divingand equipment

ROTARY DRILLING

third editionunit v • LeSSOn 5

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ROTARY DRILLING SERIES

Unit I: The Rig and Its Maintenance

Lesson1: TheRotaryRigandItsComponentsLesson2: TheBitLesson3: DrillStringandDrillCollarsLesson4: Rotary,Kelly,Swivel,Tongs,andTopDriveLesson5: TheBlocksandDrillingLineLesson6: TheDrawworksandtheCompoundLesson7: DrillingFluids,MudPumps,andConditioningEquipmentLesson8: DieselEnginesandElectricPowerLesson9: TheAuxiliariesLesson10: SafetyontheRig

Unit II: Normal Drilling Operations

Lesson1: MakingHoleLesson2: DrillingFluidsLesson3: DrillingaStraightHoleLesson4: CasingandCementingLesson5: TestingandCompleting

Unit III: Nonroutine Operations

Lesson1: ControlledDirectionalDrillingLesson2: Open-HoleFishingLesson3: BlowoutPrevention

Unit IV: Man Management and Rig Management

Unit V: Offshore Technology

Lesson1: Wind,Waves,andWeatherLesson2: SpreadMooringSystemsLesson3: Buoyancy,Stability,andTrimLesson4: JackingSystemsandRigMovingProceduresLesson5: DivingandEquipmentLesson6: VesselInspectionandMaintenanceLesson7: HelicopterSafetyLesson8: OrientationforOffshoreCraneOperationsLesson9: LifeOffshoreLesson10: MarineRiserSystemsandSubseaBlowoutPreventers

Cover photoGrit blastingPhotobyBrianDerby

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ContentsFigures viForeword ix

Preface xi

About the Authors xiii

Acknowledgments xv

Units of Measurement xvi

Diving History 1 To summarize 7

Underwater Physics 9Buoyancy 9Heat Loss 10Pressure 11Liquid Pressure 12Gas Laws 13Partial Pressure and Dalton’s Law 15Light Properties 16Sound Properties 17To summarize 18

Underwater Physiology 19Subsurface Pressure 19

Effects of Squeeze 20Embolism 21Nitrogen Narcosis 22Oxygen Toxicity 23Decompression Sickness 23Carbon Dioxide 25High-Pressure Nervous Syndrome 25

To summarize 26

Diving Equipment 27Self-Contained Equipment 27Surface-Supplied Diving Equipment 29

Surface Diving Equipment 29Air and Gas Supplies 33

Surface-Supplied Air Diving 38Shallow Air 38Intermediate Air 39Deep Air 39

Surface Mixed-Gas Diving Equipment 40Mixed-Gas Diving Control Panel 40Wet Bell 41Helium Unscrambler 42Hot Water Machine 42

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High-Pressure Mixed-Gas Cylinder Racks 43Saturation Diving Systems 44

Diving Bell 46Dive Control 49Deck Decompression Chambers 50Gas Reclaim System 54

To summarize 55

Underwater Photo and Video Equipment 57Digital Still Cameras 57Underwater Video Cameras 58Remotely Operated Vehicles 59

ROV Tasks 60ROV Tools 61Divers and ROVs 62

To summarize 63

Diving Services 65Diving Operations 65

Diving Platforms 68Dive-Support Vessels 68

Surveys and Inspections 77 Fixed-Platform Inspections 77Pipeline Surveys 79Pipeline Repair 80Valve Maintenance 81

New Construction 82Platform Installations 82Pipeline Installations 82Pipeline Terminations 83

Salvage and Removals 88Platform Removals 89Pipeline Abandonments 90Downed Structures 90

Drilling Support 94Underwater Cutting and Welding 94Nondestructive Testing 98

To summarize 100

Diving Training 101In-House Training 104

Diver Medic 104Nondestructive Testing 104Underwater Welding and Cutting 104Rigging 106Life-Support Technician 107Dive Supervisor 107

To summarize 107Petr

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Diving Regulations and Standards 109To summarize 111

Appendix 113

Glossary 117

Review Questions 129

Index 129

Answers 137

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About the Authors

John HerrenSenior Director Epic Divers and Marine Services

John Herren began his career in the commercial diving industry in

1990 after graduating from the Col-lege of Oceaneering in Los Angeles,

California. He moved to the Gulf of Mexico and joined SubSea International where he worked as a tender, diver, and saturation diver in the Gulf of Mexico and West Africa.

In 1997, Herren worked as a freelance diver and Saturation Supervisor in the United States. Since 1998, he has worked for EPIC Divers and Marine where he supervised divers until he entered management in 2001. He has held positions as Operations Manager, Project Manager, and Director of Diving and is currently Senior Director of Operations.

In addition to his commercial diving credentials, Herren has been certified as a Diving Medical Technician by the National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology, a certified Underwater Bridge Substructure Technician, and is certified by The American Society of Nondestructive Testing in magnetic particle and ultrasonic testing methods. He has a Bachelor’s degree in Busi-ness Administration from Northwood University and a Master of Business Administration from Tulane University.

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Gene Lo ConteDiving SuperintendentEpic Divers and Marine Services

Gene Lo Conte has been a leader in the commercial diving industry

for over 20 years. After finishing dive school at City College in Santa Barbara, California, he began his career as a tender with SubSea International in the Gulf of Mexico.

He quickly transitioned from tender to diver and started freelancing domestically and internationally. Lo Conte’s diving freelance work took him from Africa to Venezuela and included domestic work in the Gulf of Mexico and on the east and west U.S. coasts. In 1999, he joined EPIC Divers and Marine as a diver/supervisor and has been a Diving Superintendent since 2003.

In addition to his work with EPIC, Lo Conte has presented on the subject of commercial diving at oil and gas industry con-ferences, written articles for trade publications, and taught com-mercial diving at the Divers Academy in New Jersey. Lo Conte has also acted as subject-matter expert for the development of a subsea-specific Department of Transportation operator qualifica-tion program. Moreover, he has consulted with the Association of Diving Contractors International on the development of its diving supervisor certification program.

Lo Conte has a Bachelor’s degree in History and Political Sci-ence from Mount St. Mary’s University and an Associate’s degree in Marine Technology from Santa Barbara City College.

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Throughout the world, two systems of measurement domi-nate: the English system and the met ric system. To day, the

United States is one of only a few countries that employs the En-glish sys tem.

The English system uses the pound as the unit of weight, the foot as the unit of length, and the gallon as the unit of capacity. In the En glish system, for example, 1 foot equals 12 inches, 1 yard equals 36 inches, and 1 mile equals 5,280 feet or 1,760 yards.

The metric system uses the gram as the unit of weight, the metre as the unit of length, and the litre as the unit of capacity. In the metric system, 1 me tre equals 10 decimetres, 100 centimetres, or 1,000 milli metres. A kilometre equals 1,000 me tres. The metric system, un like the English system, uses a base of 10; thus, it is easy to convert from one unit to another. To convert from one unit to an other in the English system, you must memorize or look up the val ues.

In the late 1970s, the Eleventh General Conference on Weights and Measures de scribed and adopted the Système International (SI) d’U nités. Conference participants based the SI system on the metric system and de signed it as an interna tional stan dard of measurement.

The Rotary Drilling Series gives both English and SI units. And because the SI sys tem employs the British spelling of many of the terms, the book follows those spelling rules as well. The unit of length, for ex ample, is metre, not me ter. (Note, however, that the unit of weight is gram, not gramme.)

To aid U.S. readers in making and understanding conversion to the SI system, we in clude the following table.

Units of Measurement

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Quantity Multiply To Obtain or Property English Units English Units By These SI Units

Length, inches (in.) 25.4 millimetres (mm) depth, 2.54 centimetres (cm) or height feet (ft) 0.3048 metres (m) yards (yd) 0.9144 metres (m) miles (mi) 1609.344 metres (m) 1.61 kilometres (km) Hole and pipe di ame ters, bit size inches (in.) 25.4 millimetres (mm) Drilling rate feet per hour (ft/h) 0.3048 metres per hour (m/h) Weight on bit pounds (lb) 0.445 decanewtons (dN) Nozzle size 32nds of an inch 0.8 millimetres (mm) barrels (bbl) 0.159 cubic metres (m3) 159 litres (L) gallons per stroke (gal/stroke) 0.00379 cubic metres per stroke (m3/stroke) ounces (oz) 29.57 millilitres (mL) Volume cubic inches (in.3) 16.387 cubic centimetres (cm3) cubic feet (ft3) 28.3169 litres (L) 0.0283 cubic metres (m3) quarts (qt) 0.9464 litres (L) gallons (gal) 3.7854 litres (L) gallons (gal) 0.00379 cubic metres (m3) pounds per barrel (lb/bbl) 2.895 kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m3) barrels per ton (bbl/tn) 0.175 cubic metres per tonne (m3/t) gallons per minute (gpm) 0.00379 cubic metres per minute (m3/min) Pump output gallons per hour (gph) 0.00379 cubic metres per hour (m3/h) and flow rate barrels per stroke (bbl/stroke) 0.159 cubic metres per stroke (m3/stroke) barrels per minute (bbl/min) 0.159 cubic metres per minute (m3/min) Pressure pounds per square inch (psi) 6.895 kilopascals (kPa) 0.006895 megapascals (MPa)

Temperature degrees Fahrenheit (°F) degrees Celsius (°C)

Thermal gradient 1°F per 60 feet –– 1°C per 33 metres ounces (oz) 28.35 grams (g) Mass (weight) pounds (lb) 453.59 grams (g) 0.4536 kilograms (kg) tons (tn) 0.9072 tonnes (t) pounds per foot (lb/ft) 1.488 kilograms per metre (kg/m) Mud weight pounds per gallon (ppg) 119.82 kilograms per cubic me tre (kg/m3) pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft3) 16.0 kilograms per cubic me tre (kg/m3) Pressure gradient pounds per square inch per foot (psi/ft) 22.621 kilopascals per metre (kPa/m) Funnel viscosity seconds per quart (s/qt) 1.057 seconds per litre (s/L) Yield point pounds per 100 square feet (lb/100 ft2) 0.48 pascals (Pa) Gel strength pounds per 100 square feet (lb/100 ft2) 0.48 pascals (Pa) Filter cake thickness 32nds of an inch 0.8 millimetres (mm) Power horsepower (hp) 0.75 kilowatts (kW) square inches (in.2) 6.45 square centimetres (cm2) square feet (ft2) 0.0929 square metres (m2) Area square yards (yd2) 0.8361 square metres (m2) square miles (mi2) 2.59 square kilometres (km2) acre (ac) 0.40 hectare (ha) Drilling line wear ton-miles (tn•mi) 14.317 megajoules (MJ) 1.459 tonne-kilometres (t•km) Torque foot-pounds (ft•lb) 1.3558 newton metres (N•m)

°F - 32 1.8

English-Units-to-SI-Units Conversion Factors

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Diving History

In this chapter:

• Inceptionoftheconceptofdiving

• Closed-circuitscubaandrecreationofdiver’sownairsupply

• Thefirstdeepwaterscubaanddiscoveryofdecompression

• Causesandeffectsofdecompressionsickness

• Decompressiontablesandadvancementsinscubaequipment

• Modern closed-circuit scuba systems and saturationdiving

Recordsoffirstattemptsbyhumanstoexplorethegreatunknowndepthsofwatersarenonexistent.Theancientspongeandpearl

diversoftheMediterraneanandPacificwerethoughttobeamongthefirst toconductunderwaterexplorations,althoughtheywereprobablydivingtoamaximum100feet(30metres)andcouldendurethedepthpressureforonly2to3minutes.Theirinitialattempts,however,ledtofargreaterdiscoveriesthanthetreasurestheyhunted.

Divingasamilitarystrategywasrecordedasearlyas400B.C.,butthosemilitarydiversweremorethanlikelycombatswimmers.Xerxes,theKingofPersiaatthetime,useddiverstorecovertrea-suresonsunkenPersianships,andAlexandertheGreatputdiverstomilitaryusewhenhedestroyedtheboomdefensesatTyre(Lebanon)in333B.C.theGreekphilosopherAristotlebelievedthatAlexandertheGreathimselfdescendedunderwaterinanarchaicdiving bell.

ThefirstrecordsofairbeingsuppliedtodiversfromthesurfaceweregivenbytheRomanhistorianGaiusPliniusSecundusinhisbook,Naturalis Historia. Plinydescribesmilitarydiversusinglongtubesthroughwhichtobreathewhilebelowthesurface.Thistubedevice is similar to themodern-daysnorkel,but it is impracticalwhenusedbelowabout10feet(3metres)becauseofthepressuredifferencesthatoccurasthebodydescendsintodeeperwater.

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Underwater Physics

In this chapter:

• Thetendencytoriseandfloat

• Heatlossandhazardoussituations

• Liquid,gas,andpressuremeasurement

• Airsupplyinrelationtodepth

• Dalton’slawofpartialpressure

• Lightexposedinanunderwaterenvironment

• Soundtravelunderwater

Aspeoplewalkthroughtheirenvironmentseveryday,theyrarelythinkofthemixtureofgasestheyinhaleandexhaleorthe

pressurebeingexertedoneachsquare inchof theirbodies.Onlywhentheyaretakenoutoftheirsafephysicalsurroundingsdopeoplebecomeawareoftheenvironment’slife-sustainingqualities.Whenexposedtoanunderwaterenvironment,peoplemustunderstandthechangesinphysicalpropertiesandhowtoadapttothemtosurvive.

Uponenteringtheunderwaterworld,oneofthemostimmediatelynoticeabledifferencesisthetendencytoriseorfloat.Thiselementalwaterforceisknownasbuoyancy andisexpressedinArchimedes’principle.Thisprinciplestatesthat“abodysubmergedinaliquidisbuoyedupbyaforceequaltotheweightofthewateritdisplaces.” Because the densities of water and the human body are almostthesame,thehumanbodydisplacesalmostitsexactweightwhensubmerged.

Buoyancy

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In this chapter:

• Pressurerationsbetweendiverandwater

• Increasedanddecreasedpressureindescentandascent

• Haltedbreathduringdescent

• Helium’srelationshiptonitrogennarcosis

• Benefitsanddetrimentsofoxygenwhendiving

• Decompressionsymptomsandcures

• Interruptedeliminationofcarbondioxideinthebody

• Theeffectofrapiddescentonthenervoussystem

Thehumanbodyisahighlycomplexandsensitivesystemofcells,tissues, fluids, and bone that functions normally at sea-level

pressure. Indifferentenvironments, suchas in theoceanwaters,thebodymustmakeadjustmentstodifferentpressurestosurvive.

Withinpresentdivingdepthcapabilities,humantissuesareinsensitivetotheincreasedpressures(fig.6).However,foradivertoberelativelyinsensitivetopressurechanges,hisorherbreathinggasmusthaveaccesstoallbodycavitiessuchasthelungs,middleear,andsinuses.Trappedgasesinthesefreeairspacesarecompressedbyincreasingpressureofwaterdepthandbycomplianceofthecavitywalls.Nosignificantpressuredifferentialcanexistbetweenthesespacesandtheouterenvironment,orimmediatetissuedamagewilloccur.

Underwater Physiology

Subsurface Pressure

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Diving Equipment

In this chapter:

• Self-containedequipmentprovisions

• Typesofsurfacediving

• Properdiverequipmentandgear

• Categoriesofairandgassupplies

• Radiocommunicationfordivers

• Equipmentcontainedinthedivecontrolvan

• Usageofdivingumbilicalcords

• On-deckdecompressionchamberrequirements

• Airusedinsurface-suppliedairdiving

• Surfacemixed-gasdivingequipment

• Systemsandmodulesusedinsaturationdivingsystems

Awiderangeofequipmentisusedintoday’sdivingoperations.Provisionsincludeself-containedequipment,surface-suppliedgear,anddeepwatersystemsandremote-operatedvehiclescapableofexploringatextremedepths(fig.9).

Divingequipmenthasbeenusedinvariousformsformanydecades.However, the advancesmade indivingapparatusduringWorldWarIIbroughtscubatotheforefrontasareliableandavailablesys-temforunderwateruse.TheintroductionofthedemandregulatorbyFrenchmenEmileGaguanandJacquesCousteauin1943madepracticaltheuseofcompressedairinaself-containedapparatus.

Self-Contained Equipment

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In this chapter:

• Digitalstillcamerasandnewertechnologies

• Underwatervideocapabilities

• Classificationofremotelyoperatedvehicles

• ROVtasks,capabilities,andtools

Advancesindigitalphotographyandvideoequipmenthaveal-lowedreal-timetransmissionsofcriticalinformation(fig.25).

Manyvesselshavee-mailcapabilities,allowingphotostobesentinstantlyafterbeingcapturedfromlivevideo.Itisalsoquitecom-montohavelivestreamingvideofromadiver’scamerasentovertheinternettosharewithclientsandengineerssotheycanrequestthedivertoobservespecificdata.

Stillcamerasareusedlessfrequentlytodaybecausethepresenceandcapabilitiesofcomputerequipmentonjobsiteshasmadedigitalphotographyandinstanttransmissionofimagesmoredesirable.Stillcamerasare stillused frequently inunderwaterplatform inspec-tionforclosevisualweldinspection,butthecostandmaintenanceof thesecamerasare relativelyhigh for thequalityof thephotostheyproduce.Videocamerasandcomputerprogramsareclosetoachievingcomparableresults.Stillcamerasrequirewaterproofandpressure-proofhousingsthatmustbespecificallydesignedforthecamerabeingused.Stillcamerasalsohavedepthrestraints.

Underwater Photo and Video Equipment

Digital Still Cameras

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In this chapter:

• Differencesbetweenspecificdivingoperations• Divingplatformsanddiving-relatedvessels• Fixed-platforminspectionsversuspipelineinspections• Installationandrepairofplatformsandpipelines• Proceduresforterminatingplatformsandpipelines• Pipelinesalvageandremoval• Underwatercuttingandweldingtechnologies• Benefits and detriments of underwater burning and

nondestructivecutting

Commercialoilfielddivinghasalwaysbeenseenasamysteriousoperationthatonlyafewdaretoengageinasacareer.Workers

ondivevesselsorotherworkplatformsoftenseeadiverleavethesurfaceanddiveintotheunknown,thensurfaceagainsometimelatertoimmediatelyenteradecompressionchambertopreventthebendsortoreversesomeotheradverseeffectofbeingunderpres-sure.Alackofunderstandingofsafedivinghaskeptmanyfromenteringintothisoccupation.

The fact is, thenormalcommercialdiverperforms thesametasksasmanyotherswhoembarkonsimilartrades,exceptusuallythedivermustbewelltrainedinthemanydifferentaspectsoftheoffshoreoilandgasenvironment.Becauseof restrictions toworksitesunderwater,thedivergenerallyworksaloneonlocationandthereforecannotcallcolleaguesforimmediateassistance.Ifthedivercannotcompleteataskoroperationduetoalackofskillinacertainarea,theoperationmustbeshutdownandthedivermustreturntothesurfaceandcompleteallrequireddecompressionbeforeresuming

Diving Services

Diving Operations

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In this chapter:

• Practicalandclassroomtrainingmethods

• Processestoachievefurthercertification

• In-housetrainingandadvancededucation

FormalcommercialdivertrainingintheUnitedStatesisofferedbynationallyaccreditedvocationalschools.DiveSchoolstudents

receiveclassroomandpracticaltrainingincommercialdivingpro-ceduresandtechniquesduringtraining.Thistrainingincludesbothclassroomandpracticaleducation.

Properdivertrainingfocuseson:

• Divingphysics

• Divingphysiology

• Decompressiontables

• Industrialandoffshoresafety

• Divingmedicine

Afterastudentunderstandsthescienceandfundamentalsofcommercialdiving,theeducationmovestothepracticaltrainingsothatthestudentcangainexperiencewiththeequipmentandapplyclassroomknowledge.Practicaltrainingincludes:

• Hyperbaricchamberoperations

• Rigging

• Seamanship

• Divingequipment,maintenance,andfunction

Diving Training

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Diving Regulations and Standards

In this chapter:

• Federalagenciesandorganizationsthatregulatedivers

• Privatizedorganizationsthatregulatedivers

Inlandandoffshorecommercialdivingoperationsare federallyregulatedintheUnitedStatesbytwoagencies:

• TheUnitedStatesCoastGuard(USCG)regulatesoffshorediving.

• TheOccupationSafetyandHealthAdministration(OSHA)governsinlandandcoastaldivingoperations.

Theseagenciesreflecttheminimummandatedstandards,aresimilarincontent,andoftenidentical.Theyoutlineminimumrequire-mentsforpersonnel,equipment,operations,divingmodeprocedures,testingandinspectionsofdivingequipment,andrecordkeeping.

• TheUSCGRegulationistitled46CFRPart197Subchap-terV-MarineOccupationalSafetyandHealthStandardsSubpartB-CommercialDivingOperations. CFR197ap-plies to commercialdivingoperations takingplaceontheoutercontinental shelfor fromvessels required tohaveacertificateofinspectionissuedbytheUSCGsuchasmobileoffshoredrillingunits(MODUs).Thisregula-tionexcludesanydivingoperationsolelyforscientificresearch,publicsafety,andsearchandrescue.

• OSHA’s29CFRPart1910,SubpartTCommercialDivingStandard is generally applied to inland diving opera-tions.Generally,commercialoilfielddivingoperationsaregovernedundertheUSCGregulations.

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Index

absolutepressure,12absolutescales,14A-framehandlingsystem,42airandgassupplies,33–37 aircompressors,22 communications,34 divecontrolpanel,33 divingstage,37 divingumbilical,35 high-pressuregasbottles,33 volumetank,33aircompressors,38–39,43air-diving.Seealsosurface-suppliedairdiving,28,29,31

ambientpressure,2,96AmericanNationalStandardsInstituteStandardforCommercialDiverTraining(ACDE),101–102

AmericanWeldingSocieties(AWS),95ancillaryequipment,32AquaLung,5Archimedes’principle,9AssociationofCommercialDivingEducators(ACDE),101

AssociationofDivingContractorsInternational(ADCI),102,110

atmosphere(atm),12atmosphericpressure,11

barge derrickbarges,74–75 pipelaybarges,72–73 spudbarges,71barometricpressure,11

belldiving,29,35bellguide,82bell-handlingsystems,48bellman,48bellumbilical,46bend(connection),86thebends,4,23,24,65blowingup,10bodycavities,19bodyheatloss,22bodytemperature,10bolttensioners,85Borelli,Giovanni,2bottomtime,5Boyle’slaws,13–14breakingout,102breathinggases,5built-in-breathingsystem(BIBS),36buoyancy,9–10

cameras,61carbondioxideexcess(hypercapnia),25cathodicprotectionmeasurement(CP),99cathodicprotectionsurveys,77centralnervoussystem(CNS),23chambercontrol,52Charles’slaw,13–14ClassIIbell,41cleaning,61closed-circuitscuba,3closed-circuitscubasystem,6clumpweight,48

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DIVING AND EQUIPMENT

CO2levels,52coldcuttingtechniques,98combox,34CommercialDiving (USCG),39,109,110communications combox,34 deckdecompressionchamber(DDC),36,52 duringdecompression,36 divehats,30 diveradio,34 divingbells,46–47,50 betweendivingsupervisorandROV pilot,62

divingumbilical,35 dryhyperbaricwelding,96 hardwired,34 heliumunscramblers,34 importanceof,28,34 duringrecompression,24 withROVs,62 surfacemixed-gasdiving,40 surfacesuppliedairdiving,38 systemcomponents,49 two-way,28 wetbell,42compressedair,2compressors.Seealsoaircompressors,2,32concretemats,79,87Consensus Standards for Commercial Diving

Operations (ACDI),110ConShelf,6constructiontasksusingROVs,61consumablerod,97contaminatedwaters,31controlvan,49coretemperature,10Cousteau,Jacques,5,27CPRtraining,103cutoffdepth,39cylinders,5,12,14,43

Dalton’slaw,15DaVinci,Leonardo,2davitandwinch,37deckdecompressionchamber(DDC),50–54chambercontrol,52gasreclaimsystem,54hyperbaricrescuechamber,53–54life-supportsystem,52decompression,4,23decompressionindex,4decompressionsickness.Seealsothebends,10,23–24

decompressiontable,4–5demandhelmet,30demandregulator,2,27density(unitweight),12depth,5depth,cutoff,39depth-pressureequivalents,14derrickbarges,74–75,89diamondwiresaws,91diffusioneffect,16digitalstillcameras,57–58divecontrol,49–50dive-controlvan,40divehats,30divehose,35diver,38diveradio,34divercarriedemergencygassupply,32DiverCertificationCards(ACDI),102diversand,62diversdress drysuit,31 hot-watersuit,32 wetsuit,30diver/tender,29,38,102diver-wornequipment,29diveschool,101divesupervisor,38

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INDEX

divesupportplatforms,67divesupportvessels,68–77 barges,71–75 dynamicallypositioneddivesupportvessel,70

four-pointanchorvessels,69 liftboats,76–77divetender,24divingbell,46–48divingequipment,44–48 airandgassupplies,33–37 deckdecompressionchamber(DDC),50–54 divecontrol,49–50 diver-wornequipment,29 saturationdivingsystems,44–48 self-containedequipment,27–28 surfacedivingequipment,29–33 surfacemixed-gasdivingequipment,40–43 surface-suppliedairdiving,38–39 surface-supplieddivingequipment,29divinghelmets,20divinghistory,1–7divingoperations,65–77 about,65–66 divesupportplatforms,67 divesupportvessels,68–77 divingplatforms,67divingplatforms,67divingradio,42divingservices divingoperations,65–77 drillingsupport,94–99 newconstruction,82–87 salvageandremoval,88–94 surveysandinspections,77–81divingtraining,101–107divingumbilical,35downedstructures,90–93dredginggear,72drillingrig,94,99drillingsupport,94–100

dryhyperbaricwelding,96drysuit,31dynamicallypositioneddivesupportvessel(DPDSV),70

electrodes,95embolism,21–22emergencygascylinder,42environmentalhealthandsafety(ESH)training,103

euphoria,22Eustachiantubes,20excursionumbilical,35,48

facemask,16,30,96fins,2,32firstaidtraining,103fixed-platforminspection,77–78Fleuss,H.A.,3four-pointanchorvessels,69free-air-space,13,19–20,25free-flowhelmet,30

Gaguan,Emile,27gasdiving.Seemixed-gasdivinggasembolism.Seeembolismgaslaws,13–15gasmixtures,15gasracks,33gasreclaimsystem,54gas-shieldedarcwelding(GSAW),96gaugepressure,12generalgaslaw,13–14gritblasting,103guillotinesaws,91

Haldane,J.S.,5harness,29hats,30heatconservation,48heatloss,10–11

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DIVING AND EQUIPMENT

Heliox,32helium,22helium-modifiedspeech,42helium-oxygenmix,32helium-oxygenmixture(HeO2),40heliumreclamation,54heliumunscramblers.Seealsounscramblers,42

helmets,30high-pressuremixedgascylinderracks,43high-pressurenervoussyndrome(HPNS),22,25–26

hotcuttingtechniques,98hottaps,86–87hotwatermachine,42hotwatersystems,22hydraulicshears,92hydraulictorquewrench,85hydrogennarcosis,40hyperbaricenvironments,50hyperbaricrescuechamber,36,53–54hypercapnia,25hypothermia,10

in-housetraining divermedic,104 lifesupporttechnicians(LSTs),107 nondestructivetesting,104 underwaterweldingandcutting,104–106inlanddiving,31inspections.SeesurveysandinspectionsinspectiontasksusingROVs,60intelligibilitytests,17internationalregulations,110–111interventiontasksusingROVs,61

James,W.H.,2

knifeswitch,95

Lambert,J.S.,4

launch-and-recoverysystem(LARS),48life-supportsystem,52lifesupporttechnicians(LSTs),42,52liftboats,76–77lightproperties,16liquidpressure,12–13livingchambers,50locks,50

magneticparticleinspection(MPI),99make-safeprocess,90masks,30metrologyjigs,84middleearsqueeze,20mixed-gasdiving,40mixed-gasdivingcontrolpanel,40moonpool,48

NaturalHistoria(Pliny),8NDTsensors,61negativebuoyancy,10neoprene,30netguard,94newconstruction,82–87 pipelineinstallations,82 pipelinetermination,83–87 platformdistillation,82nitrogennarcosis,10,22nitrogentoxicity,10NoCompressionZone,23nondestructivetesting,98–99non-divingsupervisor,39

observationtasksusingROVs,60observationvehiclesROVs,59observationvehicleswithpayloadoption(ROVs),60

OccupationSafetyandHealthAdministration(OSHA),109

offshoresupplyvessel,68oildiverskills,65–66

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INDEX

openbottombell,41open-circuitdivingsystem,54open-circuitregulator,2OSHArulesforCommercialDiving

(OSHA),110oxy-arccutting,97oxygen,23oxygenconsumption,52oxygentoxicity,10,23

partialpressure,15pipelaybarges,72–73,82pipelineabandonment,90pipelineendconnections,80pipelineinstallations,82pipelineorientation,84pipelineplating,81pipelinerepairs,80–81pipelinestingersystem,72pipelinesurveys,79pipelinetermination,83–87 hottaps,86–87 pointsoftermination,85 riserconnections,86subseaassembly,86platformdistillation,82platformremovals,89–90Pliny(GaiusPliniusSecundus),8plug-and-abandonphase,93pneumo-fathometergauges,33pnuemo-gauges,33pointsoftermination,85positivebuoyancy,10potash,3pressure,11–12PressureVesselsforHumanOccupancy(PVHO),110

ProceduresforSaturationDiving, 44psi,11

psia,12psig,12

racks,33rebreathers,2reciprocatingsaws,91reclaimhelmet,30recompression,24,36,114recompressionchamber.Seealsodeckdecompressionchamber,24

reefingmoment,89refractedlight,16remotelyoperatedvehicles(ROV),59–62 diversand,62 ROVtasks,60–61 ROVtools,62reversesqueeze,20rig.Seedrillingrigriserconnections,86ROVclassifications,59–60ROVtasks,60–61ROVtools,61

sacrificialanodes,77safetyharness,29SafetyStandardforPressureVesselsforHumanOccupancy(ANSI),110

salvageandremoval,88–94 downedstructures,90–93 pipelineabandonment,90 platformremovals,89–90saturationcontrol,52saturationdiving,6,29saturationdivingsystems,44–48 bell-handlingsystems,48 divingbells,46–48 divingequipment,44–48scrubbers,47,52scuba closed-circuit,3–4 cylinders,14

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DIVING AND EQUIPMENT

equipment,27,28 originsof,2,5–7SeaLab,6self-containedequipment,27–28semi-closedcircuit,52shieldedmetalarcweldingprocess(SMAW),94,96

silver-silverchloridereferencevolt,99sinussqueeze,20snagging,94soundproperties,17–18SpecificationforUnderwaterWelding(AWS),95

specificheat,10split-sleeverepairclamps,81spoolingoffmethod,82spoolpieces,83spudbarges,71squeeze,effectsof,20standbydiver,10stand-byworking-divers,48stationkeeping,61stick-welding,94stinger,94submersibledecompressionchamber(SDC),46

subseaassembly,86subsurfacepressure,19–26 bodycavities,19 carbondioxideexcess,25 decompressionsickness,23–24 effectsofsqueeze,20 embolism,21–22 high-pressurenervoussyndrome (HPNS),25–26

nitrogennarcosis,22 oxygentoxicity,23surfacedecompression,24surface-diving,29surfacedivingequipment,29–33surfacemixed-gasdivingequipment,40–43

heliumunscramblers,42 high-pressuremixedgascylinderracks,43 hotwatermachine,42 mixed-gasdivingcontrolpanel,40 wetbell,41surface-suppliedairdiving,38–39 deepair,39 intermediateair,39 shallowair,38surface-suppliedapparatus,2surfacesupplieddiving,29surface-supplieddivingequipment,29surveyingtasksusing(ROVs),60surveysandinspections,77–81 fixed-platforminspection,77–78 pipelinerepairs,80–81 pipelinesurveys,79 valvemaintenance,81

tender.Seediver/tenderthebends,4,23,24,65thoracicsqueeze,20topside,33towedortrackvehicles(ROVs),60transferlock,50transferunderpressure(TUP),47trunking,47tubeturn,86tungsteninertwelding(TIG)process,96two-waycommunications,28

ultrasonicinspection(UT),99underwaterburning,97–98underwaterburningpackage,89underwatercuttingandwelding,94–98 cathodicprotectionmeasurement(CP),99 dryhyperbaricwelding,96 magneticparticleinspection(MPI),99 nondestructivetesting,98–99 ultrasonicinspection(UT),98–99 underwaterburning,97–98

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INDEX

wetwelding,94–95underwaterlathe,92underwaterphotoandvideoequipment,57–63

digitalstillcameras,57–58 remotelyoperatedvehicles(ROV),59–62 underwatervideocameras,58–59underwaterphysics buoyancy,9–10 Dalton’slaw,15 gaslaws,13–15 heatloss,10–11 lightproperties,16 liquidpressure,12–13 partialpressure,15 pressure,11–12 soundproperties,17–18underwaterphysiology,19–26underwatervideocameras,58–59underwaterweldhabitat(UWH),96

UnitedStatesCoastGuard(USGG),39,109

UnlimitedDurationExcursionTables,44unscramblers,17,22,34

Vallo(DaVinci),2valvemaintenance,81vertigo,20vesselsalvage,74viscosity,17volumetank,33,38–39

weightbelt,29weldinghabitats,typesof,96wetbell,40,41wetlock,50wetsuit,30wetwelding,94–95workclassvehicles(ROVs),60workingdepths,44workingtime,5worksite,46,48,62,65,70

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To obtain additional training materials, contact:

PETEXThe University of Texas at Austin

Petroleum extension service10100 Burnet Road, Bldg. 2

Austin, TX 78758

Telephone: 512-471-5940or 800-687-4132

FAX: 512-471-9410or 800-687-7839

E-mail: petex@www.utexas.eduor visit our Web site: www.utexas.edu/ce/petex

To obtain information about training courses, contact:

PETEXlearning and assessment center

The University of Texas4702 N. Sam Houston Parkway West, Suite 800

Houston, TX 77086

Telephone: 281-397-2440or 800-687-7052

FAX: 281-397-2441E-mail: plach@www.utexas.edu

or visit our Web site: www.utexas.edu/ce/petex

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2.505300-88698-238-3

978-0-88698-238-6

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