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Input

Output

Something in the middle

methi

Outpu

The basal or ongoing state of the brain influences the outcome of stimulation

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0·5mV

25 ms

mulus

Modified from: Kobayashi & Pascual-Leone, 2003 (Lancet Neurology)

Intracortical Inhibition

(ISI = 1-6ms)

Intracortical Facilitation

(ISI = 8-30ms)

Test pulse (alone)

Conditioning Pulse + Test Pulse

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Adaptation: Prolonged prior exposure to stimulus reduces neural activity and response to subsequent presentation

Priming: Transient prior exposure to stimulus increases neural activity and response to subsequent presentation

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Modified from: Silvanto et al., 2008 (Trends in Cognitive Sciences)

Baseline After adaptation to red After TMS

Rel

ativ

e ne

ural

act

ivity

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Cattaneo & Silvanto, 2008 (NeuroReport)

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Cattaneo et al., 2008 (European Journal of Neuroscience)

P P

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Fumiko Maeda · Julian P. Keenan · Jose M. TormosHelge Topka · Alvaro Pascual-Leone

Interindividual variability of the modulatory effects of repetitivetranscranial magnetic stimulation on cortical excitability

Exp Brain Res (2000) 133:425–430DOI 10.1007/s002210000432

R E S E A R C H A RT I C L E

240 pulses 1600 pulses

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80%

85%

90%

95%

100%

70%

75%

80%

85%

90%

95%

100%

Baseline Post-rTMS

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Impact of 1Hz rTMS on Motor-Evoked Potential (MEP), Intracortical Facilatition and Inhibition

Fig. 1 Mean amplitude (±SD) of MEP to test stimulus alone after1 Hz rTMS in migraineurs and controls (values are expressed aspercentage of baseline MEP).

Fig. 2 Mean amplitude (±SE) of conditioned MEP at 2 and 10 msISI before and after rTMS in migraineurs and controls (values areexpressed as percentage of changes from test stimulus alone).

Brighina et al., 2005 (Experimental Brain Research)

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Siebner et al., 1999 (Neuroscience Letters)

Impact of 1Hz rTMS on Motor Evoked Potential (MEP) Area

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Iezzi E et al., 2008 (J Neurophysio) DO NOT COPY

Siebner et al., 2004 (Journal of Neuroscience)

Impact of tDCS/rTMS on Motor-Evoked Potential (MEP) amplitude

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J Physiol 590.22 (2012) pp 5765–5781 5765

Homeostatic metaplasticity of corticospinal excitatoryand intracortical inhibitory neural circuits in human motorcortex

Takenobu Murakami1, Florian Muller-Dahlhaus1, Ming-Kuei Lu1,2 and Ulf Ziemann1,3

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Maeda et al., 2000 (Clinical Neurophysiology)

Impact of rTMS on Motor-Evoked Potentials

Impact of daily 1Hz rTMS on visuo-spatial detection

Valero-Cabré et al., 2008 (European Journal of Neuroscience)

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Oberman et al., 2012 (European Journal of Neuroscience)

Impact of TBS on Motor-Evoked Potential (MEP) Amplitude

Oberman et al., (unpublished – do not share!)

Cumulative Impact of Back-to-Back TBS

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-20

0

20

40

60

80

OHC DM2

ME

P A

mpl

itude

(% ∆

from

bas

elin

e)

All subjects

OHC DM2

BDNF Val/Met & ApoE ε3/ε4 excluded

p = 0.0537 Effect size = 0.35

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Ž .Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging Section 99 2000 161�172

Left prefrontal activation predicts therapeutic effects ofž /repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation rTMS in

major depression

Gerhard Wilhelm Eschweiler�, Christine Wegerer, Wilfried Schlotter,Christoph Spandl, Andreas Stevens, Mathias Bartels,

Gerhard BuchkremerEberhard-Karls-Uni�ersitat Tubingen, Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Osianderstrasse 24, 72076 Tubingen, Germany¨ ¨ ¨

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