DNS Reconnaissance
Carlos Perez
Tuesday, November 20, 12
About MeDirector of Reverse Engineering for security vendor.
Podcaster with PaulDotCom
Contributor to Metasploit
Blog: http://www.darkoperator.com/
Twitter: @Carlos_Perez
Tuesday, November 20, 12
DisclaimerThe research and slides shown is my own and do not in any way are related or of knowledge of my current employer. All expressions and comments are my own.
Tuesday, November 20, 12
What is Recon
It is a systematic and methodical approach for gathering information about a target.
The information will provide a view in to the technologies and security posture of the target.
The process must be one of little impact and draw as little attention to the task as possible.
Tuesday, November 20, 12
Why DNSThe reliance of DNS in the enterprise has grown at the same rate as the complexity and distribution of the technologies has grown.
VOIP
Instant Messaging
Management
Tuesday, November 20, 12
Why DNSMost organizations do not monitor DNS server traffic and logs.
Those that do monitor generally only do do Zone Transfer attempts in their IPS/IDS Systems.
Can provide information on security posture of the target.
Tuesday, November 20, 12
Caveats of DNSDNS is UDP so it is sensitive to the health of the connection path from the attacker to the target.
DNS tends to have fake entries, stale entries, incorrect entries and entries to hosts that can not be reached.
Location, location, location! what server we query will dictate what records we get.
Tuesday, November 20, 12
DNSReconIncluded in BackTrack Linux 5, tested on OSX, Linux and Windows.
Written in Python and tested on Python 2.6, 2.7 and 3.2 (Original was written in ruby 2 years ago)
Can save results in XML, CSV or SQLite3.
Includes Metasploit Plugin for importing XML and CSV results
Includes Parser tool for XML and CSV results
Tuesday, November 20, 12
GoalsProvide most of the known DNS enumeration techniques under one tool and that it.
What techniques are executed and automation must be controlled by the user for best precision.
Output must be easy to parse and easy to consume via command line or other tools.
Tuesday, November 20, 12
Types of EnumerationStandard Record Enumeration (Wildcard, DNSSEC, NS, SOA, MX, A, AAA, TXT, SPF and SRV)
Zone Transfer
Reverse Lookup
Domain and Host Brute-force
Cache Snooping
Zone Walking (DNSSEC)
Google Lookup
Tuesday, November 20, 12
Standard EnumerationWhat it does
Checks for Wildcard Resolving
Check if it responds to DNSSEC and type of proof of non-existence record used.
Resolves SOA, NS, MX, A, AAAA, TXT and SPF.
Enumerate known SRV Records Types
Tuesday, November 20, 12
Standard EnumerationPresence of DKIM (DomainKeys Identified Mail) and SPF (Sender Policy Framework) will reveal that email security technologies are in use.
SPF will reveal what servers can send email.
SRV (Service Records) Provide information on service, transport, port and order of importance for services and type of software can be deduced.
Tuesday, November 20, 12
Standard EnumerationPresence of records not having A, AAAA or CNAME records associated may show lack of maintenance or internal record names being leaked (no_ip).
Tuesday, November 20, 12
Standard EnumerationTo run standard enumeration:
./dnsrecon.py -d <domain>
./dnsrecon.py -d <domain> -t std
The -a option can be given to perform a AXFR against all NS records with port 53 TCP open
The -s option can be given to perform a Reverse Lookup against all ranges in the SPF (Sender Policy Framework) record
Tuesday, November 20, 12
Standard Enumeration
Tuesday, November 20, 12
Zone TransferIt is still found in engagements to this day.
Selects the Domain SOA and then queries for all of the NS records.
Tests each NS record to see if port TCP 53 is open and if it is it tries a AXFR for the zone against the Name Server.
Records returned are parsed and formatted.
Made optional since it is easily picked up in Logs and IDS/IPS Systems
Tuesday, November 20, 12
Zone TransferEven when a zone transfer is successful other NS servers should be queried for standard records compared to rule out:
Name Server may be a test server.
Name Server may contain stale data.
Name Server may be a decoy.
Tuesday, November 20, 12
Zone TransferTo run AXFR enumeration:
./dnsrecon.py -d <domain> -a
./dnsrecon.py -d <domain> -t axfr
More than one type can be specified
./dnsrecon.py -d <domain> -t std,axfr
Tuesday, November 20, 12
Reverse LookupPerforms a lookup for PTR (Pointer) Records against a given IPv4 or IPv6 range.
Can be performed against all ranges in SPF Records.
Can be performed against ranges found via Whois Queries against all A and PTR Records found.
Tuesday, November 20, 12
Reverse LookupTo run reverse lookup enumeration:
./dnsrecon.py -r <CDIR>
./dnsrecon.py -r <StartIP-EndIP>
Expand SPF Record Ranges
./dnsrecon.py -d <domain> -s
Perform Whois Queries against all IPs found
./dnsrecon.py -d <domain> -w
Tuesday, November 20, 12
Reverse Lookup
Tuesday, November 20, 12
Domain Brute-forceAppend to the domain each entry given in a dictionary and tries to resolve A, AAA and CNAME Record
Will perform a test to see if Wildcard resolution is enabled for the domain.
To run Domain Name Brute-force:
./dnsrecon.py -d <domain> -D <NameList> -t brt
Tuesday, November 20, 12
Domain Brute-force
Tuesday, November 20, 12
Cache SnoopingGiven a list of domain names it will check a specific Name Server for the presence of the record in its cache.
Great for determining relations and outside services used that can be leveraged in Phishing attempts
To perform the Cache Enumeration
./dnsrecon.py -t snoop -n Sever -D <Dict>
Tuesday, November 20, 12
Cache Snooping
Tuesday, November 20, 12
NSEC Zone WalkAbuses the the proof of non-existence NSEC records in the original DNSSEC standard to enumerate an entire zone.
Slow but more accurate results.
May reveal internal records if zone is improperly configured.
It is a “Feature/Capability” so it is hard to detect.
Tuesday, November 20, 12
NSEC
Points to the next valid name in the zone file and is used to provide proof of non-existence of a name in the Zone
Tuesday, November 20, 12
NSEC3
Replaced NSEC, points to the hashed value of next valid name in the zone file and is used to provide proof of non-existence of a name in the Zone
Tuesday, November 20, 12
Zone Walk
Tuesday, November 20, 12
SRV RR Leakage
Tuesday, November 20, 12
SRV RR Leakage
Tuesday, November 20, 12
SRV RR Leakage
Tuesday, November 20, 12
RR Leakage
Tuesday, November 20, 12
PTR RR Leakage
Tuesday, November 20, 12
A RR Leakage
Tuesday, November 20, 12
Parsing DataUsage: parser.py <options>
Options: -h, --help Show this help message and exit -f, --file <file> DNSRecon XML or CSV output file to parse. -l, --list Output an unique IP List that can be used with other tools. -i, --ips <ranges> IP Ranges in a comma separated list each in formats (first-last) or in (range/bitmask) for ranges to be included from output. For A, AAAA, NS, MX, SOA, SRV and PTR Records. -t, --type <type> Resource Record Types as a regular expression to filter output. For A, AAAA, NS, MX, SOA, TXT, SPF, SRV and PTR Records. -s, --str <regex> Regular expression between quotes for filtering host names on. For A, AAAA, NS, MX, SOA, SRV and PTR Records. -n, --name Return list of unique host names. For A, AAAA, NS, MX, SOA, SRV and PTR Records.
Tuesday, November 20, 12
Parsing Data
Tuesday, November 20, 12
Parsing Data
Tuesday, November 20, 12
Importing Data in to Metasploit
A Metasploit Plugin for importing CSV and XML results is included with the tool.
The file dnsr_import.rb just needs to be copied to the ~/.msf4/plugins folder to have it available to msfconsole.
The load command is used to load the pluginmsf > load dnsr_import [*] dnsr_import plugin loaded.[*] Successfully loaded plugin: dnsr_importmsf >
Tuesday, November 20, 12
Importing Data in to Metasploit
Commands AvailableDNSR_Import Commands====================
Command Description ------- ----------- import_dnsrecon_csv Import DNSRecon CSV output file. import_dnsrecon_xml Import DNSRecon XML output file.
Tuesday, November 20, 12
Importing Data in to Metasploit
Commands Available
Each command takes the -f option for loading the file generated by DNS Recon
DNSR_Import Commands====================
Command Description ------- ----------- import_dnsrecon_csv Import DNSRecon CSV output file. import_dnsrecon_xml Import DNSRecon XML output file.
Tuesday, November 20, 12
Importing Data in to Metasploit
Tuesday, November 20, 12
Importing Data in to Metasploit
Tuesday, November 20, 12
Questions?
Tuesday, November 20, 12