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DMS Lecture 3

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    Studying Strategy:Traditional, Classical and Modern Approaches

    Syed Muhammad Ali

    Dimensions of Modern Strategy

    Lecture 3

    National Defence University2011

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    What is Strategy?

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    Why strategy is made?

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    Who makes strategy?

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    Defining Strategy

    Strategy is the use of engagement for the object ofWar

    (Clausewitz)

    Strategy is the practical adaptation of the means placed at

    a generals disposal for the attainment of the objects inWar

    (Von Moltke)

    Strategy is the art of distributing and applying militarymeans to fulfill the ends ofpolicy

    (Liddell Hart) Strategy is the art of the dialectic of two opposing wills

    using force to resolve theirdispute

    (Andre Beaufre)

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    Strategy: Traditional Approach

    War (Clausewitz)

    Generals - War (Von Moltke)

    Military Means Liddell Hart Using force Dispute (Andre Beaufre)

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    Strategy: Analyzing the origins..

    Definitions of Clausewitz, Von Moltke, Liddle Hart andAndre Beaufre are all narrow, as they defined strategy interms of a relationship between military force and Warobjectives.

    Origins: The word Strategy is derived from the Greek term for

    Generalship.

    ORIGIN late 15th cent. (originally denoting a military

    ploy): from French stratagme, via Latin from Greekstratgma, from stratgeinbe a general,from stratgos,from stratos army+ agein to lead.

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    Differentiating Traditional from the

    modern..

    Traditional Strategic thought reflected a hardpower/military-centric approach, whichfocused more on tactical and at most

    operational strategy and use of military powerfor that purpose, confined both in terms oftime and space of the physical battlefield.

    Considered political actions and processes asirrelevant or un-necessary to the objects ofwar.

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    Strategy: The Modern ApproachTaking Strategy beyond Conventional Warfare

    A. Considers military capability (hard power) one of variousmeans available to the leadership to achieve policy objectives,

    beyond the phenomenon of conventional warfare. (Role of

    nuclear weapons)

    B. Redefines the relationship between politics, diplomacy and the

    use of power rather than merely kinetic force (at domestic,

    national and international levels)

    C. Growth in non-traditional military roles and involvement of

    political leadership in strategic affairs, which were

    traditionally considered as entirely military domain.

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    Strategy: The Modern ApproachReinforcing and in some cases Substituting Hard Power

    with Soft Power

    D. Non-combat roles for military such as humanitarian role, UNPeacekeeping missions, rescue and relief efforts after naturaldisasters, Pakmilitarys role in Operation Gulf Storm etc.

    E. Interchanging roles of civil-military: Employing Hard powerthrough civilian organization and soft power through military.Compare CIAs role (civilian organization) vs US militarys role inPakistan after 2010 floods, legality of use of force, Abbottabadoperation.

    F. More direct co-relation between Industrialization and warfare.(Growing role of technology and economy, both in terms of meansand ends of warfare)

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    Strategy: The Modern ApproachSynergizing not just capabilities but also the political will

    Cohesive goals-setting, policy-making process and system

    G. Necessitated closer civil-military cohesion for strategicplanning in terms of national security policy, means and

    goals, requiring review and re-defining of civil-militaryrelationship. (NSC, NCA, US Overseas nuclear weaponsdeployment policy etc.)

    H. Appreciation of a broad range ofdimensions ofwarfare-

    (e.g; Deterrence, dissuasion, compellence, embargo, No-kinetic warfare, ECM/ECCM/EW, Psy Ops, StrategicCommunications, propaganda, Public diplomacy, role ofmedia and social-networking tools, Cyber Warfare, Spacemilitarization/HUMINT/ELINT/HAARP etc. Chinese,

    Iranian nuclear plant examples.)

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    Strategy: The Modern ApproachNew Options, New challenges

    I. Role of diverse elements of power (both Hard &Soft, identify a few)

    J. MORE OPTIONS: Created more time, space,opportunities and policy options for the leadership

    in terms of the pursuit of national interestsK. MORE CHALLENGES: RCT/Cost-benefit analysis

    incorporated costs not earlier recognized (e.g;political cost, political image at local, national and

    international levels, voters reaction, status,credibility, international diplomatic support,economic implications, allies/ major powers likelyposture, position and possible reaction)

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    Strategy: The Modern ApproachRedefining Power beyond military force

    Strategy is ultimately about effectivelyexercisingpower

    (Gregory D. Foster)

    Strategy must now be understood as nothing lessthan the overall plan for utilizing the capacity forarmed coercion in conjunction with economic,

    diplomatic and psychological instruments ofpowerto support foreign policy most effectively,by overt, covert and tacit means.

    (Robert Osgood)

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    Modern Strategy: A Plan/Process

    Strategy is a plan of action designed in order toachieve some end; a purpose together with asystem of measures for its accomplishment.

    J.C. Wylie

    Strategy is a process of constant adaptation tothe shifting conditions and circumstances in aworld where chance, uncertainty and ambiguitydominate.

    W.Murray and M. Grimslay

    S F h h d f

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    Strategy: Far more than the study of

    wars and military campaigns

    The theory and practice of the use, and threat

    of use, of organized force for political

    purposes.

    (Gray, 1999)

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    Post-Clausewitzean Thought:Strategy: From an extension to an essential component of Policy

    The separation of strategy and policy can

    only be achieved to the detriment of both. It

    causes military power to become identified

    with the most absolute application of power

    and it tempts diplomacy into an over-concern

    withfinesse

    (Kissinger, 1957)

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    Modern Strategy involves understanding,

    incorporating and efficiently utilizing all of the

    following considerations and factors.. Time

    Weapon systems, their capabilities and vulnerabilities

    Personnel, their capabilities and limitations

    Psychology Sociology

    Geography

    Technology

    Tactics

    Force structure

    Economics

    Politics

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    Strategy: A Theory of Action

    determining why, when and where to

    act and how?

    Strategic Theory is a theory of action How to do it?

    Intellectual aid to official performance

    -Bernard Brodie

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    Modern Approach:An Inter-disciplinary Approach

    Strategic studies, although dealing with militarypower has no clear parameters in terms of aspecific discipline of study.

    It heavily relies upon:

    Arts

    Science

    Statistics Mathematics

    Social Sciences

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    Some of the greatest strategic thinkers

    had nothing to do with military careers

    Herman Kahn Physicist

    Halford John Mackinder - Geographer

    Thomas Schelling Economist

    Albert Wholstetter Mathematician

    Henry Kissinger Historian

    Bernard Brodie - Political Scientist

    John Keegan, Colin S. Gray, LawrenceFreedman are all Social Scientists

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    Bernard Brodie

    Strategy as Science: Taking strategy beyond

    tactics and technology

    Proposed A Methodological and Scientific

    Approach to Strategy similar to Economics

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    20th Century Civil-military strategic

    debate

    1940-1980: Civilian strategists dominate the strategicaffairs debate

    Post-1980: Realization that academics wereoverlooking the capabilities and limitations of militaryunits and operations in their analysis.

    Combining civilian and military thoughts,traditions and processes:

    IfStrategy is to integrate policy and operations then it

    must be devised by not only be politically sensitivesoldiers but also military sensitive civilians.-Richard K. Betts

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    Evolution of Multi-Dimensional

    Strategic thought

    Strategy consisted of moral, physical,

    mathematical, geographical and statistical

    elements. (Clausewitz)

    Social, logistical, operational, technological

    dimensions of strategy. (Michael Howard)

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    A holistic Contemporary Approach

    Strategy consists of a broad, complex, pervasive andinter-penetrating set of dimensions, focusing on people,society, culture, politics and ethics, economics,logistics, organization, military administration,information, intelligence, strategic theory and

    technology and their role in operations in whichcommand is exercised over all of the above, against acertain adversary, in a certain geographical and timeconstrained environment of friction.

    The study of strategy is incomplete if it is considered inthe absence of any of these inter-related dimensions

    - Colin Gray

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    Political

    Science

    International

    Relations

    Security

    Studies

    Strategic

    Studies

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    Conclusion

    Everything in Strategy is very simple but

    that does not mean that everything is very

    easy.- Clausewitz, On War

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    Modern Strategy: A Personal Perspective

    Modern Strategy: A multi-disciplinary

    Approach

    A cohesive, co-ordinated and dynamic effort,

    time and Cost-Effective exercise, synergizing

    the entire spectrum of the elements of

    national power, in the pursuit of collective

    national interests.


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