensive agricultural development of the district. Proper

management is therefore essential pre-requisite for agro-economic development of the district.

Map showing stage of groundwater development of Bhagalpur district,

Bihar.


CHAPTER-8

RAINFALL OF THE DISTRICT AND CLIMATE CONDITION

Rainfall and climate condition:-

In general a warm and humid climate prevails in the district. Winter starts from November and

extends up to February. Temperature usually does not drop below 150

C but during the coldest

months (late December to early January) temperature even comes down to 80 C. During this

period, wind blows from northwest and west. The summer period begins from March with the

peak temperature of 40 – 450 C in May. The month of March and April are the driest months of

the year with the relative humidity of 50 – 55 % in the morning and 35 – 40 % in the afternoon.

The humidity increases in May and June to 80 % or more. About 80 % of the rainfall is under the

influence of southwest monsoon, which normally breaks in the second fortnight of June. The

monsoon lasts till the later part of the September. Generally the eastern and northeastern part of

the district receives higher amount of rainfall. The annual normal rainfall in the district remains

above 1148 mm.

The climate in Bhagalpur is warm and temperate. The summers here have a good deal of rainfall,

while the winters have very little. According to Köppen and Geiger, this climate is classified as

Cwa. The average annual temperature in Bhagalpur is 25.8 °C. About 1111 mm of precipitation

falls annually.

CLIMATE GRAPH // WEATHER BY MONTH OF BHAGALPUR:-

The driest month is December, with 1 mm of rain. Most of the precipitation here falls in July,

averaging 249 mm.


AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF BHAGALPUR:-

May is the warmest month of the year. The temperature in May averages 31.5 °C. January is the

coldest month, with temperatures averaging 17.1 °C.

BHAGALPUR WEATHER BY MONTH // WEATHER AVERAGES:-

January February March April May June July August September October November December

Avg.

Temperature

(°C)

17.1 20 25.3 30 31.5 30.7 29.3 29.2 28.9 27 22 18.3

Min.

Temperature

(°C)

10.4 13 17.6 22.6 25.4 26.3 26.2 26.3 25.7 22.5 15.5 11.4

Max.

Temperature

(°C)

23.8 27 33 37.5 37.7 35.1 32.4 32.1 32.2 31.6 28.6 25.2

Avg.

Temperature

(°F)

62.8 68.0 77.5 86.0 88.7 87.3 84.7 84.6 84.0 80.6 71.6 64.9

Min.

Temperature

(°F)

50.7 55.4 63.7 72.7 77.7 79.3 79.2 79.3 78.3 72.5 59.9 52.5

Max.

Temperature

(°F)

74.8 80.6 91.4 99.5 99.9 95.2 90.3 89.8 90.0 88.9 83.5 77.4

Precipitation /

Rainfall (mm)

19 3 6 14 49 197 249 246 231 92 4 1

There is a difference of 248 mm of precipitation between the driest and wettest months. Throughout

the year, temperatures vary by 14.4 °C.


CHAPTER-9

DETAILS OF THE MINING LEASE IN THE DISTRICT

Details of mining lease in the district as per the following format-

Sl.

No.

Name

of the

Miner

al

Name of the

lessee

Address and

Contact No. of

lessee

Mining

Lease

Grant

order no.

and date

Area

of

Minin

g

Lease

(hec.)

Period of

mining

lease

(Initial)

Period of

Mining Lease

(1strenual)

Fro

m

To Fro

m

To

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

- - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - -


CHAPTER-10

DETAILS OF ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED IN LAST THREE YEARS

Details of Royalty or Revenue received from Minor minerals in last three calendar years

Sl. No. Financial Year Stone Mineral

(Rs. In Lakh)

All Minor Mineral

(Rs. In Lakh)

1 2015 Nil Nil

2 2016 Nil Nil

3 2017 Nil Nil

Total - -


CHAPTER-11

DETAILS OF PRODUCTION OF MINOR MINERAL IN LAST THREE YEARS

Production of stone minerals in last three calendar years:-

Sl. No. Financial Year Production of Stone Mineral

(In cft.)

1 2015 Nil

2 2016 Nil

3 2017 Nil

Total


CHAPTER-12

MINERAL MAP OF THE DISTRICT


CHAPTER-13

LIST OF LETTER OF INTENT (LOI) HOLDER IN THE DISTRICT ALONG WITH ITS

VALIDITY

Sl. No. Name

of the

Mineral

Name of

the lessee

Address and contact

no. of the Intent

Holder

Letter of

Intent

grant

Order No.

& Date

Area

of

Mining

lease

to be

alloted

Validity

of LoI

Use

(Captive/

Non-

Captive)

Location of

the Mining

Lease

(Latitude &

Longitude)

- - - -- - - - - -

- - - -- - - - - -

- - - - - - - - -


CHAPTER-14

TOTAL MINERAL RESERVE AVAILABLE IN THE DISTRICT

Method of estimation of reserve:-

The estimation of stone reserve is made by conventional parallel cross section method using

geological cross section. The geological cross sections are prepared across the strike of the

mineral. The area of individual litho unit in each and every cross section is calculated separately.

The volume between the cross section is arrived on the basis of average area of parallel cross

section and multiplying sectional interval. And tonnage is arrived at by multiplying by bulk

density.

Note: Following are the parameter considered for reserve estimation:

i. Reserve is calculated

ii. Bulk density of stone and associate minor mineral is taken as 2.5 Ton/M3.

Geological and Minable reserve:-

Sl. No. Location Total area of

Geological

Reserve

(in Acre)

Geological

Reserve

(In sq. m.)

Average

Influenc

e Length

(m)

Total

Volume

(cum)

Geological

Mineral Reserve

(MT)

Coordinates

(Latitudes&l

ongitudes)

1 Bhadeshar

hill,Block-

Kahalgaon,Bha

galpur.

34.16acres/13.

824hect.

1,38,240 45 62,20,800 155.52 Lakh MT 25.262772N

87.293438E

2 Kashri Hill,

Block

Kahalgaon

Bhagalpur

184

acres/74.46

hect

7,44,600 27 2,01,04,200 502.60 Lakh MT 25.299747N

87.268948E

3 Gangaldei

hill,Block-

Kahalgaon,Bha

galpur

20Acres/8.093

hect

80,930 21 16,99,530 42.48 Lakh MT 25.285492N

87.254921E

4 Salempur

hill,Block-

Pirpainthi,Bhag

alpur

65acres/26.30

4hect.

2,63,040 23 6,049,920 151.24 Lakh MT 25.268635N

87.482478E

5 Manikpur

hill,Block-

Pirpainthi,Bhag

alpur

29.5acres/11.9

38 hect

1,19,380 21 25,06,980 62.674 Lakh MT 25.310259N

87.431582E

6 Purani kherhi

hill,Block-

Sahkund,Bhaga

lpur

80acres/32.37

4 hect

3,23,740 38 1,23,02,120 307.55 Lakh MT 25.165365N

86.818101E


7 Jagaria

hill,Block-

Sahkund,Bhaga

lpur

67acres/27.11

3 hect

2,71,130 17 46,09,210 115.23 Lakh MT 25.148118N

86.805669E

8 Panchkathia

hill, Block-

Sahkund,Bhaga

lpur

11 acres/4.45

hect

44,500 15 6,67,500 16.68 Lakh MT 25.144957N

86.818826E

9 Valinagar hill,

Block-

Sahkund,Bhaga

lpur

10.86acres/4.3

9 hect

43,900 24 10,53,600 26.34 Lakh MT 25.171891N

86.823234E

10 Banama

hill,Block-

Sahkund,Bhaga

lpur

7.80acres/3.15

hect

31,500 13 4,09,500 10.23 Lakh MT 25.148457N

86.825396E

11 Parmanpur

hill,Block-

Sahkund,Bhaga

lpur

8.50acres/3.44

hect

34,400 8 2,75,200 6.88 Lakh MT 25.164690N

86.844677E

Total 1241.904LakhMT

Summary of estimated reserve:-

Sl. No. Category Mineral Reserve (Lakh MT)

1. Geological reserve 1241.904 Lakh MT

2. Minable Reserve (80 % of total geological

reserve)

993.52 Lakh MT

3. Block Reserve -

Note: Geological reserve =Minable Reserve + Block reserve


IMAGE OF STONE DEPOSITS IN THE BHAGALPUR DISTRICT







CHAPTER-15

QUALITY/ GRADE OF MINERAL AVAILABLE IN THE DISTRICT

The deposit in the area is quite good in respect of quality and quantity. The method of mining

should be adopted Opencast Mining Method by OTFM (Other than Fully mechanized method)

for digging, excavation and removal of stone in conjunction with deep hole drilling and blasting.

Quality of Sand Stone available in the district is of intermediate. Rock has intergrown quartz

grains, thus is massive and hard. Protolith is sandstone. Intermediate to high grade

metamorphism. The Sand Stone mineral can be used as boulders of different sizes for dam

construction, embankment works etc. After crushing into different sizes it can be used in

construction and road projects.


CHAPTER-16

USE OF MINERAL

ROM will be used for construction of buildings & making of road. Stone can be used in different

form of different construction jobs and road projects. Stone, mined out from the mine, can be

directly used as boulders of different sizes for dam construction, embankment works etc. After

crushing into different sizes of aggregates, ranging from 6mm to 63mm, the product can be used

in construction and road projects.

Uses of different stone mineral available in Bhagalpur district of Bihar.

Uses of stones

Building and decorative stone

Aggregates.

dam construction, embankment works

Industrial purpose

Road construction purpose

.


CHAPTER-17

DEMAND & SUPPLY OF THE MINERAL IN LAST THREE YEARS

Demand and supply of the stone mineral in last three years are as tabled below-

Sl. No. Year Demand of mineral

(in CFT)

Supply of the mineral

(in CFT)

1. 2015-16 Nil Nil

2. 2016-17 Nil Nil

3. 2017-18 Nil Nil


CHAPTER-18

MINING LEASE MARKED ON THE MAP OF THE DISTRICT

Mining lease in the district is as marked on district Map-

At present no any mining lease exists in the district.


CHAPTER-19

DETAILS OF CLUSTER OF MINING LEASE VIZ. NUMBER OF MINING LEASE

LOCATION (LAT. AND LONG.)

At present no any existing mining lease in the district.


CHAPTER-20

ECO-SENSITIVE AREA IN THE DISTRICT

The Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary, Bhagalpur notified as a wildlife sanctuary under

Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 vide S.O. 382 dated 07.08.1991 lies between Latitudes 25°10’

and 25°25’ N and Longitude 86°30’ and 87°15’ E in the Bhagalpur District of Bihar and extends

over a length of about 60 kilometre of portion of River Ganges from Sultanganj to three hillocks

in the middle of River Ganges at Kahalgaon;

AND WHEREAS, the Gangetic dolphin, otter, turtle, many migratory birds are the species of

vital ecological importance in Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary;

AND WHEREAS, the portion of River Ganges is sanctuary and the river course may change

occasionally and the sanctuary area is essential for conservation of endangered species, the

Gangetic Dolphin and other ecologically important species of flora and fauna in this area;

AND WHEREAS, it is necessary to conserve and protect the area, the extent and boundaries of

which is specified in paragraph 1 of this notification around the protected area of the

Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary as Eco-sensitive Zone from ecological and

environmental point of view and to prohibit industries or class of industries and their operations

and processes in the said Eco-sensitive Zone;

NOW, THEREFORE, in exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1), clause (v) and

clause (xiv) of subsection (2) and sub-section (3) of section 3 of the Environment (Protection)

Act, 1986 (29 of 1986) read with sub-rule (3) of rule 5 of the Environment (Protection) Rules,

1986, the Central Government hereby notifies an area to an extent varying from 100 metre to 5.0

kilometre from the boundary of the VikramshilaGangetic Dolphin Sanctuary in the State of Bihar

as the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary Eco-sensitive Zone (hereinafter referred to as the

Eco-sensitive Zone), details of which are as under, namely:-

Extent and boundaries of Eco-sensitive Zone.-(1) The extent of Eco-sensitive Zone is varies from

100 metres to 5.0 kilometres from the boundary of the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary.

The area of Eco- sensitive Zone is12,221 hectare.

Limits and boundaries of the proposed Eco-sensitive Zone of Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin

Sanctuary, Bihar. The eco-sensitive zone of Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary as is

situated mainly in Bhagalpur district and a very small part in Khagaria district; (2) The

boundaries and extent of the Eco-sensitive Zone is as follows: (a) On the western boundary of

the sanctuary at Sultanganj i.e. the Eco-sensitive Zone shall extend up to 5.0 kilometre upstream

from the sanctuary boundary; (b) On the northern boundary of the sanctuary i.e. left bank of

River Ganges the Eco-sensitive Zone shall extend up to 500 metres from the sanctuary boundary;


(c) On the eastern boundary of the sanctuary at three hillocks in the middle of River Ganges at

Kahalgaon, the Ecosensitive Zone shall extend up to 5.0 kilometre downstream of river Ganges

from the Sanctuary Boundary; (d) On the southern boundary of the sanctuary i.e. left bank of

River Ganges, the Eco-sensitive Zone shall extend up to (i) 100 metres from the sanctuary

boundary in the areas included in Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation, Sultanganj Nagar Parishad

and Kahalgaon Nagar Panchayat and (ii) 200 metre in all the villages/town other than Bhagalpur

Municipal Corporation, Sultanganj Nagar Parishad and Kahalgaon Nagar Panchayat mentioned

in (i) here.

Map of Eco-sensitive Zone boundary of Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary, Bihar.


CHAPTER-21

IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT DUE TO MINING ACTIVITY

Impact on Environment due to mining activities varies based on the quantum of production rate

proposed. The different activities involved before & during mining are narrated below, which

helps to assess the impact on environment.

Population growth, economic development and environmental degradation are interlinked with

each-other. The high growth in population speeds-up economic activities. Meanwhile, it also

deteriorates environment as for the high level of economic development, plenty of natural

resources are exploited. Similarly, mining activities have considerable impacts on environment.

The most important environmental problems from the mining activities are mercury pollution,

cyanide pollution, direct dumping of tailing and affluent into river. These environmental

problems from mining activities are the global phenomena. It does not only degrade the land and

forest areas but also, it affects the air, water and health qualities. Faunal and floral depletion, due

to mining activities, is also enormous.

Land degradation is one of the significant impacts arising out of mining and quarrying activity

which is mainly in the form of alternation of land structure due to excavation, stacking of top soil

and loss of land due to dumping of mine waste and overburden soil. Stone and sand quarrying

causes damage to property, depletion of ground water, loss of fertile top soil, degradation of

forest land, adverse effect on the biodiversity and public health.

Mining and quarrying, either open cast or underground, destroys landscape and forest

ecosystems. The waste materials that remain after the extraction of usable ores are dumped on

the surrounding land, thus causing loss of top soil, nutrients and supportive micro flora and

vegetation.

Air pollution, due to dust from the mines, is a common environmental problem in mines and

quarries especially open cast operations. Stone Mining activities are normally associated with

different types of pollution. Air pollution is regarded as the most notable one, where particulate

matter (dust) are generated and found in the surrounding areas of such activities. Particles with

aerodynamic diameters of less than 50µm (termed Total Suspended Particulate matter, or TSP)

can become suspended in the atmosphere, and those with aerodynamic diameters of less than

10µm termed PM10 (inhalable particles) can be transported over long distances, and enter the

human respiratory system.

Noise pollution is associated with many types of equipment used in mining operations, but

blasting is considered the major source. Loud sound disturbed the vegetable nearby the area.It

also affect stability of infrastructures, buildings, and homes of people living near to these

working sites. In this regard, noise pollution may include noise from vehicle engines, loading

and unloading of rock into steel dumpers, chutes, power generation, and other sources.


Mining operations impact the environment in several ways, and water pollution is a major

concern in such operations. For instance quarry dust can change the chemistry of water resources

by dissolving in them, it can also settle in water bodies and cause pollution.Furthermore, these

operations disrupt the existing movement of surface water and groundwater; they interrupt

natural water recharge and can lead to reduced quantity and quality of drinking water for

residents and wildlife near or downstream from a quarry site.

The pollution potential of the proposed project, it is possible impacts on the surrounding

environment during pre-operational and operational phases and the necessary management

actions proposed for control and abatement of pollution are furnished hereunder.

Impact on the some component of the environment are as below-

Air environment

Although mining does not cause any direct change in air environment, transportation etc. In

stone mining operations, the source of air pollution may cause deterioration of air quality due to

the fugitive dust emission during blasting, scooping, loading-unloading operations and

transportation. Loading and unloading of mineral would be associated with the fugitive emission

in the active area whereas fugitive emission during transportation would affect the areas/villages

situated adjacent to road side. Another source of air pollution would be emission from the

trucks/tractor/other vehicles to be used for transportation of soil.

Water environment

As far as impact on surface water is concerned, during mining and transportation, there are

chances of contamination of surface water resources (pond, well etc.) with dust or by other

means. The labourers working in stone mining come from neighboring districts and colonise in

the surrounding areas with inadequate facilities for waste disposal. This, in due course, leads to

disposal of various things into surface water bodies which in due course of time results into

surface water contamination through misuse / mismanagement and decomposition of the trash.

Land environment

There shall be no major impacts of stone mining on land due to rocky terrain having no soil

cover generation of top soil shall be nil.


Other impacts on land include Disposal of packing material, carried by the workers. This packing

material would include used sachet/gutka/pan masala pouches. Polythene bag used by the

workers to bring their foods etc.

Noise environment

As far as noise pollution is concerned, blasting is considered the major source of noise pollution.

The Machinery used in mining of stone mineral create sound and vibrates. As well as vehicles

used for transport, loading-unloading of mineral etc. put impact on noise environment. Noise

level in the working environment should be compared with the standards prescribed by Central

Pollution Control Board which has been adopted and enforced by the Govt. of India through The

Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000.

Flora and Fauna

The mining is a destructive activity generated by human being for providing strength and

security to his living standard. The mining in the concerned zones provides raw materials in the

form of crusher, gravels and stones, etc. for construction of roads, railway lines and other

infrastructures. From the last few years the mining rate has increased several times. It results in

the loss of biodiversity of both flora and fauna and physiographic features of the concerned

region.


CHAPTER-22

REMEDIAL MEASURE TO MITIGATE THE IMPACT OF MINING ON THE

ENVIRONMENT

Air environment

Mitigation Measures

For Fugitive Dust Emission:

• All trucks should be covered by tarpaulin sheet to prevent dust emission.

• Water spraying should be there in haul road, crusher and mining area.

• Wet drilling should be preferred

• Sharp drill rods should be used to reduce dust generation

• Dust extractor should be used to reduce dust generation

For Vehicular Emission

• Overloading of trucks and trolleys should be prevented.

• Vehicular emission can pose serious health hazard. During the earth mining extraction,

tractor/truck should be used for transportation. Tractor/truck comprises of diesel engine

produce particles are dangerously fine of PM10 & PM2.5. It is well known fact that

combustion of diesel generates small particulate matter, nitrogen oxides and sulphur

dioxide.

• Ultra low sulphur diesel should be used in vehicle. CPCB prescribed emission Standards

for the vehicle would be followed.

•

Water environment

Mitigation measures

• Safeguards will be adopted against health risks on account of breeding of vectors in the

water bodies created due to excavation.

• Labourers should not be allowed to through trashes in water bodies.

• Utmost care should be taken to minimize or control oil spills or leakage from vehicles

used for soil transportation.


• Water Quality Monitoring for the, ground water should be carried out seasonally to

ensure that the water quality is not affected by the project activities.

• The contractor should adhere all guidelines and rules for proper and scientific method of

mining during the period of extracting of minerals that the project activities should not

have any adverse effect on the physical components of the environment including

recharge of ground waters or water quality.

Land environment

Mitigation measures

• No foreign material like polythene bag, jute bag and useless articles should not be

allowed to remain/spill on the land, or no pits/pockets should be allowed to be filled with

such material.

• Mining should not exceeds beyond the agreed extraction depth.

• Development of thick plantation around mine lease area

Noise environment

Mitigation measures

• Well maintained vehicles should be used in order to reduce the noise during movement of

vehicles.

• Regular and proper maintenance of transportation vehicles (trucks, tractor etc.) should be

ensured.

• Proper and timely maintenance of machineries. .

• Major noise generating Equipments like DG set shall be housed.

Flora and Fauna

Mitigation measures

• Sediment and erosion control by planting native trees and shrubs to stabilize degraded

farming land;

• Regular monitoring of plants and animals on site;

• Salvaging and reusing materials where practical;

• Establishing and maintaining habitat corridors;

• Controlling access to the site to protect habitats.


CHAPTER-23

RECLAMATION ON MINED OUT AREA IN THE DISTRICT

Once the deposit will be mined out then only the question of land reclamation will come. It is

proposed that after the completion of quarrying operation the excavated area should be converted

into water logging and will be utilized for irrigation and pisciculture purpose or green belt zone.

When active mining ceases, mine facilities and the site are reclaimed and closed. The goal of

mine site reclamation and closure should always be to return the site to a condition that most

resembles the pre-mining condition. Mines that are notorious for their immense impact on the

environment often made impacts only during the closure phase, when active mining operations

ceased. These impacts can persist for decades and even centuries. Therefore, the EIA for every

proposed mining project should must include a detailed discussion of the mine Reclamation and

Closure Plan offered by the mining proponent. Mine reclamation and closure plans must describe

in sufficient detail how the mining company will restore the site to a condition that most

resembles pre-mining environmental quality; how it will prevent – in perpetuity – the release of

toxic contaminants from various mine facilities (such as abandoned open pits and tailings

impoundments); and how funds will be set aside to insure that the costs of reclamation and

closure should be paid for.


CHAPTER-24

RISK ASSESSMENT AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN

The multi-disaster prone state of Bihar requires a multi-disciplinary approach to deal with these

disasters requiring participation of various stakeholders. It requires a continuous and integrated

process of planning, organizing, coordinating and implementing measures that are necessary for

risk prevention, mitigation of risk impacts, preparing to face the disaster event, response,

rehabilitation and reconstruction. Some of the prominent disasters and their impacts are –

Flood:-

Bihar’s topography is marked by a number of perennial and non-perennial rivers of which, those

originating from Nepal are known to carry high sediment loads that are then deposited on the

plains of Bihar. A majority of the rainfall in this region is concentrated in the 3 months of

monsoon during which the flow of rivers increases up to 50 times causing floods in Bihar.

According to the Bihar Government’s Flood Management Information Systems Cell, floods of

Bihar can be divided into 4 categories namely:

Class I: Flash floods– floods occurring due to rainfall in Nepal, lead time is short (8 hours),

receding of flood waters is fast;

Class II: River floods– lead time 24 hours, receding of flood waters is 1 week or more;

Class III: Drainage congestion in river confluence- lead time more than 24 hours, lasting full

monsoon season (i.e. receding of flood water takes 3 months).

Class IV: Permanent water logged area.

As such, 73.63% of the geographical area of North Bihar is considered to be prone to floods. Out

of 38 districts, 28 districts get flooded (of which 15 districts are worst affected) causing huge

loss of property, lives, farmlands and infrastructure. During the 2008 Kosi floods, over 350,000

acres of paddy, 18,000 acres of maize and 240,000 acres of other crops were adversely affected,

impacting close to 500,000 farmers.


Flood Zone in Bihar

Source: Bihar State Disaster Management Authority

http://bsdma.org/Know-Your-Risk.aspx?id=3

Drought:-

In the absence of adequate rainfall, most part of south Bihar including Aurangabad district north

Bihar which faces drought situations. South and South West Bihar are more vulnerable and often

experiences severe drought situations. Districts of Munger, Nawada, Rohtas, Bhojpur,

Aurangabad and Gaya are the known drought prone areas of the state.

Earthquake:-

Bihar is located in the high seismic zone that falls on the boundary of the tectonic plate joining

the Himalayan tectonic plate near the Bihar-Nepal Border and has six sub-surface fault lines

moving towards the Gangetic planes in four directions. Of the 38 districts of Bihar, 8 districts fall

in seismic zone V of which 2 districts (Madhubani and Supaul) fall entirely in seismic zone V



while 24 districts fall in seismic zone IV and 6 districts in seismic zone III with most districts

falling under multiple seismic zones (i.e. either seismic zone V & IV or seismic zone IV & III).

The new and growing urban centers in the state where building codes and control mechanisms

are not enforced, earthquake remains a major threat to cities. This could result in social

infrastructures such as schools and hospitals that are not built to be earthquake resistant could

lead to serve damage and loss of lives as well.

Earthquake Zone in Bihar



Other Hazards:-

Apart from the above hazards, the state is also prone to cold and heat waves, Cyclonic storms

(high speed winds) and other human-induced hazards like fire, epidemics, road / boat accidents,

stampedes etc. Incidences of fire are mainly local in nature but have a severe impact on villages.



Since a majority of Kucha houses have thatch roofs and wooden structures, in the summer

months when winds are high, fires from the traditional stoves spread to damage entire villages.

Multi hazards Zone in Bihar



Mine disaster:-

Thousands of miners die each year around the globe due to mining accidents, especially from

underground coal mining, although hard rock mining is not immune from accidents.

Underground mining has considerably less impact than opencast mining on land, it causes

enough damage through subsidence. Apart from this, explosive natural gases, especially

firedamp, dust explosions, collapsing of mine stones, mining-induced seismicity, flooding, or

general mechanical errors from improperly used or malfunctioning mining equipment and

improper explosives underground can also cause to catastrophe.

The study found there is no such incident happened in past in Bhagalpur district of Bihar.



CHAPTER-25

DETAILS OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

(LAST FIVE YEAR DATA OF NUMBER OF PATIENT OF SILICOSISTUBERCULOSIS)

Health Hazards in Mining:-

Some are the major health Hazards in mining as below-

Physical Hazards

Traumatic injury remains a significant problem and ranges from the trivial to the fatal. Common

causes of fatal injury include rock fall, fires, explosions, mobile equipment accidents, falls from

height, entrapment and electrocution. Less common but recognized causes of fatal injury include

flooding of underground workings, wet-fill release from collapsed bulkheads and air blast from

block caving failure. The systematic application of risk management techniques has contributed

to a substantial decline in injury frequency rates in developed nations. Further improvement,

however, is required to reach rates tolerable to the broader community. Noise is almost

ubiquitous in mining. It is generated by drilling, blasting, cutting, materials handling, ventilation,

crushing, conveying and ore processing. Controlling noise has proven difficult in mining and

noise-induced hearing loss remains common.

Chemical hazards

Crystalline silica has long been a serious hazard in mining, with the risk of silicosis. Silicosis has

been subject to considerable investigation. Axial water-fed rock drills, wet techniques,

ventilation, enclosed cabins and respiratory protection facilitylargely control silicosis. Silicosis is

a big problem in India and silico-tuberculosis is important in Africa, where the high prevalence

of HIV infection among miners increases the risk.

Biological hazards

The risk of tropical diseases such as malaria and dengue fever is substantial at some remote

mining locations. Leptospirosis and ankylostomiasis were common in mines, but eradication of

rats and improved sanitation can control these hazards effectively. Regular microbiological

analysis of the water is necessary to detect Legionella contamination or high concentrations of

other heterotrophic microorganisms

Last five year data of number of patient of Silicosis & Tuberculosis

During the study no such patient of Silicosis & Tuberculosis reported.


CHAPTER-26

PLANTATION AND GREEN BELT DEVELOPMENT IN RESPECT OF LEASE ALREADY

GRANTED

Green Belt Development

The basic approach towards the development of Green belt /plantation in the lease area is with a

view to provide an aesthetic look, eliminating fugitive emissions and for controlling the impact

of noise, etc.

Green Belt will be developed based on the following principles:

Plants that grow fast should be preferred

Preference for high canopy covers plants with local varieties

Perennial and evergreen plants should be preferred

Plants having a high Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) should be preferred

The development of green belt is an important aspect for any project because

It improves the ambient air quality by controlling Suspended Particulate Matter in air

It helps in noise attenuation for the surrounding area

It helps in attracting new birds and insects as their habitation

It maintains the ecological balance

It increases the aesthetic value of site.

Greenbelt Development & Plantation Programme

Plantation should be developed at 2 M x 2 M spacing, the rate of survival should be aimed at

80% by regular watering & fencing to keep plants safe from animal grazing. Local species will

be planted in consultation with local horticulturist. Diseased plants should be replaced by

planting new saplings.

Recommendation for Green Belt Development

It is strongly recommended to create greenbelt around the project site or in case lease failed the

authority should take proper action to stop mining operation or revoke mining permission with

necessary action.


PROPOSED AFFORESTATION PROGRAM (YEAR WISE)

Year No. of Sapling

1 st

year 100

2nd

year 100

3rd

year 100

4th

year 100

5th

year 100

Total 500


REFERENCES

1. Singh,U,(1965):“Ditribution and Character of Cities of The Ganga

Plain.”National Geographical Journal of India,Vol.XI P.37

2. Optimum Utilisation of Surface Water and Ground Water Potential Using Fuzzy

Approach National Systems Conference, NSC 2008, 17–19 December 2008

3. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov results/Census2011Bihar.pdf

4. Census of India 2011- Provisional Population Totals - Bihar - Data Sheet" (PDF).

Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Vital Statistics Division. Office

of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. 2011. pp. 1 & 2.

Retrieved 16 August 2012.

5. www.cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Bihar/ Bhagalpur.pdf

6. cgwb.gov.in/gw profiles/st_Bihar.htm

7. www.cgwb.gov.in/Regions/GW-year.../GWYB%20MER%20(Bihar)%202015-16.pdf

8. www.census2011.co.in › Bihar

9. http://www.cwc.nic.in

10. http://www.ecobrick.in

11 https://en.climate-data.org/location

http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov%20results/Census2011Bihar.pdf

http://www.cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Bihar/%20Bhagalpur.pdf

http://www.cgwb.gov.in/Regions/GW-year.../GWYB%20MER%20(Bihar)%202015-16.pdf

http://www.cwc.nic.in/

http://www.ecobrick.in/

https://en.climate-data.org/location

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