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CKD and Nutrition: Prevention of Stroke and Dementia
J. David Spence M.D.
Stroke Prevention & Atherosclerosis Research Centre
Robarts Research Institute, Western University
London, Canada
[email protected] www.imaging.robarts.ca/sparc
Disclosures
• Consultant to Amgen and OrphanTechnologies
• Unpaid officer of Vascularis Inc.
• Patent on 3D Ultrasound measurement ofcarotid plaque volume
CKD and Nutrition: Prevention of Stroke and DementiaJ David SpenceDO N
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Dialysis patients have a 10‐fold increased risk of stroke
Sozio SM et al. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 54:468‐477
The best way to prevent dementia is to prevent stroke1
• Not just vascular dementia – there is a powerful interaction between stroke and Alzheimer’s
• Delaying dementia reduces incidence and prevalence because patients die before dementing
• Delaying dementia by 5 years reduces incidence of dementia by 47%2
1.Hachinski V, et al. The Berlin Manifesto. Alzheimers Dement. 2019;15(7):961‐84.2.Brookmeyer R, Gray S, Kawas C. Am J Public Health. 1998;88(9):1337‐42.DO N
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Nutrition and CDK
• Harm from egg yolk and meat
• Toxic products of the intestinal microbiome
• Metabolic B12 deficiency
• B vitamins to lower homocysteine
Two kinds of issues: • Advice for people at high cardiovascular risk• Special issues in CKD
Issues I will address today:
Dietary cholesterol is important
Zhong VW et al. JAMA. 2019;321:1081‐95.
• 29,615 Americans• Followed 17.5 years• 5400 CHD events• 6132 deaths
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Low‐fat diet is not the answer
• High carbohydrate intake probably contributes to obesity, diabetes and CVD
• But a low‐carb diet that is high in animal fat and cholesterol is also not the answer
It’s the kind of fat that
matters most
Willett WC, Stampfer MJ. Sci Am. 2003; 288:64‐71.
Saturated fat with cholesterol
Olive oil
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The “good” Mediterranean diet
“The heart of this diet is mainly vegetarian, and differs from American and northern European diets in that it is much lower in meat and dairy products and uses fruit for dessert.”
Keys A. Mediterranean diet and public health: personal reflections. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995; 61(6 Suppl):1321S‐1323S.
Mozaffarian D, et al. Circulation 2015;131(4):e29‐e322.
AHA Statistical report:Diet is the worst part of US lifestyle
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Sick populations1
• The US diet is so bad that it’s hard to show that anything worsens it.1 In 2 US studies, an egg a day only doubled coronary risk among people who became diabetic2,3
• In Greeks, who eat a healthier diet, it’s easier to show harm from egg consumption4
1.Rose G. Sick individuals and sick populations. Int J Epidemiol. 2001;30:427‐322. Hu, Stampfer et al JAMA 1999; 281:1387‐94.3. Qureshi AN et al. Med Sci Monit. 2007;13(1):CR1‐84. Trichopoulou A et al. J Intern Med 2006;259(6):583‐591.
Egg yolks and CHD risk
Greek diabetic cohort
per 10 grams of egg per day (1/6th of a large egg)
• overall mortality
HR 1.31 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.60)
• cardiovascular mortality
HR 1.54 (95% CI, 1.20 to 1.97)
• A daily egg increased coronary risk 5‐fold
Trichopoulou A et al. J Intern Med 2006;259(6):583‐591.DO NOT
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Survival free of atherosclerotic events by egg intake
Logrank p <0.001
Spence JD et al. Stroke 2015;46:A83
REGARDS Study population
Eggs in 2019 US study
Zhong VW et al. JAMA. 2019;321:1081‐95.
• 29,615 Americans• Followed 17.5 years• 5400 CHD events• 6132 deaths
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Hardee’s Monster Thickburger: 4 days’worth of meat on the Med diet
• 2/3 pound beef
• 4 strips bacon
• 3 slices cheese
• Mayo
• 1300 Calories
• 90 g Fat
265 mg cholesterol
320 mg carnitine
Dietary Toxins: it’s not just the cholesterol
DF http://www.hardees.com/menu/nutritional_calculator#
Egg yolks: it’s not just the cholesterol
Egg whites – good source of protein
1 large egg yolk contains237mg of cholesterol and 160 mg phosphatidylcholine
~ = 4 days’ worth of meat in the Cretan Mediterranean diet
Stopping egg yolks after the heart attack would be like quitting smoking after the lung cancer is diagnosedDO N
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How does renal failure increase cardiovascular risk?
Uremic toxins
• Total Homocysteine (tHcy)
– tHcy only mediates ~ 20% of the effect of renal impairment on carotid plaque burden1
• Asymmetric Dimethlyarginine (ADMA)
• Thiocyanate
• Gut‐derived uremic toxins
1. Spence JD, Urquhart BL, Bang H. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2016; 31:937‐44
Intestinal microbiome and diet
Tang WHW et al. N Engl J Med 2013;368:1575‐84.
L‐carnitine from red meat and phosphatidylcholine from egg yolks Converted by intestinal bacteria to trimethylamine; oxidized in the liver to TMAO
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TMAO* increases stroke/death/MI
Tang WHW et al. N Engl J Med 2013;368:1575‐84.
* Measured after consuming 2 hard‐boiled eggs
Gut‐Derived Uremic Toxins
Tang WHW…Hazen S. Circ Res. 2015;116:448‐455.
TMAO levels are high in renal failure, accelerate decline in renal function and increase mortality
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Gut‐Derived Uremic Toxins
Compared to healthy controls, ESRD plasma levels
• indoxyl sulfate 54 times higher
• p‐cresyl sulfate 17 times higher
• phenylacetylglutamine > 100‐fold higher
1. Neirynck N, et al. Blood Purif. 2013;35 Suppl 1:45‐502. Sirich TL, et al. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;25:615‐622
TMAO dose/response with eggs
Miller CA et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2014;100:778–86.DO NOT
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Red meat vs. white meat and TMAO
Wang Z et al. Eur Heart J. 2019 Feb 14;40(7):583‐594
Distribution of the study population(n = 316) in the clinic population (n = 3,056)
Bogiatzi C….Spence JD. Atherosclerosis 2018; 273: 91‐97. DO NOT
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Gut‐Derived Uremic Toxins (GDUT)
TMAO
P‐cresyl sulfate
Hippuric acid
Indoxyl sulfate
P‐cresyl glucuronide
Phenyl acetyl
glutamine
Phenyl sulfate
Measured in the Urquhart lab by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (QToF/MS).
Bogiatzi C….Spence JD. Atherosclerosis 2018; 273: 91‐97.
GDUT by phenotype
Bogiatzi C….Spence JD. Atherosclerosis 2018; 273: 91‐97. DO NOT
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Model
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.B Std. Error Beta
12 (Constant) ‐.587 1.770 ‐.331 .741
Age .076 .019 .249 4.021 .000
Smoking 1.419 .332 .264 4.276 .000
Triglycerides ‐.547 .183 ‐.202 ‐2.980 .003
HDL‐C ‐1.288 .508 ‐.171 ‐2.535 .012
LDL‐C ‐.370 .198 ‐.113 ‐1.868 .063
TMAO .073 .030 .157 2.458 .015
P‐cresyl
sulfate
.015 .006 .156 2.440 .016
Dependent Variable: Total Plaque Area (mm2) normalized by cube root transformation
Linear regression Dependent variable: total plaque area
Excluded variables (F > 0.10): Sex, Diabetes Mellitus, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, p‐cresyl glucuronide, indoxyl sulfate, phenyl sulfate, phenyl acetyl glutamine, hippuric acid
GDUT levels by quartile of eGFR
Pignanelli M..Spence JD. J Ren Nutr. 2018; pii: S1051‐2276(18)30128‐6.DO NOT
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Renal function declines with age
Spence JD, Bang H, Urquhart BL, Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2016 ;31:937‐44
n = 3967
TMAO levels and renal function
Pignanelli M…Urquhart B..Spence JD J Ren Nutr. 2019;29:55‐64
People with renal impairment (including the elderly) should avoid red meat and egg yolk
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How bad are eggs?• The yolks of two 65g eggs contain more cholesterol and as much TMAO precursor as the Monster Thickburger
• 2 eggs/week is 100/year: 400 extra days’ worth of cholesterol and TMAO precursor/year
• Patients at risk of stroke should use egg whites or egg substitutes – especially with CKD
• No Fat Egg Creations, Egg Beaters, Better ‘N Eggs• Make delicious omelets, frittatas, egg salad sandwiches
• Recipes are available at:http://www.imaging.robarts.ca/SPARC/
What are the dietary implications?
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Patients with impaired renal function, including the elderly, should avoid egg yolk and limit
meat intake (particularly red meat)
Dietary recommendations for vascular and renal patients
• NO egg yolks egg whites, Egg Beaters, No Fat Egg Creations
• Flesh of any animal: a palm‐sized piece every OTHER day;
• Seldom red meat
• High intake of olive oil, Canola oil
•Whole grains, vegetables, fruit, legumes
• Avoid deep fried foods, hydrogenated oils (trans fats)
To accomplish this, patients need to think of their meatless day not as a punishment day, but as a gourmet cooking class day:
“Having fun learning how to make healthy eating tasty”
Spence JD. How to prevent your stroke. Vanderbilt University Press 2006DO NOT
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Metabolic B12 deficiency
Baseline tHcy by serum B12 (pmol/L), adjusted for age, sex, smoking and GFR (NHANES)
Bang H, Mazumdar M, Spence D. Neuroepidemiology. 2006;27(4):188‐200.
Segmented regression
• “Normal” serum B12 not OK• Below 258 pmol/L, 30% have
metabolic B12 deficiency• B12 needs to be ~ 400‐600 to be
confident of metabolic adequacy
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1. Spence JD. Stroke 2006 ;37:2430‐5.2. Vogiatzoglu A et al. Clin Chem 2009;55:2198‐206
400pmol/Lis safe to exclude metabolic B12 deficiency2
Metabolic B12 deficiency in the Stroke Prevention Clinic
• Only 6‐20% of B12 is active
• Need to measure holotranscobalamin, or MMA or tHcy to assess metabolic adequacy of B12
Only 26% had serum B12 in the clearly adequate range above 400 pmol/L
n = 3025
Spence JD Nutrition Research 2015 epub ahead of print
B12 levels in the Stroke Prevention Clinic
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Metabolic B12 deficiency in vascular patients
• Define by methylmalonic acid
(or tHcy in folate‐replete state)
• 11% age <50
• 12% age 51‐71
• 30% age >71
Spence JD. Stroke 2006 ;37:2430‐5.
Homocysteine: alive againMI = STROKE
MI – almost all due to plaque rupture;
thrombosis is secondary to occlusion
STROKE: atheroembolic, dissection, vasculitis, small vessel disease (lacunar infarctions),
cerebral vein thrombosis,
Coagulation more important
‐cardiac emboli
AF, MI, ventricular aneurysm
Paradoxical embolism
Spence JD. Lancet Neurology 2007;7: 830‐838.DO NOT
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Nygård O et al. N.Engl.J.Med. 1997;337:230‐6.
Homocysteine a risk factor for cardiovascular disease
Poli D et al. Stroke 2005; 10: 2159‐63.
Homocysteine increases stroke risk in atrial fibrillation
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B vitamins to lower homocysteine reduce the risk of stroke
tHcy elevated with even modest renal impairment
Ahmed S…Spence JD. BMJ Open. 2019 Jan 21;9(1):e026564.
In dialysis patients mean tHcy is ~ 25 µmol/L
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Why were earlier trials of B vitamins negative?
• They weren’t all negative; meta‐analyses positive
• Folate fortification of the grain supply
• B12 injections in VISP
• Importance of metabolic B12 deficiency and dose of B12
• Harm in renal failure cancelled out the benefit in patients with normal renal function
• Harm from cyanocobalamin
• Cyanocobalamin doesn’t reduce ADMA; methylcobalamin does
Toxicity of cyanocobalamin in renal failure
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JAMA. 2010;303(16):1603‐1609
At 36 months, GFR by 16.5 + 1.7 on B‐vitamins vs. 10.7 + 1.7 on placebo; mean difference −5.8; 95% CI, −10.6 to −1.1; (P=.02).
Stroke, MI, Death1
1. House A…. Spence JD. JAMA. 2010;303(16):1603‐16092. Spence JD, House A. JAMA. 2010;304(6):636‐637
All the events were in patients with GFR<502
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VISP Efficacy analysis
P=0.02
Spence JD et al. Stroke. 2005;36:2404‐2409.
Excluded bottom 10% of eGFR(<48) and those who got B12 shots
34%
CSPPT Renal substudy: folic acid
Xu X et al. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(10):1443‐1450
Primary outcome: progression of renal disease
• 44% slower decline in renal function (0.96% vs 1.72% /year, P < .001).• Reduction of a secondary endpoint including
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Serum thiocyanate pre/post dialysis
Koyama K et al. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1997;12:1622‐8.
How could B vitamins be harmful in renal failure?
• ? Unmetabolized folic acid?
– No; the CPPST trial showed improvement of renal function with folic acid in eGFR<60, and reduced events
• Blocked decyanation of cyanocobalamin due to high thiocyanate levels in renal failure
• Harm from cyanocobalamin
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Spence JD, Yi Q, Hankey G. Lancet Neurology 2017; 16: 750–60
Interaction of renal impairment and cyanocobalamin
HOPE‐2 trial
Refsum H, Smith AD. N Engl J Med. 2006 ;355:207
P=0.03
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Reduction of stroke in SuFolOM3 trial
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Galan P, et al. BMJ. 2010;341:c6273
p=0.04
Folic acid reduces stroke in 1 prevention
Huo Y et al. JAMA. 2015;313:1325‐1335.Huang X. Neurology 2017;89:1–7
China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial (CSPPT) n = 20 702 followed 4.5 years
For ischemic strokeHR, 0.76; 95%CI, 0.64‐0.91)1
Stroke reduction was proportional to % reduction of tHcy2
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Impaired/unknown renal function with high‐dose cyanocobalamin
Spence JD, Yi Q, Hankey G. Lancet Neurology 2017; 16: 750–60
Low dose or no cyanocobalamin
Spence JD, Yi Q, Hankey G. Lancet Neurology 2017; 16: 750–60DO N
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B vitamins reduced Alzheimer‐related gray
matter atrophy in participants with tHcy above the median
(11 µmol/L):5% atrophy vs. 0.6%
over 2 years
Duaoud G et al. Proc Nat AcadSci 2013;110:9523‐8
We should probably be using methylcobalamin instead of
cyanocobalamin
Spence JD, Stampfer M. JAMA 2011; 306: 1260‐1261.DO NOT
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Most Western people will become vascular patients if they live long enough
Risk factors
Wilkins JT et al. JAMA. 2012;308(17):1795‐1801
The only Westerners who can eat egg yolks with impunity are those who know they will die young
from another cause
http://www.imaging. robarts.ca/sparc [email protected] NOT
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