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8/2/2019 DIVERSE APPLIANCES OF METADATA STANDARDS IN DIGITAL LIBRARY
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INTERNATIONAT JOURNAI OFVo!g.3. Numberl . January.June20i1
CONTENTS
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Ant Colony Optimization for Routing in Arbitrary Networks ...."........... 27_g4Ritika and Nipur
"Diverse Appliances of Metadata Standards-in Digital
Llbrary,, ...,....35_40A^aynnk Triaedi, Vishnu Suthar snrl Babulhai Akodiyn
A Secure Key Management Scheme for WSND. C. lutrle fusephirrc, T. febarajai, n. i. il"lrrn;;";; "....4r-44
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lnternational Journal of lnlormation Technology and Management Research
3 (1), January-June 2011, pp. 35-40
..DIVERSE APPLIANCES OF METADATA STANDARDS IN
DIGITAL LIBRARY"
Mayank Trivedi., Vishnu Suthar.- and Babubhai Akodiya.*.
ABSTRACT: There are numerous changes in metadata standards organi"ing a digital library (DL) and successfully gets to the
user the articles he/she zoants. Various standards haoe already been dez,eloped in storage and retrieaal of digital data cuhich aredescribed here. They range from the standards that coaer Portable Document Format f.les through the standards that gooerninterndtional cataloguing ffirts to standards for oaious forms. Otfurs are stiil under deztelopment and are desuibed in the
state inzahich they are currently. In conclusion, itandards are necessary for eaery aspect of the digital library. New standardsare being deaeloped by the formal international standards bodies haae been highlighted.
Keyworils: Metadata, Digital library, Metadata Standards
is the Internet-age term for strucfuredabout data. Typical examples are librarybibliographic headers in Web
"terms of use" statements, and ratings.cofiununities - from librarians and
scientists to government agencies,
heritage organizations, publishers,and the legal community - scope and
metadata differently. Internationalin areas such as biodiversity, the
sciences, and museums seek to refine theof specialized metadata for the rapidlyneeds of their fields. Likewise,and other content providers are
agreements on standards to enable newof electronic commerce.l
The creation and rnanagement of metadata is
rapidly expanding industry. In thecommunities, libraries and abstracting
indexing services invest heavily in the
of metadata to manage the publishedScholars are increasingly publishing
work in electronic journals or in less formal
Web forums and scientific datasets areproliferating. Metadata will be needed for these
materials. As libraries and museums digitizecultural heritage information, they must createmetadata to orgfinize and manage it; indeed, thecost of creating this metadata is often comparableto the cost of digitization itself. In all suchcontexts, metadata heips people find what theyneed, verify its authenticity, process it in anappropriate format, and perhaps to order or payfor it online. No single type of metadata can suit
every such application, every type of resource,and every community of users. How the diverseforms of metadata will co-exist and interoperateis a complex issue for research. Its requiremetadata standards for different format.2
METADATA STANDARDS
Metadata elements grouped into sets designed fora specific purpose, e.g., for a specific domain or a
particular type of information resource, are called
metadata schemes. For every element the nameand the semantics (the meaning of the element)are specified. Content rules (how content must
University Librarian, the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara-390002,
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INrrRNRttONnl |ounNRl op lxroRvertoN TscuwOrOCv eNn MRN4CTMINT RESe{R:m
2. Metadata content rules enable consistet{
data entry for effective searching. Contert
rules include: vocabularies and semarlbl
rules as well as authority files, thesaun
classifications and ontologies.3. Metadata mark-up standards ensure tha't
metadata is machine readable and that
automated searches can be undertaken.
4. Metadata packaging standards define the
links between digital objects and their
metadata while binding the components
into archival packages as defined by the
OAIS Reference Model (Open Archival
Information Systems Reference Model -I5O1.4721:2003)
COMPONENTS OF METADATASTANDARDS
Defining metadata doesn't only mean defining
elements; a metadata schema cor-nprises other
definitions. Here we present the main
components of a metadata standard which have
to be defined by an archive.6
1. Element set
2. Encoding
3. Storage
WHAT IS DIFFERENT IN DL?
formulated), representation rules (e.9.,
capitalizalton rules), and allowed element values
(e.g., from a controlled vocabulary) can be
sp"iifi"d optionally. Some schemes also specify
in which syntax the elements must be encoded,in contrast to syntax independent schemes.3
Metadata schemes that are developed and
maintained by standard orgatizabions (such as
ISO) or organizations that have taken on such
responsibility (such as the Dublin Core Metadata
Iniiiative) are called metadata standards. We
know metadata standards for digital libraryprospect.a
NEED FOR METADATASTANDARDIZATION IN DL
Metadata is the core of any information retrieval
system and so its implications for any digjtal
library are profound: the choice of a metadata
scheme underpins any such library's ability to
deliver objects in a meaningful way, and greatly
affects its long-term ability to maintain and
preserve its digital assets.s The adoption of these
itandards that the large union catalogues and
collaborative cataloguing projects that are nowsuch a prominent part of the library world became
possible. The technology of the digital library
offers even greater potential for inter-institutional
collaboration. To do so effectively, however,
requires standard approaches to metadata. To
adopt an analogy from the traditional library
world, it is necessary to standardize both the
containers for digital library metadata.
TYPES OF METADATA STANDARDS
Effective implementation of metadata standards
needs early consideration of the structure,
content, functionality and links between
digital objects and metadata instances required'
Different types of metadata standards are
used interdependently to achieve the following
aims:
1.. Metsdata structure standards ensure
consistent structure across individualentries; enable data searching to be
implemented and data sharing across a
discipline. Hierarchical structurestandards enable context as well as content
For digital libraries, the environment is likely to
be in a state of change for the foreseeable future;
research and experimentation will be ongoing'
For a thoughtful analysis of some of the metadata
issues warranting research, see Metadata forDigital Libraries: a Research Agenda developed
by a joint task working Soup established under
the auspices of the European Union and the
National Science Foundation. The current article
should not be seen as an attempt to develop an
overarching theoretical or technical framework or
as a comprehensive overview, but as observations
from the trenches of American Memory, a
production digital library system that is also an
experiment. The integration of heterogeneousconten! including content and metadata prepared
by other institutions, into American Memory has
provided a close look at practical hurdles in the
path to Licklider's vision. It has also stimulated
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Arplnncss or MnreoerR SrnNoRnos tN Dtcner LIBRARY"37
can contribute to achieving that vision
a not infrequent sense of frustration at the
of incorporating new tools to build
services and enrich the interaction with the
of knowledge.T
STANDARDS IN DL
METS (Metadata Encoding & Transmission
Standard)
Metadata Encoding and Transmission
(METS) is a data encoding and
specification, (in XML format), that
the means to convey the metadata
for both the management of digital*iUti" a repository and the exchange of
obj".ts between repositories (or between
and their users). Thiscommon object
was designed to allow the sharing of efforts
develop inflrmation management tools/
ani to facilitate the interoperable exchange
digital materials among institutions (including
The METS XML schema was created in
under the sponsorship of the Digital Library
(DLF), is supported by the Library ofas its maintenance agency, and is
goveined by the METS Editorial Board'8
Purpose of METS: METS is an XML Schema
designed foi the PurPose of: lvlaintaining the
meta'data of the digital objects for the long term;
Recording thu ttamet and locations of the files that
comprise those objects; Creating XML document
that express the hierarchical structure of digital
library objects, and when a repository of digital
objecis iniends to share metadata about a digitalobject,or the object itself, wi'r'h another repository
or with a tool meant to render the object, the use
of a common data transfer syntax between
repositories and between tools greatly improves
the facility and efficiency with which the
transactions can occur. METS was created and
designed to provide a relatively easy format for
these kinds of activities during the life-cycle of
the digital object.
A METS document consists of setsen major
sections: The METS Header contains metadata
describing the METS document itself, including
such information as creator, editor, etc.; The
Metadata section; The File Section; The Structural
Map; Structural Links; The Behavior
Technical Components: Primary XML Schema+
Extension Schema+ Controlled Vocabularies
Prerequisites: METS is defined as an XMLSchema, requiring staff and software support
capable of operating on datasets using standard
XML Schema knowledge and tools.
METS Basic
The names and locations of the files that comprise
those objects
2. MIX (NISO Metadata for Images in XML)
XML schema for encoding technical data elements
required to manage digital image collections' The
Library of Congress' Network Development and
MARC Standards Office, in partnership with the
NISO Technical Metadata for Digital Still Images
Standards Committee and other interested
experts, is developing an XML schema for a set
of technical data elements required to manage
digital image collections. The schema provides a
foimat for iirterchange and/or storage of the data
specified in the Data Dictionary - Technical
Metadata for Digital Still images (ANSI/NISO
239.87-2006). This schema is currently referred to
as "NISO Metadata for Images in XI\4I- (NISO
MIX)". MIX is expressed using the XML schema
language of the World Wide Web Consortium.
MIX is maintained for NISO by the Network
Development and MARC Standards Office of the
Library of Congress with input from users.e
3. PREMIS (Preservation Metadata)
A data dictionary and supporting XML schemas
Book
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38 IruTEnNRrroNar founxal op INronueroN TscHr.rol-ocv elo MaNecguerur RrsEenc.
the long-term preservation of digital materials.
The new working goup was fortunate in thattwoexceptionally qualified experts - Priscilla Caplan
of the Florida Center for Library Automation and
F.ebecca Guenther of the Library of Congress-were willing to assume the responsibilities ofchairing the group. PREMIS was equallyfortunate in the caliber of expertise forming the
group{s membership, which extends to libraries,
museums, archives, goverrunent, and the privatesector, and includes participants from the US, the
Netherlands, Australia, Great Britain, Germany,and New Zealand.
The OAIS Framework prompted interest in
mo'iing it toward a more implementable status.To achleve this objective, OCLC and RLG
sponsored a second working group calledPREMIS (Preservation Metadata: Implementation
Strategies). Composed of more than thirtyinternational experts in preservation metadata,
PREMIS sought to: (i) define a core set ofimpler-nentabie, broadly applicable preservationmetadata elements, supported by a datadictionary; and (ii) identify and evaluate
alternative strategies for encoding, storing,managing, and exchanging preservationmetadata in digital archiving systems. It definesimplementable, core preservation metadata,along with guidelines and recommendations fornunagement and use. PREMIS also developed a
set'of XML, schema to support use of the DataDictionary by institutions managing andexchanging PREMIS conformant preservationmetadata.lo
4. TextMD (Technical Metadata for Text)
XML schema that details technical metadata fortext-based digital objects. It most commonly servesas an exlension schema used within the MetadataElcoding and Transmission Schema (METS)administrative metadata section. However, it couldalso exist as a standalone document. hr the futuretextMD can be used within the pREMIS element<additional TechnicalCharacteristics>, anextension for format-specific metadata within the
IIEMIS preservatioi metadata Object XMLSchema version 2.0.
The TextMD schema allows for detailing
plafform, software, agent) ; character information(character set and size, byte order and size, line
terminators) ; languages; fonts ; markupinformation; processing and textual notes ;
technical requirements for printing and viewing;page ordering and sequencing.
The Library of Congress NetworkDevelopment and MARCStandards Office (LoC)
serves as the maintenance agency for textMD,althodgh the majority of the qualitative work on
the schema will come from the larger METScomrnunity and textMD implementers external to
LoC.1i
5. ISO/DIS 25577::20O8 (Information andDocumentation - MarcXchange)
Specifies the requirements for a generalized XML-based exchange format for bibliographic records
as well as other types of metadata; Does not definethe length or the content of individual records and
does not assign any meaning to tags, indicators,or identifiers, these specifications being thefunctions of an implementation forma| describesa generalized structure, a framework designed
primarily for communicatiorr between dataprocessing systems, but may also be relevant foruse as a processing format within systems.
MarcXchange could potentially be used as
follows: for representing a complete MARCrecord or a set of MARC records in XML; fororiginal resource description in XML syntax; asan extension schema to METS (MetadataEncoding and Transmission Standard); for
exchange of MARC records in XML; for transferof MARC records in web services like SRU(search(retrieval via URL); for publishertransmission of data; as a temporary format in allkinds of.dafa transformation or manipulation, e.g,conversion) publicatiorj editing, validation; f&metadata in'XML that may be plckaged with anelectronic resource.
6. ISO 20775 - Schema for Holdings Information
ISO 207-75:2009 specifies a schema designed tocover the holdings of all types of resources,physical and electronic, all iyp"s of resourceformat such as printed text, visuil images, soundrecordings, videos, electronic midia
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DIVERsE Appltnxcns or Mereoere SreltoaRos ttt Dtctrer LISnARY"
monographs or those published serially or in part.
hough it is designed to be used as a schema inquery responses, 15020775:2009 does not specify
a query and response (such as SRU, 239'50 or
Open Search) including search atkibutes and
index definition. I5O 20775:2009 facilltates the
interactive exchange of a combination of stable
and dynamic information. How data is gathered
and assembled to populate the schema forholdings is outside the scope of ISO 20775:2009.
Detailed resource description is outside the scope
of ISO 20775:2009 as is also detailed information
on serials designed for claiming missing issues.l2
7. ALTO - Technical Metadata for OpticalCharacter Recognition
ALTO (Analyzed Layout and Text Object) is a
XML Schema that details technical metadata fordescribing the layout information and OCR
recognized text of resources, such as pages of a
book or a newspaper. It is used as an extension
schema to METS (Metadata Encoding and
Transmission Standard), where METS provides
metadata and structural information while ALTO
contains content and physical information. AltoFeatures
1. ALTO file contains a style section where
different styles are listed. The layoutsection contains what is on the Page.
2. A page is divided into several regions
(Print space, left margin, right margin, top
margin and bottom margin). For each
region all objects are listed which have
been detected inside.
3. Measurements in ALTO XML files can be
given in 1/10mm or rn1'/1200inch. To use
the coordinates within the ALTO file withany resolution they need to be transformed
into pixe1s.13
Why METS/AITO Conversion?
The METS and ALTO havebeenaround for a long
time, and are standard with which librariesi,
universities, newspaper publishers andnewspaper aggregators are aware of. METS is a
standard for encoding descriptive, administrative,
and structural metadata regarding objects within
a digital library, using XML. Though METS is
excellent at describing the structure of a digitalobject, it's missing the ability to describe the
content and layout of each piece of the digitalobject.
CONCLUSION
This paper has considered some of the difficultiesassociated with the defined standards of digitallibrary. We have provided corrceptual studies
which can be faced when seeking to make use fordigital library. The paper describes differentstandards within digital library developmentprogrammes. These standards aims to provide a
pragmatic solution and is designed to provide
guidance and support forprojects and services
in implementing standards-bdsed solutions,without being overly prescriptive.
References
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[2] Arora, ]agdish. (2009), Digital Preservation: AnOverview. Open Access to Textual and Multimedia
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