Do NowDo Now

1. What is photosynthesis?

2. What is the equation of photosynthesis? (it’s the opposite of respiration)

3. What does a plant need for photosynthesis?

1. What is photosynthesis?

2. What is the equation of photosynthesis? (it’s the opposite of respiration)

3. What does a plant need for photosynthesis?

Light EnergyLight Energy

Light travels in waves Wavelength is the distance from 1

crest to another crest

Light travels in waves Wavelength is the distance from 1

crest to another crest

Visible Light SpectrumVisible Light Spectrum A small portion of all the possible wavelengths Sunlight is called “white light” If you put white light through a prism you get?

All the colors of the rainbow, This is known as the Visible spectrum

A small portion of all the possible wavelengths Sunlight is called “white light” If you put white light through a prism you get?

All the colors of the rainbow, This is known as the Visible spectrum

Light Particles Light Particles

Each particle of light is called a photon The shorter the wavelength, the more

energy it has

Each particle of light is called a photon The shorter the wavelength, the more

energy it has

VioletRed

ENERGY

Pigment A Substance that absorbs light

You only see the light waves that are reflected off a substance

All the other light waves are absorbed by the substance

Pigment A Substance that absorbs light

You only see the light waves that are reflected off a substance

All the other light waves are absorbed by the substance

Colorblindness TestColorblindness Test

What color blind people see:What color blind people see:

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/lightandcolor/humanvisionintro.html

Do NowDo Now I shine a blue light on a yellow banana

in complete darkness, what color would the banana appear to be?

I shine a blue light on a yellow banana in complete darkness, what color would the banana appear to be?

Sample QuestionSample Question1. This green plant is hit with white light,

what colors are reflected? Green

2. What Happens to all the other colors? They are absorbed

1. This green plant is hit with white light, what colors are reflected?

Green

2. What Happens to all the other colors? They are absorbed

Day

0

Day

5

Day 10

Day 15

Day 20

Day 25

Red 5 8 11 15 17 20

Orange 5 8 12 15 18 22

Yellow 5 5 7 9 10 11

Green 5 5 6 7 9 10

Blue 5 7 10 13 18 25

Violet 5 7 9 12 18 23

Control 5 5 5 5 4 4

DO NOWDO NOW

Take a chromatography lab (#19) HAND IN LIGHT WAVES LAB!!!! Why are leaves green? Why do leaves change color in the fall?

Take a chromatography lab (#19) HAND IN LIGHT WAVES LAB!!!! Why are leaves green? Why do leaves change color in the fall?

ChromatographyChromatography Separating the different pigments that

make up a plant.

Separating the different pigments that make up a plant.

Photosynthetic PigmentsPhotosynthetic Pigments

There are 4 photosynthetic pigment in each chloroplast

Chlorophyll a Primary photosynthetic pigment

Absorbs all light waves but green

Chlorophyll b, Carotenes, & xanthophylls Absorbs all light waves but red, yellow, and orange

Absorb light and transfer energy to chlorophyll a

There are 4 photosynthetic pigment in each chloroplast

Chlorophyll a Primary photosynthetic pigment

Absorbs all light waves but green

Chlorophyll b, Carotenes, & xanthophylls Absorbs all light waves but red, yellow, and orange

Absorb light and transfer energy to chlorophyll a

So why are leaves green?So why are leaves green?

There is A LOT more chlorophyll a So it hides the other pigments and the

leaf appears green

There is A LOT more chlorophyll a So it hides the other pigments and the

leaf appears green

So why do leaves change colors?So why do leaves change colors? In spring and summer time

Leaves have chlorophyll a & b, carotenes, & xanthophylls

All colors except most green is absorbed But during the fall

Chlorophyll a leaves cells Only Chlorophyll b, carotene, & xanthophyll is left Leaves reflect orange, yellow, or red

In spring and summer time Leaves have chlorophyll a & b, carotenes, &

xanthophylls All colors except most green is absorbed

But during the fall Chlorophyll a leaves cells Only Chlorophyll b, carotene, & xanthophyll is left Leaves reflect orange, yellow, or red

Do NowDo Now

1. What color light would you shine on a green plant to give

off the least amount of oxygen?

2. HAND IN CHROMATOGRAPHY LAB

1. What color light would you shine on a green plant to give

off the least amount of oxygen?

2. HAND IN CHROMATOGRAPHY LAB

ChloroplastsChloroplasts Where photosynthesis occurs Thylakoids

Flattened sacs (pennies)

Grana Stacks of thylakoids

Stroma Liquid in chloroplast

Where photosynthesis occurs Thylakoids

Flattened sacs (pennies)

Grana Stacks of thylakoids

Stroma Liquid in chloroplast

6CO2 + 12H2O + light energy C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis Autotrophs make their own food by

converting radiant energy into chemical energy (carbohydrates).

Autotrophs make their own food by converting radiant energy into chemical energy (carbohydrates).

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

2 Reactions Light Reactions, light

dependent reaction Calvin Cycle, Dark reaction,

light independent reaction, carbon fixation reactions

2 Reactions Light Reactions, light

dependent reaction Calvin Cycle, Dark reaction,

light independent reaction, carbon fixation reactions

Light Reactions/light dependentLight Reactions/light dependent

Light energy is converted to chemical energy to split hydrogen ions from water.

Takes place in the grana of the chloroplasts (the coin-like stacks of sacs).

Byproducts are oxygen (O2), NADPH, and ATP

Light energy is converted to chemical energy to split hydrogen ions from water.

Takes place in the grana of the chloroplasts (the coin-like stacks of sacs).

Byproducts are oxygen (O2), NADPH, and ATP

PhotolysisPhotolysis

2H2O 4H+ + 4e- + O2

Electrons will replace lost by photosystem II

H+ ions will move through thylakoid membrane by ATP synthase and make ATP

2H2O 4H+ + 4e- + O2

Electrons will replace lost by photosystem II

H+ ions will move through thylakoid membrane by ATP synthase and make ATP

http://www.life.uiuc.edu/govindjee/paper/gov.html

http://faculty.nl.edu/jste/photosynthesis.htm

http://www.life.uiuc.edu/govindjee/paper/gov.html

http://faculty.nl.edu/jste/photosynthesis.htm

Light ReactionsLight Reactions

Do NowDo Now

1. Why is it called the light dependent

reactions?

2. What are the products of the light

reactions?

1. Why is it called the light dependent

reactions?

2. What are the products of the light

reactions?

Photosystems I & IIPhotosystems I & II

In thylakoid membranes Absorbs sunlight here A clump of chlorophyll and other

pigments Excites electrons and moves them

down ETC to combine with NADP

In thylakoid membranes Absorbs sunlight here A clump of chlorophyll and other

pigments Excites electrons and moves them

down ETC to combine with NADP

Cyclic PhotophosphorylationCyclic Photophosphorylation Only photosystem 1 Makes only 6 ATP

Only photosystem 1 Makes only 6 ATP

Noncyclic PhotophosphorylationNoncyclic Photophosphorylation

Uses both photosystems I & II Makes 12 NADPH and 6 ATP

Uses both photosystems I & II Makes 12 NADPH and 6 ATP

Noncyclic PhotophosphorylationNoncyclic Photophosphorylation1. Light energy hits PSII excites electrons

2. Excited Electron gets ready to travel down ETC

3. Light energy splits water into H+, e-, and O2

4. The electrons replaced those lost as electrons travel down ETC into PSI, making 6 ATP

5. Nonenergized electrons go into PSI

1. Light energy hits PSII excites electrons

2. Excited Electron gets ready to travel down ETC

3. Light energy splits water into H+, e-, and O2

4. The electrons replaced those lost as electrons travel down ETC into PSI, making 6 ATP

5. Nonenergized electrons go into PSI

6. Light energy hits PSI, excites electrons

7. Excited electrons travel down 2nd ETC

8. Electrons and H+ are added to NADP

9. Makes 12 NADPH

6. Light energy hits PSI, excites electrons

7. Excited electrons travel down 2nd ETC

8. Electrons and H+ are added to NADP

9. Makes 12 NADPH

QuestionsQuestions How are cyclic and noncyclic

phosphorylation similar?

How are they different?

How are cyclic and noncyclic phosphorylation similar?

How are they different?

Calvin Cycle/Dark/Light Independent ReactionsCalvin Cycle/Dark/Light Independent Reactions

ATP and NADPH from the light reactions are used along with CO2 to form a glucose

Takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts (the liquid filling).

Products are C6H12O6 (glucose), ADP, and NADP+ (which return to the light reactions).

ATP and NADPH from the light reactions are used along with CO2 to form a glucose

Takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts (the liquid filling).

Products are C6H12O6 (glucose), ADP, and NADP+ (which return to the light reactions).

Important Facts of the Calvin CycleImportant Facts of the Calvin Cycle The 3-carbon sugar that is synthesized is

known by different names G3P, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (PGAL) A VERY important eznyme required for the

Calvin Cycle is RUBISCO The making of sugar is a reduction reaction Because, CO2 is gaining hydrogen

The 3-carbon sugar that is synthesized is known by different names

G3P, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (PGAL) A VERY important eznyme required for the

Calvin Cycle is RUBISCO The making of sugar is a reduction reaction Because, CO2 is gaining hydrogen

Sunlight

NADP+

ADP NADPH

CO2

H2O

O2

CHLOROPLAST

ATP

ReviewReview

1. What are ATP and NADPH used for?

2. Why is it called light-dependent reactions?

3. What are the 2 reactants for this part of photosynthesis?

4. What are the 3 products of the light-dependent reaction?

1. What are ATP and NADPH used for?

2. Why is it called light-dependent reactions?

3. What are the 2 reactants for this part of photosynthesis?

4. What are the 3 products of the light-dependent reaction?

Do NowDo Now

1. Grab one of each sheet and colored pencils

2. Hand in Quiz Corrections

1. Grab one of each sheet and colored pencils

2. Hand in Quiz Corrections

Parts of the leafParts of the leaf Cuticle

Layer of wax to keep water in leaf Upper Epidermis

Outer layer of cells on top of leaf Palisade Mesophyll

Where photosynthesis takes place Spongy Mesophyll

Important place of gas exchange Lower Epidermis

Outer layer of cells on bottom of leaf

Cuticle Layer of wax to keep water in leaf

Upper Epidermis Outer layer of cells on top of leaf

Palisade Mesophyll Where photosynthesis takes place

Spongy Mesophyll Important place of gas exchange

Lower Epidermis Outer layer of cells on bottom of leaf

Stomate Openings on bottom of leaf

Guard Cells Specialized cells that open and close stomates

Xylem Veins that carry nutrients up the top of the plant

Phloem Veins to carry nutrients down to the roots

Air Space Area in spongy layer for CO2 for photosynthesis

Stomate Openings on bottom of leaf

Guard Cells Specialized cells that open and close stomates

Xylem Veins that carry nutrients up the top of the plant

Phloem Veins to carry nutrients down to the roots

Air Space Area in spongy layer for CO2 for photosynthesis

Cuticle - purpleLower epidermis - tanPalisade layer - dark greenPhloem - blueUpper epidermis - yellowSpongy layer - orangeXylem - redGuard cells - dark green

Cuticle - purpleLower epidermis - tanPalisade layer - dark greenPhloem - blueUpper epidermis - yellowSpongy layer - orangeXylem - redGuard cells - dark green

Do NowDo Now

1. List at least two things that would affect the rate of photosynthesis.

(Think about what helps plant grow)

2. HAND IN LEAF PARTS LAB

1. List at least two things that would affect the rate of photosynthesis.

(Think about what helps plant grow)

2. HAND IN LEAF PARTS LAB

4 Factors that affect Photosynthesis4 Factors that affect Photosynthesis1. Light Intensity2. Temperature3. Water availability4. Mineral availability As they increase, they increase

photosynthetic rate BUT Too much of these causes

photosynthesis to slow down

1. Light Intensity2. Temperature3. Water availability4. Mineral availability As they increase, they increase

photosynthetic rate BUT Too much of these causes

photosynthesis to slow down

Do NowDo Now

Why do leaves change color in autumn? Why do leaves change color in autumn?

ReviewReview

1. Why is it called light independent reactions or dark reactions?

2. How many glucose molecules do we make at the end of the light independent reactions?

1. Why is it called light independent reactions or dark reactions?

2. How many glucose molecules do we make at the end of the light independent reactions?

Special CasesSpecial Cases C4 plants

Make a 4 carbon sugar instead of glucose. Fix CO2 more rapidly but need more light energy

Ex: sugar cane and corn CAM plants

Plants that close stomates during the day to prevent water loss

EX: cactus

Heterotrophic plants Plants that also engulf other organisms Ex: mistletoe, dodder plant, venus fly

traps

C4 plants Make a 4 carbon sugar instead of

glucose. Fix CO2 more rapidly but need more light energy

Ex: sugar cane and corn CAM plants

Plants that close stomates during the day to prevent water loss

EX: cactus

Heterotrophic plants Plants that also engulf other organisms Ex: mistletoe, dodder plant, venus fly

traps

ChemosynthesisChemosynthesis Some autotrophs can convert inorganic

substances to energy. Most are adapted to live in conditions

where there is no oxygen. Marshes. Lake sediments. Digestive tracts of mammals. Deep in the ocean.

Some autotrophs can convert inorganic substances to energy.

Most are adapted to live in conditions where there is no oxygen. Marshes. Lake sediments. Digestive tracts of mammals. Deep in the ocean.

Fill out your bingo sheetFill out your bingo sheet

1. H2O2. Photosystem3. Yellow4. Green5. Heterotrophic6. Light Reaction7. Glucose8. Palisade Layer9. NADPH10. Chlorophyll b11. Chlorophyll a12. Dog

1. H2O2. Photosystem3. Yellow4. Green5. Heterotrophic6. Light Reaction7. Glucose8. Palisade Layer9. NADPH10. Chlorophyll b11. Chlorophyll a12. Dog

13. Sunlight14. Stroma15. Thylakoid16. Spongy Layer17. RuBP18. Calvin Cycle19. PGAL20. Cuticle21. CAM22. C4 23. Stomata24. Guard Cells

13. Sunlight14. Stroma15. Thylakoid16. Spongy Layer17. RuBP18. Calvin Cycle19. PGAL20. Cuticle21. CAM22. C4 23. Stomata24. Guard Cells

Sunlight

Photo-System

I

Photo-system

II

NADP+

ADPNADPHATP

CalvinCO2

H2O

O2

ATP

ATP

NAD+ NADH

ElectronTransportSystem

Cycle

CitricAcid

Heat

CHLOROPLAST MITOCHONDRIONATP

Glycolysis

Glucose Pyruvate

Cycle

Sunlight

Photo-System

I

Photo-system

II

NADP+

ADPNADPHATP

CycleCalvin CO2

H2O

O2

ATP

ATP

NAD+ NADH

ElectronTransportSystem

Cycle

CitricAcid

Heat

CHLOROPLAST MITOCHONDRION

Glucose

ATP

Pyruvate

Glycolysis