Doresearcherswithinterna.onalmobilityexperienceshavebe6eracademicperformancethroughbibliometric
indicators?-ThecasestudyofTaiwan
2017/09/07
1
CareyMing-LiChen
Researchbackground(1/2) • Thisresearchistheextendedstudybasedontheinternal
researchprojectlastyear.– TheStudyonHowInterna1onalCollabora1onProgramsInfluenceEarly
CareerResearchers(Chang&Chen,2017,inpress)
• Inthatproject,weinterviewedtheresearcherswhowasgrantedbyPostdoctoralResearchAbroadProgramfromMinistryofScienceandTechnology(MOST)tounderstandhowtheirinternaKonalmobilityexperiencesduringtheirpost-docphaseshelptheminfutureacademiccareerpaths.
2
Researchbackground(2/2)
• Oneoftheintervieweesaid“….thisresearchstayinforeigncountry,interna1onalmobilityexperience,wasextremelyhelpfulduringtheinterviewprocesswhenapplyingthefacultyjobinuniversi1es,notonlytherecruitcommiNeesconsideredyouastheonewiththefeatureofinterna1onaliza1onandtobeabletocompetewiththeonewithforeigndoctoraldegree,butalsoitcouldcreatethe“talking-point”becausethecommiNeesfeelinterestedintherecentdevelopmentofinterna1onallabs,sotheinterna1onalmobilityexperiencewouldbecomethe“assets”…..”
3
Taiwansitua.on• Infact,nowadaysinTaiwanhavefacedthesituaKonsthatfewerandfewer
peoplewouldliketopursuitdoctoraldegreesabroad,sothebraindrainishappening;mostofstudentschoosetostarttheirdoctoralcareerdomesKcallyinstead.
• AtthemeanKme,theacademicjobmarkethasbeenshrinkingrecently,togettheposiKoninuniversity,however,early-careerresearchersneedtopublishmorearKclesintopKerjournalsorhaveinternaKonalexperiencestodemonstratethedegreeofinternaKonalizaKon,thentobeabletobecomethefacultyinuniversiKes.
• Hence,havingresearchvisitinforeigncountrieshasbecometheopKonforlocalstudentstoearntheinternaKonalmobilityexperiences.
– ConnecKngtointernaKonalacademiccommunityassoonaspossible.– Havingchancetolearnfromthemastersabroad.– ParKcipaKngininternaKonalcollaboraKonresearchprojectsandco-authorshipwith
foreignscholars.4
Thebenefitsofinterna.onalmobility• SeveralpaststudieshaveindicatedthattheresearcheswithintenKonal
mobilityexperienceshaveproducedslightlymorepublicaKons,however,theresearchimpactarerelaKvelyhigherthannon-mobileresearchers(Aksnes,Rørstad,Piro&Sivertsen,2013;Conchi&Michels,2014;Robinson-Garcia,Cañibano,Woolley&Costas,2016).– ItshowsthatinternaKonalmobilityexperienceswillhelpresearchersachievebe[er
visibilityandreachresearchexcellence.
• Besides,theearlierinternaKonalmobilityexperienceswillboostthelikelihoodofhavinganotherresearchvisitinthefuture(Børing,Flanagan,Gagliardi,Kaloudis&Karakasidou,2015)– ItmeansthatearlierinternaKonalmobilityexperiencescanbethetrajectoryoffuture
scienKficmigraKon.
• Therefore,howtoencourageearly-careerresearcherstoincreasetheinten.onofinterna.onalmobilityshouldbeconcerned.
5
MOSTprogrammes• SincetheinternaKonalmobilitycanboostbraingainorcausebraindrain,
itisimportantforpolicymakerstostudywhichfactorswillinfluencetheinternaKonalmobilityandhowtoencouragedomesKcresearcherstohavebe[erinternaKonalconnecKonviafundingprogram.
• From2002,theMinistryofScienceandTechnology(MOST)inTaiwanhasfundedtheearly-careerresearcherstoletthemhavechancestodoresearchstayatforeigncountries.
• Twomainfundingprogramforstudentsintheirlatedoctoralcareerortheirpostdoctoralphases.
– “GraduateStudentsStudyAbroadProgram”
– “PostdoctoralResearchAbroadProgram”
6
GraduateStudentsStudyAbroadProgram
• ItisintendedtofundTaiwanesedoctoralstudentstoconductresearchatanaccreditededucaKonalinsKtuteabroad.
• ThegoalofthisprogramistoencourageparKcipantstogaininternaKonalexperience,toexpandtheirresearchtrainingandpaveawayforfutureinternaKonalcollaboraKons,foramaximumoftwelvemonths.
• TheapplicantmustbeaPh.D.studentcurrentlyenrolledinaPh.D.programofanaccreditededucaKonalinsKtuteinTaiwanandhascompletedatleastoneyearstudyinthePh.D.program.
• Thegrantperiodcanrangefromseventotwelvemonths.
• Theamountofgrantisbasedonthegrantperiod,ranginguptoamaximumof600,000NTdollars(about20,000USdollars)foratwelve-monthstudy.
7Source:h[ps://www.most.gov.tw/sci/ch/detail?arKcle_uid=30b6df21-44d4-424c-b7f8-3385864f389f&menu_id=6b4a4661-9126-4d0c-897a-4022c82114a9&content_type=P&view_mode=listView
PostdoctoralResearchAbroadProgram• ItisintendedtofundTaiwanesepostdoctoralresearcherstoconduct
researchatanaccreditededucaKonalinsKtuteabroad.
• Thegoalofthisprogramistoencouragequalifiedindividualstogainresearchexperienceoverseas,developtheirglobalperspecKve,andstrengtheninternaKonalcollaboraKonsforamaximumoftwoyears
• TheapplicantmustholdaPh.D.degree,conferredinthelastfiveyears,byanyaccreditededucaKonalinsKtuteinTaiwan.
• Eachsuccessfulawardrecipientwillreceive1,300,000NTdollars(about43,300USdollars)eachyearforamaximumoftwoyears,andthisscholarshipfundcanbeusedattherecipient’sdiscreKontocontributetowardsthisresearch-relatedexpenses.
8
Source:h[ps://www.most.gov.tw/hum/ch/detail?arKcle_uid=3e2a44c8-3e48-4972-ad86-039528aa0632&menu_id=6b4a4661-9126-4d0c-897a-4022c82114a9&content_type=P&view_mode=listView
Researchmo.va.on• However,aperthedecadeofthispolicyimplementaKon,
thereislackofevidence-basedstudytoshowtheeffecKvenessofthesefundingprogramsandillustratehowtheabroadprogramsinfluencetheearly-careerresearchesintheircareerpathsandacademicperformance.
9
• Therefore,thisstudyaimstofilltheresearchgapandtoprovidetheevidenceforpolicymakers.
Doctoral/postdoctoralstudiesabroad
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Thenumberofgrantreceipts
Source:MOSTstaKsKcsdatabase
Researchques.ons! Doresearcherswhoobtainedtheirdoctoraldegreesabroadhavebe[er
academicperformancethanthosewhoearnedthedoctoraldegreesdomesKcally?
" DoresearcherswhoobtainedtheirdoctoraldegreesdomesKcallyandhadreceivedthegrantsofstudy/researchabroadprogramfromMOSThavebe[eracademicperformancethanthosewhodidnotbefunded?
# WhichmodesofinternaKonalmobilitythatresearchershaveexperiencedwillhelpthemcreatebe[eracademicperformance?– ObtainPh.D.degreeabroad
– ObtainPh.D.degreedomesKcallybuthavingresearchstayabroadexperiences
– ObtainPh.D.degreedomesKcally
10
Researchmethod(1/2)• Toestablishthedataset,thisstudya[emptstolinktheseveraldatabaseto
getthecorrectresearcherprofilesandtheirbibliographicinformaKon.
• Thein-housedatabaseofbibliographicinformaKonisconstructedbasedonthedatafromWebofScience,andtheauthoridenKficaKonisbasedonthelinkagebetweenAcademicResearchServicePortalfromMOSTandtheScopusAuthorIDtoidenKfytherelaKonshipbetweenresearchersandtheirpublicaKons.
• ToanswertheresearchquesKons,thisstudyselectsthetargetresearchersbasedonthefollowingcriteria:– Theageisunder45yearsold.
– ThehighestlevelofeducaKonisdoctoraldegreeandtheyearofstartandfinishmustberecordedcompletely.
– HaveatleastonepublicaKon.
11
Researchmethod(2/2)• Itshouldbenotedthatsincethisstudycollectsdatafromthedatabaseof
AcademicResearchServicePortalfromMOST,itmeansthattheresearcherscoveredinthatdatabasearerelaKveacKveinTaiwanacademiabecausepeoplewhoneedtoapplyforgrantsfromMOSTarerequiredtoupdatetheirpublicaKonrecords.
• ItindicatesthatsomeresearcherswhofittheselecKoncriteriawillnotbeincludedinthisstudy.
• Atotalof9,127researchersareanalysedinthisstudy,andtheirpublicaKonswerepublishedfrom1995to2013.
12
Variables• Foreachselectedresearchersinthedataset,thefollowingelementsare
codifiedorcalculated:
• Age
• Gender
• LocaKonwherethedoctoraldegreeobtained• No.ofpublicaKons
• No.ofcitaKon(MNCS)– ThisstudyuKlizesthethree-yearcitaKonwindowandthenumberofcitaKonisnormalized
accordingtothesubjectcategoriesfromWebofScience.
• Whethertheresearchershadreceivedthegrantsofstudy/researchabroadprogramfromMOSTornot.
• %ofinternaKonalco-authorshippublicaKons
• YearoftheirfirstpublicaKoninWebofScience
• Academiccareerlength– Yearof2013minustheyearoftheirfirstpublicaKon
13
Basicsta.s.csoftheselectedresearchers
14
Variables (n=9,127)
Gender(%) Female 27.59 Male 72.41 Averageage 40.77 PhDobtainedabroad(%) 30.68 Receivedtheawardsofstudy/researchabroadprogramfromMOST(%)
5.82
No.ofpublicaKons 8.61 No.ofcitaKon(MNCS) 1.07 %ofinternaKonalco-authorshippublicaKons 19.01 Academiccareerlength 6.65
Thedifferencesofacademicperformancebetweengeographicvs.non-geographicmobility(1/2)
PhDobtaineddomes.cally(n=6,327)
PhDobtainedabroad
(n=2,800)
StaKsKcaltest
p-value
No.ofpublicaKons 9.31 7.03 t=10.47 <0.0001***
No.ofcitaKon(MNCS) 0.95 1.34 t=-4.19 <0.0001***
%ofintl'co-authorshippublicaKons
13.52 31.41 t=-26.01 <0.0001***
Academiccareerlength 6.88 6.15 t=8.94 <0.0001***
15
*indicatesthatp-value<0.1,**indicatesthatp-value<0.05,***indicatesthatp-value<0.01.
• Theresultindicatesthattheresearcherswithinterna.onalmobilityexperiencesviageographicmobilityproducelowerpublica.ons,buttheirpublica.onshavebe6ervisibility.Also,theyarescien.ficallyyoungerduetotheshortercareerlength.
Thedifferencesofacademicperformancebetweengeographicvs.non-geographicmobility(2/2)
• Thisresultmightberelatedtothetrainingprocessduringdoctoralstudyaswell.ThedoctoralstudentsinTaiwanareaskedtopublishatleastoneSCI/SSCIjournalarKclenormallybeforetheirgraduaKon,andsomeKmesthegraduaKonrequirementfromadvisorsaretougherthantherequirementfromthedepartments.• Therefore,theearly-careerresearcherswhosedoctoraldegreesobtainedinTaiwanarepronetopublishmorejournalarKclesthanthosewhoearnedthedoctoraldegreesabroad.
• AboutthedegreeofinternaKonalizaKon,fortheresearcherswhoearnedthedoctoraldegreefromabroad,itiseasierforthemtoparKcipatetheinternaKonalresearchprojectsorgetinvolvedininternaKonalacademiccommunity.
16
Theacademicperformancebetweenwhetherreceivinggrantofabroadprogramornot(1/2)
PhDobtaineddomes.cally
withoutgrantsofabroadprogram
(n=5,820)
PhDobtaineddomes.callywithgrantsofabroad
program(n=507)
StaKsKcaltest
p-value
No.ofpublicaKons 9.33 9.18 t=0.29 0.7690
No.ofcitaKon(MNCS) 0.94 1.09 t=-3.17 0.0016***
%ofintl’co-authorshippublicaKons
12.38 26.54 t=-11.03 <0.0001***
Academiccareerlength
6.92 6.35 t=4.06 <0.0001***
17
*indicatesthatp-value<0.1,**indicatesthatp-value<0.05,***indicatesthatp-value<0.01.
• Abouttheiracademicperformancethroughbibliometricindicators,thenumberofpublica.onsbetweentwogroupsareverysimilar,theyarenotsignificantlydifferent,however,theirresearchimpacthavesignificantdifference.
Theacademicperformancebetweenwhetherreceivinggrantofabroadprogramornot(2/2)
• ItmeansthattheresearcherswhodidnothaveinternaKonalmobilityviastudyingabroadduringdoctoralcareermightbebeneficialincitaKonimpactbygewnggrantsofabroadprogramtohaveresearchvisitapertheirgraduaKon.
• TheopportuniKesofresearchstaysabroadletthemhavechancestomakeconnecKonwithinternaKonalscholarstohaveinternaKonalco-authorshippublicaKons.• DuetothefactthatinternaKonalco-authorshippublicaKonsaremore
highlycitedthannon-internaKonalco-authorshippublicaKons(Aksnes,2003).
18
Whichmodeofinterna.onalmobilityhelpmost?
• Accordingtothepreviousresults,itindicatesthattheresearcherswithinternaKonalmobilityexperienceshavebe[eracademicperformanceintermsofresearchimpact,itmeansthatstudyingabroadearlier,forexample,pursuingdoctoraldegreesinothercountries,ortryingtofindtheopportuniKesofhaveresearchvisitsoverseaduringtheirlatedoctoralstudyorpostdoctoralphases,theybothcanhelpresearcherstobroadentheirresearchhorizon,andgetinvolvedtheinternaKonalcollaboraKonacKviKesassoonaspossible,eventocollaboratewithforeignscholarsandpublishjournalarKclestogether.
• ToexaminewhichmodeofinternaKonalmobilitythatresearcherhadexperiencedhelpthemcreatebe[eracademicperformance,thisstudyuKlizestheANOVAandScheffe’scomparisonamongthreegroupstotestwhethertheiracademicperformancethroughbibliometricindicatorshavesignificantdifference.
19
Thesta.s.caltestamongthreegroupsofdifferentmodesofinterna.onalmobility(1/2)
Withoutmobility
experience(G1)
Withmobilityexperience
StaKsKcaltest
p-value PhDobtained
abroad(G2)
PhDobtaineddomesKcallyandreceivedgrant(G3)
#ofresearchers 5,820 2,800 507 No.ofpublicaKon
9.33 7.03 9.18 F=44.66 <0.0001***
No.ofcitaKon(MNCS)
0.94 1.34 1.09 F=18.28 <0.0001***
%ofintl’co-authorshippublicaKons
12.38 31.41 26.54 F=520.23 <0.0001***
Careerlength 6.92 6.15 6.35 F=47.25 <0.0001***
20*indicatesthatp-value<0.1,**indicatesthatp-value<0.05,***indicatesthatp-value<0.01.
Thesta.s.caltestamongthreegroupsofdifferentmodesofinterna.onalmobility(2/2)
• TheresultindicatesthelocaKonwheretheyobtainedtheirdoctoraldegreema[ersbecausethenumberofpublicaKonsingroupofPhDobtainedabroadissignificantlowerthantheothertwogroups.
• However,inresearchimpact,thegroupswithinternaKonalmobilityhavesignificanthighercitaKonsthantheresearcherswithoutinternaKonalmobilityexperience.
21
Thegapofcita.onimpactamongthreegroups,byyearofthefirstpublica.on(1/2)
22
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
PhDobtaineddomesticallyandreceivedthegrantsofabroadprogram
PhDobtainedabroad
Withoutmobilityexperience
MNCS
YearofthefirstpublicaKon
(G1)
(G2)(G3)
Thegapofcita.onimpactamongthreegroups,byyearofthefirstpublica.on(2/2)
• ThegapofcitaKonimpactisdecreasing,itmeansthat“scienKficallyyounger”researcherswouldbebeneficialinresearchimpactbyhavinginternaKonalmobility,especiallythegapbetween“PhDobtainedabroad(G2)”and“PhDobtaineddomesKcallyandreceivedthegrantsofabroadprogram(G3)”isgewngcloser.
• TheresultmightbeevidentthatthefundingprogramsofabroadprogramfromMOSTarebeneficialforyoungresearchers,theprogramsofferopportunitytothosewhodonothavechancestostudyabroadduringtheirdoctoralcareertobroadentheirresearchvisibilityandgetinvolvedininternaKonalacademiccommunitytoshortentheirgapofcompeKKvenesswiththosewhoobtainedthedoctoraldegreeabroad.
23
Conclusions• ThisstudyaimstoexaminewhetheryoungresearchersinTaiwanwith
internaKonalmobilityexperienceshavebe[eracademicperformancethroughbibliometricindicators.– Theanswerisyes.
– ButtheresearcherswhoobtainedthedoctoraldegreesdomesKcallydidbebeneficialinresearchimpactfromtheMOSTfundingprogramstoletthemhavechancetodoresearchstayabroad.
• Infact,theaccumulaKonofhumancapitalviainternaKonalmobilityisessenKalforAsia-Pacificregion,andtheacademicnetworkscreatedduringthepostdoctoralstagesisstrongerthandoctoraldegreepursuingphases(Wolley,Turpin,Marceau&Hill,2008).
• Hence,theabroadprogramforresearcherswhoobtainedtheirdoctoraldegreesdomesKcallyishelpful,anditisevenbeneficialtothecountrybybraincirculaKon.TheevidencescollectedbythisstudywouldbeusefulforpolicymakerstoevaluatetheeffecKvenessofthefundingprogramsandtoencourageyoungresearchersinTaiwanapplyforthegrantstobroadentheirresearchvisibility. 24
25
THEENDThankyouforyourlistening!☺
Contact:CareyMing-LiChenAssistantResearcherScience&TechnologyPolicyResearchandInformaKonCenterNaKonalAppliedResearchLaboratories,TaiwanE-mail:[email protected]@narlabs.org.twAdd:14F,No.106,Sec.2,HepingERd.,Taipei10636,Taiwan(R.O.C.)Tel:+886-2-2737-7936