DOCUMENT RESUME ED 395 825 SE 058 539 TITLE NASA's Great Observatories Paper Model Kits. INSTITUTION National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC. Education Dept. REPORT NO PED-136 PUB DATE Aug 93 NOTE 19p. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use Instructional Materials (For Learner) (051) Guides Classroom Use Teaching Guides (For Teacher) (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Aerospace Education; Secondary Education; Space Sciences IDENTIFIERS Compton Gamma Ray Observatory; Hubble Space Telescope; *Paper Models ABSTRACT The Hubble Space Telescope, the most complex and sensitive optical telescope ever made, was built to study the cosmos from low-Earth orbit for 10 to 15 years or more. The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory is a complex spacecraft fitted with four different gamma ray detectors, each of which concentrates on different but overlapping energy range and was designed to help astronomers learn about the most powerful celestial bodies and events in the universe. This educational product for grades 5 and up contains detailed -iescriptions to assemble a Hubble Space Telescope model and a Compton Gamma Ray Observatory model. Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. * *
Transcript
DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 395 825 SE 058 539
TITLE NASA's Great Observatories Paper Model Kits.
INSTITUTION National Aeronautics and Space Administration,Washington, DC. Education Dept.
REPORT NO PED-136PUB DATE Aug 93NOTE 19p.
PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use Instructional Materials (For
Learner) (051) Guides Classroom Use Teaching
Guides (For Teacher) (052)
EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS *Aerospace Education; Secondary Education; Space
SciencesIDENTIFIERS Compton Gamma Ray Observatory; Hubble Space
Telescope; *Paper Models
ABSTRACTThe Hubble Space Telescope, the most complex and
sensitive optical telescope ever made, was built to study the cosmosfrom low-Earth orbit for 10 to 15 years or more. The Compton GammaRay Observatory is a complex spacecraft fitted with four differentgamma ray detectors, each of which concentrates on different but
overlapping energy range and was designed to help astronomers learnabout the most powerful celestial bodies and events in the universe.
This educational product for grades 5 and up contains detailed-iescriptions to assemble a Hubble Space Telescope model and a Compton
Gamma Ray Observatory model.
Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be madefrom the original document.
*
*
& StudentsGrades 5 and up!
Educational Product
Teachers
National Aeronautics andSpace Administration
Human Resources andOffice of Education
Education Division
NASA's Great ObservatoriesPaper Model Kits
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NASA'S Great ObservatoriesWhy are space observatories importan0 The
answer goes beyond twinkling stars in the night sky.Pockets of cold and hot air in Earth's atmosphere actas a hazy veil that many visible rays of light cannotpenetrate. The atmosphere absorbs the majority ofradiation from celestial bodies and distorts the types oflight that do reach Earth's surface. Some types ofradiation (like gamma rays) seldom reach Earth'ssurface. The radiation that Earth's atmosphereabsorbs and distorts limits scientists' observations ofstars, galaxies, and other celestial bodies. Even themost powerful ground based observatories can collectonly a limited amount of data, but observatories inspace collect data free from the distortion of Earth'satmosphere.
Space observatories contain advanced, highly-sensitive instruments such as telescopes (HubbleSpace Telescope) and detectors (Compton GammaRay Observatory) that allow scientists to studyradiation from neighboring planets and galaxiesbillions of light years away. By analyzing the spectrumof radiation emitted or absorbed by an object,scientists can determine temperature, chemicalcomposition, and motion of an object. The lightemanating from these far off celestial bodies takesbillions of years to reach the observatories, soscientists can actually look into the past and learnwhat was happening in the universe when the universewas young. The data that these observatories gatherhelp scientists understand star and galaxy formation,and the origination and evolution of our universe.
Hubble Space Telescope
1
Compton Gamma Ray Observatory
NASA, in conjunction with other countries'space agencies, commercial companies, and theinternational scientific community, has builtobservatories like the Hubble Space Telescope andthe Compton Gamma Ray Observatory to find theanswers to these and other questions.
Hubble Space Telescope
NASA's Hubble Space Telescope (HST) wasdeployed from Space Shuttle Discovery into Earthorbit in April of 1990. It is a product of two decadesof research and development by 10,000 scientistsand engineers at various NASA centers, privatecompanies, universities, and the European SpaceAgency. The HST, the most complex and sensitiveoptical telescope ever made, was built to study thecosmos from low-Earth orbit for 10 to 15 years ormore.
Scientific Objectives of HSTScientists designed the HST to provide fine
detail imaging, produce ultraviolet images andspectra, and detect very faint objects. Today, theHST is meeting the first two of these threeobjectives. A planned servicing mission will restoreHST's ability to study very faint objects. HST hasprovided spectacular images and data of a giantstorm on Saturn, unexpected clouds of hydrogengas near our Galaxy, and the birth and rebirth ofstars in older star clusters.
'
The Primary Mirror's Spherical AberrationTwo months into the mission, scientists detected
a 2 micron spherical aberration in the primary mirrorthat affects the telescope's ability to focus faint lightsources into a precise point. This imperfection isvery slight, one-fiftieth the width of a human hair.
Computer processing has been successful inovercoming some of the mirror's problems, and aShuttle servicing mission scheduled for late 1993 or1994 will add corrective optics to bring the scatteredlight of faint objects back into focus. After theservicing mission, the planned scientific capabilitiesof HST should be restored. This information willhelp scientists determine the age, size, andcomposition of the universe, and how it will end.
Key FeaturesThe HST is approximately the size of a railroad
car with two large cylinders joined together andwrapped in what looks like aluminum foil. Wing-iikesolar arrays extend horizontally from each side ofthese cylinders, and dish-shaped antennas extendabove and below the body of the telescope on rods.While there are 400,000 parts to the telescope, itsdesign is modular so the Shuttle can replace andupdate units.
The telescope has three major sections: thesupport systems module, the optical telescopeassembly, and the scientific instruments. Thesupport systems module holds the optical telescopeassembly and scientific instruments in place andinsulates them from extreme temperature highs andlows, when the satellite is in full light or darkness.
The support system provides power, pointingcontrol and navigation, and communications. Thesolar arrays provided by the European SpaceAgency consist of two "wings" containing 48,000solar cells. These solar arrays will be replacedduring the first servicing mission with new arraysdesigned to correct for jitter problems. The pointingcontrol system aims the telescope to a desiredposition and locks it in place through the use ofgyroscopes, star trackers, momentum wheels,electromagnets, and fine guidance sensors.Computers, high-gain antennas, and an electricalpower system enable the HST to receive commandsand transmit data back to scientists on Earth.
The optical telescope assembly contains onesecondary and one larger primary mirror (238.76 cm)to collect and focus light from selected celestialobjects. The primary mirror is housed near thecenter of the telescope. Light hits the primary r,lirror,uounces to the secondary mirror mounted near theaperture, and narrows and intensifies as it passesthrough a hole in the primary mirror to a focai point1.5 meters behind the primary mirror.
The scientific instruments include the Wide Field/Planetary Camera, the Faint Object Camera, theGoddard High Resolution Spectrograph, the FaintObject Spectrograph, the High Speed Photometer, andthe Fine Guidance System. The third Fine GuidanceSystem serves as an astrometric instrument and is thesth scientific instrument on HST.
The Wide Field/Planetary Camera is designed toinvestigate the age of the universe and to search fornew planetary systerns around young stars. It takespictures of large numbers of galaxies or close-ups ofplanets in our solar system.
The Faint Object Camera, a contribution of theEuropean Space Agency, focuses on smaller areasthan the other camera and is used for producing sharpimages at great distances. The data this camera willproduce will help determine the distance scale of theuniverse and peer into centers of globular star clusters,binary stars, and other faint phenomena.
The Faint Object Spectrograph analyzes faintobjects in the visible and ultraviolet iight spectrum todetect chemical properties of comets and thecomposition of quasars.
The Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph solelystudies ultraviolet light to determine the chemicalnature, temperature, and density of the gas betweenstars, within quasars, and in planets' atmospheres.
The High Speed Photometer, a precise light meterfor measuring the brightness of objects in visible andultraviolet ranges, will be replaced by Corrective OpticsSpace Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR) duringthe first servicing mission. COSTAR uses preciselyshaped mirrors to compensate for the sphericalaberration in the primary mirror for the light entering theHST's observing instruments.
Compton Gamma RayObservatory Model
The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory is thesecond in a Great Observatory series of four spacecraftNASA plans to launch. The Compton Gamma RayObservatory is a complex spacecraft fitted with fourdifferent gamma ray detectors, each of whichconcentrates on different but overlapping energy ranges.The instruments are the largest of their kind that haveever "lown i space; each instrument weighs about sixtons and th'..ee of them are about the size of asubcornpnt car. Size is important because gamma rayscan be detected only when they interact with matter.The bigger the masses of the detect Drs, the greater thenumber of gamma rays they can detect.
2
Outer space is filled with electromagnetic radiationthat tells the story of the birth and death of stars andgalaxies. A small portion of that radiation is visible toour eyes. The rest can be detected only with specialinstruments. In a chart of the electromagnetic spectrum,gamma rays fall at the far right end after visible light,ultraviolet light, and X-rays. Gamma rays have veryshort wavelengths and are extremely energetic, but mostof them do not penetrate Earth's atmosphere. The onlyway fcr astronomers to view these waves is to sendinstruments into space.
The process for gamma ray detection is similar tothe way fluorescent paints convert ultraviolet light tovisible light. When gamma rays interact with crystals,liquids, and other materials, they produce flashes of lightthat are recorded by electronic sensors. Astronomerscan determine how energetic a particular ray is from theintensity of the flash. The brighter the flash ot iight fromthe interaction, the higher the energy of the ray.
Scientific Objectives of GROThe Compton Gamma Ray Observatory helps
astronomers learn about the most powerful celestialbodies and events in the universe. The GRO observesmomentous gamma ray bursts such as those near thelarge Magellanic Cloud that radiate more gamma rays in1/10 second than our Sun does in 1,000 years. TheGRO gathers data to test theories on supernovae andthe structure and dynamics of g .'axies. The data theGRO coliects on pulsars will enable scientists to explainhow pulsars can produce more energy over its lifetimethan the explosion it took to create it. The GROmonitors quasars, luminous bodies with unusually highenergy outputs commonly found in the center ofgalaxies. In addition, the GRO observes very hightemperature emissions data from black holes that willreveal information on the origin of the universe andmatter distribution.
108
The Compton Gamma Ray InstrumentsThe four different kinds of gamma ray detectors
on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory are theBurst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE),Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment(OSSE), Imaging Compton Telescope (COMPTEL),and the Energetic Gamma Ray ExperimeltTelescope (EGRET.
BATSE consists of eight detectors placed on thecorners of the spacecraft in order to monitor asmuch of the sky as possible for gamma ray bursts.The reason for this is that gamma ray bursts arebrief, random events. These bursts are in the lowerenergy range of gamma rays. However, sinceBATSE is the instrument with the widest view rangewhen it detects higher range gamma rays, it signalsthe other instruments.
OSSE uses four precise cry-gal detectorsprimarily for plotting radioactive emissions fromsupernovae, pulsars, and novae. This experimentprovides information such as temperature, particlevelocities, and magnetic field strength.
COMPTEL studies gamma rays with a higherenergy range than OSSE. The Imaging ComptonTelescope is a liquid detector that acts like acamera. Gamma rays enter through an initialdetector that is similar to a lens and then passthrough a second detector that acts like film. In thisway COMPTEL reconstructs wide field view imagesof the sky. COMPTEL observes point sources suchas neutron stars, galaxies, and other diffuseemissions.
The EGRET instrument detects the highestenergy gamma rays, which are associated with themost energetic processes that occur in nature.EGRET was designed to collect data on quasars,black holes, stellar and galactic explosions, matterand antimatter annihilation, and high-energy portionsof gamma-ray bursts and solar flares. The highlysensitive instruments of EGRET can observe faintersources than was previously possible and withgreater accuracy.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Energy in Electron Volts (eV)
10-6 10-4 10-2 100 102 104 106 108 1010
INFRA4ED
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10-2 10- 10 10-8
Wavelengths in Meters
3
11712 10-14 10.16
Hubble Space Telescope ModelCopies of the model pattern should be printed on 60 4.pound weight white paper for proper assembly.
Materials and Tools
Sharp paper scissorsRazor blade knifeDull knifeSharp punch (such as an ice pick or nail)Cutting surfaces (such as a wood board)Glue stick or rubber cementCellophane tape5X5 cm square piece of aluminum foil2 20-cm pieces of 1/8 inch dowel rodsColored sharp point marker pens (yellow andred)Blue and orange highlighter pens
General Assembly Tips:
Color all pieces as indicated before cutting any partsout.Cut out only those pieces needed for the sectionbeing assembled at the time.Use a cutting surface like a wooden board to protectthe table or desk from scratches or gouges.Cut out pieces along the solid exterior lines.Using the dull knife, lightly score all dashed fold linesto make accurate folds possible.Apply glue to the insertion tabs on the pieces andflaps where the slots are located. If using rubbercement, apply cement to both surfaces to be joinedand permit them to dry before assembling. 'Jsing adouble coating of rubber cement makes a strongerbond. After the pieces are assembled, lightly rubpieces to remove excess.Some pieces may require small holes to be punchedthrough them. Those places are indicated with thefollowing symbol: e.
#1 Assembling the Aft Shroud
1. Carefully cut out the following pieces: aft shroudcylinder, end cap, and the inner ring. Use the razorblade to cut small slits for insertion of the assemblytabs of the cylinder.
2. Shape the aft shroud cylinder by curling the paperaround the edge of a table or desk. This will permitthe paper to be easily rolled into a cylinder.
3. Curl the paper to form a tube and insert the tabs ofthe cylinder into the slits cut in step 1. Hold thecylinder together with a piece of tape pressed tothe inside.
4
5.
6.
Fold the tabs of the inner ring downward.Dashed lines indicate where the folds should be.Coat each tab with glue and lay the ring upsidedown on a flat surface. Place the cylinder over theinner ring so that all tabs are inside. The seam ofthe cylinder should align with the word "small" onthe inner ring. Reach in with a finger and presseach tab to the inside wall of the cylinder. You willneed to support the outer wall of the cylinder withanother finger to achieve a guqd bond.Fold the tabs of the end cap downward and coateach with glue. Place the end cap upside down ona flat surface and place the other end of thecylinder over it. Press the tabs in place. If youhave trouble reaching the tabs, use the erasureend of a pencil in place of your finger.The aft shroud is completed. Set it aside.
#2 Assembling the Forward Shell and Light
1.
2.
Shield
Carefully cut out the forward shell and light shieldassembly. Use the razor blade to cut the slits forthe insertion of the assembly tab.Shape the tube by pulling the paper over the edgeof a table or desk.
3. Curl the paper to form a tube and insert the tabsinto the slit. Use tape to hold the tube together.
#3 Joining the Aft Shroud and the Forward Shell
1.
2.
and Light Shield
Bend the four glue tabs at the lower end of theforward shell and light shield inward and cover withglue.Place the aft shroud on a flat surface with the innerring pointed up. Insert the forward shell and lightshield with the glue tab end down. Align the seamof the two cylinders.
3. Make sure the forward shell and light shield isstanding straight up. Use a long piece of dowel rodto reach inside the tube and press the tabs to theend cap so that they will bond to the inside of theend cap.
#4 Assembling the OTA Equipment Sectio.n
1. Carefully cut out the OTA equipment section. Cutthe slots for tab insertion with the razor blade knife.
2. Curl the bay section to form a semicircle.3. Fold the tabs downward and the curved sections
downward.
4. Apply glue to the tabs and insert them into the slotsto join the segments as indicated in the diagram.
#5 Joining the OTA Equipment Section to the AftShroud
1. Apply glue to the OTA equipment selection whereindicated.
2. Press the OTA Equipment Section to the inner ring
where indicated.
#6 Assembling the Barrel Insert
1. Cut out the barrel insert, mirror support, andsecondary mirror support.
2. Trace the circle of the mirror support on thealuminum foil and cut out the circle. Glue the foil tothe mirror support.
3. Glue the secondary mirror support on to thealuminum foil.
4. Cut the slits for the assembly tabs on the barrelinsert. Curl the paper to form a tube by dragging itover the edge of a table or desk.
5. Form the barrel insert by rolling the paper, with theblack side inward, and inserting the tabs into theslits. Hold the tube together by applying tape to theoutside.
6. Fold the glue tabs of the mirror support inwardtoward the foil side. Coat the tabs with glue. Bondthe mirror support to the end of the barrel insertwith the glue tabs to the outside.
#7 Joinina the Aperture Door to the Barrel Insert
1. Cut out the aperture door.2. Apply glue to the back side of the middle glue tab
and to the front side of the remaining two tabs.3. Spread the glue tabs and attach the aperture door
to one end of the barrel insert over the seam. Themiddle tab ahould be on the inside and the othertabs on the outside. Press the tabs to the tube.
#8 Inserting the Solar Array and Antenna rods
1. Use the punch to make four small holes in the sideof the forward shell and light shield at the placesindicated. (Look for the ...)
2. Carefully insert the two dowel rods into the holesso that each extends through to the opposite side.The antenna rod is inserted through the holesclosest to the aft shroud. The solar array rod isinserted through the holes closest to the apertureend of the forward shell and light shield.
#9 Assembling the Solar Arrays
1. Cut out each solar array. Punch out the smallcircular holes in the two tabs. When the front andback sides of the arrays are together, both tabsshould stick out. You will slide the tabs over theends of the solar array rod you inserted into theforward shell and light shield in the previous step.
2. Fold the two back side panels of each array alongthe dotted line. Coat the inside of the front arraywith glue and press the back panels to it. Whenthe glue is dry, slip the solar array rod through theholes in the two tabs for each array.
#10 Assembling the Antennas
1. Cut out the antennas.2. Glue the back side of each antenna assemb:y.
Fold the front and back of each antenna over theends of the antenna rod. Press the front and backtogether. Then, fold the reinforcing strips aroundthe back of each antenna to help hold the piecestogether.
#11 Inserting the Barrel Insert
Insert the barrel insert into the forward shell andlight shield so that the aperture door is opposite theseam of the cylinder.
The NASA Hubble Space Telescope Model is nowcomplete. You can display it by suspending it from theceiling by a piece of thread or monofilament fishing lineor by creathg a base for it.
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Compton Gamma Ray ObservatoryModel
Copies of the model pattern should be printed on 60 #2 Assembling the Propellant TanksAfter forming this part, slip the four assemblytabs intG the four slots in the bottom of the bus.The nntohed end of the piece should be alignedwith tne OSSE end of the model. The antennarod will slide through this notch.
pound weight white paper for proper assembly.
Materials and Tools:
Sharp paper scissorsRazor blade knifeDull knifeStraight edgeSharp punch (such as an ice pick)Glue stick or rubber cementCellophane tapeCutting surface (such as wood board)Silver paint or grey, yellow,
and blue marker pensDowel rod (1/16 inch diameter)Two ping pong balls
General Assembly Tips:
Color all pieces as indicated before cutting any partsout.Cut out only those pieces needed for the sectionbeing assembled at the time.Use a cutting surface like a wooden board to protectthe table or desk from scratches or gouges.Cut out pieces along the solid exterior lines.Using the dull knife, lightly score all dashed fc,d linesto make accurate folds possible.
Apply glue to the insertion tabs on the pieces andflaps where the slots are located. If using rubbercement, apply cement to both surfaces to be joinedand permit them to dry before assembling. Using adouble coating of rubber cement makes a strongerbond. After the pieces are assembled, lightly rubpieces to remove excess cement.Some pieces may require small holes to be punchedthrough them. These places are indicated with thefollowing symbol: E.
#1 Assembling the Bus1. Be sure to punch out the holes for the solar array
rod out of the side of the bus (look for the twosymbols& and cut out the holes for the OSSE,COMPTEL, and EGRET.
2. This component is easiest to assemble by joiningedge A to edge B. Follow with the assembly of theother sides.
3. Try to keep joints square at all times and smoothout any curves that might be produced.
1 1
#3 Assembling the OSSE1. Punch out the two holes indicated in the OSSE
cradle. (Look for the ED.)2. Begin loining each cradle by inserting tabs into
the corresponding slots nearest the center folds.Work your way towards the upper end of the "U"shape.
3. c;lide the cradles into their proper positions ontne bus. To make this easier, bend the assem-bly tabs upward and gently push them into thecorresponding slots. The tip of the razor bladeknife can be used to assist in the insertion.
4. To provide extra strength to the model, glue thesurfaces of the cradles aT,ri the propellant tanksthat touch together.
#4 Assembling the COMPTEL and EGRET1. After joining each cylinder, glue and insert a ping
pong ball into the upper end of each. The r ingpong balls should form a dome at the upper endof each cylinder.
2. Insert the EGRET cylinder into the model first.Use a short piece of cellophane tape to anchor itin place. Insert the tape through the COMPTELhole. Next, insert the COMPTEL cylinder. Bendthe assembly tabs on the bus upward and slipthem into the cylinder slots as it is pusheddownward. For a better looking model have thecylinder seams face each other.
#5 Assembling the OSSEIt is easiest to assemble this part by foldingaround the curved side pieces before folding inthe bottom.
#6 Assembling the BATSEScore the fold lines betore cutting out the pieces.After making all eight BATSE pieces, glue eachto the model in the places indicated in thecompleted model diagram.
#7 Assembling the Solar Arrays1. Be sure to punch the holes indicated in each
array before cutting them out. (Look for the E).
BEST COPY AVAILABLE
2. Coat the back side of each array with glue and foldthem together along the dashed fold lines.
3. Cut one piece of dowel rod 45-cm long.4. Slip the rod through the holes in the bus.5. Carefully slide one array on to each end of the rod.
The rod is inserted through the holes cut open instep 7-1.
#8 Assembling the Antenna1. Cut out both forms. Be sure to punch the holes
first. (Look for thee.)2. Curl and glue the large form onto itself to form a
shallow cone. Hold this piece together until theglue starts drying.
3. Coat the inside of the center of the cone and theback side of the smaller circle with glue. When dry,press the smaller circle into the center of the cone.
4. Cut a 14-cm piece from the remaining dowel rod.Slide the antenna on to one end of the rod. Slipthe other end of the rod through the holes in thebottom of the cradle on the OSSE end of thespacecraft.
The NASA Compton Gamma Ray Observatory modelis now complete. You can display it by suspending itfrom the ceiling by a piece of thread or monofilamentfishing line or by creating a base for it.
