ED 053 245 AUTHOR TITLE INSTITUTION PUB DATE NOTE AVAILABLE FROM EDRS PRICE DESCRIPTORS IDENTIFIERS ABSTRACT DOCUMENT RESUME VT 010 660 Clark, David H. Maine's Occupational Needs to 1975. Maine Univ., Orono. Atg 69 93p. Manpower Research, 40 South Stevens, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04473 EDRS Price MF-$0.65 HC- '$3.29 Bibliographies, *Employment, *Employment Projections, *Manpower Needs, *Occupational Surveys, *Occupations, Tables (Data) *Maine A survey of Maine industries provides information on occupational growth so that educators, guidance counselors, and directors of educational and training institutions can, make assessments of future manpower needs. Projections are made for all segments of the economy which are covered by the Federal Insurance Contributions Act, or about 75 percent of total employment. Data for making the estimates were supplied by the National Planning Association. The study showed that no drastic change in occupational distribution was forecast for the period up to 1975. A comprehensive section on projected occupational needs provides: (1) a summary of projections for each occupational group, (2) the entry jobs for each industry occupational group, and 0) a summary of the training and education requirements for the entry jobs. Extensive charts and tables support and illustrate the narrative presentation. (BC)
Transcript
ED 053 245
AUTHORTITLEINSTITUTIONPUB DATENOTEAVAILABLE FROM
EDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORS
IDENTIFIERS
ABSTRACT
DOCUMENT RESUME
VT 010 660
Clark, David H.Maine's Occupational Needs to 1975.Maine Univ., Orono.Atg 6993p.Manpower Research, 40 South Stevens, University ofMaine, Orono, Maine 04473
A survey of Maine industries provides information onoccupational growth so that educators, guidance counselors, anddirectors of educational and training institutions can, makeassessments of future manpower needs. Projections are made for allsegments of the economy which are covered by the Federal InsuranceContributions Act, or about 75 percent of total employment. Data formaking the estimates were supplied by the National PlanningAssociation. The study showed that no drastic change in occupationaldistribution was forecast for the period up to 1975. A comprehensivesection on projected occupational needs provides: (1) a summary ofprojections for each occupational group, (2) the entry jobs for eachindustry occupational group, and 0) a summary of the training andeducation requirements for the entry jobs. Extensive charts andtables support and illustrate the narrative presentation. (BC)
This study was conducted with funds provided by the Maine Employment Security
Commission and the New England Regional Commission.
0
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EOUCATIOF& WELFARE
OFFICE OF EOUCATION
O THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPROOUCEDEXACTLY AS RECEIVEO FROM THE PERSON ORORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT. POINTS OFVIEW OR OPINIONS STATEO 00 NOT NECES-SARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EOU-> CATION POSITION OR POLICY.
Manpower Research ProjectUniversity of Maine, OronoAugust 1969
Maine Manpower Advisory Committee
Dr. John Coupe, ChairmanHarold BaumGeorge ChenellBenjamin DorskyAlbert GardnerArnold Mc KenneyJ. Weldon RussellEdmund SocecWilliam Springer
Manpower Research Protect Staff:
David H. Clark, DirectorMargharetta E. Beitzell, Research AssociateHarland I. Hasey, Research AssociateJosephine T. Crouse, Research Associate
(through August, 1968)Marlene S. Spellman, SecretaryDorothy H. Curtis, Secretary
Supervisors for the summer field survey
Brian MulherinThomas SkolfieldRichard Randall
P: I , '.1",,n7.7,r:ril:Tr7.T,T:r.kin7;7717:t7r777 1711",77'".VrT.7:'':777,77'
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Chapter 1 SUMMARY AND INTRODUCTION 1
Scope of the Study 1
How Projections Were Made 3
Example of the Projection Techniques 4
Effect of Higher Projections of Total Employment . . 6
Non-Trend Employment Growth 6
Occupational Distribution and Change 1960-1968 . . 6
Occupational Distribution and Change 1968-1975 . . 8
Chapter 2 INDUSTRY EMPLOYMENT AND OCCUPATIONALTRENDS IN MAINE 11
Construction (SIC 15, 16, 17) 11
Food and Kindred (SIC 20) 12
Textile Mill Products (SIC 22) 12
Apparel and Related Products 13
Lumber and Wood Products, Except Furniture(SIC 24) 13
Furniture (SIC 25) 13
Paper and Allied Products (SIC 26) 14
Printing, Publishing, and Allied Industries (SIC 27) . 14
Electrical Machinery, Equipment, and Supplies(SIC 36) 16
Chapter 3
A
B
C
Contents Continued
Title Page
Transportation Equipment (SIC 37) 10
Transportation and Public Utilities (SIC 40-49) . . . 16
Trucking and Warehousing (SIC 42) 17
Communications (SIC 48) 17
Public Utilities (SIC 49) 17
Wholesale and Retail Trade (SIC 50 to 59) 17
Finance, Insurance and Real Estate (SIC 60-67) . . . 18
Service and Miscellaneous Industries (SIC 70-89) . . 18
Public Administration (SIC 91, 92, 93) 19
OCCUPATIONAL NEEDS FOR THE STATE OFMAINE 21
Professional and Technical Workers 21
Officials and Managers 26
Sales Workers 29
Clerical and Kindred Workers 32
Craftsmen 34
Operatives 41
Laborers 45
Service Workers 47
APPENDICES
Occupational Distribution for Major Industry Groupsin Maine 1960, 1968, and Projected Needs to 1975 . . 53
Hiring Requirements for Particular Jobs 65
Bibliography 81
rrr`!!7-777:
LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS
Table Title PageI-1 Scope of StudyTotal Employment in July 1968 and Groups Excluded from Oc-
cupational Needs Study, and Projections to 1975 21-2 Occupational Distribution for Electrical Machinery, Equipment and Supplies (SIC
36) 1960, 1968, and Projected Needs to 1975 51-3 Occupational Distribution for Electrical Machinery Industry 1960, 1968 and
Alternative Projections for 1975 5
Chart
1-1 Percent of Professional and Technical Workers, 1960, 1968 and Projectionsto 1,975 6
1-4 Occupational Distribution U. S. and Maine, 1960 7I-5 Occupational Distribution in a Selected Part of the Maine Economy, 1960 and 1968
and Projections for 1975 71-6 Needs for Additional Workers in a Selected Part of the Maine Economy 1968-
1975 8
111-1 New and Replacement Professional and Technical Workers Needed to 1975, byIndustry 22
111-2 Total Needs to 1975 for Professional and Technical Workers, by Specific Occupa-tion 23
111-3 Entry JobsProfessional Workers and the Proportion of Professional Workers inEach Entry Job, by Industry 23
111-4 Entry JobsTechnical Workers and the Proportion of Technical Workers in EachEntry Job, by Industry 24
11 111-5 Education and Training Requirements for Professional Entry Jobs in Manu-facturing 24
111-6 Education and Training Requirements for Professional Entry Jobs in Non -Manu-facturing 24Education and Training Requirements for Technical Entry Jobs in Manufacturing .
III -7 25III-8 Education and Training Requirements for Technical Entry Jobs in Non-Manu-
facturing 25
[ III-9 New and Replacement Managerial Workers Needed to 1975, by Industry 26Entry JobsManagers, Officials & Proprietors, and the Proportion of TheseIII-10Workers in Each Entry Job, by Industry 27
1. 1 Education and Training Requirements for Official and Manager Entry Jobs inManufacturing 28
111-12 Education and Training Requirements for Official and Manager Entry Jobs inNon-Manufacturing 28
11 111-13 New and Replacement Sales Workers Needed to 1975, by Industry. 29L 111-14 Entry JobsSales Workers and the Proportion of Sales Workers in Each Entry
Job, by Industry 30111-15 Education and Training Requirements for Sales Worker Entry Jobs in Manu-
facturing 31Education and Training Requirements for Sales Worker Entry Jobs in Non -Manu-facturingfacturing 31
-111-17 New and Replacement. Clerical Workers Needed to 1975, by. Industry 32t111-18 Total Needs to 1975 for Clerical & Kindred Workers, by Specific Occupations 33III -19 Entry JobsClerical Workers and the Proportion of Clerical Workers in Each
,,. Entry Job, by Industry 33t 111-20 Education and Training Requirements for Office and Clerical Entry Jobs in
Manufacturing 34111-21 Education and Training Requirements for Office and Clerical Entry Jobs in
Non-Manufacturing 34111-22 New and Replacement Craftsmen Workers Needed to 1975, by Industry 34111-23 Total Needs to 1975 for Craftsmen, Foremen & Kindred Workers, by Specific
Occupations 36, 37
Table Title Page
111-24 Entry Jobs-Craftsmen & Kindred Workers and Proportion of These Workers inEach Entry Job, by Industry 38, 39
111-25 Education and Training Requirements for Craftsmen Entry Jobs in Manu-facturing 40
111-26 Education and Training Requirements for Craftsmen Entry Jobs in Non-Manufacturing 40
111-27 New and Replacement Operative Workers Needed to 1975, by Industry 41111-28 Total Needs to 1975 for Operatives & Kindred Workers, by Specific Occupations . 42111-29 Entry Jobs-Operative Workers, and the Proportion of Operative Workers in Each
Entry Job, by Industry 43111-30 Education and Training Requirements for Operative Entry Jobs in Manu-
facturing 44111-31 Education and Training Requirements for Operative Entry Jobs in Non-Manu-
facturing 44III-32 New and Replacement Laborers Needed to 1975, by Industry 45111-33 Entry Jobs-Laborers and the Proportion of Laborers in Each Entry Job, by
Industry 45111-34 Education and Training Requirements for Laborer Entry Jobs in Manufacturing . . 46111-35 Education and Training Requirements for Laborer Entry Jobs in Non-Manu-
facturing 46111-36 New and Replacement Service Workers Needed to 1975, by Industry 47
111-37 Total Needs to 1975 for Service Workers, by Specific Occupations 47
111-38 Entry Jobs-Service Workers and the Proportion of Service Workers in EachEntry Job, by Industry 48
111-39 Education and Training Requirements for Service Entry Jobs in Manufacturing . . 49111-40 Education and Training Requirements for Service Entry Jobs in Non-Manufacturing 49
A-1
A-2
A-3
A-4
A-5
A-6
A-7
A-8
A-9
A-10
A-11
A-12
A-13
APPENDIX A
Occupational Distribution for Contract Construction (SIC 15, 16, 17) in Maine1960, 1968, and Projected Needs for 1975 53Occupational Distribution for Food Products (SIC 20) in Maine 1960, 1968, andProjected Needs for 1975 53Occupational Distribution for Textile Mill Products (SIC 22) in Maine 1960,1968, and Projected Needs for 1975 54Occupational Distribution for Apparel and Related Products (SIC 23) in Maine1960, 1968, and Projected Needs for 1975 54Occupational Distribution for Lumber and Wood Products (SIC 24, 25) in Maine1960, 1968, and Projected Needs for 1975 55Occupational Distribution for Paper and Allied Products (SIC 26) in Maine1960, 1968, and Projected Needs for 1975 55
Occupational Distribution for Printing and Publishing (SIC 27) in Maine1960, 1968, and Projected Needs for 1975 56Occupational Distribution for. Chemicals and Allied Products (SIC 28) in Maine1960, 1968, and Projected Needs for 1975 56Occupational Distribution for Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics (SIC 30) in Maine1960, 1968, and Projected Needs for 1975 57
57Occupational Distribution for Leather and Leather Products (SIC 31) in Maine1960, 1968, and Projected Needs for 1975Occupational Distribution for Other Durables (SIC 32, 33, 38, 39) in Maine1960, 1968, and Projected Needs for 1975Occupational Distribution for Fabricated Metal Products (SIC 34) in Maine1960, 1968, and Projected Needs for 1975Occupational Distribution for Machinery, Except Electrical (SIC 35) in Maine1960, 1968, and Projected Needs for 1975
58
58
59
A-14 Occupational Distribution for Electrical Machinery Equipment and Supplies(SIC 36) in Maine 1960, 1968, and Projected Needs for 1975
A-15 Occupational Distribution for Transportation Equipment (SIC 37 in Maine1960, 1968, and Projected Needs for 1975
A-16 Occupational Distribution for Trucking & Warehousing (SIC 42) in Maine1960, 1968, and Projected Needs for 1975
A-17 Occupational Distribution for Communications (SIC 48) in Maine 1960, 1968,and Projected Needs for 1975
A-18 Occupational Distribution for Public Utilities (SIC 49) in Maine 1960, 1968, andProjected Needs for 1975
A-19 Occupational Distribution for Other 'Transportation (SIC 41, 44-47) in Maine1960, 1968, and Projected Needs for 1975
A-20 Occupational Distribution for Wholesale Trade (SIC 50) in Maine 1960, 1968,and Projected Needs for 1975
A-21 Occupational Distribution for Retail Trade (SIC 52-59) in Maine 1960, 1968,and Projected Needs for 1975
A-22 Occupational Distribution for Finance, Insurance and Real Estate (SIC 60-67) inMaine 1960, 1968, and Projected Needs for 1975
A-23 Occupational Distribution for Miscellaneous Service (SIC 70-89) in Maine1960, 1968, and Projected Needs for 1975
A-24 Occupational Distribution for Public Administration (SIC 91, 92, 93) in Maine1960, 1968, and Projected Needs for 1975
B-1B-2B-3B-4B-5B-6B-7B-8B-9
APPENDIX BHiring Requirements for Particular Entry Jobs for Professional Workers 65Hiring Requirements for Particular Entry Jobs for Technical Workers 66Hiring Requirements for Particular Entry Jobs for Managers and Officials 67Hiring Requirements for Particular Entry Jobs for Sales Workers 67Hiring Requirements for Particular Entry Jobs for Office and Clerical Workers 68-70Hiring Requirements for Particular Entry Jobs for Craftsmen 71-76Hiring Requirements for Particular Entry Jobs for Operatives 77Hiring Requirements for Particular Entry Jobs for Laborers 77Hiring Requirements for Particular Entry Jobs for Service Workers 78-79
The objective of this report is to provide estimates ofoccupational growth so that the educators, guidancecounselors, and directors of educational and traininginstitutions can take the probable needs of the State intoaccount in planning their programs and advising stu-dents. These estimates are based on .a survey of Maineindustries comprising a large portion of the economy ofthe State. The survey data provided a basis for (1) pro-jections of 1975 occupational requirements of theseindustries; (2) identification of entry jobsjobs thatare normally filled from outside the company, including(3) the current education and training requirementsfor these entry jobs.
The projections should be used with caution and tem-pered with judgment. There are many sources of possibleerror: , occupational classification systems leave muchto be desired. There is little historical data on which toestablish State trends especially in regard to occupations.The techniques used to project occupational requirements use national trends, which may not be appropriatefor the State. Finally, predicting the future, especially fOrparticular sectors of the Maine economy, is a risky taskat best. Consequently, the assumptions underlying theprojected employment trends are made as explicit as pos-sible, so that the user can make adjustments accordingto his best judgment or as new information becomesavailable.
The: sweeping overview of the Maine economyreported here cannot replace careful analysis of changeswhich may occur in some segments of the economy. Forexample, at the time of writing there is a very goodchance that, Bath Iron Works will expand significantly.This .report cannot predict changes due to expansionat Bath Iron Works, let alone detail the implications ofthese changes for occupational requirements. In fact,the assumption of significant expansion of any industrywould affect the entire set of projections for the State.It is the responsibility of people concerned with planningfor training and education in the State to be aware of anysignificant changes in industry and to work with theindustry in meeting its education and training needs.
Scope of the study
Projections are provided for a part of the Maine econ-omy, about 75% of total employment. Excluded areemployees in agriculture, forestry, fisheries, non-profitorganizations, railroads, education and health services,the self-employed and private household workers. TableI-1 shows total State employment for July, 1968 and theannual employment for the sectors included in this study.Most groups excluded were those not covered by theFedertil Insurance Contributions Act since no list offirms was readily available. Other groups, especially
TABLE I-1
Scope of Study - Total Employment in July 1968 and Groups Excluded FromOccupational Needs Study, and Projections to 1975
Estimated ProjectedTotal Work Annual Work Work ForceForce July Force in Scope 1975
SIC 1968, MESC of Study, 1968A. Estimated Total Labor Force 396,186 265,046 284,031B. Unemployed 18,900C. Employed 377,286 265,046 284,031
Service & Other Non-manufacturing 41,100Hotels 8c Ledging 6,776Business Services 2,163Repair Services 1,844Entertainment &,
Recreation / 2,023Educational Servicei 4,129Non-profit Organizations 7,010'Other Personal Services 3,601Other Professional 1,971Healtfi Services 11,583
Public AdministratiOn 59,160
Local ,
State 15,003Federal
3. Agriculture , 19,00041,000
,
2. Non-farm All Other* -
Industries ,excluded from the Scope of the Study.Non:firm 'All Other includes: self-employed, picipriekrs; "unpaid private householdfamiljrand domestic .workers.
**Industries within the Scope of the Study but excluding certain component parts:91 Excludes Hospitals, Kittery Naval Yard,' and several post office units and, military units
unable to be interviewed for varying reasons.92-3 Excludes education, and health and hospitals on State and local levels.
education and health; represent unique and distinctproblems; consequently it was inappropriate to includethem in. Such a. broad oVerall study. .
How projections were made
The most immediate objective of the study has beento identify those occupational groups in particular in-dustries which are going to need the largest number ofnew entrants during the period 1968-1975. Why wouldadditional perSons be required in a particular industry-occupational group? There are four basic reasons; allhave to be taken into account in projecting occupationalneeds of the State. New entrants would be needed: (1)if the total employment in the industry increases; (2)because of technological changeas new techniques, aredeveloped or new methods of production and distribu-tion are introduced, requirements change for differentkinds of workers; (3) becausof changes in the makeupof industrymost industry projections are in broad twodigit SIC categories which can hide significant changesin that industry (for example, the occupational require-ments of one segment of the food industry can be signifi-cantly different from those of other segments); and (4)because' Men or women die, retire, or are promoted out-side the occupational group and new workers are re-
- quired for replacement.The sources and techniques used to meet these data
requirements are as follows: Employment projectionsby industry, 1975. National Planning Association pro-
{-tjections were the series used to project the total employ-
1
1 I
E
ment in . each industry for the State of Maine. in.1975.1NPA employment figures are in concept equivalent tothe national civilian employment data reported in Em-ployment and Earnings .and, the Monthly Report of .theLabor .Force, that is, they represent a count of personsemployed in the .State (including wage and salaryworkers, the self-employed, and unpaid famil; workersbut excluding dual job holders).
In general, NPA. projections take..into 'account .pro-jected national growth by industry and projected. Stategrowth as. a percent of national growth. The projections,in turn, are reconciled with independent projections ofthe labor force and population using an iterative process.NPA provides the only consistent series of projectionsfor State employment .by industry. It would certainlybe preferable to use employment projections made bylocal analysts familiar. with the State economy ratherthan projections from a mathematical model which hasbeen applied to all states but these are not available.. Total employment projections are critical: an alterna-tive forecast can drastically change projections of par-ticular occupational needs. An example of the effect ofa larger employment projection is given below. When acompletely consistent. locally produced projection ofemployment by industry is completed it should, be ap-plied to the estimated State. occupational matrix.
The NPA projections have been adjusted to fit withinthe scope of the study. Some of the projections have beenchanged when they have seemed out of line with recentemployment experience in the State. Table I-1 containsthe projections by industry, used in this study.2
1 National Planning Association. State Population, Net Migration, Labor Force and Industry Employment Trends to 1975. RegionalEconemic Projection Series, Report No. 65-I. Washingtoo, D.C. March, 1965.2Following is a brief, explanation of the adjustments made: (more explanation is given in Chapter 2 describing employmentoccupational trends in each industry.)
ganizations ,and the self-employedExcludes 'Kittery Naval Shipyard, health,
hospitals and education
and
Changing occupational structure. The Bureau of La-bor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, has preparedprojectiong bf the occur ational structure within each in-dustry for use as a guide in developing State manpowerprojections. The BLS projections are the needed pro-portions for every occupation in each industry, to beused with projections of total employment (such as thoseof NPA). The BLS projections together with suggestedtechniques, for their use are contained in their publi-cation Tomorrow's Manpower Needs. These projectionsand forecasting techniques form the basis of the presentstudy.3
BLS has compiled an actual industry-occupationalmatrix for 1960 containing the occupational .distribu-tion for each industry based upon the 1960 Census anda probable matrix for 1975 based upon their knowledgeof the economic and technological factors (such as auto-mation) which affect the occupational structure in eachindustry. The assumption is that state and local man-power estimates can be more adequate if the analysesare made within the context of nationwide economicand technological developments.
In general the technique suggested by BLS is to applythe national trends for each occupation in each industryto the statewide figures for 1960. The assumption is thateach industry-occupation group will grow at the samerate as is found nationally, using 1960 as a base line.
To augment the BLS materials the Manpower Projectconducted a survey in the summer of 1968 among allfirms covered by the scope of the study.4 Each firmwas asked for: (a) its present occupational distribution(i.e., how many workers did the firm have in each of thenine broad occupational groups?) ; (b) the title of eachentry job, and the number of persons employed undereach, entry job title; and (c) their educational andtraining requirements for these entry jobs.
Replacement needs. Estimates of need to replacepersons lost because of death, retirement and promotionhave been made using figures as provided by BLS inTomorrow's Manpower Needs. These replacement esti-mates are separately reported so that the reader can
3 U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. To-morrow's Manpower Needs: National Manpower Projectionsand a Guide To Their Use as a Tool in Developing State andArea Manpower Projections, draft copy. Washington, D.C.,1967.Occupational projections are also found in:U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Oecu-pational Em ployntent Patiirni for 1960 and 1975. BulletinNo. 1599. Washington, D.C., December 1968.4 All firms with December .1967 employment of ten or more
and 50% of, employers with .4-9 workers were contacted byinterviewers.
4
make adjustments if he feels these should be changed.Interviewers also asked employers to report how manyreplacements were needed in the past year because ofdeath or retirement. The numbers reported are muchlower than the figures suggested by BLS; the reason forthe discrepancy is unknown.
Example of the projection techniques
This section is a detailed explanation of the techniquesand sources to develop an occupational projection usingthe electrical machinery industry (SIC 36) as an ex-ample. The section also includes the effects of a differentprojection for total employment in the industry and theeffects of different assumptions about the occupationaltrends within the industry.
Table 1-2 contains the various figures used in develop-ing the projections for this industry. Columns 1 and 2contain the occupational distribution for 1960 (source:U.S. Census). Columns 3 and 4 are the actual distribu-tion in 1968 (source: Manpower Project survey). Al-though total employment increased over 80% duringthis period, the number of professional and technicalworkers and craftsmen actually declined.
Nationally, the occupational trends in the electricalmachinery industry show rising proportions of opera-tives and service workers, and declining proportions ofthe other groups. The nationwide trends have been ap-plied to the 1968 figure to arrive at the 1975 proportioncontained in column 6. The proportions in column 6have in turn been applied to the figure at the top of col-umn 5, the projected total employment for this industryas developed by NPA, to arrive at the rest of the figuresin column 5, which is the projected number of personsneeded in each occupational group in 1975. Column 7contains differences between the 1975 and 1968 figures,that is, the estimated growth (or decline if a negativeresult) in each particular occupational group. Column 8contains the estimated number of persons needed to re-place persons who have died, retired, or been promotedinto a different occupational group.3 Column 9 is thesum of columns 7 and 8, that is the total needed to fillany new jobs and any jobs opened up because of death,retirement or promotion. The column 9 figures are theprojected needs referred to in this report.
Effects of differences in the occupational trends. Theprojections arrived at depend, of course, upon assump-tions about the trend of occupational change and aboutthe trends of total industry employment. A key assump-tion for the electrical machinery industryas for many
This figure does not represent total 'turnover in the normalsense of the word. Turnover figures would be much higher;column 8 is net of turnover.
Given the contradiction between State and nationaltrends, what will the future be like? A researcher is facedwith a real dilemma. Chart I-1 illustrates the situationfor- one particular occupational group, professional andtechnical workers in this industry. The BLS techniqueis predicated on the idea the State trend will parallelnational trendshence the proportion of professionaland technical workers will rise from A to B. B is thefigure in the last column of Table 1-3. However, theManpower survey showed the actual proportion had de-clined to point C. Will the trend continue to D? Or willthe trend be reversed to parallel national trends andarrive at point E in 1975? The assumption of this reportis that the latter will occur. To be specific, it is assumedthat any significant changes in the make-up of Maineindustry that did take place have, ceased and that in-dustry in the State will be forced to follow the nationaltrend of requiring relatively fewer blue collar workersand relatively more white collar workers. If this assump-tion proves wrong, the projections of occupational re-quirements will be in error. If the proportion of profes-sional and technical workers, projected to rise, in factdoes fall (continuing the trend of the past eight years)most of the projected need for additional professionaland technical workers in this industry would be elimi-nated. The rise in total employment and the need forreplacements would do little more than balance thereduced proportion needed.
% of Professional & Technicalworkers
16
8
4.
2-
1
1960 1968 1975 Year
Effect of higher projections of total employment. Oneof the key assumptions is the figure chosen as the proba-ble level of industry employment, in 1975. Different totalemployment figures lead to wholly different projectionsof occupational requirements. As an example one ana-lyst at the State's Department of Economic Development
has suggested that employment in the electrical ma-chinery industry will be at a level much higher than theNPA projections. If past growth is continued, he says,employment should be 19;000 in' 1975. This figure hasbeen used to calculate the total needs shown in column10 of Table 1-2 (assuming the occupational distribu-tion in column 6 and the replacement needs in column8). Quite obviously the effects of the larger total em-ployment are quite drastic in terms of total needs, andquite different in terms of the implications one mighthave for education and training policy.
Non-trend employment growth
The predictions of future needs made in this reportare based on past trends in the State's present industries.It is outside the scope of the study to predict or forecastthe effects of non-trend employment growth, such asvery rapid expansion of an existing industry or the in-troduction of a new industry. The possibility of rapidexpansion at the Bath Iron Works mentioned in theintroduction is an example of the unusually rapid expan-sion of an existing industry or firm; a possible new in-dustry or new situation is the proposed Machiasportoil refinery and its satellite operations.
Any non-trend employment growth (such as the ex-amples above) would have important implications formanpower planning. The BLS publications cited aboveprovide a source for projecting new manpower needsshould changes in the industrial picture occur, since they-contain detailed occupational distributions for everyindustry, often to the three digit SIC level. Using thesetables it is a relatively simple matter to break downspecific occupations into the total employment that mightbe expected. Although single firms may differ considera-bly from the overall national figures, such an occupa-tional distribution would provide a starting point formanpower planning.
Occupational distribution and change 1960-1968
The occupational distribution of Maine and the nationfor 1960 is shown in Table 1-4. Generally speakingMaine had a lower proportion of white collar jobs (pro-fessional and technical, clerical and managerial) and amuch larger proportion of blue collar jot* particularlysemi-skilled (operatives) and unskilled (laborers). Theoccupational distribution accounts in part for the lowerincomes found in the Statefewer people are in betterpaying white collar jobs.
In 1960, the proportion of professional and technicalworkers in Maine :was 83% of the naticinal'average. Thelower proportion of professional and technical workerscan be explained in part by the type. of industry found
in Maine. Also there seem to be differences in the staffingpatterns of firms located in Maine; they employ a muchlower proportion of professional and technical workersthan found nationally in the same industry. The under-representation of professional and technical workersoccurs in the private sector, the, sector of the economycovered by this study. In the industries surveyed, Maine'sproportion of professional and technical workers was60% of the national figure while the State's proportionof operatives was 140% and laborers was 133% of thecomparable figure for the nation. In contrast, the numberof professional and technical workers in industries ex-cluded from the study-mostly in education and health-made up about the same proportion of Maine employ-ment (6.3% ) as they did nationally (6.1% ) in 1960.
Virtually every manufacturing industry had a lower pro-portion of professional and technical workers than foundin the same industry nationally. This was not alwaystrue for non-manufacturing. Some of the transportationindustries, public utilities,. and most of the service in-dustries had approximately the same proportion of pro-fessional and technical workers as is found nationally.
Since 1960, the proportion of professional and tech-nical, clerical, and service workers has risen in thenation while the proportion of managers, sales workers,and laborers has fallen. (The proportion of operativesand craftsmen has stayed about the same.) Obviously,these .trends have important implications for trainingand education programs. Table 1-5 shows the occupa-tional distribution for the State in the industries covered
TABLE 1-4
Occupational Distribution U.S. and Maine, 1960
White Collar WorkersProfessional '& TechnicalManagersClerical &. KindredSales
Blue Collar WorkersCraftsmenOperativesNon-farm Laborers
Service WorkersPrivate Household WorkersOther Service. Workers
1000 261,995 1000 284,031 1000*Excluding agriculture, forestry, fisheries, mining; railroads, the self-employed,health, education, and non-profit organizations.
15
by this study. State trends are very unlike nationaltrends: among the profe5qional and clerical groups thegrowth in Maine has been much slower than foundnationally and among craftsmen and non-farm laborersthe trend in Maine has been exactly opposite of nationaltrends. Therefore, in the large sector of the Maine econ-omy covered by this study, the gap between Maine andthe rest of the country in the proportions of white collarand skilled worker jobs has widened in spite of the eco-nomic growth that has taken place. The widening gapcan be attributed to specific parts of the economy. Ingeneral, the occupational distribution in most manufac-turing industries has not followed the comparable trendin the nation for that industry; exceptions are the fabri-cated metal, machinery (except electrical), and trans-portation equipment industries. The non-manufacturingindustries do show occupational trends similar to theseof the nation (the one exception here is that finance,insurance and real estate shows a much larger increasein clerical workers in Maine than is found nationally).These atypical trends make future projections difficultand the reader should be especially leery of projectionsfor those industries that have not followed nationaltrends in the past.
Occupational Distributions andChange 1968-1975
The third column in Table 1-5 contains the projectedoccupational distribution for 1975 using the data, as-sumptions, and methods. outlined in this report. Nodrastic change in the State's occupational, distributionis projected; trends in the State are expected to becomemore similar to national trends.
If training activities are to be directed to the needsof the State, one must take into account (1) the prob-able needs for particular jobs, (2) whether jobs arefilled from within or from outside the company, and(3) what firms want in terms of training and educa-tion requirements.
The total projected needs in each occupation areshown in Table* 1-6. The fastest rate of growth is ex-pected among professional workers. However, becauseof differences in the overall number of workers in eachoccupational group the greatest need 'in numbers will befor operatives,. then craftsmen, clerical, service, and of-ficials and managers. In fact, only service workers andlabOrers will be'rieeded in smaller numbers than profes-sional and technical workers.
The prospective needs in each occupational groupmay not be a- true indication of the number of peoplewho will be hired from outside the company. Manyopenings will be filled from inside the company, perhaps
8
TABLE 1-6
Needs for Additional Workers in 41 Selected Part of theMaine Economy 1968 - 1975
from another occupational group. This between occupa-tion shifting varies between industries, companies, andjobs. Generally speaking, the 'occupational groups witha high proportion of entry jobs are professional andtechnical, saleworkers, clerical, operatives, laborers andservice workers. Most official and manager positions arefilled from inside the company. The general picture forcraftsmen is mixed; in some manufacturing industriesmost craftsmen, jobs are filled from within the company,while in the other manufacturing and most non-manu-facturing craftsmen jobs are entry jobs.
Most firms in the State who hire professional workersrequire professional training (e.g., a college education)and about half of the firms who hire clerical workersrequire formal training of some kind. In the other oc-cupational groups few firms have formal occupa-tional training as a minimum hiring requirement.There are almost no educational and training require-ments for operatives, laborers, and service workers.This lack of requirements for operatives and similarjobs is not surprising. But even in the skilled craftsmenjobs most firms do not require formal occupationaltraining; the usual requirement is experience in the craft.
The need for training is probably greater than thisstudy indicates. The hiring requirements reported areminimum and the vocational school graduate should beable to compete with the candidate with experience butno formal training. Other studies show that the Maineworker with vocational training earns more on theaverage than the man who does not, have any training.°In some cases, though, a selling job may be necessaryto develop an effective demand for graduates of aparticular program.
6 Taking into account age and education: from unpublishedstudies of , the University of Maine's Manpower ResearchProjeet.
After taking into account needs and current practicesin regard to entry jobs and training requirements theseoccupations or jobs appear to be prime targets for train-ing programs: 7
Officials, buyers & purchasers,Managers, etc. especiallyin non-manufacturing
Sales workers in wholesaleand retail trade and finance
Secretaries and StenographersGeneral office workersBookkeepers
Mechanics and repairmenForemenElectricians
Apprentices in construction
7 Some of the occupations have high rates of growth butthe total number of new jobs may be relatively small, seetables in chapter 3 for estimates of the numbers needed.
The statistics and trends contained in this report areonly a part of the information needed to develop anoverall manpower plan for the State. First of all thisreport deals only with the demand sidethe needs forworkers. A complete plan must take into account thesupply side, the characteristics of the current laborforce as well as the enrollment and curriculum of theschools and training programs. Second, there must beprovision for a review and updating of the data and theprojections in their report. The accuracy of key as-sumptions should be checked and adjustments shouldbe made for non-trend development and unforeseenchanges in the structure of industry. Fortunately the1970 Census will provide much of the data needed forsuch a review. Third, an accurate analysis of the eco-nomic base of theState is needed which should providethe basis for better projections of the State's employ-ment growth. Particularly needed is more informationabout most of the non-manufacturing sect( rs of the eco-nomy, information comparable to that found in theCensus of Maine Manufacturing. Fourth, accurate pro-jections of the manpower demand and supply are neededfor the sectors of the economy not included in thisstudy, notably health and education.
This, chapter contains a short. description of employ-ment and occupational trends in each of Maine's majorindustries along with the comparable national trends.i
Construction (SIC 15 , 16, 17)
There 'were 18,000 wage and salary workers em-,
ployed in contract construction at the time' of the surveyin Inly, 1908. There is considerable seasonal variationin employment in , this industrY. During 1967, coveredeniploYinent inContract construction varied froni 9600workers in March to over 16,000 workers in July andAugust, with an annual average e!1113103lie,n.Such large seasonal make it difficult to evaluateand project 'occupational requirements in contract constrUCtion: The July oithPloYIRlent figure has beenVetted to an estimated annual: average employment of15,500 for 19682 which is used for 'projection' piirPOsei.
'1 The. SOUrce. for 'the national eniploYinent and OcCUpatiorialtrends is the. BLS pUblicatiori Tomorrolir'S Manifower Needs.Maine employment figures andt treads, are froth' figures' published'
the Maine Employment; Security Commission and 'from U.S.Bureau of the Census, County Business .Patterns, Maine,,,U.S.Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Additional in
about. Maine,;. manufacturing:, is from Maine :ifiepari-ment of .Labor. and ..Industryi..Census,,of.Maine Manufactures,
Augusta,, Maine, , ; ,
2 We have assumed that the seasonal employment of 2;900workers were all operatives and laborers., .
Nationally, employment in contract construction hasincreased steadily since 1960-61. Maine's employmenthas increased,by 14% between 1960 and 1968, some-what less than the national growth..Manpower require-mentsnationally are expected to rise by nearly one thirdbetween 1965. and 1975. Faster increases are expectedamong heavy construction contractors, and special tradescontractors. More moderate increases are expectedamong building contractors; Maine's needs. will, ofcourse, be. affected by the 'number, of .houing 5tarts inthe State. The projection arrived at for contract con-struction in the State. of Maine takes into account thesloWer, ,growthexperienced in the ,past: it is predictedthat the industry, will have 18,000 workers. by 1975, anincrease of 17% over 1965.
A variety of new technological developments arebeing introduced 'which are expected to change theoccupational distribution. One effect will be reducedproportions of craftsmen ,.and laborers.' :Even moreimportant, .theie idevelopments are expected. to modifythe rates and,, 'direction,- of change in the relativeposition of individual occupations. For' example,the proportion of carpenters is expected. to declineSignificantly due to the growing use of PrefabricatedCoMpOnentS: The ratio' of Mechanics, on the other hand,is; to increase in response to the growing use of
,
scrapers, concrete paving machines,. etc. Increases in
requirements for engineers is expected to increase theproportion of professional and technical workers in theindustry. With these changes in mind, projections forMaine include a very slight increase in the proportionof professional and technical workers, a decline in theproportion of craftsmen and laborers and an increasein the proportion of operatives.
Food and Kindred Products (SIC 20)
There were about 12,700 workers in the food industryin 1968,3 a rise of about 1,000 workers since 1960.Three of the nine industry groups within this major in-dustry accounted for 4,800 or nearly 37% of total em-ployment in 1968meat products, which includes poul-try dressing and packing, canned or preserved fruits,and sugar. The remaining workers were in establish-ments producing dairy products, grain mill products,bakery goods, beverages and other miscellaneous pro-ducts.
Most industry groups showed little change in totalemployment since 1960. The exceptions were poultry,which rose by over 200 workers in this 8 year period,frozen foods, which doubled in size and a new sugarindustry. Canned foods and the fish industry declined.There was a drop in the number of firms from 469 to383.
Nationally, production workers account for about67% of total employment within this major industrygroup. The proportion of production workers in theindividual industry groups comprising this industrygroup differ widely, ranging from 46% in the dairyproducts industry group to over 85% in the canned andpreserved foods industry. Maine's proportion of produc-tion workers is somewhat higher than the national aver-age: 76% of the workers in 1960 were productionworkers. This proportion had risen to 80% by 1968.During this period (1960-68) the number of profes-sional and technical workers stayed about the same,and the number of managers, salesworkers, officeworkers, and craftsmen dropped considerably. The oc-cupational changes can probably be accounted for bytwo factors: (a) the important food industries in Maineaad the important ones that increased in size between1960 and 1968 are those with a very high proportion ofproduction workers as a percent of total employment,namely meat products, canned and preserved foods andsugar; and (b) the 'decrease in the number of firms
3 There is considerable fluctuation in employment throughoutthe year Approximately 14,700 were working at the time ofthe survey, the summer of 1968. There were an estimated 12,700annual average employment in the industry in 1968. All thedifferences were assumed to be operatives and laborers.
12
11,0,73.1.
reducing the number of officials, managers, and clericalworkers.
The national outlook for the food and kindred pro-ducts industry suggests there will be a slight decline inmanpower requirements. Employment trends for indi-vidual industries are expected to differ. For example,manpower requirements in the meat production industryare likely to decline because of increasing use of laborsaving technological innovations. In contrast, modestemployment gains are expected in the canned and pre-served food industry group, because of the large numberof small plants with little mechanization and the increasein consumer demand for dietetic and other specialityfoods. Maine's employment in the food industry groupis expected to rise slightly, to 14,000 in 1975.
Technological innovations expected to have somebearing on the nature of the industry's occupationalstructure include: more wide-spread use of conveyorand transfer systems to handle food in process; com-puter and environmental sensors to control preparationof food; and automatic equipment to grade, weigh andpackage a greater variety of foods. All occupationalgroups except laborers are expected to increase in sizein Maine during the next seven years, the largest increasebeing operatives but with significant increases also incraftsmen and office and clerical workers. A small risein the number of professional and technical workers isexpected.
Textile Mill Products (SIC 22)
Approximately 12,000 workers were employed inthe textile mill products major industry group in 1968.The majority of employment was divided betweenweaving mills, cotton, and weaving and finishing mills,woolen. Eighty-seven percent of total employment wereproduction workers. Nationally there has been a decreasein the proportion of production workers and increasingproportion of professional and technical workers. Thishas also been true in Maine. Manpower requirementsin the major industry group were expected to declinenationally and are also projected to decline in Maine,to about 9,700 in 1975.4
In terms of occupational requirements, there is a pro-jected absolute decline for laborers and operatives andsmall but not significant increases in the other occupa-tional groups. If the projections are correct, this industrywill not be of great concern to educational and trainingplanners.
4 Textile industry employment in Maine is concentrated in afew firms. According to County Business Patterns there are fourfirms with over 500 employees. Theiefore, it bedomes very diffi-cult to predict what will happen and all projections here must betaken with a great deal of caution.
Apparel and Related Products (SIC 23)
Almost 4,000 ,workers were employed in the apparelindustry group in Maine in 1968. About one-third ofthe workers produced men's and boys' furnishings andanother one-third produced women's, misses' and chil-dren's outer wear. The remainder made men's and boys'suits and coats, miscellaneous apparel, and accessoriesand miscellaneous fabricated textile products. Opera-tives made up 85% of the total work force and produc-tion workers altogether accounted for 89% of the totalemployment, equal to the national average. The propor-tion of production workers in individual apparel indus-tries varies only slightly around the average for the in-dustry group.
Employment in the Maine apparel industry has in-creased by about 1,000 workers since 1960 and is pro-jected by. NPA to rise to about 7,000 workers in 1975.This projection apparently reflects the importance inMaine of those apparel industries which cater to therapidly rising demand for apparel for a growing andmore affluent population.
According to BLS, technological developments inthe apparel industry during the next decade are expectedto have relatively limited impact on employment require-m. -its. The use of technological innovations in apparelmanufacturing has been limited by problems that remainunsolved. However, the trend toward larger apparelfirms should result in some increase in the labor savingequipment and production techniques in this industry.Therefore, only slight changes in the occupational struc-ture are predicted before 1975. In spite of the large in-crease in employment, only operatives are expected toincrease significantly; the increases in other occupationalgroups will be modest.
Lumber and Wood Products, Except Furniture(SIC 24)
Approximately 15,300 wage and salary workers areemployed in the lumber and wood products, exceptfurniture, major industry group in 1968. About one-third of the workers were in logging camps. Forty-fourpercent were producing miscellaneous wood productsand 16% were working in saw mills and planing millsand the remainder were producing plywood, prefabri-cated wood buildings, and wood containers. Productionworkers made up. about 84% of total employment, afigure slightly less than the national average.
Employment in this industry has been falling in pastyears. Employment changes vary widely in the differentindustry groups; for example between 1947 and 1965employment declined almost one half in saw mills anddeclined more than one-half in establishments producing
13
,17.777";n17727.".:77.
wooden containers. Logging camps and logging con-tractor employment declined only slightly. Employmentin establishments' producing mill wood, fire wood andmiscellaneous wood products increased slightly.
The total employment in this industry is expected todecline slightly. It is projected by NPA to fall to13,920 in Maine by 1975. Moderate changes in the oc-cupational structure are expected during the forthcomingseven years. Growing mechanization, increasing estab-lishment size, and shifts in industry composition will in-fluence the industry's occupational structure. The mostsignificant change will be the decline in the need for un-skilled workers. In the logging sector, larger and morepowerful tree cutting equipment will reduce the need forlumbermen and woodchoppers. In the lumber and woodprocessing sector, mechanization and general plant mod-ernization will decrease the need for material movementlaborers, machine operator help and other unskilledworkers. Decline of laborers will be paralleled by growthin the proportion of semi-skilled operatives, needed tooperate the new machinery and equipment. The pro-portion of mechanics and repairmen will also increase,as the result of more extensive use of modern complexmachinery and equipment. Few changes are expected inthe white collar occupations.
Furniture (SIC 25)
There were approximately 1100 persons employed inthe furniture and fixtures major. industry group for 1968.Over 80% were engaged in producing wood and up-holstered household furniture. Production workers ac-counted for 84% of total employment, equal to thenational, figure. The highest proportion of productionworkers nationally is found in the household furnitureindustry group. Nationally, there has been an increasein employment in this sector. State of Maine employmenthas remained about constant in the past six v
National manpower requirements in fumiture indus-tries are expected to increase by almost 20% between1965 and 1975. The demand for household furniturewill be stimulated by, among other things, continued in-creases in population, in new family formation, disposa-ble personal income and in the number of families withtwo homes. Furniture should be an area of expansionfor the State, and in spite of the lack of growth in recentyears employment is projected to increase to about 1400employees by 1975.
The application of new technology will have a signifi-cant impact on requirements for some occupations, but,in general, occupational structure is not expected tochange appreciably for 1975. For example, the increas-ing use of automatic machinery such as automaticrouters and the use of specialized semi-skilled workers
20
in the production of cabinets is expected to reduce re-quirements for cabinet makers. The proportion of up-holsterers is expected to decline also as the use of im-proved power driven faster equipment, such as nailers,staplers, tackers, and clippers becomes more widespread.Balancing the decrease in the proportion of craftsmen,however, will be increases in the proportion of foremen,and mechanics and repairmen. Occupational require-ments in the State are projected to remain about thesame.
Paper and Allied Products (SIC 26)
There were about 17,600 workers in the paper indus-try in Maine in 1968. Eighty-seven percent of theseworked in establishments manufacturing pulp and paper.The remainder produced converted paper and paperboard products, and paper board containers and boxes.Production workers accounted for 78% of the totalwage and salary employment, exactly equal to the na-tional average.
Paper industry employment in Maine has remainedrelatively constant over the past eight years, as it has:iationally. Although pulp and paper production hasbeen rising, the output per worker has been increasingas well through use of more efficient production ma-chinery. Productivity increases thus have balanced theincreased demand.
Nationally, production workers have decreased asa proportion of total employment. There are no com-parable figures for Maine. Manpower requirements inestablishments making' paper and allied products areexpected to increase substantially in the next two years,stimulated by population growth, general business ex-pansion and rising per capita consumption of paperproducts. Although much of the increased productionwill be offset by rising productivity, employment inMaine is projected to increase to about 19,000 workersby 1975.
Technological innovations are expected to have asignificant effect, on employment requirements in estab-lishments manufacturing 'paper and allied products,particularly in those producing pulp, paper and paperboard. The, latter are placing increasing emphasis on.automatic quality control through instrumentation, withcentralized control systems allowing a few workers tomonitor and control production processes. The increas-ing use of electronic instruments will raise the propor-tion of professional and Jechnical workers as well asthe number of craftsmeu. The proporiion of operativesis projected to remain about the same with a substantialdecrease m the proportion of laborers.
14
Printing, Publishing and Allied Industries (SIC 27)
About. 2500 wage and salary workers were employedin the printing, publishing and allied industries majorindustry group in 1968 in Maine. Approximately 70%of these workers were in newspaper publishing and print-ing establishments with: the remainder in commercialprinting. A few persons work in service industries forthe printing trade. Approximately 53% of the workerswere production workers, somewhat below .the nationalaverage of 63%. Employment in printing has risenslightly in Maine since 1960, with increases in news-paper publishing and a decline in commercial print-ing. Total employment nationally is, expected to increaseby about 12% between 1965 and 1975, although em-ployment trends among industries comprising the print-ing industries major industry group are expected todiffer. Employment requirements in newspaper publish-ing and printing are expected to decline slightly; type-setting, plate making and finishing operations will showdecreases, and manpower requirements in the othersectors of this industry are expected to increase. NPAprojections are for a slight decline in total;employmentfor the printing industry in Maine to 1975. Because ofthe decline, only insignificant needs in printing tradesemployment are projected, mostly for replacements.
Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastic Products (SIC 30)
About 2500 workers are employed in the rubber ,andmiscellaneous plastic products 'major industry group in1968: About 70% of the workers were producing plas-tic products; the others were producing miscellaneousrubber products. Production workers accounted forabout 86% of total employment of this major industrygroup compared with 78 %' nationally. Employment inthis industry group doubled between 1960 and 1968,with most of the growth taking place in the plasticsindustry.
Nationally, there has been a declining proportion ofproduction workers in this industry, though not inMaine. The State's proportion 'of production workershas risen; the number of operatives and laborers has in-creased while the number of craftsmen has actually de-clined. The number of professional and technicalworkers has declined' to almost zero within the State.Employment is projected to increase to almost 2900workers. in 1975. There apparently is going to be in-creasing mechanization in the plastic products industry.However, because of the small base of workers in occu-pational groups other than operatives, few new workerswill be needed in the other occupational groups.'
More than 30,000 wage and salary workers were em-:ployed in the leather and leather products major industrygroup in 1968. Eighty-eight percent of these workerswere engaged in the manufacturing of footwear, excepthouse slippers and rubber footwear. The remaining werein leather tanning and bootshoe cut stock and bindings.
Production workers accounted for 91% of employ-ment compared with 83% nationally. Employment inthe shoe industry has risen in past years in Maine, atrend opposite that of the nation where employment hasfallen. There is no information about occupational re-quirementS in the State prior to 1968. Therefore pasttrends are not available. Manpower requirements nation-ally are expected to be about the same in 1975 as theywere in 1965; therefore, employment for Maine is pro-jected to be, about the same as it is in 1968.
A number of significant developments are occurringin the leather industry that will substantially affectmethods of production in the next 10 years. These tech-nological developments are expected to substantiallyalter the industry's occupational structure by 1975. Forexample, the proportion of operatives are expected todecline somewhat because of the greater use of moreefficient production equipment including injection mold-ing machine and vulcanizing equipnient; thermalastingmachinery, and geometric lasting equipment. The useof more leather and leather substitutes in shoe manti:-facturing is expected to affect employment requiiimentsadversely for cloth cutters, lining cutters and workersengaged in mulling, treeing, splitting and 'skirining. Oper-atives, however, will still make up the largest proportionof total employment in 1975. Increasing needs for skilledmechanics and maintenance workers, and for the fore-men needed to superVise increasingly complex opera-tions are expected. Occupational requirements in Maineare projected to follow national trends'.
Fabricated Metal Products (SIC 34)
There, were approximately 2,200 workers employedin the fabricated metal industry in 1968 in Maine. About50% were employed in establishment manufacturingfabricated structural metal products, such as structuralsteel metal doors, fabricated plate work and sheet metalwork.
Production workers accounted for about 73% oftotal eMployment, somewhat below the national average.Employment in this industry has been steadily increasingin recent years with much of the increase taking placein the fabricated structural metal products 'industrygroup. The proportion of production workerS in Maine
has increased slightly since 1960 rising from 70% to73%. Nationally, the proportion of production workershas remained unchanged since 1958. Manpower re-quirements nationally are expected to rise by about one-sixth. However, employment trends for the individualindustries are expected to differ because of differencesin demand and rates of adoption of labor saving tech-nological innovation. Employment in this industry inMaine is projected to remain about constant at 2,200workers for 1975.
Technological innovation is expected to play a partin the relatively minor changes in occupational structurein fabricated metal establishments by 1975. The transferline techniques for machine feeding and materials hand-ling is already utilized in this industry although its useis expected to continue to expand. Use of numericallycontrolled machine tools, however, is somewhat lesscommon in fabricated metal establishments and their useshould increase significantly over the decade ahead.Some operative groups, such as assemblers, inspectors,electric platers, and machine tool operators will proba-bly be adversely affected by the increasing use of auto-matic transfer equipment and numerically t'ontrolledmachines as well as other developments. The proportionof craftsmen is not expected to change very much duringthe next few years. But, like operatives some shifts with-in the occupational group are expected. For example,in view of the greater efficiency and speed of numericallycontrolled machine tools, metal working craftsmen suchas production and tool machinists can expect to findtheir relative position somewhat diminished. On theother hand, ratios of foremen, and mechanics and repair-men should rise as a result of needs for increased super-vision and maintenance of new and more comple* me-chanical equipment. The only occupational change pro-jected for Maine industry is a rising proportion of pro-fessional and technical workers and a declining propor-tion of laborers. Other occupational groups are expectedto stay about the same.
Machinery, Except Electrical (SIC 35)
There were about 2600 employees in the machineryproduction major industry group in 1968. Productionworkers accounted for 73% of total employment, a littlehigher than the national average. Employment is lessnow than in 1960, but the trend has been up in recentyears. Nationally, manpower requirements are expectedto increase by nearly 20% between 1965 and 1975 asa result of increasing demand for machinery and relatedequipment. Employment in Maine is projected to in-crease to about 3,000 workers by 1975.
The largest occupational group in the State were
15
22
craftsmen, 37% of the workers. Next largest was opera-tives with about 30% of the workers. Technologicalchanges, which are expected to influence the occupa-tional structure in this major industry group in the futureinclude the greater use of numerically controlled ma-chine tools, automatic transfer equipment, productioncontrol instruments and electronic computers.
Occupational structure is expected to change signifi-cantly by 1975. Changes projected in Maine are a risein professional and technical workers, a small rise inofficials and managers, about the same proportion ofcraftsmen and operatives, and a decline in the propor-tion of laborers.
Electrical Machinry, Equipment, and Supplies(SIC 36)
This has been one of the fastest growing industries inMaine, increasing in employment from 2500 to 4500between 1960 and 1968, a rate much faster than nation-al growth. About 70% of the 4500 workers were en-gaged in the manufacture of electronic components andaccessories. The remainder were producing communica-tion equipment and lighting and wiring devices. Totalindustry employment of 6700 is projected for 1975.
Nationally, there has been a decreasing proportion ofproduction workers, reflecting the more extensive em-ployment of scientific and technical manpower in thecommunications equipment industry; in Maine the pro-portion of production workers has increased drasticallysince 1960. While employment in the State rose by morethan 200 workers in eight years, the number of whitecollar workers actually declined, mainly a decline in pro-fessional and technical workers. At present, productionworkers make up 76% of total employment nationallyin the electronic components and accessories industry;in Maine the comparable figure is 85%. Nationally,professional and technical workers make up 17% oftotal employment; in Maine the comparable figure is4 %.
Nationally, operatives account for more than 4 outof every 10 workers in this major industry group; inMaine it was 7 out of 10. Large numbers of assemblersand inspectors are employed, reflecting a relatively lowlevel of mechanization in the assembly process for com-plex electronic products. Technological innovation isexpected to have a significant impact on productionprocesses and therefore on occupational structures inthis major industry group in the years ahead. Althoughmechanization of assembly is a distinct possibility, nogreat headway is expected in the next decade. The oc-cupational structure in Maine is projected to reverse thetrend found in the last year and more closely follow the
16
23,
national trends with a small rise in the proportion ofprofessional and technical workers and a small decreasein the proportion of laborers.
Transportation Equipment (SIC 37)
There were approximately 5100 wage and salaryworkers employed in the transportation equipment majorindustry group in Maine in 1968.5 About 80% of theseworkers were employed in ship building and boat build-ing, about 20% were employed in manufacturing ofaircraft and parts and a small number were producingmotor vehicle equipment.
Production workers accounted for about 79% oftotal employment in Maine, compared with 71% nation-ally, a result of the high proportion of employment inship building and repair. Nationally, employment in thetransportation equipment industry has increased sub-stantially in recent years. Employment has increasedrapidly in aircraft and parts because of overall increasesin government procurement of aircraft and missles andincreased demand for commercial airplanes. Employ-ment in ship and boat building and repair has re-mained fairly constant since 1953, a level below theWorld War II level. The proportion of productionworkers as a proportion of total employment has stayedabout constant since 1960.
Future manpower requirements are difficult to predictin this industry. Nationally manpower requirements areexpected to decline in the aircraft and parts group sinceoutput per worker is expected to outstrip a reativelystable demand for military and commercial aircraft. Em-ployment in ship and boat building industries is expectedto increase moderately nationally. However, employmentin these areas is subject to governmental policy in regardto ship building. NPA has projected transportationequipment employment in Maine to be 8200 in 1975(the figure excludes Kittery Naval Shipyard). This figureis probably high if past trends are taken into account;this figure is probably low if one is very optimistic forthe future of the ship building industry in Maine. Weaccept the NPA projection and work on this basis. Theoccupational structure is expected to shift slightly withan increasing proportion of professional and technicalworkers, a decreasing proportion of laborers and therest of the occupational distribution to remain aboutconstant.
Transportation and Public Utilities (SIC 40 to 49)There were about 17,500 workers employed in
transportation and public utilities industry division in1968 in Maine. About half of total transportation and
5 These figures exclude workers at the Kittery Naval Shipyard.
public utility employment was concentrated in two majorindustry groupstrucking and warehousing (IC 42)and communications (SIC 48) each of which repre-sented about one-fourth of employment. Railroads ac-counted for about 3,600 workers or about a little overone-fifth of total employment in this division (railroadsare excluded from the scope of study), while utilitiesand sanitary services (SIC 49) accounted for about20%. Other major industry groups employing smallerproportions included local and interurban passengertransit, water transportation, air transportation, pipelinetransportation and transportation services. Total em-ployment in this industry division has not changed verymuch since 1960.
Nationally, manpower requirements in this industrydivision are expected to increase moderately through themid 1970's. Employment in the State of Maine is ex-pected to remain about constant. Motor freight transpor-tation is projected to increase. Communications andutilities are projected to drop slightly. Significant num-bers of persons will be required in certain occupationswithin these industry groups.
Trucking and Warehousing (SIC 42)
There were about 4,400 wage and salary workersemployed in the motor freight transportation and storagemajor industry groups in Maine in 1968, a slight declinefrom the 1960 figure. Nationally, manpower require-ments are expected to increase by one-fourth between1965 and 1975. Employment in Maine is expected torise to about 4,800 workers by 1975.
More than half of all the workers employed in themotor freight and warehousing major industry group in1960 were truck and tractor drivers.
Changing technology during the next few years willsignificantly increase output per worker. These techno-logical developments are expected to change the indus-try's occupational structure somewhat nationally andin Maine. As a percent of total employment, laborersare expected to decline, particularly in the warehousingindustry.
The greatest employment growth in this major in-dustry group is expected to occur among larger firms.Compared to small organizations larger companies hireconsiderably higher proportions of clerical workers,mechanics and repairmen, service workers and foremen.These workers are expected to increase their share oftotal employment as the trend toward larger firms con-tinues. Customarily managers make up a greater propor-tion of employment in smaller firms because they oftencarry out many functions that are assigned to other oc-cupational groups in larger organizations. Therefore a
17
24
decline in the proportion of managers, officials, and pro-prietors is expected in trucking as the number of largerfirms increases.
Communications (SIC 48)
Approximately 4,200 workers were employed in thecommunications major industry group in Maine in 1968.In the nation about eight out of ten were employed bycompanies providing telephone services. The remainingworkers were employed in radio broadcasting and tele-vision, telegraph communications and communicationsservices not elsewhere classified. Manpower require-ments are expected to rise slightly nationally. Employ-ment trends for the individual industry groups are ex-pected to differ widely, increases in demand in manycases being offset by increasing use of labor saving tech-nological innovations. Employment in the State of Maineis projected to decline slightly to 4,000 employees by1975.
White collar workers have made up 70% of the totalemployment in the nation and in Maine. This high pro-portion reflected employment of the large numbers ofclerical workers in the telephone industry and techni-cians and managers in radio broadcasting and tele-vision. Craftsmen made up a very large percent of theblue collar workers. Operatives, laborers, and serviceworkers accounted for only a small proportion of em-ployment. Occupational structure in the communicationsmajor industry group is dominated by that of the tele-phone industry. Occupational patterns in telephoneindustry group are expected to change slowly by 1975.The proportion of clerical workers is expected to declineas direct dialing, automatic billing of long distance calls,etc. reduce requirements for telephone operators. Crafts-men are expected to rise as a proportion of total em-ployment in spite of technological innovations whichtend to reduce requirements for these workers. Profes-sional and technical workers are expected to rise in pro-portion mainly because of increasing needs for theseworkers to design, service, and modify the complexequipment used in the industry.
Public Utilities (SIC 49)
In Maine, an estimated 3,100 wage and salary workerswere employed in this major industry group in 1968, adecline from 1960. Nationally, employment require-ments are expected to remain at about the same level. InMaine they are projected to decline slightly to 2,900workers by 1975. In general, a very large anticipatedincrease in industry activities is expected to be com-pletely offset by rising output per worker resulting fromincreasing use of labor saving technological innovations.
Because of the decline in projected employment the onlyimportant need is for professional and technical workers.
Wholesale and Retail Trade (SIC 50-59)
There were a total of 61,600 workers employed inthis industry division in Maine at the time of the survey.An estimated 5% of these workers were seasonal(based upon past patterns, average annual employmentwould be about 5% less than the July-August total).About one-fourth of these workers were employed inwholesale trade, the remainder in a variety of retail firms.Employment in this industry division has been risingin the last three or four years in Maine after holdingsteady since 1960. Manpower requirements in wholesaleand retail trade are expected to increase nationally byover one-fourth between 1965 and 1975. A somewhatlower rate of increase is projected for Maine since popu-lation growth will be slower in this State than nationally.Employment growth will be stimulated by increases inpopulation and consumer expenditures, but will beslowed somewhat by the increase in the application oflabor saving technology (such as the greater use of elec-tronic data processing equipment, automated warehous-ing equipment, growth in the number of self-servicestores and the growing use of vending machines).
Labor requirements are expected to increase slightlyfaster in retail than in wholesale trade. The occupationaldistribution in wholesale trade is expected to shift slight-ly toward larger proportions of professional and techni-cal workers and craftsmen and slightly smaller propor-tions of managers and laborers. ,The smaller proportionof managers is expected because of the increasing sizeof establishments. The rising proportion of craftsmenreflects a greater need for foremen and mechanics andrepairmen to supervise the operation and repair of theincreasingly complex mechanized materials handlingequipment.
The personal nature of retailing activities most likelyinsulate the industry occupational structure during thedecade ahead from substantial changes resulting fromtechnological innovations. A decline is expected in theratio of managers, officials, and proprietors because ofincreasing establishment size. Craftsmen are expected toincrease as a proportion of total employment primarilyfrom an increase in the proportion of mechanics andrepairmen and especially motor vehicle mechanics em-ployed in motor vehicle and accessory establishments.
Finance, Insurance and Real Estate (SIC 60-67)
There were approximately 11,500 wage and salaryworkers employed in the finance, real estate, and insur-ance industry division in 1968 in Maine. Insurance ac-
18
counted for 35% of the employment in this division.Banking and accounting accounted for nearly 60% andthe remainder were employed in real estate.
Employment in this industry division has been in-creasing in recent years both nationally and in the Stateof Maine. Finance, insurance and real estate activitiesexpanded markedly with the post war industrial andpopulation growth. Manpower requirements were ex-pected to increase by approximately 40% between 1965and 1975. Employment growth will be stimulated bythe same factors that influenced growth during the postwar period, increasing population, rising income levels,and a growing use of credit and checking accounts.However, employment growth should be slower than inthe past decade primarily because of increasing use ofelectronic data processing equipment. Employment inthe State of Maine is projected to increase to 12,800 by1975, a 25% increase over 1965.6
The complicated financial transactions of today'sbusiness world requires the services of hundreds of thou-sands of white collar workers. White collar workersmake more than 9 out of every 10 workers employed infinance. The majority of these are clerical workers.
Technological change is expected to have significantaffect on employment requirements in finance during themid 1970's, which will be felt primarily by workers inthe clerical occupational group. In Maine there has beena rapidly rising proportion of office and clerical workersin the finance group. This trend is projected to be re-versed to a slight decline in the proportion of office andclerical workers as projected by 1975. A major changeis a rising proportion of officials and managers, reflectinga relatively large number of financial establishments in-cluding branch banks and investment establishments.
Services and Miscellaneous Industries (SIC 70-89)7
There were approximately 16,500 workers employedin this major industry division in Maine excluding thosenot in the scope of the study. The employment includes awide variety of firms and occupations. Service employ-
a This employment projection is substantially lower than the16,000 projection of NPA. Based upon past trends and pro-jected growth for. New England from the New England Com-mission study we simply did not think the use of the NPAprojection was warranted.7 Including hotels, rooming houses, camps and other lodgingplaces, personal services, miscellaneous business services, auto-mobile repair, automobile services and garages, miscellaneousrepair services, motion pictures, amusement, recreation servicesexcept motion pictures, legal services, and miscellaneous services.Excluded from the scope of study are medical other healthservices, educational services, museums, art galleries, botanicaland zoological gardens and non-profit membership organizationsall of which are included in this major industry division.
r- , gPT
ment is greatly influenced by seasonal factors and thetotal employment for July, 1968 has been reduced byseveral thousands to compensate for the seasonal actors.
This is an important sector of the State's economy butvery little is known about the behavior of its componentparts. This division has one of the highest proportion ofprofessional workers in the economy. Total employmentis expected to grow moderately to about 18,000 by 1975.Highest growth is expected in the business services sector(SIC 73) and the legal and other miscellaneous servicessector (SIC 81 and 89). These increases have influencedthe projections for occupational change. Professional andtechnical workers are projected to increase in propor-tion, as are clerical workers, while declines are pro-jected for service and operatives.
Public Administration (SIC 91, 92, 93)
Approximately 27,700 wage and salary workers em-ployed in federal, state and local government in 1968were included within the scope of this study. The figureexcludes government workers in education and healthand hospitals and at the Kittery Naval Shipyard. About5,100 workers were in local government, 14,600 infederal government, and 8,000 were employed in stategovernment.
Nationally, and in the State of Maine, government em-ployment has been increasing since World War II. In the
19
26
last decade, the largest increase in government employ-ment has been at the state level, but employment at locallevels also increased very rapidly. Federal governmentemployment in the State of Maine has remained veryconstant in the past seven or eight years. Much of theincrease has taken place in education and health (whichare outside the scope of our study), but there have beenincreases in State and local government employmentresulting from an increasingly urban population and theneed to expand welfare and protective services.
Manpower needs are expected to increase in the futurebecause of the demand for more government services.Federal employment is expected to increase only slightly,generally in non-defense programs. Total employmentin the areas covered by this study in Maine is expectedto increase to 30,400 by 1975. Technological develop-ment (automatic data processing, quick copy devices,data transmission and communication networks andmaterials handling equipment) is not expected to be asignificant factor in limiting employment growth at thelocal government level. At the federal and State level,however, labor saving devices are expected to havean impact on employment because centralization offunctions lends itself to wider use of these developments.The occupational distribution in the State is projectedto shift slightly toward greater proportions of profes-sional and technical and service workers and smallerproportions of clerical and blue collar workers.
This chapter contains: (1) a summary of projectionsfor each occupational group, including needs for specificoccupations in the industries most likely to needworkers; (2) the entry jobs into each industry-occu-pational group; and (3) a summary of the training andeducation requirements for the entry jobs. The detailedinformation on which these summaries are based willbe found in the appendices. Appendix A containsoccupational projections and estimates of total needsfor each industry included in the study. Education andtraining requirements for the specific entry jobs mostlikely to need workers are contained in Appendix B.
The education and training requirements for entryjobs are those reported by the firms interviewed duringthe summer. of 1968.1 Although hiring practices un-doubtedly will change because of technological changeor market conditions, the requirements listed probablyrepresent as good an estimate of future requirements asis available. Asked if they expected the reported edu-cation and training requirements to change,, fewer than8% of the firms expected any change in hiring require-ments, except for one occupational group, technicalworkers, in which 11% of firms expected change. Mostof the firms which did predict change expected require-ments to tighten because of technological reasons.
Each firm was asked about the "positions you usually fillfrom outside the company, rather than by internal transfer orpromotion, in each of the occupational groups . . .
please list the names of the jobs usually filled from outsidethe company . . What is the minimum number of years ofschooling you currently require for hiring someone for eachof these jobs? What kind of education, training and/or relatedexperience do you require for hiring someone for these jobs?"
21
Professional and Technical Workers
National trends. Nationally, the professional and tech-nical workers occupational group doubled in size between1945 and 1965. By 1975, total employment is expectedto be 45% higher than the 1965 figurethe fastestgrowth rate of any occupational group. Among thelargest occupation groups in this category are scientistsand engineers (under professional workers), and engi-neering and science technicians (among the technicians).Needs for scientists are expected to increase more rapid-ly than for engineers. Needs for engineering and sciencetechnicians or aides are expected to rise quite rapidly,stemming to some extent from increased utilization ofprofessional level workers and assumption of some oftheir tasks by less highly trained technicians. Employ-ment needs for these workers are expected to growmore rapidly than needs for the engineers 'and sci-entists they assist.
Thi need for accountants is expected to increaserapidly in the 1970's due to continued business ex-pansion, increasing complexity of business and opera-tions, and increasing use of accounting services by smallbusiness organizations. The growing use of computersand electronic data processing machines will lower theneed for junior accountants, while the need for ac-countants with college degrees will increase.
Employment of draftsmen doubled between 1950and 1965, largely from rapid growth in demand fordurable goods products. The consequent expansion ofindustries requiring numbers of engineers and scientistsalso increased the demand for draftsmen. Draftsmen
with some post-high school training will be most indemand. Manufacturing needs such as machinery, elec-trical equipment, fabricated metals and transportationequipment use the greatest number of draftsmen. Innon-manufacturing employment engineering and archi-tectural firms, construction companies and public uti-lities have the greatest needs.
Maine Trends. Growth of professional and technicalworkers is projected for Maine, but at a slower rate thanfound nationally. Table III-1 lists those industries need-ing a significant number of professional and technicalworkers by 1975. Increases resulting from technologicalchange and, in some cases, growth in total employment,are shown in the first column. The remainder of t,heneeds are for workers to replace men and women whoretire, are promoted, or die; these are shown in thesecond column. For example, in the transportationequipment and machinery industries the largest part oftotal needs is a result of the growth in total employ-ment projected for 1975. Considerably less growth isprojected for the paper industryhere, the needs arelargely replacements for existing workers.
Projected growth among specific occupations is con-tained in Table 111-2, based upon staffing patterns inthe State reported in the 1960 Census and the growthtrends for specific occupations as reported by BLS. Theright hand column shows total growth; there will beabout 5,000 professional and technical workers neededin Maine by 1975. About 40% of the needs are in theservice industry, largely in business and legal services.About 25% of the professional-technical workers willbe needed in manufacturing, mostly in the five indus-tries shown in the table. The specific professional andtechnical occupations with the largest needs are engi-neers, accountants, technicians, and "other professionaland technical."
New and Replacement Professional
SIC Industry
In manufacturing, only the larger firms hire profes-sional and technical workers. For example, in the paperindustry all but two firms interviewed with more than100 workers had professional workers and most hadtechnical workers. Among firms with less than 100workers, only one had professional workers; and thesame was true for technical workers.
Tables III-3 and 111-4 list the entry jobs for profes-sional and technical workers, respectively, for industriesmost likely to have additional jobs. The tables also con-tain the number of persons in each of these entry jobsas a proportion of the total number of professional ortechnical workers in the industry. For example, allpersons in the transportation equipment industry classedas technical workers (Table 111-4) were in entry jobs;89% were draftsmen. As another example, 27% ofthe 83 persons in the fabricated metals industry classi-fied as professional workers were in entry jobs, all engi-neers (Table 111-3). The remaining 73% werepromoted from within the company, either from the en-try job of engineer or from some other job. A positionsuch as senior engineer is one very likely to be filledfrom the entry job of engineer. A professional job, suchas accountant, is apparently filled from within the com-pany. Tables 111-3 and 111-4 add depth to the informa-tion about needs found in Table 111-2. Table 111-2shows that there will be additional accountants neededin the fabricated metals industry. However, Table 111-3shows that the prevailing practice is for accountants'jobs to be filled from within the company. This last ex-ample is the exception, since the majority of profes-sional and technical jobs are entry positions.
Tables III-5 - 111-8 contain the education andtraining requirements for professional and technicalentry jobs. About 10% of professional entry jobs
TABLE 111-5and Training Requirements for Professional Entry Jobs in Manufacturing
Years, of School
No Require- 4-8 l9-11 12 12-14 Technical Some 16 17+ Mixedments j Post-H.S. Institute College
2 .1 -11TABLE 1-6
Training Requirements for Professional Entry Jobs in
8
5 3 2 9 4
5 2 3 21
2
1 _4 3 12 9 9 1
2 1 174 15
1 1 4_19 9 19 9 217 20
Non-Manufacturing
Years of School
al No Require- 4-8 9-11 12 12-14 Technical Some 16 17+ MixedPost-H.S. Institute Collegements
0 3
4 101
11
1
's
7 1
2
3 25
7
21
1
10
1
7
11
3
2
.1 65 10
24
32
4
2
8
21
5 1
44
24
1
41
5
1
16
.4
268
1
344.
161
170
.7
.
771
r""n
14.9
falla
iM
UM
7:71
-7-7
7=
1F.
1
c. ci
TA
BL
E I
11-7
Edu
catio
n an
d T
rain
ing
Req
uire
men
ts f
or T
echn
ical
Ent
ry J
obs
in M
anuf
actu
ring
Tra
inin
gT
otal
No
Req
uire
-m
ents
4-8
9-11
Yea
rs o
f Sc
hool
Tec
hnic
alIn
stitu
teSo
me
Col
lege
1617
+.
Mix
ed12
12-1
4Po
st-H
.S.
Non
e13
46
11
1
Non
ewill
trai
n19
212
41
--E
xper
ienc
e44
72
141
144
2A
ppre
ntic
eshi
p7
61
___
Shor
t Tra
inin
g C
ours
e5
41
Spec
ializ
ed H
.S. C
ours
e
Spec
ial C
ours
es3
3
Tec
hnic
al I
nstit
ute
671
916
353
3
Spec
ializ
ed C
olle
ge12
13
17
Mix
ed__
__
Tot
al17
014
255
2256
912
TA
BL
E I
ll- 8
Edu
catio
n an
d T
rain
ing
Req
uire
men
ts f
or T
echn
ical
Ent
ry J
obs
in N
on-M
anuf
actu
ring
Tra
inin
g
Non
e
Non
e--w
ill tr
ain
Exp
erie
nce
App
rent
ices
hip
Shor
t Tra
inin
g C
ours
e
Spec
ializ
ed H
.S. C
ours
e
Spec
ial C
ours
es
Tec
hnic
al I
nstit
ute
Spec
ializ
ed C
olle
ge
Mix
ed Tot
al
Tot
alN
o R
equi
re-
mew
s4-
8
Yea
rs o
f Sc
hool
Tec
hnic
alIn
stitu
teSo
me
Col
lege
1617
+M
ixed
9-11
1212
-14
Post
-H.S
.
18 19 66 2
12 3 82 16 6
224
4 -- 3 3 10
4
.921 - 1 3 8 2
2 4 7 - 5 11 1
30
6 6
25. 2 3
1
57 104
4 2 2 11-
2 5 8 3 18
2 1 348
4 1 Fl
require a high school degree or less; the remainderrequire some kind of post-high school training orsome college preparation. Examples of professionaljobs that do require technical institute or some otherkind of post-high school training are cameramen andnews photographers, writers, and announcers, newsmen,and disc jockeys in the communication industry, librari-ans in the government, and morticians. (See AppendixB).
About 65% of the technician entry jobs in manu-facturing require technical institute or some other kindof post-high school training. The particular jobs mostlikely to require technical institute training are drafts-men, engineering aides, computer programmers inmanufacturing and finance and real estate, embalmers,mortuary assistants and electronics technicians inwholesale and retail trade, communications and elec-trical machinery and natural scientists and laboratorytechnicians in federal, state, and local government.(See Appendix B).
Officials and Managers
Nationally this occupational group has grown fasterthan total employment. The occupations most frequentlyfound in this group include traffic managers, purchasingagents, and public relations workers. Salaried managershave grown faster than self-employed proprietors since1947 due in large part to growth in the size and in-crease in the complexity of business operations. Thesetrends are expected to continue into the 1970's.
There will be an estimated need for an additional5,958 managers in Maine by 1975. Many of these arefor replacements. About 30% of this new employmentwill be in manufacturing stemming from high replace-ment needs in paper and leather and from industry ex-pansion in transportation equipment, food and apparel.(Table 111-9) In those manufacturing industries wherethere is a substantial need for workers, about one-thirdof the firms have entry jobs at this level, most likelyfirms of over 100 employees (Table III -10). Specific
TABLE 111-9
SIC
New and Replacement Managerial Workers
AdditionalWorkers
Industry Needed
Needed to 1975, by Industry
Replace-ments Total
Needed Needs
37 Transportation Equipment 245 65 310
26 Paper 138 173 311
23 Apparel 145 33. 178
31 Leather 5 139 144
36 Electrical Machinery 74 39 113
35 Non-electrical Machinery 71 39 110
20 Food 82 131 213
Other Manufacturing 243 414 171
Total Manufacturing 1550
91-93 Public Administration 342 504 84(i
60-67 Finance, Insurance,Real Estate 438 396 834
50 Wholesale Trade 254 406 660
52-59 Retail Trade 535 1286 751
70-89 Miscellaneous Services 65 354 419
48 Communications 43 86 129
15-17 Contract Construction 380 277 657
Other Manufacturing 68 180 112
Total Non-Manufacturing 4408
Total Manufacturing 1550
Grand Total 5958
26
34
rim
9 w
-14
-rga
-'6-2
1,r
77.1
t3
L-7
7.1
77.7
7r7
.-77
41
TA
BL
E
Val
iWal
Ent
ry J
obs
Man
ager
s, O
ffic
ials
& P
ropr
ieto
rs, a
nd th
e Pr
opor
tion
of th
ese
Wor
kers
in
Eac
h E
ntry
Job
, by
Indu
stry
Man
ufac
turi
ng I
ndus
trie
s
t'41"
..101
1-11
MI M
N
Off
icia
ls
Food
(20)
Tra
nspo
r-ta
tion
Equ
ipm
ent
(37)
Pape
r
(26)
App
arel
(23)
Lea
ther
(31)
Ele
ctri
cal
Mac
hine
ry
(36)
Non
-ele
c-tr
ical
Mac
hine
ry(3
5)
2%3%
1%1%
Buy
ers,
Pur
chas
ers
12
11
12
Man
ager
s, S
uper
viso
rs,
Dep
artm
ent H
eads
2731
2451
2730
32T
otal
30%
36%
25%
52%
29%
31%
35%
Tot
al n
umbe
r of
man
ager
-ia
l wor
kers
sho
wn
inpa
rent
hese
s(7
50)
(372
)(9
89)
(188
)(7
99)
(221
);
(225
)
Non
-Man
ufac
turi
ng I
ndus
trie
s
Con
trac
tC
onst
ruc-
tion
Com
mun
i-ca
tions
Util
ities
and
Sani
tary
Tru
ckin
gan
dW
are-
Oth
erT
rans
por-
tatio
n
Who
lesa
le(T
rade
)R
etai
l(T
rade
)Fi
nanc
e,In
sura
nce,
Rea
l Est
ate
Mis
c.Se
rvic
esPu
blic
Adm
inis
-tr
atio
nho
usin
g(4
1,(1
5-17
)(4
8)(4
9)(4
2)44
-47)
(50)
(52-
59)
(60-
67)
(70-
89)
(91-
93)
Off
icia
ls6%
5%4%
9%.
22%
5%2%
10%
10%
13%
Buy
ers,
Pur
chas
ers
0.5
12
22
241
2
Man
ager
s, S
uper
viso
rs,
Dep
artm
ent H
eads
1314
1423
1521
1934
3229
Tot
al19
%19
%18
%33
%39
%27
%23
%68
%43
%44
%T
otal
num
ber
of m
anag
er-
ial w
orke
rs s
how
n in
pare
nthe
ses
(158
2)(4
93)
(233
)(4
46)
(310
)(2
330)
(734
6)(2
275)
(182
5)(2
880)
r_4
Tra
inin
g
Non
e
Non
ewill
trai
nE
xper
ienc
e
TA
BL
E1
Edu
catio
n an
d T
rain
ing
Req
uire
men
ts f
or O
ffic
ials
and
Man
ager
s E
ntry
Job
s in
Man
ufac
turi
ng
Yea
rs o
f Sc
hool
Tot
alN
o R
equi
re-
4-8
9-1'
1m
ents
6118
164
155
37
App
rent
ices
hip
Shor
t Tra
inin
g C
ours
e8
Spec
ializ
ed H
.S. C
ours
e1
Spec
ial C
ours
es2
Tec
hnic
al I
nstit
ute
46
Spec
ializ
ed C
olle
ge92
Mix
ed5
Tot
al38
6
- 621 T
AB
LE
111
-12
Edu
catio
n an
d T
rain
ing
Req
uire
men
ts f
or O
ffic
ials
and
Man
ager
s E
ntry
Job
s in
Non
-Man
ufac
turi
ng
Yea
rs o
f Sc
hool
1212
-14
.T
echn
ical
Som
e16
17+
Mix
edPo
st-H
.S..
Inst
itute
Col
lege
246
210
102
807
81
211
'31
2-
5.10
185
53
52
180
4
23
130
25'
326
122
8
Tra
inin
g
Non
e
Non
ewill
trai
nE
xper
ienc
e
App
rent
ices
hip
Shor
t Tra
inin
g C
ours
e
Spec
ializ
ed H
.S. C
ours
e
Spec
ial C
ours
es
Tec
hnic
al I
nstit
ute
Spec
ializ
ed C
olle
ge
Mix
ed Tot
al
Tot
alN
o R
equi
re-
4-8
9-11
1212
-14
Tec
hnic
alSo
me
1617
+M
ixed
men
tsPo
st-H
.S.
Inst
itute
Col
lege
262
'19
29
1429
111
19I
6111
316
722
125
1037
043
2713
5
_68
1150
32
1
109
3228
22
156
2035
795
143
288
83
625
615
71
12
__.
12
1656
156
1520
738
103
133
1545
323
t4r?
?..1
1,4
-
entry jobs in this occupational group in manufacturingare department heads, purchasing agents, traffic man-agers and the like. Training and education require-ments for manufacturing firms are shown in TableIII-11. A college degree is required for managerialworkers in 38% of the manufacturing firms with entryjobs for department heads, and 65% of firms with theentry job of official. Experience is the next most oftenoccurring requirement for department heads, officials,buyers, and purchasers, with technical education andtraining being required for buyers in only 14% of themanufacturing firms with entry jobs. (See Appendix B)
In non-manufacturing, the industries with the greatestneeds for managerial workers will be government,wholesale and retail trade, finance, insurance, andreal estate, construction, and services. Generally onlypart of the managerial jobs are filled from outside thecompany, ranging from 19% in construction to 44%in government and 68% in finance, insurance and realestate. The entry jobs are officials, buyers,, and man-agers, supervisors and department heads. There is awide variety of training and education requirements for
SIC
these entry jobs; some firms require high school, somerequire college and many require something in betweensuch as special training or a post-high school trainingcourse.
Sales Workers
Nationally, an increased number of new products andan expanding population caused a growth in the num-ber of sales workers of almost 25% between 1947 and1965. This trend is projected to continue into the 1970's.Real estate, insurance, wholesale trade and manu-facturing representatives have accounted for most ofthe employment needs. Retail trade accounts for asmall percentage.
The number of sales workers has declined in Mainesince 1960 and the projected need for sales workers isthe smallest of any occupational group except laborers.The largest number will be needed in wholesale andretail trade and finance, insurance and real estate, witha few persons needed in manufacturing. Replacementsmake up a sizable proportion of sales workers neededin most inch series. The proportions of entry jobs in both
TABLE III-13
New and Replacement Sales Workers Needed to 1975, by Industry
AdditionalWorkers
Industry Needed
- Replace-ments
NeededTot alNeeds
20 Food 71 106 177
37 Transportation Equipment 22 8 30
31 Leather 1 51 52
26 Paper 28 22 50'
23 Apparel 37 6 43
Other 'Manufacturing 12 123 111Total Manufacturing 463
manufacturing and non-manufacturing are very highas is seen in Table 111-15. The vast majority of firms,require no special education or training beyond a highschool degree. In manufacturing 9% of the jobs re-quire some kind of post-high school technical trainingand 12% require a college degree; another 5% requiresome kind of special training course. (See Table 111-15.)In non-manufacturing only 1 3 % require any kind of
formal education beyond high school and another 4%require some kind of short training course or specialcourses in high school. (See Table 111-16.)
Firms that require training or education are morelikely to be found in contract construction, transporta-tion & public utilities, wholesale and retail trade andfinance, insurance, and real estate.
TABLE 111-14
Entry Jobs Sales Workers and the Proportion of Sales Workers in Each Entry Job, by Industry
Manufacturing Industries
Salesworkers
Food
(20)
Transpor-tation
Equipment(37)
Leather
(31)
Paper
(26)
Apparel
(23)
48% 74% 85% 65% 100%Other
Tctal number of salesworkers shown inparentheses (507) (36) . (246) (106) (35)
Non-Manufacturing Industries
Salesworkers
ContractConstrue-
Lion(15-17)
Utilitiesand
Sanitary(41-49)
Wholesale(Trade)
(50)
Retail(Trade)
(52-59)
Finance,Insurance,
Real Estate(60-67)
Misc.Services
(70-89)
Adminis-tration(91-93)
92% 78% 73% 100% 100% 73% 22%Other
Total number of salesworkers shown inparentheses (166) (230) (2407) (11596) (1328) (538) (554)
30
It1
"1"1
fa4,
0,4
TA
BL
E 1
11-1
5
Edu
catio
n an
d T
rain
ing
Req
uire
men
ts f
or S
ales
Wor
kers
Ent
ry J
obs
in M
anuf
actu
ring
Yea
rs o
f Sc
hool
Tra
inin
gT
otal
No
Req
uire
-m
ents
4-8
9-11
Non
e79
172
Non
vwill
trai
n27
5
Exp
erie
nce
110
22
App
rent
ices
hip
Shor
t Tra
inin
g C
ours
e2
Spec
ializ
ed H
.S. C
ours
e4
Spec
ial C
ours
es.
3
Tec
hnic
al I
nstit
ute
11Sp
ecia
lized
Col
lege
101
Mix
ed Tot
al24
6 .
456
2
Tra
inin
g
Non
e
Non
ewill
trai
nE
xper
ienc
e
App
rent
ices
hip
Shor
t Tra
inin
g C
ours
e
Spec
ializ
ed H
.S. C
ours
e
Spec
ial C
ours
es
Tec
hnic
al I
nstit
ute
Spec
ializ
ed C
olle
ge
Mix
ed Tot
al
.114
)O
NO
1212
-14
Tec
hnic
alSo
me
1617
+M
ixed
Post
-H.S
.In
stitu
te-
Col
lege
51 10 68
3 4
141
12
2 1 4
TA
BL
E I
II-1
6
Edu
catio
n an
d T
rain
ing
Req
uire
men
ts f
or S
ales
Wor
kers
in N
on-M
anuf
actu
ring
Yea
rs o
f Sc
hool
2 9 9
301
Tot
alN
o R
equi
re-
men
ts4-
89-
1112
12-1
4Po
st-H
.S.
Tec
hnic
alIn
stitu
teSo
me
Col
lege
1617
+M
ixed
753
2834
639
2112
3
302
6813
1017
810
518
489
8821
930
421
131
302
11
394
284
I2
1311
2
305
223
287
610
14
322
228
22
1689
165
6254
1191
6644
510
02
1011
111m
o
Clerical and Kindred Workers
National trends. More than half of clerical and kin-dred workers are found in manufacturing, wholesaleand retail trade, and public administration. The in-crease in employment requirements has been steadybetween 1947 and 1965 resulting from the expansionof the economy and the rapid increase in the amountof business communications conducted through mailand telephone systems, an increase likely to continue.In retail business the trend of transferring to clericalpersonnel operations formerly executed by sales workerswill contribute to rising needs. Automatic recordprocessing techniques will tend to limit growth some-what.
The needs for bookkeepers over 1965 employmentare expected to rise about 20%. Use of electronic dataprocessing machinery will limit growth somewhat, butmany smaller firms will not move to total automation.Use of automatic data processing machinery will createincreased need for workers to write input and summaryreports of the resulting increased amount of data.
The need for office machine operators is expected todouble nationally between 1965 and 1975 due largelyto continued growing requirements for record keeping.Most growth will be found in manufacturing andinsurance and banking. Increased use of computers andcopy machines will require rapid increase in need foroperators.
The largest single group in the category, stenogra-
SIC
New and Replacement
Industry
phers, secretaries, and typists, is expected to increase insize by one-third between 1965 and 1975.
Technological developments are not seen as a limitingfactor in employment requirements for clerical andkindred workers although they will result in increasedoutput per worker, especially for the more routineoperations. The expanding volume of paper work as-sociated with continued economic expansion will requiremore workers in this group.
Maine Trends. There will be over 11,000 additionalclerical workers needed in Maine by 1975 (Tables111-17 and III-18). The largest needs will be in finance,insurance and real state, government, and wholesaleand retail trade. Less than 20% of the needs are inmanufacturing. Most industries, either manufacturingor non-manufacturing, have a large proportion of theirclerical jobs as entry jobs. (Table 111-19).
Tables 111-20 and 111-21 indicate education andtraining requirements for manufacturing and non-manufacturing respectively. Almost 20% of the clericaljobs in manufacturing require formal education beyondhigh school; another 44% require a specialized highschool course or special courses in high school alongwith a high school degree. In non-manufacturing 13%of the jobs require formal education beyond highschool and 34% require special programs or courses inhigh school.
Appendix B contains the hiring requirements forspecific entry jobs. The requirements apparently varymore with the firm than with the particular job since nopattern is apparent.
National Trends. Nationally, this is the only blue-collar occupational group to increase as fast as totalemployment between 1947 and 1965. The fairly rapidincrease of that period included wide variation amongindividual occupations. Occupations declining some-what included painters, bakers, and carpenters, al-though this last group remains the largest among skilledoccupations.
The 1975 levels are expected to be about 25%over those of 1965. Mechanics and repairmen employ-ment needs will grow more rapidly than needs for thecategory as a whole, reflecting increased use of complexequipment industry and need for its maintenance. Em-ployment needs in the building trades are expected toincrease more slowly. The machinery occupations areexpected to see a rise in needs, though somewhatlimited by the use of numerically controlled equipment.
Maine Trends. In Maine, as shown in Table III-22,there will be a substantial need for additional craftsmen,foremen, and kindred workers in almost every industryin Maine. Some of these needs will be replacements forpersons who have died, retired, or been promoted tosome other occupational group. Others will be neededbecause of technological change and because of growthin total employment.
The total need is about 5,900 new craftsmen andforemen (see Table III-23) in manufacturing and 5,200in non-manufacturing. Twenty-five percent of the needs
in manufacturing are in transportation equipment and28% in paper; in non-manufacturing industries 40% ofthe needs are in contract construction and 24% in re-tail trade.
There will be a variety of workers needed. Thelargest needs are for mechanics and repairmen, thenforemen, carpenters, mwthinists, plumbers, electricians,and millwrights. However, one must be careful in trans-lating total needs into requirements for particular kindsof workers because in some industries there are rela-tively few entry jobs in the craftsman occupationalgroup, especially in those manufacturing industries withthe largest probable needs (paper, transportation equip-ment and leather). In other manufacturing industries,such as food, non-electrical machinery, fabricatedmetals, and lumber and wood and in virtually all thenon-manufacturing industries, the majority of the crafts-men jobs are entry jobs.
Tables III-25 and III-26 contain hiring requirementsfor manufacturing and non-manufacturing respectively.There are a wide variety of educational and trainingrequirements. For example in non-manufacturing about20% of the jobs require post-high school training ofsome kind or another and 25% of the jobs simply re-quire experience with no other educational trainingrequirements. The same general picture is also true formanufacturing. Following are brief comments aboutspecific occupations.
TABLE 111-22
New and Replacement Craftsmen Workers Needed to 1975, by Industry
Mechanics and Repairmen. Nationally this forms oneof the fastest growing occupational groups in the totallabor force. Automotive mechanics and repairmenmade up almost one-third of this group in 1966. Otherlarge groups are appliance servicemen, industrial ma-chinery repairmen, television and radio service tech-nicians and aircraft mechanics. Related occupations areelectricians, telephone repairmen, millwrights and watchrepairmen. Altogether these groups accounted for about30% of all skilled workers. Training is generally pro-vided by on the job training of 3 to 4 years, and ap-prenticeship programs. MDTA programs also pro-vide a substantial number of workers; the automotivemechanic training program is one of the largest pro-grams.
Needs for mechanics and repairmen are spreadthroughout the Maine economy. The industries that listmechanics and repairmen as an entry job and have asubstanial need projected for 1975 are food, leather,contract construction, retail trade, transportation,miscellaneous services, and government. A num-ber of the firms in these industries needing substantialnumbers of mechanics and repairmen require some kindof post-high school training (see Appendix B). Gen-erally speaking though, most firms simply require a highschool degree or less with experience and some do noteven require the experience. Firms in retail trade havethe highest standards, 49% require apprenticeship orshort training course and an additional 20% requiretechnical institute or other post-high school training.Hiring requirements for appliance servicemen, oftenfound in appliance stores of under 10 employees, arelargely high school plus experience or high school plusa short training course or apprenticeship.
Machinists. Nationally, over four-fifths of all ma-chinists are found in manufacturing with large numbersin non-electrical machinery, transportation equipment,fabricated metal products, electrical machinery andprimary metals. This occupational group has experi-enced almost complete stability despite increased out-put in the machine industry, due largely to technologicaldevelopments such as numerically controlled machinery.A slight increase in employment needs is expected by1975. Apprenticeship is the usual method of acquiringproficiency in this trade.
In Maine the two industries requiring significantnumbers of machinists are transportation equipmentand non-electrical machinery. Only non-electrical ma-chinery firms list machinists as an entry job, more likelythe larger firms. High school plus some experience isthe chief requirement, with high school alone the nextmost commonly requested; fifteen percent of the firmsrequired post-high school training or education.
35
4 5.
For metal working craftsmen in Maine's fabricatedmetals industry requirements are spread equally be-tween high school and no experiencewill train, highschool and experience, and technical institute or otherpost-high school training. They form two-thirds ofentry craftsmen in fabricated metals, and about two-fifths of the entry craftsmen in the transportation equip-ment industry, which hires 29% of all its entry leveloccupations in the craftsmen category.
Foremen. Some foremen are needed by almost everyindustry in Maine. In general the job of foreman is filledby promotion from within the company. However, someindustries do list foreman as an entry job, includingtransportation equipment, leather, apparel, lumber andwood, food, contract construction, and government.
In the leather and apparel industry, entry foremenare u sally found in firms of over 100 employees. Mostfirms require simply experience for the foreman job.Contr.rzt construction and retail trade are the onlyindustries where a substantial number of firms requireformal training programs.
The hiring requirements for millwrights in Maine,found chiefly in the paper and lumber and wood indus-tries, are most commonly high school plus some experi-ence. An occasional firm requires more formal trainingor education.
Carpenters. Although nationally employment in thislargest single skilled worker group declined somewhatbetween 1950 and 1965 (due in part to use of pre-fabricated materials) demand is projected to rise slight-ly by 1975 due to increased construction activity. Train-ing is most generally through a formal apprenticeshipprogram of 3 to 4 years.
The only industries in Maine to show a substantialneed for carpenters are transportation equipment andconstruction. Firms in both industries list carpenters asan entry job and they form the largest single group ofentry level craftsmen in the construction industry. Thegreat majority of firms who hire carpenters requireexperience but no formal training. Only a few construc-tion firms require post-high school training of somekind.
Electricians. Nationally more than 40% of thisoccupational group is employed in the constructionindustry. Having increased about one-fifth between1950 and 1965, employment is expected to grow byabout 15% by 1975. The usual training ,s through 4year apprenticeship programs.
In Maine the job of electrician is one for which em-ployment needs in 1975 will be fairly substantial rela-tive to other craftsmen, with the ,-;reatest need in trans-portation equipment, paper, and construction. Trans-portation equipment firms do not list electricians as an
TA
BL
E 1
11-2
3
Tot
al N
eeds
to 1
975
for
Cra
ftsm
en, F
orem
en &
Kin
dred
Wor
kers
, by
Spec
ific
Occ
upat
ions
Tot
al N
eeds
to 1
975
Man
ufac
turi
ng I
ndus
trie
s
Pape
r
(26)
Lea
ther
(31)
Non
-ele
c-tr
ical
Mac
hine
ry(3
5)
Ele
ctri
cal
Mac
hine
ry
(36)
App
arel
(23)
Fabr
i-ca
ted
Met
als
(34)
Tex
-til
es
(22)
Rub
ber
&Pl
astic
s
(30)
Lum
ber
&W
ood
(24,
25)
Tra
nspo
r-ta
tion
Equ
ipm
ent
(37)
Food
(20)
Oth
er
Mfg
.
1695
386
231
184
106
102
8178
268
1829
363
33B
lack
smith
s, F
orge
men
,H
amm
erm
en2
51
18B
oile
rmak
ers
118
12
Cab
inet
mak
ers
92
818
2C
arpe
nter
s34
42
21
716
311
111
rA
Cra
nem
eni .
Roi
stm
en, C
onst
rue-
Cr)
._
tion
Mac
hine
Ope
rato
rs68
25
213
181
2E
lect
rici
ans
119
45
92
183
63
Fore
men
, n.e
.c.
424
243
3050
5816
3330
7091
111
18M
achi
nist
s &
Job
sette
rs68
410
440
1416
24
2427
45
5M
echa
nics
& R
epai
rmen
373
104
5344
1724
2115
4018
313
216
Mill
wri
ghts
220
11
11Pl
umbe
rs &
Pip
efitt
ers
153
21
11
911
1Pr
intin
g C
raft
smen
172
18
34St
atio
nary
Eng
inee
rs5
112
23
182
Too
lmak
ers,
Die
mak
ers
& S
ette
rs9
76
218
1
Oth
er C
raft
smen
, For
e-m
en &
Kin
dred
Wor
kers
203
2714
1312
18.2
014
7560
386
16
1121
1110
111A
2111
4W1
TA
BL
E 1
11-2
3 (C
ontin
ued)
Tot
al N
eeds
to 1
975
for
Cra
ftsm
en, F
orem
en &
Kin
dred
Wor
kers
, by
Spec
ii:c
Occ
upat
ions
Non
-Man
ufac
turi
ng I
ndus
trie
s
144 .J
Tot
al N
eeds
to 1
975
Con
trac
tC
onst
rue-
tion
(15-
17)
Tru
ckin
gan
dW
are-
hous
ing
(42)
Oth
erT
rans
por-
tatio
n(4
1,44
-47)
Com
mun
i-ca
tions
(48)
Util
ities
and
Sani
tary
(49)
Who
lesa
le(T
rade
)
(50)
Ret
ail
(Tra
de)
(52-
59)
Fina
nce,
Insu
ranc
e,R
eal E
stat
e
(60-
67)
Mis
c.Se
rvic
es
(70-
89)
Publ
icA
dmin
is-
trat
ion
(9i -
93)
Tot
al
Mfg
.
Tot
alN
on-
Mfg
.
Gra
nd
Tot
al
2119
884
133
154
752
1246
1125
846
153
5552
2610
582
Bla
cksm
iths,
For
gem
en.
Ham
mer
men
126
127
Boi
lerm
aker
s22
22C
abin
etm
aker
s1
251
3926
65
Car
pent
ers
678
21
762
314
1838
978
511
74
Cra
nem
en, H
oist
men
, Con
stru
c-tio
n M
achi
ne O
pera
tors
422
122
111
6717
8
Ele
ctri
cian
s12
78
72
2333
115
749
8Fo
rem
en, n
.e.c
.*17
021
17
1427
150
119
5511
7460
817
82
Mac
hini
sts
& J
ob-s
ette
rs15
556
020
581
Mec
hani
cs &
Rep
airm
en21
258
19
5236
983
54
154
226
1022
1920
2942
Mill
wr:
,;hts
268
268
Plum
bers
& P
ipef
itter
s21
22
251
1425
125
450
5Pr
intin
g C
raft
smen
45
69
3
Stat
iona
ry E
ngin
eers
114
2212
123
4373
116
Too
lmak
ers,
Die
mak
ers
& S
ette
rs43
43O
ther
Cra
ftsm
en, F
ore-
men
& K
indr
ed W
orke
rs67
85
:16
6537
237
262
9211
0112
9423
95
'LIS
LE
III
-24
Ent
ry J
obs
Cra
ftsm
en &
Kin
dred
Wor
kers
and
Pro
duct
ion
of T
hese
Wor
kers
in
Eac
h E
ntry
Job
, by
Indu
stry
Con
stru
ctio
n C
raft
smen
Man
ufac
turi
ng I
ndus
trie
s
Tra
nspo
r-ta
tion
Equ
ipm
ent
(37)
Pape
r
(26)
Lea
ther
(31)
Non
-ele
c-tr
ical
Mac
hine
ry
(35)
Ele
ctri
cal
Mac
hine
ry
(36)
App
arel
(23)
Fabr
i-ca
ted
Met
als
(34)
Tex
-til
es
(22)
Rub
ber
&Pl
astic
s
(30)
Lum
ber
and
Woo
d
(24,
25)
Food
(20)
%%
%%
%%
%4%
%%
%%
Fore
men
18
323
33
811
1513
Ele
ctri
cian
s2
33
11
14
Mec
hani
cs, R
epai
rmen
22
143
1511
g8
120
Mill
wri
ght
31
41
Mac
hini
sts
66
6034
108
912
7C
arpe
nter
s3
23
43
81
Tai
lors
& T
ailo
ress
es9
Mai
nten
ance
Men
-6
00 L
umbe
rG
rade
rsti
Mac
hine
Ope
rato
rs1
125
Des
igne
rs &
Pat
tern
Mak
ers
12
Met
al. W
orki
ng C
raft
smen
1240
Insp
ecto
rs33
Sailr
nake
rs4
Mas
ons
Cra
nem
en, H
oist
men
, Con
stru
c-tio
n M
achi
ne O
pera
tors
Pain
ters
Plum
bers
& P
ipef
itter
s2
Lin
emen
, Cab
lem
enB
aker
s, C
hefs
, & F
rost
ers
14B
odym
enO
ilbur
ner
Serv
icem
enU
phol
ster
ers
& C
arpe
t Lay
ers
Tel
etyp
e O
pera
tors
& M
ech.
T.V
. Rep
airm
enPr
ojec
tioni
sts
Oth
er11
73
61
104
13
1824
6T
otal
29%
18%
22%
83%
74%
80%
65%
21%
19%
70%
62%
73%
Tot
al n
umbe
r of
Cra
ftsm
en&
Kin
dred
wor
kers
sho
wn
in p
aren
thes
es(2
591)
(436
2)(1
590)
(101
4)(2
62)
(91)
(640
)(1
398)
(207
)(2
038)
(110
2)
Oa*
0.10
.11-
11'4
141.
40,1
P111
191'
44°1
11tim
°11
VD
!4'4
°Nfl
!..3
344
P2R
Con
stru
ctio
n C
raft
smen
Non
-Man
ufac
turi
ng I
ndus
trie
s
-i 1 A 2 n
Con
trac
tC
onst
ruc-
tion
(15-
17)
Oth
erT
rans
por-
tatio
li(4
1,44
-47)
Tru
ckin
gan
dW
are-
hous
ing
(42)
Com
mun
.:-ca
tions
(48)
Util
ities
,an
dSa
nita
ry
(49)
Who
lesa
le(T
rade
)
(50)
Ret
ail
(Tra
de)
(52-
59)
Fina
nce,
Insu
ranc
e,R
eal E
stat
e
(60-
67)
Mis
c.Se
rvic
es
(70-
89)
Publ
ic..`
dmin
is-
trat
ion
(91-
93)
%1%
%%
%%
%%
2%%
Fore
men
57
101
44
232
3
Ele
ctri
cian
s9
15
11
22
Mec
hani
cs, R
epai
rmen
148
695
2462
1449
12
Mill
wri
ght
Mac
hini
sts
I63
1
Car
pent
ers
298
223
14
Tai
lors
& T
ailo
ress
es1
Mai
nten
ance
Men
12
Lum
ber
Gra
ders
M?
:tine
Ope
rato
rsD
esig
ners
& P
atte
rn M
aker
sM
etal
Wor
king
Cra
ftsm
en2
Insp
ecto
rs20
3
Sailm
aker
sM
ason
s1
Cra
nem
en, H
oist
men
, Con
stru
c-tio
n M
achi
ne O
pera
tors
91
18
Pain
ters
71
2
Plum
bers
& P
ipef
itter
s7
11
31
Lin
emen
, Cab
lem
en3
11
Bak
ers,
Che
fs, &
Fro
ster
s3
1
Bod
ymen
611
Oilb
urne
r Se
rvic
emen
8
Uph
olst
erer
s &
Car
pet L
ayer
s1
5T
elet
ype
Ope
rato
rs &
Mec
h.2
T.V
. Rep
airm
en1
Proj
ectio
nist
s3
Oth
er10
14
835
56
36
11T
otal
84%
68%
8950
93%
23%
100%
96%
86%
90%
58%
Tot
al n
umbe
r of
Cra
ftsm
en&
Kin
dred
wor
kers
sho
wn
in p
aren
thes
es(8
166)
(231
)(2
78)
(966
)(1
194)
(145
1)(4
712)
(46)
(114
9)(1
939)
Cr; V.
TA
BL
E 1
11-2
5
Edu
catio
n an
d T
rain
ing
Req
uire
men
ts f
or C
raft
smen
Ent
ry J
obs
in M
anuf
actu
ring
Yea
rs o
f Sc
hool
Tra
inin
gT
otal
No
Req
uire
-m
ents
4-8
9-11
1212
-14
Post
-H.S
.T
echn
ical
Inst
itute
Som
eC
olle
ge16
17+
Mix
ed
Non
e15
289
105
461
1
Non
ewill
trai
n11
347
61
553
1
Exp
erie
nce
444
172
528
194
97
11
App
rent
ices
hip
298
118
2
Shor
t Tra
inin
g C
ours
e26
715
4
Spec
ializ
ed H
.S. C
ours
e
Spec
ial C
ours
es14
21
11
Tec
hnic
al I
nstit
ute
826
42b
1629
1
Spec
ializ
ed C
olle
ge1
1
Mix
ed11 --
53
21
Tot
al87
233
669
1936
831
442
21
TA
BL
E 1
11-2
6
Edu
catio
n an
d T
rain
ing
Req
uire
men
ts f
or C
raft
smen
Ent
ry J
obs
in N
on-M
anuf
actu
ring
Yea
rs o
f Sc
hool
Tra
inin
g
Non
e
Non
ewill
trai
nE
xper
ienc
e
App
rent
ices
hip
Shor
t Tra
inin
g C
ours
e
Spec
ializ
ed H
.S. C
ours
e
Spec
ial C
ours
es
Tec
hnic
al I
nstit
ute
Spec
ializ
ed C
olle
ge
Mix
ed Tot
al
Tot
alN
o R
equi
re-
men
ts4-
89-
1112
12-1
4Po
st-H
.S.
Tec
hnic
alIn
stitu
teSo
me
Col
lege
1617
+M
ixed
216
269
1151 37 131 1
31 244 8
23
2111
94
544 17 31 2 35 7
730
21 23 114 4 4 3 1
170
13 8
30
1 5 4
61
149
136
411 15 70
1
29 85 4
900
17 6 34 19 37 4
117
11
2 13 2
78
3
109
4 3 5 2 14
1 2 6 10
=L
T'
L'.:
=
II9
1.
entry job. Hiring requirements are generally quite high;over half of the firms in construction who hire elec-tricians require formal training of some kind.
Plumbers and Pipefitters. Nationally, this group hasgrown by 15% between 1950 and 1965and willprobably grow by about one-fourth by 1975, due inpart to anticipated growth in construction, and in-creases in population and income. Growth will be limitedsernewhat by technological developments such as pre-fabricated equipment and use of light weight plasticmaterials.
In Maine, plumbers and pipefitters will form 4% ofthe total needs for craftsmen in 1975 with most of theneeds in transportation equipment, paper and contractconstruction. It is an entry level job only in the contractconstruction industry. Over half of the firms requiresome kind of training program; most of the rest preferexperience.
Operatives
Nationally needs for operatives are projected to beabout 12% over 1965 figures, even though employmentrequirements have fluctuated 'since World War II. Theincreased demand is accounted .for in part by risingproduction. Operatives represent the largest group ofblue collar workers. Technological improvements willlimit employment growth most in the manufacturingsector. Training for most semi-skilled workers isacquired on the job and is not of long duration.
There will be a need for over 13,000 additional
operatives in Maine by 1975, the largest number forany occupational group. Over 75% of the need foroperatives will be in manufacturing (Table III-27) .The bulk of total needs lies in replacements for leather,paper, and retail trade, ,end in additional workers inapparel, electrical machinery, transportation equipment,and contract construction. A combination of replace-ments and additional workers will be needed in non-electrical machinery, rubber and plastics, trucking andwholesale trade.
Most operative jobs are entry level (Table III-28)and very few require any special education or training(Table III-30).
In manufacturing, less than 30% of the operativeentry jobs require a high school degree; 23% requireexperience. Virtually none of the jobs in manufacturing(less than 1 %) require any kind of post-high schooltraining, and only 4% of the jobs require any specialtraining whatsoever (usually special courses in highschool or special short training courses). Two of thejobs which do require such training, are welders (non-electrical machinery) and cutters (apparel). (See Ap-pendix B.)
Requirements are somewhat higher in non-manu-facturing: just over 50% of the operative jobs requirea high school degree; 30% require experience. Only2% of operative j, )s require any post-high schooltraining and about 4% require some kind of training orspecial courses. One particular entry job that does oftenrequire special training is apprentices in contractInstruction.
TABLE 111-27
New and Replacement Operative Workers Needed to 1975, by Industry
Manufacturing industries nationally employ aboutone-third of all non-farm laborers. Little change in em-ployment requirements is anticipated in the years to1975 nationally, due to increasing output per workerfrom continuing substitution of mechanical equipment(such as forklift trucks, conveyor belts, and automatedprocessing systems) for manual labor, which will offsetrising demand.
In Maine there will be approximately 1800 laborersneeded, the smallest growth of any occupational group.The only manufacturing industries with any need foradditional laborers will be leather (for replacements)and transportation equipment and electrical machinery(for new workers). Manufacturing as a whole will
require fewer laborers in 1975 than is required now(Table 111-32). The needs in non-manufacturingare largely in contract construction and wholesale andretail trade. This worker group is generally an entrylevel one (Table HI-33). Educational and training re-quirements (Tables 111-34 and 111-35) vary from noneto a high school education, particularly in industrieswhere the main entry level is among laborers (e.g.,many large paper companies). Most laborer jobshave no training or education requirements. About 1%of jobs in either manufacturing or in non-manufacturingrequire special training, either in high school or post-high school. One firm in food and several firms inconstruction, retail trade, and the service industrieshave post-high school training as a minimum require-ment for laborer jobs.
TABLE 111-32
Ncw and Replacement Laborers Needed to 1975, by Industry
Total 93% 90% 90% 99% 76% 89% 86%Total number of laborers
shown in parentheses (2629) (1000) (1790) (3650) (81) (1135) (1689)
45
5
,....
-TA
BL
E 1
11-3
4
Edu
catio
n an
d T
rain
ing
Req
uire
men
ts f
or L
abor
er E
ntry
Job
s in
Man
ufac
turi
ng
Yea
rs o
f Sc
hool
Tra
inin
gT
otal
No
Req
uire
-4-
89-
1112
12-1
4T
echn
ical
Som
e16
17+
Mix
edPo
st-H
S.In
stitu
teC
olle
ge
Non
e45
633
365
453
1
Non
ewill
trai
n73
3517
416
1
Exp
erie
nce
127
21
2
App
rent
ices
hip
Shor
t Tra
inin
g C
ours
e
Spec
ializ
ed H
.S. C
ours
e1
1
Spec
ial C
ours
es5
23
Tec
hnic
al I
nstit
ute
Spec
ializ
ed C
olle
ge
Mix
ed._
_.
Tot
al54
737
184
975
2
TA
BL
E 1
11-3
5
Edu
catio
n an
d T
rain
ing
Req
uire
men
ts f
or L
abor
er e
ntry
Job
s in
Non
-Man
ufac
turi
ng
Yea
rs o
f Sc
hool
Tra
inin
g
Non
e
Non
ewill
trai
nE
xper
ienc
e
App
rent
ices
hip
Shor
t Tra
inin
g C
ours
e
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ializ
ed H
.S. C
ours
e
Spec
ial C
ours
es
Tec
hnic
al I
nstit
ute
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ializ
ed C
olle
ge
Mix
ed Tot
al
Tot
alN
o R
equi
re-
men
ts4-
89-
1112
12-1
4Po
st-H
.S.
Tec
hnic
alIn
stitu
teSo
me
Col
lege
1617
+M
ixt..
.!
451
141 86 2 4 4
688
77 42 1
120
164 26
.
8
198
50 6 5
__.
61
232 30 31 2 4 3
302
3 2 5
1 1
1 1
i.raa
verl
r.re
ftle
ort
Service Workers
Growth in this occupational group stems largely frompopulation growth, higher levels of business activityand an increase in disposable income. Nationally, pro-tective service workers are due to grow most rapidly.In Maine, there will be about 4,500 additional serviceworkers needed by 1975. Less than 10% of theseworkers will be required in manufacturing. (Table111-36).
The needs for service workers are spread throughmost industries since all need guards, watchmen,janitors, etc. Two industries, retail trade (largelywaitresses) and government (largely guards and health
workers) have the greatest need. The needs in retailtrade are all for replacements; government needs areboth for new workers and replacements. (Table 111-37).
Almost all service worker jobs are entry jobs (TableH1-381. Generally speaking, there are few educationalor training requirements. In manufacturing no job re-quires any special training and only 15% of the jobsrequire even a high school degree (Table 111-39). Innon-manufacturing requirements are somewhat higher:10% of the jobs require some kind of training eitherin high school or afterwards; alinost hail the jobs re-quire a high school degree (Table 111-40). The par-ticular jobs that sometimes require special training arebarber and beauticians, cooks, and bartenders.
TABLE 111-36
New and Replacement Service Workers Needed to 1975, by Industry
Total number ofservice workersshown in parentheses
92%
(55)
100%
(180)
88% 94% 95% 86% 71%
(77) (8085) (554) (5301) (6980)
48
58
GIN
Nlo
m-,
4L
assa
.a.
I
TA
BL
E 1
11-3
9
Edu
catio
n an
d T
rain
ing
Req
uire
men
ts f
or S
ervi
ce E
ntry
Job
s in
Man
ufac
turi
ng
Tra
inin
gT
otal
No
Req
uire
-m
ents
4-8
9-11
Yea
rs o
f Sc
hool
Tec
hnic
alSo
me
1617
+M
ixed
Inst
itute
Col
lege
1212
-14
Post
-H.S
.
Non
e31
020
948
1043
Non
ewill
trai
n44
62
4
Fxpe
rien
ce31
1310
7
App
rent
ices
hip
Shor
t Tra
inin
g C
ours
e
Spec
ializ
ed H
.S. C
ours
e
Spec
ial C
ours
es
Tec
hnic
al I
nstit
ute
Spec
ializ
ed C
olle
ge
Mix
ed_ _
__
Tot
al38
525
464
1254
1
TA
BL
E 1
11-4
0
Edu
catio
n an
d T
rain
ing
Req
uire
men
ts f
or S
ervi
ce W
orke
rs E
ntry
Job
s in
Non
-Man
ufac
turi
ng
Yea
rs o
f Sc
hool
Tra
inin
gT
otal
No
Req
uire
-m
ents
4-8
9-11
1212
-14
Post
-H.S
.T
echn
ical
Inst
itute
Som
eC
olle
ge16
17+
Mix
ed
Non
e32
810
848
171
1
Non
ewill
trai
n15
910
49
638
11
Exp
erie
nce
264
126
347
97
App
rent
ices
hip
Shor
t Tra
inin
g C
ours
e41
432
5
Spec
ializ
ed H
.S. C
ours
e
Spec
ial C
ours
es4
4
Tec
hnic
al I
nstit
ute
381
25
517
8
Spec
ializ
ed C
olle
ge3
3
Mix
ed Tot
al83
723
515
366
347
238
41
1
APPENDICES
Appendix A contains tables for each major industry group, showing occupa-tional distribution for 1960, 1968, projections to 1975, and the amount of change,number of replacements, and total needs to 1975. Sources of the data are describedin Chapter I, the section on How Projections Were Made.
Appendix B contains education and training requirements for specific jobs ineach occupation group in each major industry group with a significant number ofentry jobs.
Appendix C contains a brief bi3liography of material relevant to the studyand to Maine.
APPENDIX A
TABLE A-1
Occupational Distribution for Contract Construction (SIC 15, 16, 17) in Maine1960, 1968, and Projected Needs for 1975
Hiring Requirements for Particular Entry Jobs for ProfessionalNon-M:Manufacturing Industries
Engineers:High school (or less)
Transpor-tation
Equipment(37)
ElectricalMachinery
(36)
Non-elec-trical
Machinery(35)
Fabri-cated
Metal(34)
Paper
(26)
Contra'tConstruc-
tion
(15-17)
Truckingand
Ware-housing
(42)
OtherTranspor-
tation(41,44-47)
1
High school (or less); experience 1
Apprenticeship or short training courseTechnical institute or other
post-high school training 1
Some college 1 7College degree; experience 1 2 3 1 1 6College degree; specialized 6 6 4 7 11 717+ Graduate work 1 3 2 2 1
Mixed 1
Total number of firms with entry jobs 9 11 8 9 14 24 1
Accountants & Auditors:High school (or less) 1
High school (or less); experienceTechnical institute or other
post-high school training 2 2 1
Some college 1 2 2 1
College degree; specialized &experience 1 3 1 7 6 3
17+ Graduate work 1
Total number of firms with entry jobs 2 3 3 0 8 10 3 5
Cameramen, News Photographers:High school (or less)ApprenticeshipTechnical institute or other
post-high school training
Total number of firms withentry jobs
Writers:High school (or less)High school (or less); experienceTechnical institute or other
post-high school training
Total number of firms withentry jobs
Announcers, Newsmen, Disc Jockeys:High school (or less)High school (or less); experienceApprenticeship or short training
courseTechnical institute or other
post-high school trainingTechnical institute or other
post-high school training;experience
Some collegeCollege degree; experienceCollege degree; specialized
Total number of firms withentry jobs
73
Communi-cations
(48)
21
2
5
Morticians:Technical institute or other post-high school trainingTechnical institute or other post-high
school training; experienceSome college
2 College degree; specialized1 17+ Graduate work
Total number of firms with entry jobs1
4
82
6
6
Personnel Managers:High school (or less)i experienceCollege degree; experienceCollege degree; specialized
Total number of firms with entry jobs
Pharmacists:2 Technical institute or other post-high1 school training1 College degree; experience
College degree; specialized17+ Graduate work
Total number of firms with entry jobs
2
28
65.
WholesaleTrade(50)
11
2
PersonServic
(72)4
2441
15
RetailTrade(52-59
1
1
2
12
2974
106
APPENDIX BTABLE B-1
Hiring Requirements for Particular Entrytries
Jobs for Professional WorkersNon-Manufacturing Industries
ec- Fabri-cated
cry Metal(34)
Paper
(26)
ContractConstruc-
tion
(15-17)
Truckingand
Ware-housing
(42)
OtherTranspor-
tation(41,44-47)
Communi-cations
(48)
Utilitiesand
Sanitary
(49)
Wholesaletrade
(50)
Retailtrade
(52-59)
Finance,Insurance,Real Estate
(60-67)
Misc.Services
(70-89)
PublicAdminis-
tration
(91-93)
2 1
1
7
1 8 1 1 27 4
1 1 6 3 1 2 1 4 4 3
7 11 7 2 1 7 4 1 9 18
2 2 1 1 4 3 1 3
1
9 14 24 1 23 7 15 10 6 13 24
1
1 1
2 1 1 1 4 5 5 4 22 2 1 1 1
7 6 3 1 1 12 18 17 21 6
1 2 1
0 8 10 3 5 3 3 17 26 23 25 8
nstitute or other post-high school trainingnstitute or other post-highaining; experience
:ree; specializedate work
:1 number of firms with entry jobs
nagers:1 (or less); experienceree; experienceree; specialized1 number of firms with entry jobs
nstitute or other post-highainingree; experienceree; specializedate work1 number of firms with entry jobs
65.
WholesaleTrade(50)
1
PersonalServices
(72)Soil Scientists & Foresters:
High school (or less)High school (or less); experienceApprenticeship or short training courseTechnical institute or other post-high
school trainingCollege degree; experienceCollege degree; specialized17+ Graduate work
Total number of firms with entry jobs
Social Scientists, & Economists & Related:College degree; specialized17+ Graduate work
Total number of firms with entry jobs
Librarians:High school (or less)High school (or less); experienceApprenticeship or short training courseTechnical institute or other post-high school
trainingSome collegeCollege degree; experienceCollege degree; specialized17+ Graduate work
Total number of firms with entry jobs
Federal, State, & LocalGovernment(91, 92, 93)
1
1
3
24
195
4
2441
15
RetailTrade(52-59)
1
1
2
12
2974
106
35
31
4
21
1
1
1
42
2
13
74
Draftsmen:High school (or less)High school (or less); experienceHigh school special coursesApprenticeship or short training courseTechnical institute or other
post-high school trainingTechnical institute or other
post-high school training; experienceSome collegeCollege degree; experienceMixed
TABLE )I-2
Hiring Requirements for Particular Entry Jobs for Technical Workers
Engineering Aide:High school (or less) 3High school (or less); experience 1 1
Technical institute or otherpost-high school training 1 1 1 3 3
Technical institute or otherpost-high school training; experience 1 3 5
Some college 1
College degree; experience 1 1 1
17-* Graduate work 1
Mixed 3
Total number of firms with entry jobs 1 2 5 15 4 5
Computer Programmers:High school (or less)Technical institute or other post-high
school trainingTechnical institute or other post-high
school training; experience
Paper Fabri- Non-elec- Electrical Transpor- Finance,cated trical Machinery tation Insurance,Metal Machinery Equipment Real Estate
(26) (34) (35) (36) (37) (60-67)
1 1
1 1 4
4Some collegeCollege degree; specialized
Total number of firms with entry jobs
1
1
2 1 22
2 10
66
nical WorkersCommuni-
cations(48)
ElectricalMachinery
(36)Contract WI clesP.ic Retail Misc. Public Electrical Technicians:Construc-
nt tiontrade Trade Services Adminis-
trationHigh school (or less)High school; special
1
(15-17) i(50) (52-59) (70-89) (91-93) courses 1High school (or less);
experience 23 1 Technical institute or
other post-high school21
trainingCollege degree
7_ 41
Total number of firms3 2 2 12 3
with entry jobs 11 5
5 1 1
1 1 1
3
.15 I 2 5 15 5PersonalServices
Embalmers & Mortuary Assistants: (72)High school (or less) 2Technical institute or other
post-high school training 617+ Graduate work 2
Total number of firms withentry jobs 10
PublicAdminis-
tration(91-93)
Wholesale RetailTrade Trade(50) (52-59)1
Electronics Technicians:3 Technical institute or other post-
! high school training 3 1Technical institute or other post-
1 high school training; experience 1 3
Total number of firms with entry jobs T. 4
5
Federal, State, & LocalGovernment(91, 92, 93)
Natural Scientists:High school (or less) 2High school; special courses 1
High school (or less); experience 6Finance,
Insurance,nt Real Estate 1
Technical institute or other post-high school trainingTechnical institute or other post-high
school training; experience
3
2(60-67) I Some college 2
College degree; experience 2
Total number of firms with entry jobs 18
4Laboratory Technicians:
4 High school (or less) 1
Technical institute or other post-high school training 4
2 College degree; specialized 1
10 Total number of firms with entry jobs 6
66
TABLE B-3Hiring Acquirements for Particular Entry Jobs fC
Food
(20)
Apparel
(23)
Paper
(26)
Transpor-tation
Equipment(37)
ContractConstrue-
tion
(15-17)
Transpor-tation
(41,
44-47)Officials:
High school (or less) 3 7 1
High school (or less); experience 5 1 6 4Apprenticeship or short training course 1
Technical institute or other post-highschool training 1
Technical institute or other post-highschool training; experience 6
Some college 7 1
College degree; experience 5 1
College degree 1 4 317+ Graduate workMixed 2
Total number of firms with entry jobs 8 9 33 9
Buyers, Purchasers:High school (or less) 1 1 4Higii school (or less); experience 1 2 12Apprentice;:hip or short training courseTechnical institute or other post-high
school training 1 2Technical institute or other post-high
school training; experienceSome college 1 1 2 2 1
College degree; experience 6College degree 1 217+ Graduate workMixed
Total number of firms with entry jobs 5 1 2 2 4 26
Managers, Supervisors,Department Heads:High school (or less) 12 3 15 2High school (or less); experience 11 5 2 14Apprenticeship or short training course 2 2 2Technical institute or other post-high
school training 1 10Technical institute or other post-high
school training; experience 2 1 7Some college 2 7 1
College degree; experience 10 11College degree 8 5 1 1 9 217+ Graduate work 1
Mixed 4Total number of firms with entry jobs 49 13 13 1 73 4
TABLE B-4Hiring Requirements for Particular Entry Jobs for Sales W
Salesmen:High school (or less)
Food
(20)
Apparel
(23)
Paper
(26)
Rubber &Plastic
(30)
Leather
(31)
Transpor-tation
Equipment(37)
21 2 1 2 3High school (or less); experience 15 1 2 4Apprenticeship or short training courseTechnical institute or other
post-high school training 1 1
Technical institute or otherpost-high school training; experience 1
Some college 1 4 6 3 1
College degreeCollege degree; experience 217+ Graduate work 2 1
MixedTotal number of firms with entry jobs 41 3 8 10 4 8
67
77
TABLE 11-3
ing Requirements for Particular Entry Jobs for Managerial Workers
High school (or less); experience 2 22Technical institute or other post-high
school training 3 3
Total number of firms with entry jobs 8 45 10
RetailTrade
(52-59)Oil-burner Repairmen:
High school (or less) 22High school (or less); experience 27Apprenticeship or short training course 14Technical institute or other post-high
school training 23Technical institute or other post-high
school training; experience 4Total number of firms with entry jobs 90
Concrete Finishers & Brickmasons:High school (or less)
ContractConstruc-
tion(15-17)
4High school (or less); experience 35Apprenticeship or short training course 8Technical institute or other post-high
school training 2Total number of firms with entry jobs 49
Painters & Paperhangers:High school (or less) 7High school (or less); experience 34Mixed 2
Total number of firms with entry jobs 43
Transpor-tationPublic
Utilities(40-49)
Linemen, Cablemen:High school (or less) 12High school (or less); experience 2Apprenticeship or short training course 2Technical institute or other post-high
school training 4Total number of firms with entry jobs 20
T.V. & Radar Technicians:High school (or less)High school; special coursesHigh school (or less); experienceTechnical institute or other post-high
school trainingTotal number of firms with entry jobs
RetailTrade
(52-59)
322
512
74
06
1
!,..7r7re reATX1=1,.....TMAInctra,W.NM
Electricians:High school (or less)
TABLE B-6 (Continucd)
ContractConstruc-
tion
(15-17)
Transpor-tationPublic
Utilities(40-49)
WholesaleTrade
(50)
RetailTrade
(52-59)
Paper
(26)
ElectricalMachinery
(36)
5 4 1 1
High school (or lcss); experience 11 1 4 2 3Apprenticeship or short training course 10Technical institute or other post-high
school training 6 1 4 2 2Technical institute or other post-high
school training; experience 2 1
Some college 2College degree 2Mixed 2
Total number of firms with entry jobs 40 5 5 8 4 4
Equipment Operators:High school
ContractConstruc-
tion(15-17)
WholesaleTrade
(50)
RetailTrade
(52-59)
PublicAdminis-
tration(91-93)
7 4 1 8High school (or less); experience 29 3 1 17Apprenticeship or short training course 1
Technical institute or other post-highschool training 1 1
Total number of firms with entry jobs 38 8 2 26
Inspectors:High school (or less)Apprenticeship or short training courseTechnical institute or other post-high
school trainingTotal number of firms with entry jobs
Misc.Machinery
(36)
2
ElectricalServices(70-89)
3
1
1 1
4 4
Metal Working Craftsmen:High school (or less)High school (or less); experienceApprenticeship or short training courseTechnical institute or other post-high
Technical institute or other post-highschool training
_
Total number of firms with entry jobs 15
75
Lumber Graders:High school (or less)High school (or less); experienceTechnical institute or other post-high
school training
87
Total number of firms with entry jobs
Lumber(24)
49
16
TABLE B-6 (Continued)
RetailTrade
(52-59)Watch Repair & Jewelers:
High school (or less) 3High school (or less); experience 4Apprenticeship or short training coursc 2Technical institute or other post-high
school training 4Some college 1
Total number of firms with entry jobs 14
RetailTrade
(52-59)Tailors:
High school (or less) 1
High school; special courses 15Total number of firms with entry jobs 16
Retail Misc.trade Services
(52-59) (70-89)Projectionists:
High school (or less) 1
High school (or less); experience 8
Total number of firms with entry jobs 9
Upholsterers:High school (or less) 7
High school (or less); experience 6Apprenticeship or short training courseTechnical training 2
Total number of firms with entry jobs 5
22
8
Maintenance Engineers:High school (or less); experience 6
Total number of firms with entry jobs 6
PublicAdminis-
tration(91-93)
Conservation Aides:High school (or less) 2
High school (or less); experience 3
Some college 2
Total number of firms with entry jobs 7
Stationery Engineers:High school (or less); experience 2
Technical institute or other post-highschool training; experience 1
Total number of firms with entry jobs 3
ContractConstruc-
tion(15-17)
Masons:High school (or less) 4High school (or less); experience 35Apprenticeship or short training course 5Technical institute or other post-high
school training 3Technical institute or ether post-high
school training; experience 2Total number of firms with entry jobs 49
76
88
MIR
faka
lr7
.-"
TA
BL
E B
-7
Hir
ing
Req
uire
men
ts f
or P
artic
ular
Ent
ry J
obs
for
Ope
rativ
es
1.11
1M
IN10
1...
App
rent
ices
:H
igh
scho
ol (
or le
ss)
Pape
r
(26)
Lea
ther
Fabr
i-N
on-e
lec-
Tra
nspo
r-C
ontr
act
Oth
erW
hole
sale
Ret
ail
cate
dtr
ical
tatio
nC
onst
ruc-
Tra
nspo
r-T
rade
Tra
deM
achi
nery
Equ
ipm
ent
tion
tatio
n(4
1,(3
1)(3
4)(3
5)(3
7)(1
5-17
)44
-47)
(50)
(52-
59)
Mis
c.Se
rvic
es
(70-
89)'
114
3H
igh
scho
ol (
or le
ss);
exp
erie
nce
11
1
App
rent
ices
hip
or s
hort
trai
ning
cou
rse
1I
34
144
1436
2T
echn
ical
inst
itute
or
othe
r po
st-h
igh
scho
ol tr
aini
ng6
2T
otal
num
ber
of f
irm
s w
ith e
ntry
jobs
12
36
165
315
412
Wel
ders
:A
ppre
ntic
eshi
p or
sho
rt tr
aini
ng c
ours
e
Non
-ele
c-tr
ical
Mac
hine
ry(3
5)C
utte
rs, S
titch
ers:
Tec
hnic
al in
stitu
te o
r ot
her
post
-hig
hsc
hool
trai
ning
App
arel
(23)
Ret
ail
trad
e(5
2-59
)
1M
eat C
utte
rs:
Hig
h sc
hool
(or
less
)6
1C
olle
ge1
Tec
hnic
al in
stitu
te o
r ot
her
post
-hig
h5
Tec
hnic
al in
stitu
te o
rot
her
post
-hig
h sc
hool
trai
ning
2T
otal
num
ber
of f
irm
s w
ith e
ntry
jobs
2sc
hool
trai
ning
Tot
al n
umbe
r of
fir
ms
with
ent
ry jo
bs11
Tot
al n
umbe
r of
fir
ms
with
ent
ry jo
bs3
TA
BL
E B
-8
Hir
ing
Req
uire
men
ts f
or P
artic
ular
Ent
ry J
obs
for
Lab
orer
s
Lab
orer
s:H
igh
scho
ol (
or le
ss)
Food
(20)
App
arel
(23)
Pape
r
(26)
Lea
ther
(31)
Ele
ctri
cal
Mac
hine
ry
(36)
Tra
nspo
r-ta
tion
Equ
ipm
ent
(37)
415
2129
37
Hig
h sc
hool
(or
less
); e
xper
ienc
e2
App
rent
ices
hip
or s
hort
trai
ning
cou
rse
Tec
hnic
al in
stitu
te o
r ot
her
post
-hig
hsc
hool
trai
ning
1
Tot
al n
umbe
r of
fir
ms
with
ent
ry jo
bs43
521
293
7
Con
trac
tT
rans
por-
Who
lesa
leC
onst
ruc-
tatio
nT
rade
tion
Publ
icU
tiliti
es
Ret
ail
Tra
deFi
nanc
e,In
sura
nce,
Rea
l Est
ate
Mis
c.Pu
blic
Serv
ices
Adm
inis
-tr
atio
n
(15-
17)
(40-
49)
(50)
(52-
59)
(60-
67)
(70-
89)
(91-
93)
Lab
orer
s:H
igh
scho
ol (
or le
ss)
7629
130
284
343
23H
igh
scho
ol (
or le
ss);
exp
erie
nce
1512
1039
27
App
rent
ices
hip
or s
hort
trai
ning
cou
rse
11
Tec
hnic
al in
stitu
te o
r ot
her
post
-hig
hsc
hool
trai
ning
24
2T
otal
num
ber
of f
irm
s w
ith e
ntry
jobs
9441
141
327
347
30
TA
BL
E B
-9
Hir
ing
Req
uire
men
ts f
or P
artic
ular
Ent
ry J
obs
for
Serv
ice
Wor
kers
Food
App
arel
Lum
ber
Furn
i-Pa
per
Lea
ther
Tra
nspo
r-&
ture
tatio
nW
ood
Equ
ipm
ent
(20)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(31)
(37)
Jani
tors
:H
igh
scho
ol (
or le
ss)
124
612
133
Hig
h sc
hool
(or
less
); e
xper
ienc
e2
11
1
Tot
al n
umbe
r of
fir
ms
with
ent
ry jo
bs14
56
1314
3
Prot
ectiv
e Se
rvic
e W
orke
rs:
Hig
h sc
hool
(or
less
)8
15
27
121
Hig
h sc
hool
(or
less
); e
xper
ienc
e1
71
...1
App
rent
ices
hip
or s
hort
trai
ning
cou
rse
00T
echn
ical
inst
itute
or
othe
rpo
st-h
igh
scho
ol tr
aini
ngC
olle
ge d
egre
e; e
xper
ienc
eC
olle
ge; s
peci
al c
ours
eT
otal
num
ber
of f
irm
s w
ith e
ntry
jobs
91
122
712
2
Wai
ters
, Wai
tres
ses,
Cou
nter
Wor
kers
&B
arte
nder
s:H
igh
scho
ol (
or le
ss)
9
Hig
h sc
hool
(or
less
); e
xper
ienc
e3
App
rent
ices
hip
or s
hort
trai
ning
cou
rse
Tec
hnic
al in
stitu
te o
r ot
her
post
-hig
hsc
hool
trai
ning
Mix
ed
1
2
Tot
al n
umbe
r of
fir
ms
with
ent
ry jo
bs12
21
MO
NM
Ilin
MIN
NN
M1
bow
hem
law
she
alba
dim
pi(r
omp)
6111
111.
1NIB
MIr
ma&
Mire
%
Mal
Imm
o
J
Jani
tors
:H
igh
scho
ol (
or le
ss)
Publ
icU
tiliti
es
(40-
49)
TA
BL
E B
-9 (
Con
tinue
d)
Who
lesa
leR
etai
lFi
nanc
e,tr
ade
trad
eIn
sura
nce,
Rea
l Est
ate
(50)
(52-
59)
(60-
67)
Mis
c.Se
rvic
es
(70-
89)
Publ
icA
dmin
iF-
trat
ion
(91-
93)
1214
723
2614
Hig
h sc
hool
(or
less
); e
xper
ienc
e1
91
67
Tot
al n
umbe
r of
fir
ms
with
ent
ry jo
bs13
1481
432
21
Prot
ectiv
e Se
rvic
e W
orke
rs:
Hig
h sc
hool
(or
less
)2
33
223
17H
igh
scho
ol (
or le
ss);
exp
erie
nce
62
21A
ppre
ntic
eshi
p or
sho
rt tr
aini
ng c
ours
e27
Tec
hnic
al in
stitu
te o
r ot
her
post
-hig
h sc
hool
trai
ning
5C
olle
ge d
egre
e; e
xper
ienc
e1
Col
lege
; spe
cial
cou
rse
2T
otal
num
ber
of f
irm
s w
ith e
ntry
jobs
23
328
573
Wai
ters
, Wai
tres
ses,
Cou
nter
Wor
kers
&B
arte
nder
s:H
igh
scho
ol (
or le
ss)
167
301
Hig
h sc
hool
(or
less
); e
xper
ienc
e1
119
414
App
rent
ices
hip
or s
hort
trai
ning
cou
rse
1T
echn
ical
inst
itute
or
othe
r po
st-h
igh
scho
ol tr
aini
ng4
1M
ixed
1
Tot
al n
umbe
r of
fir
ms
with
ent
ry jo
bs1
291
726
Bel
l boy
s, C
ham
berm
aids
, & D
oorm
en:
Hig
h sc
hool
(or
less
)30
Hig
h sc
hool
(or
less
); e
xper
ienc
e14
Tot
al n
umbe
r of
fir
ms
with
ent
ry jo
bs44
Bar
bers
& B
eaut
icia
ns:
Hig
h sc
hool
(or
less
)7
App
rent
ices
hip
or s
hort
trai
ning
cou
rse
5T
echn
ical
inst
itute
or
othe
r po
st-h
igh
scho
ol tr
aini
ng19
Tot
al n
umbe
r of
fir
ms
with
ent
ry jo
bs31
1.
APPENDIX CBibliography Relevant to Maine
Alpander, Guvenc G. "Personnel Management in Maine: A Preliminary Study ofRecruitment Practices in Large Scale Private Enterprises." Unpublishedmonograph, Manpower Research Project, University of Maine. Orono. 1968.
Burnett, Frederick B.; and Corcoran, Thomas J.; and Shottafer, James. TechnicalEducation Needs and Employment Potential in Forestry-Based Occupationsin Maine. Bulletin No. 650 of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station,University of Maine. Orono. August, 1967.
Creamer, Daniel Barnett. Changing Location of Manufacturing Employment.Studies in Business Economics, No. 83. National Industrial ConferenceBoard. New York. 1963.
Dunn, Mary F. "An Economic Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Work Experience andTraining Program as Shown by Its Effect in Two Counties in Maine." Un-published monograph, Manpower Rt search Project, University of Maine.Orono. 1967.
Elam, R. Richard, and Finner, Stephen. Migration of Maine's University Grad-uates. Manpower Research Bulletin No. 2. Manpower Research Project,University of Maine. Orono. Decembei, 1968.
Finner, Stephen ,and Elam, R. Richard. Maine's Migration: What We Know andWhat We Need to Know. Manpower Research Bulletin No. 1. ManpowerResearch Project, University of Maine. Orono. December, 1968.
Gordon, Robert Aaron, ed. Long-term Manpower Projections. Proceedings ofa Conference Conducted by the Research Program on Unemployment andthe American Economy, Washington, D. C., June 25-26, 1964. Institute ofIndustrial Relations, University of California. Berkeley. 1965.
Harms, Louis T., et al. Projective godels of Employment by Industry and by Oc-cupation for Small Areas, A Case Study. Bureau of Economic and BusinessResearch, School of Business Administration, Temple University. Phila-delphia. 1966.
Jakubauskas, Edward B., and Palomba, Neil A. Job Vacancies in Iowa Manu-facturing Establishments as Reported for the Period March through August1966. Industrial Relations Center, Iowa State Manpower DevelopmentCouncil. Iowa State University. Ames, Iowa. April, 1967.
Little, Arthur D., Inc. Projective Economic Studies for New England. Cambridge,Massachusetts, 1964-1965.
, New England: An Economic Analysis. A Report prepared for the New
;1England Regional Commission. Cambridge, Massachusetts. November 1968.
Maine Department of Labor and Industry, Division of Research and Statistics.Census of Maine Manufacturing (annual).
Maine Department of Economic Development, The Maine HandbookA Statisti-cal Abstract (annual).
, Maine Buyers' Guide and Directory of Maine Manufacturers. (annual).
Maine Employment Security Commission. Maine Manpower. (Monthly).
Maine Municipal Association, Maine Townsman. Hallowell, Maine. (annual).
Myers, John G. Measurement of Job Vacancies: A Feasibility Study in the RochesterArea. National Industrial Conference Board. New York. 1967.
Oregon Department of Employment. Technological Change and Its Impact on theOregon Labor Force. Salem, Oregon. November, 1966.
81
92
Paradis, Henry (State of Maine Manpower Coordinator). "Trainees Enrolled up toDecember 31, 1968, a Catalogue of post-high school training programs inMaine." For the Governor's Manpower Advisory Committee.
Toothaker, Robert C. Management's Attitudes and Evaluations of GovernmentTraining Programs and Government Subsidization for Industrial Training.Manpower Research Bulletin No. 3, Manpower Research Project, Univer-sity of Maine. Orono. February, 1969.
University of Maine. Bureau of Public Administration. Government Career Devel-opment Activities 1967-1968, a Catalogue of Training Institutes in the Fieldof Public Administration. Orono. 1969.
U. S. Department of Commerce Bureau of the Census. United States Census ofPopulation, 1960; MaineGeneral, Social and Economic Characteristics.Washington, D. C., GPO, 1961. (PC(1)-21C)., MaineDetailed Characteristics. (PC ( 1 ) -21D) .
, County Business Patterns, Maine.
, Alphabetical Index of Occupations and Industries. (new ed.)
, Census of Government 1962, vol. I, III, and VI, no. 4.
, Statistical Abstract of the United States 1968.
, County and City Data Book, 1962, a Statistical Abstract Supplement.
U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Employment and Earningsfor the United States.
, Tomorrow's Manpower Needs: National Manpower Projections and aGuide to Their Use as a Tool in Developing State and Area Manpower Pro-jections, Draft copy. 1968.
, Occupational Employment Patterns for 1960 and 1975. Bulletin No. 1599.1968.
, Occupational Handbook, 1968-1969.
, Manpower Report to the President (annual).
, Technological Trends in Major American Industries. Bulletin, No. 1474.1966.
Outlook for Numerical Control of Machine Tools. Bulletin No. 1937.March 1965.
Venn, Grant. Man, Education and Work: Post-Secondary Vocational and Tech-nical Education. American Conference on Education. Washington, D.C.1964.
Wolfbein, Seymour. Employment and Unemployment in the United States: A Studyof the American Work Force. Science Research Associates Chicago. 1964.
