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DNA
"The Blueprint of Life"
DNA stands for...
D_________N_______ A____
DNA FACTS
• established by _________ and ________
• Shape of a ______
________
• codes for your _________ (traits)• made of repeating subunits called
_____________
What is a nucleotide?
Has three parts:
__________________________________ (sugar)_________________ (A,T,G,C)
Base-Pair Rule
________ <==> Thymine
Guanine <==> ________
The sides (_________) of the DNA ladder are ____________ & ______
held together by _________________
Base Pair Rule
One side: A T A T C A T G C G G G
Other side:
How the Code Works
The combination of A,T,G,C determines what traits you might have, for example
C A T C A T = purple hair
T A C T A C = yellow hair
Let's Review What We Know About DNA1. DNA stands for: De _____ ribo ______ acid2. What is the shape of DNA? _______________3. Who established the structure of DNA? ____________4. Adenine always pairs with _______________5. The sides of the DNA ladder are deoxyribose and _____6. Guanine always pairs with _____________7. What is the complimentary sequence: A A T G C A8. The two sides of DNA are held together by _______ bonds.9. DNA is composed of repeating subunits called ______________________10. What are the 4 bases that make up the rungs of the DNA ladder? _______________________________________
DNA REPLICATION
the process by which DNA makes a ________ of itself (_____ ______________)
SEMI-_______________ - _____ of the old strand is saved and ________ is new
RNA - _____________________ *___________ strand*______________ sugar*contains no _________, ________ instead*3 types: ______, ______, and ______*follows base pair rule
DNA: A T A G C GRNA:
mRNA carries the “_______________" to the ___________, where proteins are made
tRNA carries the ______ _________ to the ___________, where proteins are made
rRNA and ______ build a __________
DNA --> RNA --> Protein
Proteins are the building blocks of the organism (traits)
Transcription - process where RNA is made from DNA
Translation - process where proteins are made from RNA
Transcription and Translation: How Proteins are made by the cell
TRANSCRIPTION
1. One of the strands of DNA is used as a _________________ to create a strand of ____________
2. Requires the ___________________ RNA polymerase
3. Transcription always starts at a region called the _________________.
4. _______________ are segments of DNA that do not contain ________________. ___________ are segments that contain genes.
5. Each ____ bases on mRNA is a _______________, it corresponds to an __________ acid
Transcription of mRNA from DNA
TRANSLATION
1.Takes the _____________________ on mRNA and converts it into an _____________ acid chain
2. Individual amino acids will join to form a _______________.
Shapes and composition of protein determine its functionality (hair, enzymes, skin, muscles etc)
The steps in translation are:
1. The ________________________ binds to _____________ at a specific area.
2. The ribosome starts matching ____________ ______________ sequences to the mRNA ___________ sequence.
3. Each time a new tRNA comes into the ribosome, the amino acid that it was carrying gets _______________ to the elongating ______________________ chain.
4. The ribosome continues until it hits a ______________ sequence, then it releases the polypeptide and the mRNA.
5. The polypeptide forms into its native shape and starts acting as a functional ___________ in the cell.
Steps of Translation
Genetic Mutations: _________ in the genetic __________
______________ mutation: a single point in the sequence is changed. For instance a G is changed to an A. Compare this to reading a sentence
Cats eat big rat. --> point mutation --> Cats eat big hatThe sentence is still almost recognizable, the ___________________ changed in this case might still function.
______________________ MUTATION - a point mutation that involves a __________________ or deletion, which results in a shift in the reading frame.Cats eat big rat --> add an additional letter A, and the reading frame changesAca tse atb igr at - this protein does not resemble the original and will probably not be _____________