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Medical abbreviation for Diabetes Mellitus with endocrine system

ABBREVIATION MEDICAL TERM MEANING / DEFINITION

ACE Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Drugs called ACE inhibitors are used to treat high blood

pressure, heart failure, diabetes and kidney diseases.ACEI Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor A decapeptide hormone formed from plasma glycoprotein

angiotensinogen by rennin secreted by the juxtaglomerular

apparatus.

ACR Albumin: creatinine ratio

ADA American Diabetes Association

AGE Advanced Glycosylation End products AGEs are produced in the body when glucose links with

protein. They play a role in damaging blood vessels, which

can lead to diabetes complications.

AGIs -glucosidase inhibitors AGIs e.g. acarbose, act at the gut epithelium, to reduce therate of digestion of polysaccharides in the proximal small

intestine by inhibiting -glucosidase enzymes. They should

be taken with main meals.

AGIs primarily lower postprandial glucose without

causing hypoglycaemia

AODM Adult Onset Diabetes Mellitus

BEE Basal Energy Expenditure

BGAT Blood Glucose Awareness TrainingBGL Blood Glucose Level

BMI Body Mass Index A measure used to evaluate body weight relative to a

person's height, determined by dividing the weight (in

kilograms) by the square of the height (in meters). BMI is

used to find out if a person is underweight, normal weight,

overweight or obese.

BMP Blood Metabolic Profile

BMR Basal Metabolic Rate


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BS Blood Sugar

BSL Blood Sugar Level

BW Body Weight

BUN Blood Urea Nitrogen A waste product in the blood from the breakdown of

protein. The kidneys filter blood to remove urea. As kidneyfunction decreases, the BUN levels increase.

CDE Certified Diabetes Educator A health care professional with expertise in diabetes

education who has met eligibility requirements and

successfully completed a certification exam.

CKD Chronic Kidney Disease

CVD Cardiovascular Disease Disease pertaining to the heart and blood vessels.

DCCT Diabetes Control and Complications Trial A study by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive

and Kidney Diseases, conducted from 1983 to 1993 in

people with Type 1 diabetes. The study showed thatintensive therapy compared to conventional therapy

significantly helped prevent or delay diabetes

complications. Intensive therapy included multiple daily

insulin injections or the use of an insulin pump with

multiple blood glucose readings each day. Complications

followed in the study included diabetic retinopathy,

neuropathy and nephropathy.

DKA Diabetic Ketoacidosis An emergency condition in which extremely high blood

glucose levels, along with a severe lack of insulin, result inthe breakdown of body fat for energy and an accumulation

of ketones in the blood and urine. Acidosis accompanied by

the accumulation of ketone bodies in the body tissues and

fluids. Signs of DKA are nausea and vomiting, stomach

pain, fruity breath odor and rapid breathing. Untreated

DKA can lead to coma and death.

DM Diabetes Mellitus a condition characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from


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the body's inability to use blood glucose for energy. In

Type 1 diabetes, the pancreas no longer makes insulin and

therefore blood glucose cannot enter the cells to be used for

energy. In Type 2 diabetes, either the pancreas does not

make enough insulin or the body is unable to use insulin

correctly.

DN Diabetic Nephropathy

DPP Diabetes Prevention Program A study by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive

and Kidney Diseases conducted from 1998 to 2001 in

people at high risk for Type 2 diabetes. All study

participants had impaired glucose tolerance, also called pre-

diabetes, and were overweight. The study showed that

people who lost 5 to 7 percent of their body weight through

a low-fat, low-calorie diet and moderate exercise (usually

walking for 30 minutes 5 days a week) reduced their risk of

getting Type 2 diabetes by 58 percent. Participants who

received treatment with the oral diabetes drug metformin

reduced their risk of getting Type 2 diabetes by 31 percent.

DPP-4 Inhibitors Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors It lowers HbA1c by 0.5 0.8%, 64-66 (Level I) its efficacy

improves when used at higher HbA1c baselines.

It is excreted unchanged by the kidneys and a reduction of

dose is recommended with renal impairment (25mg to

50mg)

DSME Diabetes Self-Management Education

ECG Electrocardiogram

ED Erectile Dysfunction The consistent or recurrent inability of a male to attain

and/or maintain a penile erection sufficient for sexual

performance.

EMU Early Morning Urine Sample


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FBS Fasting Blood Sugar

FPG Fasting Plasma Glucose

FSBS Finger-stick Blood Sugar

GAD Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase. The presence of antibodies to GAD (called anti-GAD

antibodies) an indication of the presence of an autoimmuneprocess in type 1 diabetes.

GDM Gestational Diabetes Mellitus A type of diabetes mellitus that develops only during

pregnancy and usually disappears upon delivery, but

increases the risk that the mother will develop diabetes

later. GDM is managed with meal planning, activity, and,

in some cases, insulin.

GHB or GHb Glycosylated hemoglobin A test that shows the percentage of hemoglobin that has

glucose attached. More often called A1c or A1C (GHB).

The test which measures your average blood glucosecontrol over the preceding several months. This test is

generally performed at 3 month intervals.

GI Glycaemic Index A measure of the extent to which blood glucose levels are

raised by a specific amount of carbohydrate-containing

food compared to the same amount of glucose.

GTT Glucose Tolerance Test

HbA1c Glycosylated Haemoglobin A test that measures a person's average blood glucose level

over the past 2 to 3 months. Hemoglobin is the part of a red

blood cell that carries oxygen to the cells and sometimesjoins with the glucose in the bloodstream. It shows the

amount of glucose that sticks to the red blood cell, which is

proportional to the amount of glucose in the blood.

HBGM Home Blood Glucose Monitoring

HBP High blood pressure (hypertension)

HHNS Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Non-ketotic

Syndrome

An emergency condition in which one's blood glucose level

is very high and ketones are not present in the blood or


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urine. If HHNS is not treated, it can lead to coma or death.

HLA Human Leukocyte Antigens Proteins located on the surface of the cell that help the

immune system identify the cell either as one belonging to

the body or as one from outside the body. Some patterns of

these proteins may mean increased risk of developing Type1 diabetes.

ICA Islet Cell Autoantibodies Proteins found in the blood of people newly diagnosed with

Type 1 diabetes. They are also found in people who may be

developing Type 1 diabetes. The presence of ICA indicates

that the body's immune system has been damaging beta

cells in the pancreas.

IDDM Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Former term for Type 1 diabetes.

IDF International Diabetes Federation

IDM Infant Of Diabetic Mother IFG Impaired Fasting Glucose A condition in which a blood glucose test, taken after an 8-

to 12-hour fast, shows a level of glucose higher than normal

but not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes. IFG, also

called pre-diabetes, is a level of 100 mg/dL to 125 mg/dL.

Most people with pre-diabetes are at increased risk for

developing type 2 diabetes.

IGT Impaired Glucose Tolerance A condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than

normal but are not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes.

IGT, also called pre-diabetes, is a level of 140 mg/dL to199 mg/dL 2 hours after the start of an oral glucose

tolerance test. Most people with pre-diabetes are at

increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes. Other names

for IGT that are no longer used are "borderline,"

"subclinical," "chemical,"or"latent" diabetes.

IM Intramuscular Injection. An injection into a muscle. Intramuscular injections hurt,

but are absorbed faster. Particularly good for glucagon


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injections when treating a bad hypo.

IVGTT Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test

LADA Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults A condition in which Type 1 diabetes develops in adults

LBW Low Birth Weight

LGA Large for Gestational AgeLOPS Loss of Protective Sensation

MDI Multiple daily injections (of insulin). One of several terms that are used to describe

insulin programs that are designed to obtain tightcontrol of blood sugar by giving several shots every

day.

MODY Maturity-Onset Diabetes of Youth A kind of Type 2 diabetes that accounts for 1 to 5 percent

of people with diabetes. Of the six forms identified, each is

caused by a defect in a single gene.

NKDA Non-Ketotic Diabetic AcidosisNKHC Non-Ketotic Hyperglycemic Coma

NKHHC Non-Ketonic Hyperglycemic-Hyperosmolar

Coma

NSAIDs Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

OAD agents Oral Anti-Diabetic agents

OGTT Oral Glucose Tolerance Test A test to diagnose pre-diabetes and diabetes. The oral

glucose tolerance test is given by a health care professional

after an overnight fast. A blood sample is taken, then the

patient drinks a high-glucose beverage. Blood samples aretaken at intervals for 2 to 3 hours. Test results are compared

with a standard and show how the body uses glucose over

time.

OSAS Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome

PCOS Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome A syndrome associated with bilateral polycystic

ovaries andinsulin resistance. Symptoms frequentlyinclude decreased menstrual flow, irregular menses,
http://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/dictionary/i.htm#Insulin%20Resistancehttp://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/dictionary/i.htm#Insulin%20Resistancehttp://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/dictionary/i.htm#Insulin%20Resistance


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anovulation, and infertility.

PDE-5 inhibitors Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors e.g. sildenafil,

tadalafil and vardenafil 210-213 (Level I)

Drugs that can be used to treat ED and should be offered as

first-line therapy to men with diabetes wishing treatment.

PPHI Persistent Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemiaof Infancy

PrevAGT Previous Abnormality of Glucose

Tolerance

A term for people who have had above-normal levels of

blood glucose (sugar) when tested for diabetes in the past

but who show as normal on a current test. PrevAGT used to

be called either "latent diabetes" or "prediabetes

PVD Peripheral Vascular Disease Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs,and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long

time may get this because major blood vessels intheir arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these

limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs ofPVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet

(especially when walking) and foot sores that heal

slowly. Although people with diabetes cannotalways avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better

chance of avoiding it if they take good care of theirfeet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood

pressure and diabetes under good control.

SBGM Self Blood Glucose Monitoring Method of choice in monitoring glycaemic control. SBGM

should be carried out for patients on insulin and is desirable

for those on OAD agents2

SGA Small for Gestational Age

SH Severe Hypoglycaemia

SIADH Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic

Hormone

SUs Insulin Secretatogues SUs lower plasma glucose by increasing insulin secretion.

They can lower plasma glucose by up to 25% and lower


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HbA1c by about 1.5%.

TG Triglyceride A compound consisting of three molecules of fatty acid

esterified to glycerol; a neutral fat that is the usual storage

form of lipids in animals.

tri-: threeid-: form, shape

TZDs Thiazolidinediones Thiazolidinediones are peroxisome proliferator-activated

receptor-gamma (PPAR-) agonists and act primarily by

increasing insulin sensitivity of muscle, adipose tissue and

liver to endogenous and exogenous insulin (insulin

sensitizers).

WC Waist Circumference


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Medical Terminology for Diabetes Mellitus with endocrine system

TERMINOLOGY MEANING / DEFINITION

acanthosis nigricans a skin condition characterized by darkened skin patches; common in people whose body is not

responding correctly to the insulin that they make in their pancreas (insulin resistance). This skincondition is also seen in people who have pre-diabetes or Type 2 diabetes.

acarbose an oral medicine used to treat Type 2 diabetes. It blocks the enzymes that digest starches in food.

The result is a slower and lower rise in blood glucose throughout the day, especially right after

meals. Belongs to the class of medicines called alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.

ACE inhibitor an oral medicine that lowers blood pressure; ACE stands for angiotensin converting enzyme. For

people with diabetes, especially those who have protein (albumin) in the urine, it also helps slow

down kidney damage.

acesulfame potassium a dietary sweetener with no calories and no nutritional value. Also known as acesulfame-K.

acetohexamide an oral medicine used to treat Type 2 diabetes. It lowers blood glucose by helping the pancreasmake more insulin and by helping the body better use the insulin it makes. Belongs to the class of

medicines called sulfonylureas.

Acetone a breakdown product of fat formed when fat rather than glucose is being used for energy

Actos an oral agent that lowers glucose by reducing insulin resistance

adhesive capsulitis a condition of the shoulder associated with diabetes that results in pain and loss of the ability to

move the shoulder in all directions.

adult-onset diabetes former term for Type 2 diabetes.

Albuminuria

alb-: white

a condition in which the urine has more than normal amounts of a protein called albumin.

Albuminuria may be a sign of nephropathy (kidney disease), one of diabetes complications.

Algorithm in diabetes care, a step-by-step plan for determining how much insulin to use for the blood level

of glucose and intake of carbohydrates

alpha cell a type of cell in the pancreas. Alpha cells make and release a hormone called glucagon. The body

sends a signal to the alpha cells to make glucagon when blood glucose falls too low. Then

glucagon reaches the liver where it tells it to release glucose into the blood for energy.

alpha-glucosidase inhibitor a class of oral medicine for Type 2 diabetes that blocks enzymes that digest starches in food. The

result is a slower and lower rise in blood glucose throughout the day, especially right after meals.

Amaryl an oral agent that lowers glucose by raising insulin levels


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amylin a hormone formed by beta cells in the pancreas. Amylin regulates the timing of glucose release

into the bloodstream after eating by slowing the emptying of the stomach.

amyotrophy a diabetic type of neuropathy resulting in pain, weakness and/or wasting in the muscles.

Angiography using a dye to take pictures of blood vessels to detect disease. In diabetes, angiography is often

used in the eyes.antibodies proteins made by the body to protect itself from "foreign" substances such as bacteria or viruses.

People get Type 1 diabetes when their bodies make antibodies that destroy the body's own

insulin-making beta cells.

Artificial pancreas a large machine that can measure blood glucose and release appropriate insulin

aspartame a dietary sweetener with almost no calories and no nutritional value. (Brand names: Equal,

NutraSweet)

autoimmune disease disorder of the body's immune system in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and

destroys body tissue that it believes to be foreign.

Background Retinopathyret-: net

path-: that which one

undergoes, sickness.

a type of damage to the retina of the eye marked by bleeding, fluid accumulation and abnormaldilation of the blood vessels. Background retinopathy is an early stage of diabetic retinopathy.

Also called simple or nonproliferative retinopathy.

basal rate a steady trickle of low levels of longer-acting insulin, such as that used in insulin pumps.

beta cell a cell that makes insulin. Beta cells are located in the islets of the pancreas.

biguanide a class of oral medicine used to treat Type 2 diabetes that lowers blood glucose by reducing the

amount of glucose produced by the liver and by helping the body respond better to insulin.

(Generic name: metformin)

blood glucose level the amount of glucose in a given amount of blood. It is noted in milligrams in a deciliter, or

mg/dL.

blood glucose monitoring checking blood glucose level on a regular basis in order to manage diabetes. A blood glucose

meter (or blood glucose test strips that change color when touched by a blood sample) is needed

for frequent blood glucose monitoring.

blood glucose meter a small, portable machine used by people with diabetes to check their blood glucose levels. After

pricking the skin with a lancet, one places a drop of blood on a test strip in the machine. The

meter (or monitor) soon displays the blood glucose level as a number on the meter's digital


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display.

bolus an extra amount of insulin taken to cover an expected rise in blood glucose, often related to a

meal or snack.

borderline diabetes a former term for Type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance.

brittle diabetes a term used when a person's blood glucose level moves often from low to high and from high tolow.

C-peptide "Connecting peptide," a substance the pancreas releases into the bloodstream in equal amounts to

insulin. A test of C-peptide levels shows how much insulin the body is making.

carbohydrate counting a method of meal planning for people with diabetes based on counting the number of grams of

carbohydrate in food.

cardiometabolic risk

factors

a set of conditions that have a big effect on whether or not you develop diabetes or heart disease.

cataract clouding of the lens of the eye that may develop in diabetic patients.

chlorpropamide an oral medicine used to treat Type 2 diabetes. It lowers blood glucose levels by helping thepancreas make more insulin and by helping the body better use the insulin it makes. Belongs to

the class of medicines called sulfonylureas.

combination therapy the use of different medicines together (oral hypoglycemic agents or an oral hypoglycemic agent

and insulin) to manage the blood glucose levels of people with Type 2 diabetes.

Continuous subcutaneous

insulin infusion (CSII)

continuous delivery of insulin under the skin, usually by an insulin pump, to mimic the way the

body provides insulin

conventional therapy a term used in clinical trials where one group receives treatment for diabetes in which A1C and

blood glucose levels are kept at levels based on current practice guidelines. However, the goal is

not to keep blood glucose levels as close to normal as possible, as is done in intensive therapy.

Conventional therapy includes use of medication, meal planning and exercise, along with regular

visits to health care providers.

D-phenylalanine derivative a class of oral medicine for Type 2 diabetes that lowers blood glucose levels by helping the

pancreas make more insulin right after meals. (Generic name: nateglinide)

dawn phenomenon the early-morning (4 a.m. to 8 a.m.) rise in blood glucose level.

diabetic mastopathy a rare fibrous breast condition occurring in women, and sometimes men, with long-standing

diabetes. The lumps are not malignant and can be surgically removed, although they often recur.

diabetic diarrhea loose stools, fecal incontinence, or both that result from an overgrowth of bacteria in the small


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intestine and diabetic neuropathy in the intestines. This nerve damage can also result in

constipation.

diabetic myelopathy damage to the spinal cord found in some people with diabetes.

diabetic retinopathy diabetic eye disease; damage to the small blood vessels in the retina. Loss of vision may result.

diabetogenic causing diabetes. For example, some drugs cause blood glucose levels to rise, resulting indiabetes.

diabetologist a doctor who specializes in treating people with diabetes.

Dupuytren's contracture a condition associated with diabetes in which the fingers and the palm of the hand thicken and

shorten, causing the fingers to curve inward.

edema swelling caused by excess fluid in the body.

Endocrine gland a group of specialized cells that release hormones into the blood. For example, the islets in the

pancreas, which secrete insulin, are endocrine glands.

endocrinologist a doctor who treats people who have endocrine gland problems such as diabetes.

euglycemia a normal level of glucose in the blood.

exchange lists one of several approaches for diabetes meal planning. Foods are categorized into three groups

based on their nutritional content. Lists provide the serving sizes for carbohydrates, meat and

meat alternatives, and fats. These lists allow for substitution for different groups to keep the

nutritional content fixed.

fasting blood glucose test a check of a person's blood glucose level after the person has not eaten for 8 to 12 hours (usually

overnight). This test is used to diagnose pre-diabetes and diabetes. It is also used to monitor

people with diabetes.

gangrene the death of body tissue, most often caused by a lack of blood flow and infection. It can lead to

amputation.

fructosamine test measures the number of blood glucose molecules linked to protein molecules in the blood. The

test provides information on the average blood glucose level for the past 3 weeks

gastroparesis a form of neuropathy that affects the stomach. Digestion of food may be incomplete or delayed,

resulting in nausea, vomiting, or bloating, making blood glucose control difficult.

glargine insulin very-long-acting insulin. On average, glargine insulin starts to lower blood glucose levels within

1 hour after injection and keeps working evenly for 24 hours after injection.

glaucoma an increase in fluid pressure inside the eye that may lead to loss of vision.

glimepiride an oral medicine used to treat Type 2 diabetes. It lowers blood glucose by helping the pancreas


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make more insulin and by helping the body better use the insulin it makes. Belongs to the class of


glipizide an oral medicine used to treat Type 2 diabetes. It lowers blood glucose by helping the pancreas


medicines called sulfonylureas.glucagon a hormone produced by the alpha cells in the pancreas. It raises blood glucose. An injectable form

of glucagon, available by prescription, may be used to treat severe hypoglycemia.

Glucophage an oral agent for diabetes that lowers glucose by blocking release from the liver

glucose tablets chewable tablets made of pure glucose used for treating hypoglycemia.

Glucovance an oral medicine used to treat Type 2 diabetes. It is a combination of glyburide and metformin.

glyburide an oral medicine used to treat Type 2 diabetes. It lowers blood glucose by helping the pancreas



glycogen the form of glucose found in the liver and muscles.Glyset an oral hypoglycaemic drug that lowers blood glucose by blocking breakdown of complex sugars

and starches

glycosuria the presence of glucose in the urine.

Gout A group of disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism, characterized by typhi causing

recurrent paroxysmal attacks of acute inflammatory arthritis usually affecting a single peripheral

joint, usually responsive to colchicines, and usually followed by complete remission;

hypertension; hyperuricemia and uric acid urolithiasis are also present in fully developed cases.

Heart failure Inability of the heart to pump blood at a rate adequate to fill tissue metabolic requirements or the

ability to do so only at an elevated filling pressure; defined clinically as a syndrome of ventricular

dysfunction with reduced exercise capacity and other characteristic hemodynamic, renal, neural,

and hormonal response.

Hyperglycaemia

Hyper-: above, beyond,

extreme, super-

glyc(y): sweet

-em-: blood

Abnormally increased content of glucose in blood. Fasting hyperglycemia is blood glucose above

a desirable level after a person has fasted for at least 8 hours. Postprandial hyperglycemia is blood

glucose above a desirable level 1 to 2 hours after a person has eaten.


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Hyperosmolar syndrome very high glucose in type 2 diabetes associated with severe dehydration but not excessive fat

breakdown and acidosis.

Hypoglycaemia

Hypo-: (o is dropped beforewords beginning with

vowel) under, below

Deficiency of glucose concentration in the blood, which may lead to hypothermia, headache, and

more serious neurologic symptoms. A condition that occurs when one's blood glucose is lower

than normal usually less than 70 mg/dL. Signs include hunger, nervousness, shakiness,perspiration, dizziness or light-headedness, sleepiness, and confusion. If left untreated,

hypoglycemia may lead to unconsciousness. Also called an insulin reaction.

honeymoon phase Some people with type 1 diabetes experience a brief remission called the "honeymoon period."

During this time their pancreas may still secrete some insulin. Over time, this secretion stops and

as this happens, the child will require more insulin from injections. The honeymoon period can

last weeks, months, or even up to a year or more.

hyperinsulinemia a condition in which the level of insulin in the blood is higher than normal. Caused by

overproduction of insulin by the body. Related to insulin resistance.

hypoglycemia unawareness a state in which a person does not feel or recognize the symptoms of hypoglycemia. People whohave frequent episodes of hypoglycemia may no longer experience the warning signs of it.

implantable insulin pump a small pump placed inside the body to deliver insulin in response to remote-control commands

from the user.

inhaled insulin an experimental treatment for taking insulin using a portable device that allows a person to

breathe in insulin.

injection site rotation changing the places on the body where insulin is injected. Rotation prevents the formation of

lipodystrophies.

insulin a hormone that helps the body use glucose for energy. The beta cells of the pancreas make

insulin. When the body cannot make enough insulin, it is taken by injection or through use of aninsulin pump.

insulin adjustment a change in the amount of insulin a person with diabetes takes based on factors such as meal

planning, activity and blood glucose levels.

insulin analogues An insulin analogue is a tailored form of insulin in which certain amino acids in the insulin

molecule have been modified. The analogue acts in the same way as the original insulin, but with

some beneficial differences for people with diabetes. Analogues are sometimes referred to as

"designer" insulins.


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insulin pen a device for injecting insulin that looks like a fountain pen and holds replaceable cartridges of

insulin. Also available in disposable form.

insulin pump an insulin-delivering device about the size of a deck of cards that can be worn on a belt or kept in

a pocket. An insulin pump connects to narrow, flexible plastic tubing that ends with a needle

inserted just under the skin. Users set the pump to give a steady trickle or basal amount of insulincontinuously throughout the day. Pumps release bolus doses of insulin (several units at a time) at

meals and at times when blood glucose is too high, based on programming done by the user.

insulin reaction when the level of glucose in the blood is too low (at or below 70 mg/dL). Also known as

hypoglycemia.

insulin receptors areas on the outer part of a cell that allow the cell to bind with insulin in the blood. When the cell

and insulin bind, the cell can take glucose from the blood and use it for energy.

insulin resistance the body's inability to respond to and use the insulin it produces. Insulin resistance may be linked

to obesity, hypertension, and high levels of fat in the blood.

insulinoma a tumor of the beta cells in the pancreas. An insulinoma may cause the body to make extrainsulin, leading to hypoglycemia.

Intensive diabetes

treatment

using three or four daily insulin injections based upon measurement of blood glucose, along with

very careful diet and exercise, to approximate the normal range of glucose

intensive therapy a treatment for diabetes in which blood glucose is kept as close to normal as possible through

frequent injections or use of an insulin pump; meal planning; adjustment of medicines; and

exercise based on blood glucose test results and frequent contact with a person's health care team.

intermediate-acting insulin a type of insulin that starts to lower blood glucose within 1 to 2 hours after injection and has its

strongest effect 6 to 12 hours after injection, depending on the type used. See lente insulin and

NPH insulin.intramuscular injection inserting liquid medication into a muscle with a syringe. Glucagon may be given by subcutaneous

or intramuscular injection for hypoglycemia.

islets groups of cells located in the pancreas that make hormones that help the body break down and

use food. For example, alpha cells make glucagon and beta cells make insulin. Also called islets

of Langerhans.

jet injector a device that uses high pressure instead of a needle to propel insulin through the skin and into the

body.


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juvenile diabetes former term for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), or Type 1 diabetes.

ketone a chemical produced when there is a shortage of insulin in the blood and the body breaks down

body fat for energy. High levels of ketones can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis and coma.

Sometimes referred to as ketone bodies.

Ketonuria a condition occurring when ketones are present in the urine, a warning sign of diabeticketoacidosis.

ketosis a ketone buildup in the body that may lead to diabetic ketoacidosis. Signs of ketosis are nausea,

vomiting, and stomach pain.

Kussmaul breathing the rapid, deep, and labored breathing of people who have diabetic ketoacidosis.

Lantus insulin that provides a constant basal level 24 hours a day

Lente insulin intermediate-acting insulin that works in 4 to 6 hours and is gone by 12 hours

Lipoatrophy indented areas where insulin is constantly injected

lipohypertrophy buildup of fat below the surface of the skin, causing lumps. Lipohypertrophy may be caused by

repeated injections of insulin in the same spot.

lispro insulin a rapid-acting insulin. On average, lispro insulin starts to lower blood glucose within 5 minutes

after injection. It has its strongest effect 30 minutes to 1 hour after injection but keeps working

for 3 hours after injection.

long-acting insulin a type of insulin that starts to lower blood glucose within 4 to 6 hours after injection and has its

strongest effect 10 to 18 hours after injection.

macrosomia abnormally large; in diabetes, refers to abnormally large babies that may be born to women with

diabetes.

Macular Edema A swelling (edema) in the macula, an area near the center of the retina of the eye that is

responsible for fine or reading vision. Macular edema is a common complication

associated with diabetic retinopathy.

mastopathy, diabetic a rare fibrous breast condition occurring in women, and sometimes men, with long-standing

diabetes. The lumps are not malignant and can be surgically removed, although they often recur.

Maturity-Onset Diabetes Former term for Type 2 (noninsulin-dependent) diabetes.

Mauriac Syndrome A condition that occurs as the result of chronic poor control of diabetes. It leads to an


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enlarged liver due to excessiveglycogen deposition, short stature and delayed puberty.There is usually a history of repeated hospitalizations forketoacidosisandhemoglobin

A1c tests can be as high as twice the upper level of normal. Kidney function is usually notaffected although it may be an additional complication of poor control. Eating disorders

are sometimes an accompaniment.

meglitinide a class of oral medicine for Type 2 diabetes that lowers blood glucose by helping the pancreas

make more insulin right after meals.

metabolic syndrome the tendency of several conditions to occur together, including obesity, insulin resistance,

diabetes or pre-diabetes, hypertension, and high lipids.

Metformin A drug used as a treatment forType 2 diabetes; belongs to a class of drugs called biguanides

mg/dL milligrams per deciliter, a unit of measure that shows the concentration of a substance in a

specific amount of fluid. In the United States, blood glucose test results are reported as mg/dL.

Medical journals and other countries use millimoles per liter (mmol/L). To convert to mg/dL

from mmol/L, multiply mmol/L by 18.

microalbumin small amounts of the protein called albumin in the urine detectable with a special lab test.

microalbuminuria A very small increase in urinary albumin. Microalbuminuria is an early sign of kidney damage, or

nephropathy, a common and serious complication of diabetes.

Microaneurysm A small swelling that forms on the side of tiny blood vessels. These small swellings may

break and bleed into nearby tissue. People with diabetes sometimes get microaneurysmsin the retina of the eye.

Microvascular Disease Disease of the smallest blood vessels that sometimes occurs when a person has had

diabetes for a long time. The walls of the vessels become abnormally thick but weak, andtherefore they bleed, leak protein, and slow the flow of blood through the body. Then

some cells, for example, the ones in the center of the eye, may not get enough blood and

may be damaged.

miglitol an oral medicine used to treat Type 2 diabetes. It blocks the enzymes that digest starches in food.

The result is a slower and lower rise in blood glucose throughout the day, especially right after

meals. Belongs to the class of medicines called alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.

mixed dose a combination of two types of insulin in one injection. Usually a rapid- or short-acting insulin is
http://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/dictionary/g.htm#Glycogenhttp://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/dictionary/g.htm#Glycogenhttp://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/dictionary/d.htm#Diabetic%20Ketoacidosishttp://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/dictionary/d.htm#Diabetic%20Ketoacidosishttp://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/d_0n_040.htmhttp://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/d_0n_040.htmhttp://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/d_0n_040.htmhttp://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/dictionary/t.htm#Type2http://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/dictionary/g.htm#Glycogenhttp://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/dictionary/d.htm#Diabetic%20Ketoacidosishttp://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/d_0n_040.htmhttp://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/d_0n_040.htmhttp://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/dictionary/t.htm#Type2


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combined with a longer acting insulin (such as NPH insulin) to provide both short-term and long-

term control of blood glucose levels.

mmol/L millimoles per liter, a unit of measure that shows the concentration of a substance in a specific

amount of fluid. In most of the world, except for the United States, blood glucose test results are

reported as mmol/L. In the United States, milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) is used. To convert tommol/L from mg/dL, divide mg/dL by 18.

Mononeuropathy A form of diabetic neuropathy affecting a single nerve. The eye is a common site for thisform of nerve damage.

Myo-inositol A substance in the cell that is thought to play a role in helping the nerves to work. Lowlevels of myo-inositol may be involved in diabetic neuropathy.

nateglinide an oral medicine used to treat Type 2 diabetes. It lowers blood glucose levels by helping the

pancreas make more insulin right after meals. Belongs to the class of medicines called D-

phenylalanine derivatives.

Necrobiosis Lipoidica

Diabeticorum

A skin condition usually on the lower part of the legs. The lesions can be small or extend

over a large area. They are usually raised, yellow, and waxy in appearance and often have

a purple border. Young women are most often affected. This condition occurs in peoplewith diabetes, or it may be a sign of diabetes. It also occurs in people who do not have

diabetes.

Neovascularization The term used when new, tiny blood vessels grow in a new place, for example, out fromthe retina

Nephrologist A doctor who sees and treats people with kidney diseases

Nephropathy

nephr-: kidney

Disease of the kidney.

Nesidioblastosis

A group of rare conditions occurring in infancy in which excessively large amounts of

insulin are secreted by thebeta cells in relation to the prevailing blood sugar level.

Sometimes the condition occurs later in life, and sometimes it is due to an autosomal
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recessive genetic defect. Also called Persistent Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia ofInfancy (PHHI).

Neuroglycopenic Shortage of glucose in the nerve cells of the brain. Since the brain cells depends upon

glucose as their main fuel, low blood sugars can quickly result in malfunction of the brain(with change in mental function, and possible loss of consciousness or seizures). In

patients with Hypoglycemia Unawareness, where the patient may not recognize low sugar

levels because other symptoms such as sweating, tremor, and rapid heart rate, are absent,the first symptoms are neuroglycopenic -- namely, loss of mental functioning.

Neuropathy

neur-: nerve

A functional disturbance or the pathological change in the peripheral nervous system, sometimes

limited to the noninflammatory lesions as opposed to those of neuritis. The three major forms in

people with diabetes are peripheral neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy, and mononeuropathy. The

most common form is peripheral neuropathy, which affects mainly the legs and feet.

Nocturia Excessive urine at night.Nocturnal Hypoglycemia Hypoglycemia occurring while the patient is asleep (between the evening injection and getting up

in the morning). Nocturnal hypoglycemia typically has symptoms such as restlessness,

nightmares, profuse sweating, and frequently is noted by the bed-partner or parent rather than by

the sleeping patient, or sometimes is unrecognized

NOD Mouse A strain of mice in which the female has an especially high incidence of a diabetes similar

to Type 1 in humans. Much used as a research model for prevention and new onsettreatment.

noninvasive blood glucose

monitoring

measuring blood glucose without pricking the finger to obtain a blood sample.

Nonketotic Coma

(Hyperglycemic

hyperosmolar nonketotic

syndrome, Hyperglycemic

hyperosmolar nonketotic

coma)

A complication of diabetes caused by a lack of insulin and dehydration. It is diagnosedwhen the patient has:

1. very high levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood;2. absence ofketoacidosis;

3. severe dehydration;
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4. a sleepy, confused, or comatose state.

Nonketotic coma is more likely to be associated with Type 2 diabetes, and is sometimes

the initial presenting situation for Type 2 diabetes. Nonketotic coma is uncommon inType 1 Diabetes.

NPH insulin an intermediate-acting insulin; NPH stands for neutral protamine Hagedorn. On average, NPH

insulin starts to lower blood glucose within 1 to 2 hours after injection. It has its strongest effect 6

to 10 hours after injection but keeps working about 10 hours after injection. Also called N insulin.

OBOB mouse (Obese-obese mouse) A variety of mouse that tends to be fat, and diabetic. A model forresearch on NIDDM.

Ophthalmopathy Eye disease. There are several disorders that can affect vision in people with diabetes; the

most severe is diabetic retinopathyoral hypoglycemic agents medicines taken by mouth by people with Type 2 diabetes to keep blood glucose levels as close

to normal as possible. Classes of oral hypoglycemic agents are alpha-glucosidase inhibitors,

biguanides, D-phenylalanine derivatives, meglitinides, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidinediones.

Overt Diabetes Diabetes in the person who shows clear signs of the disease such as a great thirst and theneed to urinate often

pancreas an organ that makes insulin and enzymes for digestion. The pancreas is located behind the lower

part of the stomach and is about the size of a hand.

Pancreas Transplant A surgical procedure that involves replacing the pancreas of a person who has diabetes

with a healthy pancreas that can make insulin. The healthy pancreas comes from a donorwho has just died or from a living relative. A person can donate half a pancreas and still

live normally.

Pancreatectomy A procedure in which a surgeon takes out the pancreas.
http://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/dictionary/n.htm#Noninsulin-Dependent%20Diabetes%20Mellitushttp://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/dictionary/n.htm#Noninsulin-Dependent%20Diabetes%20Mellitushttp://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/dictionary/i.htm#Insulin-Dependent%20Diabetes%20Mellitushttp://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/dictionary/i.htm#Insulin-Dependent%20Diabetes%20Mellitushttp://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/dictionary/d.htm#Diabetic%20Retinopathyhttp://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/dictionary/n.htm#Noninsulin-Dependent%20Diabetes%20Mellitushttp://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/dictionary/i.htm#Insulin-Dependent%20Diabetes%20Mellitushttp://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/dictionary/d.htm#Diabetic%20Retinopathy


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Pancreatitis Inflammation (pain, tenderness) of the pancreas; it can make the pancreas stop working. It

is caused by drinking too much alcohol, by disease in the gallbladder, or by a virus.

Peak Action The time period when the effect of something is as strong as it can be such as when

insulin in having the most effect on lowering the glucose (sugar) in the blood.

Pediatric endocrinologist a doctor who treats children who have endocrine gland problems such as diabetes

Periodontal Disease

Damage to the gums. People who have diabetes are more likely to have gum disease thanpeople who do not have diabetes.

Periodontist A specialist in the treatment of diseases of the gums.

Peritoneal Dialysis A way to clean the blood of people who have kidney disease.

photocoagulation a treatment for diabetic retinopathy. A strong beam of light (laser) is used to seal off bleeding

blood vessels in the eye and to burn away extra blood vessels that should not have grown there.

pioglitazone an oral medicine used to treat Type 2 diabetes. It helps insulin take glucose from the blood into

the cells for energy by making cells more sensitive to insulin. Belongs to the class of medicines

called thiazolidinediones. (Brand name: Actos)

Pituitary Gland An endocrine gland in the small, bony cavity at the base of the brain. Often called "the

master gland," the pituitary serves the body in many ways-in growth, in food use, and inreproduction.

Point System A rarely-used system of meal planning for diabetes in which foods are rated based uponcalorie content, regardless of blood glucose effect or nutritional content. One "calorie

point" equals 75 calories. The system may have a role to help with weight loss, but is nottypically presently recommended fortype 1 diabetes.
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Polydipsia

dips- : thirst

Chronic excessive thirst and fluid intake; may be a sign of diabetes.

Polyphagia

phag-: eat

excessive hunger; may be a sign of diabetes.

Polyuriapoly-: much, many

ur-: urine

Excessive secretion of urine: may be a sign of diabetes.

point system a meal planning system that uses points to rate the caloric content of foods.

Poor Man's Pump

(Basal/Bolus Insulin

Administration)

Using several daily injections of clear insulin (either Regular or Lispro), at mealtimes -- thebolus

doses -- together with one or more daily injections of cloudy insulin (either NPH or Ultralente

insulin) -- thebasal doses -- to achieve blood sugar control in a manner similar to that used by

people who use insulin pumps

postprandial blood glucose the blood glucose level taken 1 to 2 hours after eating.

Prandin an oral drug that lower glucose by causing insulin secretionpre-diabetes a condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal but are not high enough for a

diagnosis of diabetes. People with pre-diabetes are at increased risk for developing Type 2

diabetes and for heart disease and stroke. Other names for pre-diabetes are impaired glucose

tolerance and impaired fasting glucose.

Preeclampsia A condition that some women with diabetes have during the late stages of pregnancy. Two signs

of this condition are high blood pressure and swelling because the body cells are holding extra

water.

premixed insulin a commercially produced combination of two different types of insulin. See 50/50 insulin and

70/30 insulinpreprandial blood glucose the blood glucose level taken before eating.

proinsulin the substance made first in the pancreas and then broken into several pieces to become insulin.

Proliferative Retinopathy A disease of the small blood vessels of the retina of the eye.

Proteinuria An excess of serum proteins in the urine, as in renal disease or after strenuous exercise.

Pruritus Itching skin; may be a symptom of diabetes.
http://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/dictionary/b.htm#Bolushttp://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/dictionary/b.htm#Basal%20Ratehttp://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/dictionary/i.htm#Insulin%20Pumphttp://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/dictionary/b.htm#Bolushttp://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/dictionary/b.htm#Basal%20Ratehttp://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/dictionary/i.htm#Insulin%20Pump


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Purified Insulins Insulins with much less of the impure proinsulin. It is thought that the use of purified

insulins may help avoid or reduce some of the problems of people with diabetes such asallergic reactions.

rapid-acting insulin a type of insulin that starts to lower blood glucose within 5 to 10 minutes after injection and has

its strongest effect 30 minutes to 3 hours after injection, depending on the type used. See aspart

insulin and lispro insulin.

Reactive hypoglycemia A fall in blood sugar which causes symptoms during the period following meals. Simply put, the

body has trouble braking the secretion of insulin after a meal, resulting in the blood sugar

dropping further than it should. Reactive hypoglycemia is different from

Reagents, Reagent Strips Terms no longer used for diabetes blood and urine glucose or acetone test strips.

rebound hyperglycemia a swing to a high level of glucose in the blood after a low level. Also known as Somogyi effect.

regular insulin short-acting insulin. On average, regular insulin starts to lower blood glucose within 30 minutes

after injection. It has its strongest effect 2 to 5 hours after injection but keeps working 5 to 8

hours after injection. Also called R insulin.

Renal artery stenosis Narrowing of one or both renal arteries, so that renal function is impaired, resulting in renal

hypertension and, if stenosis is bilateral, chronic renal failure.

Renal Glycosuria

Glycosuriaoccurring when there is a normal amount of sugar in the blood, due to an

inherited inability of the kidneys to reabsorb glucose completely.

renal threshold of glucose the blood glucose concentration at which the kidneys start to excrete glucose into the urine.repaglinide (Prandin) an oral medicine used to treat Type 2 diabetes. It lowers blood glucose by helping the pancreas

make more insulin right after meals. Belongs to the class of medicines called meglitinides.

Retinopathy A disease of the small blood vessels in the retina of the eye.

rosiglitazone(Avandia) an oral medicine used to treat Type 2 diabetes. It helps insulin take glucose from the blood into

the cells for energy by making cells more sensitive to insulin. Belongs to the class of medicines
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called thiazolidinediones.

saccharin a sweetener with no calories and no nutritional value.

secondary diabetes a type of diabetes caused by another disease or certain drugs or chemicals.

short-acting insulin a type of insulin that starts to lower blood glucose within 30 minutes after injection and has its

strongest effect 2 to 5 hours after injection.sliding scale a set of instructions for adjusting insulin on the basis of blood glucose test results, meals, or

activity levels.

Somogyi effect, also called

rebound hyperglycemia

when the blood glucose level swings high following hypoglycemia. The Somogyi effect may

follow an untreated hypoglycemic episode during the night and is caused by the release of stress

hormones.

sorbitol sugar alcohol (sweetener) with 2.6 calories per gram. A substance produced by the body in people

with diabetes that can cause damage to the eyes and nerves.

split mixed dose division of a prescribed daily dose of insulin into two or more injections given over the course of

the day.

sucralose a sweetener made from sugar but with no calories and no nutritional value.

sugar alcohols sweeteners that produce a smaller rise in blood glucose than other carbohydrates. Their calorie

content is about 2 calories per gram. Includes erythritol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates,

isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol, and xylitol. Also known as polyols.

sulfonylurea a class of oral medicine for Type 2 diabetes that lowers blood glucose by helping the pancreas

make more insulin and by helping the body better use the insulin it makes. (Generic names:

acetohexamide, chlorpropamide, glimepiride, glipizide, glyburide, tolazamide, tolbutamide)

thiazolidinedione a class of oral medicine for Type 2 diabetes that helps insulin take glucose from the blood into the

cells for energy by making cells more sensitive to insulin. (Generic names: pioglitazone and

rosiglitazone)

tolazamide an oral medicine used to treat Type 2 diabetes. It lowers blood glucose by helping the pancreas



tolbutamide an oral medicine used to treat Type 2 diabetes. It lowers blood glucose by helping the pancreas


medicines called sulfonylureas


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Type 1 diabetes a condition characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by a total lack of insulin. Occurs

when the body's immune system attacks the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas and

destroys them. The pancreas then produces little or no insulin. Type 1 diabetes develops most

often in young people but can appear in adults.

Type 2 diabetes a condition characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by either a lack of insulin or thebody's inability to use insulin efficiently. Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and

older adults but can appear in young people.

ultralente insulin long-acting insulin. On average, ultralente insulin starts to lower blood glucose within 4 to 6

hours after injection. It has its strongest effect 10 to 18 hours after injection but keeps working 24

to 28 hours after injection. Also called U insulin.

unit of insulin the basic measure of insulin. U-100 insulin means 100 units of insulin per milliliter (mL) or cubic

centimeter (cc) of solution. Most insulin made today in the United States is U-100.

Vasculopathy Any disorder of blood vessel.

very-long-acting insulin a type of insulin that starts to lower blood glucose within 1 hour after injection and keeps workingevenly for 24 hours after injection.

wound care steps taken to ensure that a wound such as a foot ulcer heals correctly. People with diabetes need

to take special precautions so wounds do not become infected.

xylitol a carbohydrate-based sweetener found in plants and used as a substitute for sugar; provides

calories. Found in some mints and chewing gum.

50/50 insulin premixed insulin that is 50 percent intermediate-acting (NPH) insulin and 50 percent short-acting

(regular) insulin.

70/30 insulin premixed insulin that is 70 percent intermediate-acting (NPH) insulin and 30 percent short-acting

(regular) insulin.

References:

1. Jeremy Allgrove, Peter G.F. Swift and Stephen Greene (2007).Evidence-Based Paediatric and Adolescent Diabetes.

Blackwell Publishing.


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2. Paula Holt (2009).Diabetes in Hospital: A Practical Approach for Healthcare Professionals. Wiley-Blackwell.

American Diabetes Association (2010).Fats, Oils, Fatty Acids, Triglycerides. Retrieved July 14, 2010, from

http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/fattyacids1.html

American Diabetes Association (ADA). Position Statement on Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2009. Diabetes Care 2009; 32:

S13 S61.

Ministry of Health (MOH)(2009). Clinical Practice Guidelines. Management of Type2 Diabetes Mellitus. 4 th Edition.

References:

World Health Organization (1999). Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications. Report of a

WHO consultation, Geneva. WHO/NCD/NCS/99.2

World Health Organization (2006). Definition and Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus and Intermediate Hyperglycemia. Report of a

WHO/IDF consultation, Geneva.

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