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© 2015 Bluestone Heightsbluestoneheights.org
glacial terraces – fossil beaches – stream courses – springscurrent stream enhancement
Doan Brook Parks Nature
Portage Escarpment, St Clair Terrace, Lake Erie Plain
June 6, 2015
Hiking Rockefeller Park south & Wade Park north
Roy Larick
Doan Brook Watershed PartnershipSponsored by the
lake plain
Dugw
ay B
rook
WB
Doan Brook
Blue Rock Brook
Portage Escarpment
St Clair Terrace
Lake Warren beach
Rockefeller P
ark
Wade Park
Doan Brook Parks explores the Rockefeller and Wade Parks landscape in the hand of natural and human forces.
On the hike, we will find evidence for the rise of local bedrock, for bulldozing glacial ice and for Doan Brook’s cutting of a beloved ravine.
We will also review the historic weave of nature and culture in park development.
Finally, we will view the recently completed Doan Brook Enhancement Project. The work is designed to reduce stormwater flows and restore local natural habitat.
© 2015 Bluestone Heightsbluestoneheights.org
“Rockefeller Park contains a total area of 273 acres and consists of three sections: Brookway, Cedar and Fairmount. It contains 12 miles of beautiful driveways and 5 acres of lakes. Two separate boulevards, an upper and lower, connect it with Wade Lake and Gordon Park . The ground was purchased privately by Mr. Rockefeller’s agents and later presented to the people of Cleveland.”Postcard caption, c. 1910
Blue Rock Brook
sandstone terrace
bluestone terrace
Portage EscarpmentSchematic view looking southward from Lake Erie
Doan Brook Parks hike area
The Portage Escarpment is Cleveland’s major terrain feature. This ancient bedrock massif resisted the bulldozing effects of Ice Age glaciations. Below the massif, glaciers flattened the lake plain.
As the last glacier retreated northward about 14 thousand years ago, rushing melt water spawned our ‘escarpment run’ streams including Doan, Blue Rock and Dugway Brooks.
Wade and Rockefeller Parks straddle Doan Brook as it leaves the steepest part of the escarpment to find the lake plain.
Bedrock deposition, glacial sculpting and stream cutting produced the parks landscape.
© 2015 Bluestone Heightsbluestoneheights.org
lake plain
Blue Rock Brook
Portage Escarpment Timeline
sandstone terrace
© 2015 Bluestone Heightsbluestoneheights.org
bluestone terrace
Portage EscarpmentSchematic view looking southward from Lake Erie
Lake Erie rises to present levelNiagara River lowers Lake ErieFinal glacial retreatFinal glacial advanceGlacial advances beginNorth American upliftEuclid bluestone depositedChagrin Shale deposited
412.6
16 23
2.5300360370
kakakakaMaMaMaMa
Lay down – uplift – sculpt
Portage Escarpment bedrocks were laid upon the Late Devonian sea bottom, >350 Ma (million years ago). Mud built the shales (Chagrin, Cleveland and Cuyahoga). Silt built the Euclid bluestone. Sand gave Berea and Sharon sandstones.
Tropical sea bottom
Glacial sculpting
Devonian earth
L M
ichi
gan
L M
ichi
gan
L Erie
L Erie
L Ontario
L Ontario
L Huron
L Huron
About 300 Ma, our area uplifted from the sea. The Ohio and Saint Lawrence watersheds began to form. Much later, about 2 Ma, the earth cooled and great glaciers began mounting in northern North America.
Uplift
we-are-stuff
glacier
glacier
pro-glacial lakes
Sixteen thousand years ago, the last glacier retreated through our area. The ancestors of Lake Erie began to emerge. Just 14 ka, Doan and nearby streams cut through escarpment to create the ravines of today.
Just 23 ka (thousand years ago), the last glacial advance bulldozed the rock sandwich slope (Portage Escarpment) to create two terraces: one atop the Berea Sandstone and one atop the Euclid bluestone.
Doan Brook Parks hike area
lake plain
Blue Rock Brook
sandstone terrace
Humans
bluestone terrace
Portage EscarpmentSchematic view looking southward from Lake Erie
• Reviving the natural regulation of stormwater at low cost and high community benefit. • Reconnecting fragmented natural
habitat areas as a means to build local biodiversity.
In learning natural history and the ways in which natural & human forces interweave, we can better address two crucial local environmental issues:
We have buried our streams and flattened our features. With development, environment is degraded and biodiversity is reduced.
Doan Brook Parks hike area
© 2015 Bluestone Heightsbluestoneheights.org
lake plain
© 2015 Bluestone Heightsbluestoneheights.org
sandsto
ne
terrace
Two centuries of human impact
Rockefeller Park, c. 1900
Nor
th
K. Roberts
K. Roberts
USGS LiDAR underlayGoogle Earth aerial viewer
blue
stone
terra
ce
Stream culvert data courtesy of NEORSD
R. Larick
Blue Rock spring, c. 1900
Rockefeller Park, 1897
R. Larick
Rockefeller Park Spring, 1911
Parks-on-Doan
Dugway W
B
Doan
Blue Rock
Cleveland Heights
Cleveland
The Nature-Culture Weave
Porta
ge
Esca
rpmen
t
lake
plain
St C
lair
T
erra
ce
Ambler spring, near Fairhill Rd
Wade Park Spring. 1900
CMP
Lake
Warren beach
CMP: Cleveland Memory Project
ceveland.about.com
Wade Oval, 1874
Rockefeller Park
Rockefeller ParkCMP
CMP
CMP
CMP
WRHS
East Cleveland
Early settlers valued clear (Wade, Rockefeller).Victorian water cure valued mineral (Ambler, Blue Rock).
Eddy gristmill, 1809Cozad gristmillCrawford sawmillSprings
Mills
E 10
5th
Wade Park
Superior
Euclid
Eucli
d
MayfieldLake
View
Cem
eter
y
Rockefeller Park
Wade Park
D.J. Lake
hike pathway
Wade Park bridge, 1911
Springs & Small Streams
Wade Park spring The feature lies at the head of a small Doan Brook tributary. During his land tenure, 1872-1882, Jeptha Wade assembled boulders and a rustic sandstone staircase. Some of the physical components are still present at the Cleveland Botanical Garden’s Japanese Garden.
Rockefeller Park springLittle has been recorded about this feature which was improved with J.D Rockefeller’s bequest of 1896. A boulder assemblage lies on the east bank of the Doan Brook ravine opposite the Rockefeller Park lagoon. In a nearby low spot, a sewer grate may indicate the spring outflow.
Cleveland lies on a sandwich of alternating porous and impervious rocks. Such conditions breed springs.
Springs provided drinking water and social gathering places. They also played into the Victorian era hydrotherapy movement. Private springs were thus commercialized. At public springs, the settings were often ‘improved’ by assembling glacial erratic boulders around the outflow.
Wade Park Spring. 1900
Doan Brook cuts through an area where fossil beaches (porous) lie over glacial clay (impervious). Early settlers here found numerous springs.
Rockefeller Park spring
June 2015, Rockefeller Park
Wade Park spring
June 2015, CBG Japanese Garden
Wade Park spring
Wade Park, man at Spring Valley Ravine, west from new Garden Center buildingWRHS 2833
"The Spring" in Wade Park WRHS 2800
Rockefeller & Wade Parks 1898
Rockefeller
Spring Pond Brook
Cozad mill
Wade Park spring
Rockefeller Park spring
next slide
Spring Pond Brook
Spring Pond Brook
Doan Brook
Rockefeller Park
Hough Ave
Ansel Ave
E 93
rd S
t
Wade Park spring In 1881, Spring Pond Brook was a Doan Brook tributary draining an area now covered by the Cleveland Clinic and Fairfax. The name derives from spring –fed wetlands in the Amesbury-E 93rd-Lamont area. The stream is now entirely buried with outflow near the Rockefeller Park lagoon.
lagoon
Lamont Ave
current Amesbury Ave
Wade Park north, 1881
Wade Park spring
The Wade Park spring feeds a small stream (let’s call it Cozad Run) that flows westward to Doan Brook. Jeptha Wade ‘improved’ the land with several features. Cleveland Museum of Natural History now sits on the stream course, including the area of Wade’s ‘iron bridge’. In the mouth area, Wade’s carp pond now holds the Cancer Survivors memorial and the new bioswale.
CMNH
Cozad Run
carp pond
Doan Brook
mouth
CMP
Cozad Mill
One of the pair of Cozad’s granite millstones is on display on the east side of the lagoon.
Doan Brook millpond
Samuel Cozad’s gristmill was of the latter type. To create a millpond, Cozad dammed the north end of a large Doan Brook meander. Jeptha Wade later expanded the millpond. This is the origin of the current Fine Arts Garden lagoon.
The East Side’s earliest water powered grist mills were built at bluestone waterfalls on the Portage Escarpment (Mill Creek, 1799; Dugway Brook, 1809; Euclid Creek, 1809).
Later, milling moved down onto the lake plain. On the plain, a millpond had to be built to provide the necessary hydraulic head.
WRHS
Wade Park south, 1881
Cozad millpreserved millstone
1876
CMP
Wade Park
Fine Arts Garden
Samuel Cozad millstone
MLK Jr DriveMelan Arch
E 105th concrete arch bridge
stone parapet
carriage road Melan Arch
Historical bridges
Cozad mill© 2015 Bluestone Heightsbluestoneheights.org
stone parapet
Rockefeller Park Wade Park Ave masonry arch bridge
Designed by Charles Schweinfurth (1856-1919)Built, 1897-1900 Partially funded by the J.D. Rockefeller bequest of 1896
Gasparini, Vermes & Conley. Cleveland's historic bridges: architectural and engineering masterpieces. Wilbur J. and Sara Ruth Watson Bridge Book Collection, CSU Special Collections. 2002. Revised, 2003.
Wade Park carriage road arch (missing spandrel wall)
MLK Jr arch with Berea Sandstone spandrel wall
Concrete-Steel Engineering Company, ‘Successors to the Melan Arch Construction Company,’ Park Row Bldg, New York NY1907
Wade Park Melan Arch bridges
About 1900, the City of Cleveland contracted for two Melan Arch bridges in Wade Park. At an early date, the Melan Arch system combined steel truss and cast concrete construction. The bridges are now historic.
CMNH
CMA
carriage rd Melan Arch
MLK DriveMelan Arch
Rockefeller & Wade Parks 1912
Rockefeller Park
Minus its decorative sandstone spandrel walls, the carriage road Melan Arch is still in place as the outflow of the Doan Brook University Circle culvert.
carp pond
CMNH construction on Cozad Run, 1960s CMP
Doan Brook Enhancement
Project
Doan Brook Enhancement Project2013-2014 (+2-yr warranty period)
4 acres covering 1,700 lineal ft of the DB channel
upstream start: MLK Blvd culvert inflow (at Jeptha Dr)downstream end 1st MLK bridge after the lagoon
$4.3M ($2.5M Cle/$1.8M NEORSD)
lagoon
Doan Brook
Doan Brook
Nor
th
bio-swale
bio-swale
Cancer Survivors Memorial
Rockefeller Park spring
Wade Park Ave
E 10
5th S
t
MLK Jr Dr
CWRU Sun Farm
VA Hosp
Mt Sinai DrHough
Ave
Magnolia Dr
deep riffle structure
shallow riffle structures
Improve aquatic life habitat stable pools, riffles and grade controls low-flow channel along thalweg to reduce dry spell
stagnationuse terraced flood plains of re-used wall materials use plantings that fit the park setting
Goals:
Stabilize stream channel with dimension and profile to handle local flows reconstruct historic walls to slow slope & stream bank erosion reduce bank erosion & deteriorating walls create areas where the stream can safely access a floodplain
Maintain current stream channel alignmentMinimize impact to the historic Cultural Gardens
Doan Brook Enhancement
Project
Doan Brook Enhancement ProjectBio-retention basin and footbridges
Bioswale with native planting in area of the Wade carp pond
Boulder-cobble point bar reflects high velocity culvert outflow
Doan Brook Enhancement Projectemerging from the MLK – E 105th – Mt Sinai Dr culvert
Doan Brook Enhancement Project Rockefeller Lagoon parking lot bioswale
parking lot outflow bioswale inflow
Doan Brook Enhancement Project Rockefeller Lagoon segment deep riffle structure
Looking upstreamStream bank native planting
in foreground
midground
Looking downstream
Doan Brook Enhancement Project Rockefeller Lagoon segment shallow riffle structures
Structure 2
Looking downstream to Structure 1
Structure 1
Roy Larick
Walk back in time Look to the Future
Euclid bluestone outcropDoan Brook, Cleveland OH
Bluestone Heights
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R. Larick
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