DOC R&D PWN(T) · European Regional Development Fund WATER. VANDAAG EN MORGEN PWN Water Supply...

European Regional Development Fund

WATER. VANDAAG EN MORGEN

DOC R&D PWN(T)summary 2018

G.Galjaard, PWNT

November 2018, Plymouth



PWN Water Supply Company North-Holland

• source is mainly (very challenging ) surface water (95%)

• 787.000 connections

• 1.7 million customers

• 105 million m3 of drinking water per year

• water price in 1,31 Euro per m3 (2018)

• Approx. 500 employees

• 5 WTP’s and 2 pre-treatment plant for artificial recharge



• most of the Provence is below sea level

• groundwater is salt in other area’s then the dunes

• only available source is the IJssel Lake

• IJssel Lake is dominantly fed by the river Rhine

• under the influence of industry, recreation, population

• high contamination level (delta of Europe)

source challenge PWN




ClO2

coagulation

rapid sand filtration

Lake IJssel

GAC

GAC

microsieves

softening

microsieves

UV/H2O2

SIX

Ceramac

drumscreen


WTP Andijk 2018



content

• source challenges (IJssel Lake) and changes

• adding in-line coagulation (ILCA®) after SIX® at WTP Andijk

• further developments within SIX®-technology

• new technologies tested (i.e. Arvia Nyex tm)

• brine treatment, recovery of humic substances

Update DOC related R&D within PWN(T) in 2018



source challenges and changes2018, a very hectic year for the Rhine river Delta

• warm tropical heat (since May)

• long and extreme dry weather (since May)



source challenges and changes2018, a very hectic year for the Rhine river Delta

• extreme warm weather (April-October)

• extreme dry weather (since May)

• multiple meteorological records were broken

• warmest nights

• warmest months

• lowest amount of rain

• lowest water level in the Rhine







source challenges and changes

0

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jan-2007 jan-2009 jan-2011 jan-2013 jan-2015 jan-2017 jan-2019

chloride concentration IJssel Lake

Chloride (mg/L)

Is besides Cl- and Na+ also DOC coming in through locks?




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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Retention time (min)

IJM PWN

Afsluit-lake

Afsluit-sea

NOM Waddenzee vs IJssel Lake

OCD signal response (a. u.)

IJM PWN, 182 mg/L chloridelock lake, 250 mg/L chloride

lock sea, 1094 mg/L chloride



y = 0,0002x + 5,3638

R² = 0,0011

0

5

10

15

20

25

30


Temperature (°C)

source challenges and changesTemperature IJssel Lake



source challenges and changesIJssel Lake – average raw water temperature

Temperature (°C)

10

11

12

13

14

15

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

So what does this mean for the DOC-concentration?




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10


DOC IJssel Lake

DOC (mg/L)




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DOC IJssel Lake

DOC (mg/L)




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DOC IJssel Lake

DOC (mg/L)



50

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UVT (%)

source challenges and changesUVT254nm IJssel Lake



y = -0,0001x + 78,253

50

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UVT (%)

source challenges and changesUVT254nm IJssel Lake



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UVT (%)

source challenges and changesUVT IJssel Lake




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1-1-2018 2-3-2018 1-5-2018 30-6-2018 29-8-2018 28-10-2018

DOC biopolymers humics building blocks neutrals

LC-OCD IJssel LakeDOC and NOM fractions (µg/L)




biopolymers (µg/L)

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12

18

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30

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1-1-2018 2-3-2018 1-5-2018 30-6-2018 29-8-2018 28-10-2018 27-12-2018

biopolymers

water temperature

temperature (oC)



Source challenges and changes

• higher monitor input and modelling source changes coming years

• appears to be a DOC change to higher concentration HMW biopolymers

• increase in biopolymers seems temperature related?

• current pretreatment WTP Andijk sensitive for HMW organics

• R&D to enhance operation (flux) with ILC for WTP Andijk

• now ILC also focus on biopolymer removal

discussion & future research



source challenges and changesImpact in-line coagulation after SIX for WTP Andijk

0

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0 20 40 60 80 100


pilot feed

SIX effluent

membrane

permeate

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pilot feed

SIX effluent

ILCA treated

membrane

permeate

OCD Signal response (a. u.) OCD Signal response (a. u.)



Impact in-line coagulation after SIX for WTP Andijk

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

TM

P [

kP

a @

10

°C]

Filtration volume [l/m2]

without ILCA with ILCA

ILCA: pH 8, 6 ppm as Fe3+




PWNT’s C90 Ceramic Microfiltration at WTP Andijk



fast mixing coagulant in a pressurized system

Average coagulant volume fraction in the reference cross section, 3d downstream of the injectors

adding ILCA® at WTP Andijk

BowlerHat



SIX

ILCA

Lake IJssel

UV/H2O2

GAC

microsieves

softening

drumscreens

Ceramac C90

source challenges and changesWTP Andijk, 2020



new DOC-removal technologies tested

Arvia Nyextm, bench scale tests, WP3, SME’s

Initial bench scale tests promisingbut needs to be piloted to validate

feasibility



new DOC characterization methods tested

exploration of HA and FA molecules with mass spectrometry

(Orbitrap)



further development in SIX®

• CFD to improve reactor design

• improve CT

• lower footprint

• lower air consumption

• improve regeneration

optimalisations working to 3th and 4th generation



brine treatment SIX®

• currently brine WTP Andijk is discharged into the ground

• while this option is the lowest in costs it also has the lowest

environmental impact (SimaPro) vs DNF-NF/RO-DVR or DNF-EDR-DVR

• however sentiment of discharge is negative so continuous research

effort is put in treatment and re-use

research on re-use and recovery



• IEX brine treated through two steps

electrodialysis

• NaCl recovery / concentrate ED 1

• Demineralization of NOM / diluate ED 2

• membranes ED 1 made selective with addition

of a second layer of tighter linked polymeric

matrix

• micro-pollutants retention over IEX resin and

transport through ED membranes examined

IEX(adsorption)

resin regeneration(desorption)

raw water

IEX effluent

ED1 selective for monovalent salts

ED 2

IEX brine

NaCl solution

NOM solution

salt mix





• humic substances as part of NOM include humic and fulvic acids, used in

numbers of industrial application such a bio-stimulant in agriculture or feed

enhancer in livestock farming

• previous assessment of the quality of humic substances recovered from IEX

brine with electrodialysis inconclusive because of residual inorganic

impurity level

• IHSS (international humic substance society) fractionation protocol

produces

• pure humic acids based on their precipitation properties at pH below 1

• pure fulvic acids based on hydrophobic interaction on absorbent (non

ionic resin , DAX8, previous XAD8)





implementation and upscaling of the IHSS laboratory protocol

• labscale tests with DAX8

• elute HS with NaOH solution

• cation IX to exchange Na+ by H+

• upscaling process to pilot

• pH optimization

• resin selection

• adaptation of rinsing and elution protocol





10 kg HS produced for animal (pig) feed application test

• extraction pilot treated 50 m3 mixed IEX brine (PWN &

DWG)

• eluate, after de-ashing (Na+ removal), 2,5 m3

• concentration with RO membranes to 600L

• final product: HS 2w%

• sanitary acceptance trials to use these extracted HS for

piglet feed are planned for January 2019



Thank you for your attentionsummary DOC R&D PWN(T) 2018

G.Galjaard, PWNT

November 2018, Plymouth

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