Do and Other Auxiliaries for Emphasis

Do and Other Auxiliaries for EmphasisRisa Sekarningtiyas(11140930000004)M. Adriansyah Alam Putra(11140930000013)Indriyani Eta Rahastri(1114093000015)With PRONOUN

introductionAuxiliaries Verb also called helping verbs. They have no meaning on their own. They are necessary for the grammatical structure of a sentence, but they do not tell us very much alone. We usually use helping verbs with main verbs. They "help" the main verb (which has the real meaning).

introductionThe most common auxiliary verbs are do, be and have, and you may also use these verbs on their own. The verbs will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, and must cannot be the main (full) verbs alone. They are used as auxiliary verbs only and always need a main verb to follow.

useAuxiliary are use in combination with main verb. They perform two major functions:

Auxiliary indicate shades of meaning that cannot be expressed by a main verb alone. Consider the differences in meaning in the following sentences, in which the auxiliary verbs have been bold.

I do love you.I may marry you soon.She does look good in that dress.

Form progressive tenses with the auxiliary verb be. All progressive tenses use a form of be. Present progressive follows this pattern: AM, IS, OR ARE + PRESENT PARTICIPLE Use the present progressive tense to convey an action or condition happening right now. I am baking chocolate-broccoli muffins today. Am = auxiliary verb; baking = present participle completing the verb phrase. Alex is sitting at the kitchen table, anticipating his first bite. Is = auxiliary verb; sitting = present participle completing the verb phrase. Alex must wait a while longer because the muffins are cooling by the window. Are = auxiliary verb; cooling = present participle completing the verb phrase.

Past progressive WAS OR WERE + PRESENT PARTICIPLE Use the past progressive tense to show either 1) an action or condition that continued in the past or 2) an action or condition interrupted by another. Naomi was hoping for an A in her organic chemistry class. Was = auxiliary verb; hoping = present participle completing the verb phrase. Unfortunately, Naomi's lab reports were missing the nutritional data on chocolate-broccoli muffins. Were = auxiliary verb; missing = present participle completing the verb phrase.

Future progressive WILL + BE + PRESENT PARTICIPLE Use the future progressive tense to indicate an action that will continue in the future. I will be growing broccoli in the backyard this spring. Will, be = auxiliary verbs; growing = present participle completing the verb phrase.

passive voice with be. You can make any transitive verban action verb that can take a direct objectpassive with the auxiliary verb be.

Active voice looks like this: SUBJECT + VERB + DIRECT OBJECT Here are some samples: We licked our lips. Passive voice makes these changes: DIRECT OBJECT AS SUBJECT + FORM OF BE + PAST PARTICIPLE + BY + SUBJECT AS OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION Now read these revisions: Our lips were licked by us.

perfect tenses with have. All perfect tenses use a form of have. Present perfect follows this pattern: HAS OR HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE Use the present perfect tense to convey an action or condition that began in the past but continues [or is finished] in the present. Marge has bought earplugs to drown out her husband's snoring. Has = auxiliary verb; bought = past participle completing the verb phrase. The earplugs have saved Marge's marriage to George. Have = auxiliary verb; saved = past participle completing the verb phrase. Past perfect follows this pattern: HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE Use the past perfect tense to show that one action in the past occurred before another. Because Marge had purchased the earplugs, she no longer fantasized about smothering George with a pillow. Had = auxiliary verb; purchased = past participle completing the verb phrase. Future perfect follows this pattern: WILL + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE Use the future perfect tense to indicate that an action will be finished in the future. This Sunday, Marge will have gotten an entire week of uninterrupted sleep. Will, have = auxiliary verbs; gotten = past participle completing the verb phrase.

Form emphatic tenses with do. When you use a form of do as an auxiliary verb, you form the emphatic tense. This tense is useful for asking questions or emphasizing an action. The patterns look like these: FORM OF DO + MAIN VERB FORM OF DO + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB ... ? I did not eat your leftover pizza! Did = auxiliary verb; eat = main verb completing the verb phrase. Do you always accuse the first person you see? Do = auxiliary verb; accuse = main verb completing the verb phrase. Doesn't the evidence point to Samuel, who still has a bit of black olive stuck to his front tooth? Does = auxiliary verb; point = main verb completing the verb phrase.

Understand the job of modal auxiliary verbs. Modal auxiliary verbs never change form. You cannot add an ed, ing, or s ending to these words. Can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, and would have only one form.

You can use modal auxiliary verbs in these patterns: MODAL + MAIN VERB MODAL + BE + PRESENT PARTICIPLE MODAL + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE With modal auxiliaries, you can indicate necessity or obligation: To lose her orange glow, Yvonne should eat fewer carrots. John must remember his wife's birthday this year. If Cecilia wants a nice lawn, she ought to be raking the leaves. Or you can show possibility: Fred might share his calculus homework if you offer him a slice of pizza. Ann could have run the half marathon if she had started to train four months ago. Modal auxiliaries also show willingness or ability: Nicole will babysit your pet iguana for a reasonable fee. Jason can pass chemistry this semester if he stops spending his study time at the arcade.

useAuxiliary also show tense-the time at which the action of the verb takes place. Notice how changing the auxiliary verbs in the following sentences helps change the tense of the main verb visit. (Both the auxiliary and the main verbs have been bold)

She didnt walk to school this morning.He is visiting New York.I did enjoy that party last night.

Kind of AuxiliariesThey are some kinds of auxiliary which are used in combination with main verb or use these verbs on their own. They are:

Does, do, did, doneTo be: is, am, are, was, were, being, beenHave, has, hadModal auxiliary: can, could, may, might, will, would, must, had to, shall, should, Ought to

Does, do, did, doneWe can use them for emotive or contrastive emphasis when we feel strongly about something. When we are using the auxiliaries do and does for contrastive or emotive emphasis like this, we give them extra stress in pronunciation to make them sound louder, longer or higher in tone.

Do can be used as a main verbexample:She did a headstand.I do a lot of photography.A: What do you do? B: Im a photographer.

Do can also be used an auxiliary verbexample:-

I do believe in the paranormal.I do still email them.She didnt arrive on time.I did take out the garbage.She does look good in that dress.

Does, do, did, donein present simple and past simple questions:What kinds of music do you like?What does a parapsychologist do?Did you see anything strange?Did you came to my house yesterday?in present and past simple short answers:Do you like it? Yes, I do.Do you live here? No, I dont.Did you go? Yes, I did.Did you see him? No, I didnt.in present and past simple negatives:... something happens and you didnt have your camera on it.... you didnt really see those nurses... it doesnt give very good results.... you dont really believe you saw ghostsDoes, do, did, doneDoes, do, did, doneDo is not grammatically necessary here. We often choose auxiliary do to emphasise (show the importance of) the ordinary verb in a positive statement. We may want to:

Emphasis something, example:You do look nervous!I do want to spend some quality time with JakeI do apologise for being so late.We did enjoy your party very much. She does love her new house.

To be: is, am, are, was, were, being, beenBe can be used as an auxiliary verb or the main verb in a sentence. Is tells us that an action is happening now or is going to happen in the future. Be is also used to make passives, are is used for they and we. Was is used for the past tense of am and is. Were is used for the past tense of you, we and they, example:To be: is, am, are, was, were, being, beenIn statementsI am 21.He/she is cool.You are Indian.We are eating soon. They are excited. In negative sentencesI am not. (I aren't)You are not. (you aren't)We are not. (we aren't)They are not. (they aren't)He/she is not. (he/she isn't)In questionsAm I in the right place?Are you my new boss?Are we nearly there?Are they the best players on the team?Is he/she old enough to go to bars?19Have, has, hadHave is used to make the present perfect tense (it is always followed by the past participle). Has is used for the third person singular. Had is used for past tenses especially the past perfect tense. It describes an action that began in the past and continues into the present or that occurred in the recent past, example:Have, has, hadIn statementsI have a dog.You have something on your shirt.We have seen it before.They have called me three times.He/she has lived in America.In negative sentencesI have not. (I haven't/ I've not)You have not. (you haven't/you've not)We have not. (we haven't/we've not)They have not. (they haven't/they've not)He/she has not (he/she hasn't)can, could, may, might, will, would, must, had to, shall, should, Ought toThese are also known as modal verbs. We use them to show obligation, possibility and necessity, example:-Jack is late. He might be sleeping. (possibility)-I should clean my room today. (obligation)-I must wear a tie to school. (necessity)

PronunciationDo and all other auxiliary verbs can be stressed in spoken English to contrast correct or emphasis:She doesnt play the guitar but she does play the piano.A: They havent done their homework yet. B: Yes, they have.I did enjoy the concert.

pronounA pronoun is a word that takes the place of one or more nouns.

Pro- means for (standing FOR a noun)Pronouns that are used to refer to people or things are called personal pronouns.

Examples: he, she, it

Subject PronounsA subject pronoun is used as thesubject of a sentence. The subject is WHO or WHAT the sentence is about.She is my sister.It is my hat.Does he have a dog.You and I go to the movie.

Object PronounsAn object pronoun is a personal pronounin the objective case. It is used as thedirect or indirect object of a verb. Objectpronouns will never be the subject of the sentence.Give the pencil to me.The teacher gave her a referral.I will tell you a secret.Hannah read it to them.

List of Personal PronounsSingular PluralI weyou youhe, she, it they

Subject Pronounsme usyou youhim, her, it them

Object PronounsHow do you know when to use me or I, we or us?1. Use a Subject Pronoun as a subject2. Use Object pronoun as object of the verb

Examples (Circle the correct pronoun listed):

SUBJECT- She owns a collection of books.

INDIRECT OBJECT- He told her an amusing story.

DIRECT OBJECT- The fable entertained us.

Using Pronouns CorrectlyWhen using a pronoun in a pair:ALWAYS put the pronoun second Seth and I read some comic books. (Not I and Seth)Science interests Mike and me.(Not me and Mike).

In formal writing and speech: use a subject pronoun after a linking verb. RIGHT The winner is she. NOT She is the winner.Finding Pronouns at ArticleCorporate access to forex expandedJAKARTA: Bank Indonesia again gives more room for the corporate sector to access forex at banks after previously revoking the regulation that once limited those top debtors early this year.The provision was contained in Bank Indonesia Regulation (PBI) No: 13/4/PBI/2011 on the Repeal of PBI No.10/22/PBI/2008 on the Fulfillment of Domestic Corporate Needs for Forex at Banks.In the previous regulation, PBI No.10/22/PBI/2008, the access to forex at banks by those debtors were somehow limited. Banks evencan propose for THE FOREXneeds against rupiah to BI for those domestic corporate.Head Public Relations Bureau of Bank Indonesia, Difi A. Johansyah addressed such revocation aimed to show that Indonesias economy is already normal, enabling those corporate to directly access forex . Thus, the companies can now access forex at domestic market instead of going to BI,he said to Bisnis yesterday.He further added that such provision is also issued to anticipate the economic condition amidst the crisis specifically and to avoid speculative forex loans which may trigger currency fluctuation.Prior to his, PBI [Fulfillment of Domestic Corporate Needs for Forex at Banks) aims as an anticipative measure so that companies not rush for forex which may destabilize the currency, he said.Difi added that at the moment, central bank believes that the current economic condition is relatively normal, thus such provision needs to be revoked asTHE FORExavailability domestically is rather sufficient along with the excessive foreign inflow.During the 2008 crisis, rupiah touched IDR12,000 per US dollar following the rising forex needs either for corporate interest, capital accumulation or only for speculation.Preventing speculationThus, BI issued such regulation to anticipate the currency speculation that may worsen rupiah even more. In such regulation, bank may propose forex needs against rupiah to BI as it only applies for governmental institutions.