rr*
ICUMENTATION AND CHARACTERIZATIONOF CAMELDREEDSOF PAKISTAN
THESIS
M C5&
KÿMil*t-j:
'A
(
W"•A.-r.
By
MUHAMMAD NAWAZBALOCH
EPARTMENT OF LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENTFACULTY OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRYAND VETERINARY SCIENCES
DH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY,TANDO JAM2002
DOCUMENTATION AND CHARACTERIZATIONOFCAMEL BREEDS OF PAKISTAN
THESIS
BY
MUHAMMAD NAWAZBALOCHM.Sc.(Hons.)
\
i
A THESISSUBMITTEDTHROUGH THE DEPARTMENTOFLIV ESTOCK MANAGEMENT,FACULTY OF ANIMALHUSBANDRY AND VETERINARY SCIENCES,SINDHAGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY,TANDO.JAM INCONNECTION WITH THE FULFILLMENT
OFTHE REQUIREMENTSFOR THEDEGREEOF DOCTOR OF
PHILOSPHY
2001
DOCUMENTATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OFCAMELBREEDSOF PAKISTAN
BY
MUHAMMAD NAWAZBALOCH
APPROVAL CERTIFICATE BY SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE
Certified that the work embodied in this manuscript has not previously
been done anti the thesis has been prepared in accordance with the thesis manual of
Sindh Agriculture University. Tando Jam to the satisfaction of the supervisory
committee.
Supervisor DR.CHOUS BAKHSH ISAMProlessor!MeritorIOUS)Retd:Department of LivestockManagementFaculty of Animal Husbandry andVeterinary Sciences. SindhAgriculture University. Tando Jam.
Co-Supervisor-1 KHProfessor!Meritorious)Department of Veterinary PhysiologyFaculty of Animal Husbandry andVeterinaryAgriculture University. Tando Jam.
Sciences, Sindh
Co-Supervisor-11 DR.\Jxrs\0HA\IMAI)BALOCHProfessorDepartment of Animal NutritionFaculty of Animal Husbandry andVeterinary Sciences. SindhAgriculture University, Tando Jam.
//.....rrr...f}.. r--.......20CQ__
Date ofThesis Defense.
:
1
il
Dedication
This humble effortand the fruit of
my thoughts are Dedicatedto
my beloved wife and children
toMY
Sons
And
Daughters
SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY,TANDOJAM.
“THESIS RELEASE FORM”
1. MUHAMMAD NAWAZ BALOCH. hereby authorize Sindh
Wriculture University. Tando Jam to supply copies of mv thesis to libraries or
individuals upon requests.
Signature
//- T- T-erby'Date
iii
r
:
DOCUMENTATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
OFCAMEL BREEDSOF PAKISTAN
iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
All praise be to Almighty ALLAH,Who created man, gave him the gift
of expression and revealed for him Holy “QURAN”, which is a source of advice.
healing guidance and mercy for those who have faith The author bow before Almightv
ALLAH and express his humblest and sincerest words of gratitude to HIM. WHO
bestowed upon the author the potential and ability to make material contribution to the
already existing body ofknowledge.
The author feels, great pleasure and honour, to acknowledge the
indebtedness to his supervisor and teacher Professor Dr. Ghous Bakhsli Isani.
Department of Livestock Management, for his kind able and skilled guidance during the
conduct of research and writing of the thesis. The author finds no words to express iris
immense gratitudes for the valuable suggestions, inspiring guidance, personal interest of
the supervisor without which, this thesis would have never attained it's present shape It
is a matter of great pride and privilege for the author to express his feelings of obligation
and deepest indebtedness to Dr. lsam for his thought provoking ideas and encouraging
attitude during the entire study programme The author found him very kind, and polilelv
behaving person during the period of the studv and prays for his success in "Din and
Dunya' and for his good health.
Author also wishes to express his sincere thanks to the members of
supervisory committee Dr. Gul Muhammad Baioch. Professor. Department of Animal
Nutrition and Dr Bashir Ahmed Sheikh Professor.Meritorious. Department of
Veterinary Physiology for their keen co-operation and valuable suggestions Sincerest
appreciation's are also extended to M/s. Muhammad Amir Qaimkhani, Associate
Professor and Chairman. Department of Livestock Management and Ghulam Hussain
Soomro, Professor!Retd.). Department of Livestock Management Dr.Jamilluddin Warsi
Associate Professor.(Retd) Dairy Technology, for their co-operation.
It is also the author’s profound privilege to express his sincere thanks to
Director’s. Deputy Director's, Assistant Director’s and veterinary officers of Livestock
Department of Sindh. Punjab. N.W.F P , Northern Areas and Baluchistan for their great
help in identifying the camel herds and facilitating visits to the farms for collecting the
data. The author is deeply indebted to them and their staff particularly to Dr Havnt Ali
Director Agriculture research Gilgit. and Dr Abdul Wahid Jasra. Director N.ADRd.
Islamabad, who assisted in accomplishment of the laborious work ol data recording tor
.this research
Author also acknowledge the help and assistance of Dr Abdul Jabbar
Malik. Director. Advanced Studies and Research. Sindh Agriculture University. Tando
.lain for during the development of this manuscript the valuable suggestions in
connection with the formal of the thesis during the course ot study and writeup paved
i he way for its early completion
Author also wishes to extend his thanks to Mr. Abdul Sattar Memon,
Senior Veterinary Officer and Mr. Zahid Iqbal Rajput. Veterinary Officer.rbi their help
during collection of the data and computer composing ofthesis with care and patience
The co-operation, extended by M/S Rashid Ahmed Nizamani and None
Mimed Soomro. Senior Veterinary Officers of the department Animal Husbandry Sindh.
for helping in statistical analysis ofthe data is also gratefully acknowledged.
Thanks are due to Mr Pervniz Ahmed Shaikh for computerizing and
preparation ofthesis work And helping in scanning and compiling the work.
Thanks are due to Mr. Shafique Ahmed, Photographer for preparation of
slides and Mithal Gabo. Assistant in the office of Director General Livestock and
Fisheries for a help m typing work
Thanks are acknowledged to Mr. Ashfaque Ahmed Isani Associate
Professor. Mehran University of Engineering Jamshoro for his help in scanning and
printing the photographs ofthe breeds for inclusion in tbe manuscript.
Last but not the least the author is grateful to all the camel breeders and
camel keepers in the four provinces and Northern .Areas who provided the useful
information during the data collection.
vi
r AN ABSTRACTOFTHETHESIS OF
Doctor ofPhilosophy(PIvD)Maior Livestock Manauement
Muhammad Nawaz Baloch for
Documentation and Characterization ofCamel Breeds of Pakistan.Title:
Study was carried out to identify, document and characterize the camel
breeds of Pakistan Data were collected on pre-tested questionnaire from different
regions ofthe countrv and statistically analyzed
The breeds documented from various provinces of Pakistan are Larri.
Kharai. Sakrai and Dhatti from Sindh. Kachhi. Brahvi. Makrani. Lasse Rodbari, Pisiiin
and Kharani from Baluchistan: Marecha. Bagri. Brela and Campbelpuri trom
Punjab;Kala-Chitta. Ghuimani. Gaddi. Khader and Maya from NWFP and Bacterian
(double-humped)from Northern Areas of Pakistan Habitat and ecology of each breed is
described
The data were collected on breed characteristics like morphological.
>omatometeric. growth, production, reproduction traits, draughtability and utility of the
documented breeds The morphological data included the measurement of various body
.pans, like face, head .ears .neck, hump and somaiometeric measurements included girth.
height, length and measurement of fore and hind legs
Values of pooled data ( of all the breeds) on birth weight, weaningweight and adult weight averaged 46.69. 94 14 and 668 74 kg. respectively The effectsofthe breed and sex were significant
Overall means of age at first riding and first loading were 1 192.19 and
1445.69 days, respectively. The milk yield and lactation length averaged 1894 94 litersand 445.58 days, respectively. Average age at first breeding in male and female was
4.23 and 4.57 years, respectively. The variations in the trait due to sex and breed weresignificant Overall means of dry period and calving interval were 289 84 and 764 87days, respectively Mean value of riding speed and load carrying capability were 769
.km/hr and 406 IS kg. respectively
The camel is playing an important role in the agrarian economy ofPakistan. It's role in performing various on and off farm operations (load carrying onback, pulling cart load, drawing u'ater from the wells, drawing Persian well and oilextraction mills etc )have also been assessed
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE NO.CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER
....IX
. . XV
INTRODUCTIONI.
. .. SREVIEW OF LITERATUREII.
.... SEvolution
10Domestication
Breeds
Productive traits
4.1 Milk production
4.11 Milk composition
4 12 Milk products
2.4.4 Nutritive values ofcamel milk.
2
. .104
144.
14
, 10
.. 24
4.2 Meat production
4,2.1 Nutritive values ofcamel meat. .
4.4 Wool and hair ofcamel
4 Reproductive trails
6. Growth traits
Draught'.Work traits
25
27
20
42
.... 4!
7 ... 44
MATERIALS AND METHODSIN. 49
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONIV. . . 59
SUMMARY. V. ... 266
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
LITERATURE CITED
APPENDICES
.... 271
. 274
285
SYNOPSIS .....401
VIII
LISTOFTABLESPARTICULARS PAGE NO.TABLES
1 ~ 1
7Average composition of milk from cattle, sheep, goats andcamels
Comparison ofdentition ofcamel and cattle
Standardsof measurments on morphological parameters,
Meansof morphological characteristics of Larri camel
Means ofsometometeric measurement ofLarri camel
Growth traits of Larri camel
Production traits of Larri camel
Reproductive traits of Larri camel
Draught traits of Larri camel
Means of morphological characteristics of Kharai Camel
Means ofsometometeric measurement ofKharai Camel
Growth trails of Kharai camel
Production traits of Kharai camel
Reproductive traits of Kharai camel
Draught traits of Kharai camel
Meansofmorphological characteristics ofSakrai camel
Means ofsometometeric measurement ofSakrai camel
Growth traits ofSakrai camel.
Production traits ofSakrai camel
Reproductive traits ofSakrai camel
Draught traits ofSakrai camel
Means of morphological characteristics ofDhatti camel
Means ofsometometeric measurement ofDhatti camel
Growth traits ofDhatti camel
Production traits ofDhatti camel
Reproductive traits ofDhatti camel
Draught traits ofDhatti camel
Means of morphological characteristics ofKachhi Camel
Means ofsometometeric measurement ofKachhi camel
Growth traits of Kachhi camel
7
. ,5S
624
62;
..63(
64
64S
.65
70It)
70i ;
7112
7213
. 7214
15 73
7516i
17 ... 77
IS ... 78
16 79
20 . . 79
...79
...85
23 .. .85
24. . 86
• 25. 87
26 87
27. 88
28 92
29 .. .92
30 93
IX
.94Production traits of Kachhi camel
Reproductive traits ofKachhi camel
Draught traits of Kachhi camel
Means of morphological characteristics of Brahvi Camel
Means ofsometometeric measurement of Brahvi Camel
Growth traits of Brahvi camel
Production traits ofBrahvi camel
Reproductive traits of Brahvi camel
Draught traits ofBrahvi camel
Means of morphological characteristics of Makrani Camel
Means ofsometometeric measurement ofMakrani camel....
Growth traits of Makrani camel
Production traits of Makrani camel
Reproductive traits ofMakrani camel
Draught traits of Makrani camel
Means of morphological characteristics ofLassi Camel
Means ofsometometeric measurement ofLassi camel
Growth traits of Lassi camel
Production traits ofLassi camel
Reproductive traits of Lassi camel
Draught traits ofLassi camel
Meansof morphological characteristics ofRodbari Camel
Means ofsometometeric measurement of Rodbari Camel
Growth traits ofRodbari camel
Production traits of Rodbari camel
Reproductive traits ofRodbari camel
Draught traits of Rodbari camel
Means of morphological characteristics ui Pishin Camel
Means ofsometometeric measurement ofPishin Camel
Growth traits of Pishin camel
Production traits ofPishin camel
Reproductive traits ofPishin camel
Draught traits of Pishin camel
Means of morphological characteristics of Kharani Camel
Means ofsometometeric measurement ofKharani Camel
... 94
. 95y
. . 984!
99
... 100o
10!/
... 1018
1019
10540
... 10641
10742
.... 10843
. 10844
. 10845
I 1 146
1 1247
11348
. 1 1449
'0 ...I 14
'1 . 1 14
S') 117
53 . .118
54 .... 1 19
55 1 19
56. .....120
57 120
>8 123
59 124
60 ...125
61. . 125
62 126
.63 126
64. 128
65 130
x
6j
131Growth traits ofKharani camel
Production traits ofKharani camel
Reproductive traits of Kharani camel .
Draught trails of Kharani camel
Means of morphological characteristics ofMarecha Camel
Meansofsometometeric measurement ofMarecha Camel
Growth trails ofMarecha camel
Production traits ofMarecha camel
Reproductive traits ofMarecha camel
Draught traits of Marecha camel
Means of morphological characteristics of Bagri Camel
Means ofsometometeric measurement ofBagri Camel
Growth trails of Bagri camel
Production traits ofBagri camel
Reproductive traits of Bagri camel
Draught trails ofBagri camel
Means of morphological characteristics of Brela Camel
Means ofsomeiometeric measurement ofBrela Camel
Growth traits of Brela camel
Production traits ofBrela camel
Reproductive traits of Brela camel
Draught traits ofBrela camel
Means of morphological characteristics ofCambelpuri Camel
Means ofsometometeric measurement ofCambelpuri Camel
Growth traits ofCambelpuri camel
Production traits ofCambelpuri camel
Reproductive traits ofCambelpuri camel
Draught traits ofCambelpuri camel
Means of morphological characteristics ofKala-Chitta Camel
Means ofsometometeric measurement ofKala-Chitta Camel
Growth traits of Kala-Chitta camel
Production traits of Kala-Chitta camel
Reproductive traits ofKala-Chitta camel
Draught traits ofKala-Chitta camel
Means of morphological characteristics ofGhulmani Camel
00
131()7 .....13208
132(>9
.. 130"0
....136
. .13772
138“3
13874
13975
14370
.14477
145"8
140"9.
140SO
. . 147SI
.. 150S2
;151S3i
S4 152
.15385
15380
87 ...153
88 . . 157
89 158
90 159
9| ... .159
92 100
93 160
94 .....164
95 105
90. 166
97 166
98. 167
99. 107
100 171
xi
Means ofsometometeric measurement ofGhulmani Camel
Growth traits ofGhulmani camel
Production traits ofGhulmani camel
Reproductive traits ofGhulmani camel
Draught traits ofGhulmani camel
Means of morphological characteristics ofGaddi Camel
Means ofsometometeric measurement ofGaddi Camel
Growth traits ofGaddi camel
Production traits ofGaddi camel
Reproductive traits ofGaddi camel
Draught traits ofGaddi camel
Means of morphological characteristics of Khader camel
Means ofsometometeric measurement ofKhader Camel
Growth traits ofKhader camel
Production traits of Khader camel
Reproductive traits ofKhader camel
Draught traits of Khader camel
Means of morphological characteristics of Maya camel
Means ofsometometeric measurement ofMaya camel
Growth traits ofMaya camel
Production traits of Maya camel
Reproductive trails ofMaya camel
Draught traits ofMaya camel
Means of morphological characteristics ofBacterian Camel
Means ofsometometeric measurement ofBacterian camel
Growth traits ofBacterian camel
Production traits ofBacterian camel
Reproductive traits ofBacterian camel
Draught traits ofBacterian camel
(A)Comparative morphological characteristics ofcamel breeds
(B)Comparative morphological characteristics ofcamel breeds
Meansofsometometeric measurement ofcamel breeds
Statistical values of birth weights(kg)ofthe documented camelbreeds
171101.
172102.!
173103
.17310*4
... 174103
177100.
....178107.
179I OS .....1791 09.
.1801 10.
...ISO
. I S31
..184
. 1 851 14
113 185
I 19 ... 189
117 ...189
I IS. . ..190
1 19 190
120. 191
121. 192
122 .192
123. .....193
124 . .. 198
125 ... 198
129. ...199
127. ....200
I2S .. . 200
129. .....201
130. 222
....229
131 234
132
240
;:
xii
r f
Statistical values ofweaning weights(kg)ofthe documentedcamel breeds
Statistical values ofadult weights(kg)ofthe documented camelbreeds
Statistical values osfage at 1st riding(days)ofthe documentedcamel breeds
Statistical values ofage at 1st. loading(days)ofthe documentedcamel breeds
Statistical values of milk yield ofthe documented camel breeds
Statistical values oflactation length of the documented camelbreeds
Statistical values of quantity of hair(kg)per clip ofthedocumented camel breeds
Statistical values ofage at first breeding(years)ofthedocumented camel breeds
Statistical values ofdry period ofthe documented camel breeds
Statistical values ofcalving interval ofthe documented came!breeds....
Statistical values ofriding speed(km/h)ofthe documented cameibreeds
Statistical values load carrying capacities(Kg)ofthe documentedcamel breeds
Miscellaneous parameters ofdocumented camel breeds
Economic contribution ofcamel in agrarian economy
Analysis ofvariance ofdata on birth weight, weaning weight andadult weight ofthe documented camel breeds
Analysis ofvariance ofdata on age at first riding and age at firstloading(days)ofthe documented camel breeds
Analysis ofvariance ofdata on milk yield and lactation length ofthe camel breeds
Analysis of variance of data on hair production of thedocumented camel breeds
Analysis ofvariance ofdata on age of 1st. breeding(years)ofthedocumented camel breeds
.242
... .244
1 35.246
; to. . 247
...248i ;?
I5S. .250
!3*>.... 252
i 4f*. ..254
256141
142. 258
145260
144
. 262
145 ...264!
146 ., ..265
147200
148
.291!149
.292I150
293
151.
294
152. Analysis ofvariance ofdata on dry period and calving interval ofthe camel breeds
Analysis ofvariance for riding speed(km/h)and load carryingcapacity ofthe documented camel breeds
List of main areas visited to collect data ofdifferent camel breedsofPakistan
.295
153.296
154....297
xiii
297(A)Vegetation ofThar and Cholistan area
(B)Vegetation ofcoastal area
(C)Vegetation ofmountainous area
(D)Vegetation ofirrigated area
155 .....298
299
300
i\
xiv
r LIST OF FIGURESPARTICULARS PAGE NO.FIGURES
.2Sketch ofthe family Camelidae
Pakistan camels(number ofheads)
Criteria for description of muzzle& bridge ofnose
Criteria for description ofofneck
Criteria for description oftypes ofhumps
Criteria for description ofoflegs
Body measurement ofadult camel
Larri
Kharai
Sakiai
Dhatti
Kadihi
Bralivi.
Vlakrani
Lassi
Rodbari
Pisltin.
Kharani
Marecha
Bagri
Brela
Camhelpuri
Kala-Chitta
Ghulinani
Gaddi
Khader
Mava
Bactrian
Morphological characteristics ofear.face and cranium of
different camel breeds
Necksofdifferent camel breeds
Humpsofdifferent camel breeds
54
55
50-S
57
58
[ 00
07
70i!
S2
00
075
1044
1 10s
110 !0
. ... 1 2Ss
.... 154i0
14!20
... 1 4021
. ...15522
. .10225
24 .. 169
25 .170
18220
27 IS8
28 ...195
29. . .202
50. .205, 51 204
1
xv
I ...205DifTerent camel breeds
Face Length ofDocumented Camel breeds(in cm)
Face Width ofDocumented Camel breeds(in cm)
Head Length ofDocumented Camel breeds!in cm)
Head Width ofDocumented Camel breeds(in cm)
Ear Length ofDocumented Camel breeds(in cm)
Ear Width ofDocumented Camel breeds(in cm)
Neck Length ofDocumented Camel breeds(in cm)
Neck Width ofDocumented Camel breeds(in cm)
Hump Length ofDocumented Camel breed (in cm)
Hump Height ofDocumented Camel breeds(in cm)
Girth ofDocumented Camel breeds
Height ofDocumented Camel breeds
Length ofDocumented Camel breeds
Foreleg Length ofDocumented Camel breeds
Hindleg Length ofDocumented Camel breeds
Birth Weight of All(Male FemaleX'amel Breedstin kg).
Weaning Weight ofDocumented(Male& Female)
Camel breeds(in kg)
Adult weight ofDocumented(Male&Female)Camel
Breeds(in kg)
Milk Yield ofDocumented(Female)Camel breeds
( in litters)
Lactation length ofDocumented Camel breeds(in days)...
Hairs Quantity ofDocumented Camel breeds(Male)
Camel breeds(in kg)
Age at Fist Breeding ofDocumented(Male&Female)
Camel breeds
Dry period ofDocumented Camel breeds(in day)
Calving Interval ofDocumented(Female)Camel
Breeds(in days)
Riding Speed ofDocumented Camel breeds(in km)
Load Carrying Capacity ofDocumented camel
...223
224
..225
.226h
...2277
...228N
...2304
.23!4D
23241
.233J-5 23543
.23644
23745
23846
.. 23047
. 24148.
2434V
245>0.
249
52 251
33 ...253
34 255
. 257I .259
57. ...261
58 .263
xvi
K
rS According to Hiide and Anne(198!)the family Cainelidae is divided into
HI old world group (camelus) and new world group i e Lamoids. comprising the wild
,icuna and guanaco and the domesticated llama and alpaca ofSouth America( Figure- 1 )
S ]|lc* only two living species of camelus are the dromedary (Camelus dromedaries
iiie-luimped. or Arabian)and the two humped camel(Camelus bactrianus)
INTRODUCTION
Camels and Lamoids belonging to Cainelidae originated in North
\meriea It is believed (Zeuner. 1965) that the genus Camelus. to which both, the old
.uni new world species of camel belong, evolved in the Pleistocene period and that the
.investors of today's camels migrated into Asia across the Bering Straits in the late
Pliocene or early Glacial times The earliest camels were probably closely related to the
modern two-humped or Hadrian camel (( bactrianus) whish is found presentk in the
add deserts and semi-arid areas from the Caspian sea across Central Asia to Manchuria
• fliere are still a few wild herds of Bactrian camels in the Gobi desert and it is now
believed that these tire not fetal animals, but are mminents of the original wild stock that
mice ranged across as far as the borders of Eastern Europe. These wild camels have a
more slender built and possess smaller humps and feet and shorter hair than domesticated
bactrianus camels
According to an estimate the total population of camel in the world is
18.84 million The population of camel in Africa is 15.82 million and that of Asia and
Europe is 4 70 and 0.0! million, respectively (FAO. 1994-95). Pakistan with a camel
population of 1.8 million (Fig. 2) ranks fourth in the world after Somalia. Sudan and
India and second in Asia alter India In Pakistan the largest population of camel is in
Balochistan (.76.45%) followed by Punjab (55 51%). Sindh (22 76%) and NVVFP
(7.50%). Pakistan teams in one humped camel, but there are a few heads oftwo humped
£rI'igure: l Sketch of the family Cnmelidne
i CAMELIDAE
NEWWORLDCAMEL
OLDWORLDCAMEL(without humps)
(having hump)
i-* *T
DROMEDARY BACTRIANVIA ALPACA VICUNA GUANACO (one humpcil/Ar:il)in;i) (two humped)
Source: Qureshi( 1 086)
*
2
p
V1'PAKISTAN:C".s
; :
CAMELS ;or H£ADS
•GO;
l 000
•1I;*
it
i:i
! ;i
!
Fig. 2
SOURCE:- Atlas ofPakistan director map publication,survey ofPakistan, 1986
3
rcamel :seen in extreme northern area bordering with China. These are sometime seen
•rossing borders of Pakistan from China to northern areas. There is one herd of double
o.ujnped camels in the northern areas. Hybrids between the domesticated Bactrianus and
wild camels have been reported to exist in Mongolia (Montagu, 1965) Bactrianus
,,unels have two bumps offatly tissue while dromedaries possess only one The Bactrian
thick woolly coat that is usually reddish brown in colour, by a deep fringe of hair
:jnler neck and shorter limbs than dromedaries. The dromedary are slightly larger than
me Bactrian camel It’s coal is shorter than that of the Bactrian It possesses very broad
met. long eyelashes that help to protect its eyes during dust storms, trapdoor nostrils that
be closed and extremely thick lips. The milk of camel is richer in protein, fat.
nhosphoiais and vitamin C contents than cow. sheep and goal's (Table-2) The came!
teeth also differ in their form and number from other ruminants(Table-5) i e cattle
me
:i.o a
can
The Holy Quran invites attention of the researchers with a message "Do
mey not look at the camel. How they are created" lAI-Quran). While some attention i.s
being given to rearing of all classes of domestic livestock breeds and their crosses, the
native camel breeds still remain less identified, documented, characterised, evaluated
and conserved in Pakistan, as much as else where. There is greater need of information
on the performance of native camel breeds, because there exist many gaps in our
knowledge so for our local camel breeds are concerned, mainly because of
following reasons.
i
the
A significant proportion of production of meat (9 thousand metric tons/vear).milk (0.63 million tons/year) and work requirements are contributed by thenative breeds of camel.
a I
h) These breeds are adapted to village or small farmer’s management systems withlow inputs in the difficult arid desert and mountainous regions.
They utilize low quality feeds by browsing trees or crop residues, and thus havelow energy requirements and low economic inputs.
c)
Cl) They do not compete with other livestock for their nutrition as they browse topfeeds.
They provide an important resource of subsistence in terms of income to thevillage and to the nomadic camel raisers particularly inhabitants of desert andmountainous arid regions.
e)
4
rr Tlie camel is likely to remain important in these ways through the future yearsin Pakistan which is a camel exporting country.
It. therefore, is essential that native camel be given urgent priority in
identification. documentation, characterization, preservation and economic evaluation.
1'he collection of existing data on the camel breeds in the country is essential, so that
scientists, students, administrators, extension workers and planners may have a ready
.iccess to available knowledge not only on identification of unidentified camel breeds.
.•MI also on their production performance and genetic potential. There is undoubtedly a
creat dearth of information anti gap of knowledge on the breeds, strains or types and
:iieir distribution, population numbers, production performance and utility.
Consequently, much of this information is not readily available to research workers or
:o provincial, national or international organizations involved in the collection and
collation of data, conservation ot germ plasm or any other type of data on camel breeds
nlcuding their strains and varieties of economic importance. This information needs to
>e collected and collated immediately for the following reasons:-
To identify gaps in the knowledge regarding breeds and areas where researchefforts should be maximised or sirengthed to improve present situation ofknow-ledge about camel to update the data base on this species.
.0
To fully document productivity of local or native breeds and to assess theiradaptation to specific climatic, management and production systems.
b)
To update the inadequate information available on the breed characteristics andproduction potentials of camel breeds.
c>
d) To compare the production potential and utility of the documented breeds.
To facilitate the planners and administrators to make breed production policiesfor rational decision making as regards to national goals tor conservation ofbreeds which may be at the verge of extinction
e)
f) To embark upon improvement of herds and thus assess the possibility of furtherexportation of camel out side Pakistan particularly to the nearest Middle Eastmarket
The present research study is thus organised with the following specific
objectives :
5
!?rTo identify the camel breeds of Pakistan.
To document the characteristics, productive and reproductive traits anddraughtability of the identified breeds.
: ; )
To describe habitat and distribution of the documented camel breeds in relationto vegetation and its ecological conditions i.e.topography, climate.
. i)
To assess the production potential and utility ofthe documented breeds
To assess and evaluate the economic contribution of the documented camelbreeds.
i
6
I'ABLE-1 Average composition of milk from cattle, sheep, goats and camels
(in percent)
Cows Goats Sheep CamelConstituents
86. 1 88.2 86.4 85.6Water
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.9I \N!1
I—'3.8 3.3 4.4 4.5Protein
5.0 2.9 4.1 5.5I ,ii
4.5 2.8 3.7 3.41 .ictuseI
mg/100gm
128 133t '.ilcium 144 40
97 122Phosphorus 108 138
0.52 0.38 0.41 0.4lorn
I 1 huimine 0.04 0.040.04 0.06
kiluiflavin 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.08
Viiamin C 1.45 1.97 1.34 2.30
source: Knoess. 1977:
l‘ABLE-2 Comparison of dentition of camel and cattle.
Teeth Camel CattleUpper Jaw Lower Jaw Upper Jaw Lower Jaw
Incisor 06 6 fei1 nnine 2 0 -> :
Wolf 's teeth 2 2 0 0!
I'remolars i24 6 6
Molars 6 6 6 6
i’otal 1816 12 20
Urund total 34 32
Source: Williamson and Payne(1987) ; Leese(1927)
7
rr REVIEW OFLITERATURE
EVOLUTIONI.
Charnot (1953) described that the ancestors of the one-humped camel, or
jiomedniy (from the Greek dramas, "running1’), had spread south into Arabia, the Yliddle
I js| and by the Middle Pleistocene to North Africa (Fossils of C. droniedarius from
Morocco) The camel bones have been found in Algeria in association with Palaeolithic
.at(.facts However, the historically known wild one-humped camel has already witnessed
:i> extinction(Mikeseli. 1955).
Zeuner(1903) described that the camels were plain's animals, adapted to
1 ; le in open areas When Camel reached the Old Work!, it spread rapidly west along the dry
i'dt of Eurasia, with some animals moving south into Sub-continent Indo-Pakistan. where
icmains ofC sivalensis and C.antiques have been found in the iionhem hills. In Western
\sia the Camels separated into two groups. The Bactrian-like(two humped)species staved
in the east or migrated farther west C.knoblochi reached southern Russia, where it was
minted by man and C.alutensis migrated to Romania.The evolution ofdromedary(Camelus
dromedaries)from the Bactrian camel took place in one ofthe hotter and more arid areas of
Asia, possibly central or southern Arabia No feral or wild types of dromedary are
known to exist today, although there is evidence that there were once wild dromedaries m
western Asia and parts of Africa. ri
According to Gautier(1966) beyond the east, farther west, southern Russia
and Romania,the climate was less dry. and thus unsuitable for camels. At least one species
moved south, because bones of C.thomasi. a close relative of the Bactrian camel, have
hequently been found from about 40,000 BC. levels of Mousterian sites in the Nubian
desert
Romer(1966)concluded that living members ofthe Camelidae belonging to
infra-order Tylopoda and the order Artiodactyla share a number of common
characteristics; a reduced number of upper incisors, with only the lateral ones retained;
l"ng upper and lower diastemata between the small canines and the reduced premolar.
Postorbital bars in the skull, tympanic bullae filled with spongy bone; long neck, long legs
8
ihe ulna and fibula much reduced; no lateral toes; a digits at distance with thewith•iveri,enl toes ending in nails spread nearly flat on the groove except for the underlying
L. ivv pads,and a stomach with three compartments
Nawito et al (1967)described the modem one-humped camel or dromedary
iiieius dromedaries) apparently evolved from the Bactrian camel as it possesses a
(.-viigial anterior hump that is present in the embryo as well as the adult animal The present
jbution of domesticated dromedaries is in the warmer desen areas from Indo-Pakistan
i|t- east to Mauritania and Mali in the west of Africa The infra order Tylopoda is more
•i i mil ive and not closely related to the infra order Pectora, whose members possess eknen
stomach with four compartments, and even fewer teeth There are also important
nibi voiogical differences between them(Baptidanova et al . 1975),
i .i
i. >\ es. a
Camelus and Lama have been discrete genera for several million years, hut
VII karyotypes are strikingly similar Their basic structure also is similar The camels
and the llama’s heavy hair are superficial features apparently acquired in recent times
a response to each genus's modern habit. There is evidence that these genera can
aid breed. e\en by artificial insemination(Treusand Labanov. 1976).
Wheeler et al ( 1976) postulated that at the end of the Tertian, while
< .mielus and other camelids were emigrating to the Old World, relatives of the llama
- 1 aina)were moving south through Central America into the mountainous regions of South
\merica Camelids were used by man about 5500 BC.. with domestic forms evolving by
-'<<>0-1750 BC Toward, the end ofTertiary, camelids first emigrated via the Beringia land
miss to the old World, emigrations continued sporadically through the Pliocene, when the
-viius Camelus. to which our present-day camels belong left North America. Camelops. a
well over 2 meters high at the shoulder, existed in what is now southwest North
\merica until the Pleistocene age. It may eventually have been wiped out by early man.’vcause there is evidence that Camelops and early man coexisted(Frison et al.. 1978)
9
rrDOMESTICATION
Planliol and Rognon (1970) described that in the light of present-day
knowledge it appeared, that the camel was domesticated and managed more recently than
,aher animals. They believed that sheep were first domesticated about 10.000 BC. and cattle
ihout 5000 BC
Epstein (1971) considered several views and different sources of evidence
llluiugh circumstantial, and reached the general conclusion t hat domestication mav have
•ccurred in a remote part of the .Arabian peninsula and that this could have been in t lie
Miirth millennium BC He suggested that young unweaned dromedaries, whose dams had
ecn killed in a hunt, were captured and incorporated into the herds and raised with the
cattle, sheep and goats. It was likely that the camel was first used for meat and later on for
milk. It was not until centuries later, perhaps millennia, that the camels were used as
higgage or draught animals and replaced the assess which were used until then The use of
camels in the desen as a means ofexistence for a nomadic life however was conjectured to
l;.i\e occurred at a later date ll is believed that camel nomadism into the desen lands of
\rabian peninsula formerly occupied by the Aramaeans in eleventh century was introduced
i Mason. 1979)
There were varying opinions regarding the exact period ofdomestication of
liie camel It must be understood that dromedaries and Bactrian camels were domesticated
separately Camels were mentioned first in Genesis 12:16. estimated to date back to 1900
IK The old Testament scholars however considered that the book’s chronological nature
could only be considered as a guide and not a record Besides,different opinions on what
load a baggage camel could carry depended on the circumstances i.e length ofthe journey.
the terrain, speed, availability and quality of the food and the water and the type and
physical condition ofthe camel(Dorman. 1986)
3 BREEDS
Leese(1927)classified one humped camel under the baggage camel and the
t iding categories according to the nature ofthe work the animal was generally exposed to
He dirther stated that all the riding camels were found in deserts. According to him desert
camel is light in bone and the baggagar one is muscular and heavier. He mentioned Rojhan.
10
I
«.ala chitta and Bagri breeds from Punjab, the Bacterian camel likely from NWFP Larri.
phatti, Kharia from Sindh and Kachi, Brahvi and Makrani from Balochistan and Bikanari
v-iinel from India.
Yasin and Wahid (1957) differentiated fifteen breeds in Pakistan and
jested that there were usually several or more breeds in everv country or region
possessing dromedary population Thev classified the breds into two general types, the
oiling camel and the baggage ones The breeds within these types were not marked bv so
r-Kinv pronounced functional or conformational characteristics as distinguishable in many
gillie breeds. Nevenheless. the camels of each countly or locality carried hereditary traits
,inch distinguish them from each other in no uncertain manner and similarly, family lines
ithin each bleed were recognized and critically appraised bv traditional camel-owning
..ommnmties Environmental influences, however. gave rise to types which were more
easily distinguished by the inexperienced than the various breeds within the type There was
ni instance, far more in common between the Egyptian Delta camel and the riverine Sindlii
of Pakistan than there was between the Sindlii and his immediate neighbor the Kacithi
which originated from the hill The small, compact muscular, heavy boned hili type, hied in
lough upland regions, was veiy different from the more rangy, long legged, more loosely
wmpled plains camel The former was truly some I S to 2.0 m(6 to 9.5 ft) high, while the
I.liter might be upto 2 14m(7 ft) high at the withers. The conformation and performance of
the plains camel vary in all degrees between the light, tine-boned, thin-skinned, alert.
desert-riding type and the massive, but rather mean-looking phlegmatic baggage tvpe from
tile riverine areas, accustomed to good living and regulated activities.
According to these workers there were many necessities ofconfirmation and
temperament which otherwise depreciate the utility ofa work camel, provided the animal
was healthy and free from injury The points ofconformation ofreal importance were that
the limbs should have been set on straight, the feet did not point outward, the elbows were
noi cramped inwards and the hocks showed no tendency to touch either when at rest or on
die move. Such confirmation should have ensured a free. easy, straight gait which was the
fust essential in a work animal A camel selected for immediate work should be in good
condition as indicated by a plump, rounded hump, well-covered ribs and muscled loins It
should be able to sit and rise with ease when under load. The subcutaneous edematous
condition which normally arises after a very thirsty camel has been given a large dose of
1 1
I aI1(j Bukain. Whereas,on stalls they were offered berseem,wheat straw and sugar cane tops
I The oilseed cakes were offered only at the time parturition. The camels were naturally bred
at puberty ranged between 1041-1070 days (averaged 1055 days) and oestrus cycle
21-24 days(averaged 22days). Breeding life span for males ranged 1 5-20 years and for
females 10-15 years Lactation yield ranged between 1525-1830 litres(average 1677 litres
fil ing lactation period ranging from 316-345 days(average 330days).
The analysis of management patterns revealed that the farmers faced the
ivoblems in managing their herds The majority of the respondent farmers complained
.ih,nil the shortage ofanimal feeds, high cost offeed and lack ofdiseases control facilities
4 PRODUCTIVETRAITS
4.1 Milk production
The camel possesses numerous unique characteristics such as provision of
milk (2700-3600 litters in lactation period of 270-540 days) and meat (300-400 kg per
head) besides its role in the provision of draught power. The highest concentration was
found in Somalia In Ethiopia,camels grazed on irrigated pastures ofPanicum maximum
or on Lucerne and gave higher yields over long periods. One animal was reponed to be
producing 0 kg per day after 14 months of lactation (Knoess,1977) Camel population
wise. Pakistan stands at number six. Keeping in view the above mentioned factors, a
detailed project has been planned to assess some production and reproduction oriented
parameters ofcamel
In Kenya production from three camels have been estimated at 21 liters
per day in the second week after calving falling to 4.8 liters per day in the 16th week.
Lactation there normally continued for 46-47 weeks, the end of lactation occurring
between 4 and 8 weeks after the next conception(Field, 1979). ;
Wei (1980) studied two-humped camels in China. He repotted the
population of the species around 06 million. The author has emphasized the use of these
camels as pack and wool animals. Meat and milk production were less important but in
certain pastoral areas camels were used for milk and yielded 0.5 to 2.0 kg per day in excess
milk required for suckling of the young ones. Lactation lasted for 14-16 months and
peak yields occurred in the third or fourth month. They were used chiefly for work and woo
!:
13
t
Auction. Annual wool production wasabout 3-4 kg/head. Fiber diameter averaged 147 u
t0, young animals and adult females whereas, it was 18 u for adult males. Normal loads for
pack animals were 150-200 kg; speed was25 to 40km in 24 hours. The camel can plough
i„ ;,rea of0.2 ha in about 8 hours. Elamin(1980)reported that Sudan type dromedary camel
produced 5-10kg milk per day in lactation length of 10-12 months.
Pri
Bucci et al (1984)reported 81 adult male camels(Camelus dromedaries)of
ihe Sudanese Beshari or Abbadi breeds. Body weight averaged 410 ±52.4 kg, while the
abdominal circumference at the peak ofthe hump averaged 231 ± 14.0 cm There was a
highly significant correlation between these two traits(r = 0.80)and a regression equation
was developed to predict body weight from body circumference at the hump.
Shui and Wu(1983)studied 152 hair samples form 38 camels Hair density-
varied between individuals from 1708 to 3974 nm2 but was not significantly affected by
>ev The weight of the Iiair/nm2 varied between individuals form 349 to 2402 nm The
v allies from male were higher than those for females. Three fiber types were identified Fine
iless than 25.0um), semicourse (25.1 -50.0 urn) and course (more than 50 uni), on the
shoulder 90.70%ofhairs were ofthe fine category. Females tended to have liner hairs than
males or castrated or noil-castrated. The diameter of line hairs averaged 17.59 nm overall
clean yields of the hair was 75%. The predominant coat colors were reddish violet and
apricot yellow(3724 and 35.63%) respectively; 18.48% of the camels were dark brown
and 8.64% were white Hair quality was highest in apricot yellow camels
Dcliuniagulov(1984)stated that Ihe bactrian camels in the USSR were well
adopted to the dry steppe and semi desen conditions of Kazakhstan. Adult live weight was
approximately 650kg and milk yield averaged 1 180 kg at 5.5% fat in a 7th month lactation.
The yield of camel hair averaged 6.8 kg. Dromedaries were well-adopted to desen
conditions,and had lower body weight than bactnans. Their milk yield averaged 2000 kg in
a 7-month lactation and the yield ofcamel hair averaged 2.6 kg. Data were tabulated on the
body measurements, like, body weight and milk yield. Camel hair yield of unspecified
number of Fi hybrids of the bactrians and dromedary were compared with two parent
species. The hybrids exceeded the mid-parent value for the 2 species by approximately 20.
25 and 10% for body weight, milk yield and camel hair yield, respectively
14
If
daily yields were 28 and 1 1.0 liters. Undoubtedly, milk yields were between the
quoted, but most authorities were extremely vague as to the method ofuico
,.s[renies
.siimati°n.Yields obviously depended on the number oftimes an animal was milked
camel- owning people draw milk 6 times a day. some only once every 2-3 days
the food it obtained, the climate and the frequency of watering Where
,,onte
pendingtll,e!s were grazed on “gizu" both the camel and herdsmen could survive without a
Oil:c
([er. the herdsmen could obtain all their own liquid requirements from the milk
Cherepanova and Belokobvlenko (086) tabulated data on the milk yield
,iK| milk composition of 10 Kazakh bactrian camels, separately for each month oflactation
; m ± 3 08 liters). The monthly milk yield was highest in the third month of lactation( 1 .12
;08 liters) Fat percentages ranged from 4 10 in month 5 to 5 01 in month 1 1 and protein
vrcentage from 3 37 in month 6 to 4 51 in month I 1 In 55 camels in lactation divided in
:6c groups milk vield averaged 300-500. 500-700. OQ0-1 100. 1 100-1300 and 1300 to IsOO
with percentage of 5 10. 5 32. 403. 5 08. 4 74. respectively Protein percentage
.mever. was4 36.4 45.4.24.4 15. 3.85 and 3 65. respectively
iters.
Knoess et al.( 1086)estimated the population ofcamels in 1076 as 7.SO. 306
n Pakistan of which 3.38 237 were in the Punjab. In a trial between February 1081. 5 L)esi
amels(baggage type) averaged 6687.8 kg milk in 365 days. 18.68 kg/ day During the
esi-day milkings the milk fat content was 2 I- 4.1 % with an average of 203% varying
more with season than with stage of lactation Protein ranged between 22 - 2 6°a and
'.ictose between 4.6 - 5.3%. The yields of milk and fat from the camels exceeded the
n erages for buffaloes. Sahiwal cows and Friesian Sahivval crosses in Punjab villages with
"ilk yields of 2065- 3385 kg in 305 days . The fat was 5 50,4.47 and 4.17% respectively
Milk fat globules ranged in size from 0.6 to 6.04 urn The fat globule membrane appeared
:bicker than that of cow's A review of literature showed that camel milk could be
processed to give butter and butter oil similar in taste to those made form buffalo milk.
although the taste of milk varies, depending, on the forage that is eaten The selective
-razing patterns of camels and their ability to graze at greater distances form water than
’ther domesticated animals make them particularly valuable as milk producers tor arid
,egions:The possibility ofusing camels under more intensive systems in irrigated areas was
,,ls° proposed by the above scientists.
i
!}
i
15
rI u ,stfd on the author's own recordings and interviews with herdsmen, data on 200 camels ot
have been examined. The Hoor type is small, compact and ash-white in color.
Hussain(1987)found three types ofcamel in southern and central Somalia.
,.uh type
Siifdaar was tall, light build, with a gray to reddish-brown coat The Evddimo.on the: :1C
hand was tall, heavy built, with a mainly white coal. The Hoor was a dairy type, and
ither two were dual-purpose ofthe 3 camel types, lactation length was 8-lb, 12 and 6-
monlhs. in the three types respectively. Daily milk yield avaraged S.6 and 4 liters.
.ÿjlion and yields during three lactations were 2050. 1500 and 1000 liters, with age at
.,-\u.il maturity between 3-5. 5-6 and 7-8 years, respectively
:::cr
Khanna(1988)recorded the milk production in six animals. These animals
trained to milk twice a day The average daily milk production varied from 4 to II
k is/dav on normal plane ofnutrition
v:C
Saoud et al ( 1988)reported that milk yield and lactation length were highest
i M-Ylagahiem camels ie 38% kg per lactation length of 17.0 months Milk yields of
i iwrak. Safrah. Shakrah and Shaalah camels averaged 2236. 2336. I694and 1600 kg pet
relation with the lactation length of 10 5. 12.6. 10.5 and 10.3 months,respectively
VVahba et al (19SS)observed that camel’s milk contained 109 mg Calcium
Magnesium; 148 mg Citrate and 127 mg Phosphate per 100 ml milk The electric
• inductivity and the alcohol number, were 46 moles x 10-4 and 32, respectively The size
flat globule was2.9 microns, while the diameter ofthe casein micelle was956 A'
Anonymous(1989)reported that Bikaneri camel yielded from 38 to 108 kg
•t milk when recorded at weekly intervals ranged
Abu-Lehia(1990)studied the content of lactose and chloride and their ratio
n camel milk and found them more varied than in cow, buffalo, goat and human milk.
Hiese contents in camel milk differed from week to week and from shop to shop The
•icrose content was negatively correlated(r = -0.879) with the chloride content in the camel
ni'lk. The taste of camel milk also varied from animal to animal and correlated with the
'i,L’tose and chloride content (r = 0.845 and -0.971 respectively). There was no significant
difference(P - 0.05) between morning and evening milk. Taste scores showed varying
16
Tmilk The taste ofcamel milk also varied from animal to animal and correlated with the
Viose and chloride content (r = 0.S45 and -0.971 respectively). There was no significant
;,tterence(P 0.05) between morning and evening milk. Taste scores showed varying
of correlation with lactose (r =0786), lactose number (r =0918). chloride (r = -.agrees,;40). ash(r =-0650). fat(r = -0.493)and pH{r =0557)
Ahmed(1990)concluded that the camel had been recognized as a valuable
.;im)iil adopted to heat and drought. Accordingly dromedaries have a great potential for
•nik production and may be utilized on large scale to guarantee ample food for man in areas
.,itfeting from drought The quality of camel milk was found to change drastically with
When the she camel was in the middle of the hot summer, she secreted a highly
•ilmed milk with a low fat content. This was a superb adoption for a desen environment
l lie \oung ones were supplied with a milk with sufficient nutritional value and water.
•WI'Oll,
El-Batawy(1991)compared the milk dotting activity of adult camel rennet
\CR)to calves rennet(CR)with regard to rennet extract dilution . milk kind, dilution.
oncentration. pH. temperature, previous heal treatment and addition of NaCI, CaC12.
maldehvde. hydrogen peroxide and sodium bicarbonate in milk Results obtained
showed that, at rennet extract dilution of less than 10 times, tiie ACR was slightly more
:ciwe than CR. while at the higher dilution the reverse was tine. The influence of rniik
o 1 1 ition with water oil the enzyme activity was more pronounced on ACR than C’R
Increasing total milk solids led to an increase in milk clotting time(MCT)by both CR and
NCR The ACR showed slower MCT than CR in different types of milk particularly when
kirn milk powder(SMP). NaCI, formaldehyde. H2 O2 and NaHC03 were added Camels
"'ilk seemed to have lower MCT followed by buffaloe's.cow’sand reconstituted skim milk
iRSVI)respectively ACR gave the best results of MCT with camels' milk compared with
• he other types of milk. However. ACR was more sensitive to heat treatment of milk. NaCI.( ;i( ''2, milk pH and added preservatives than CR
Ei-Batawv(1992)reported that ACR was used alone or mixed with calves.
neonate(CR)in making Ras cheese. Cheese produced was cured at 10 + 1° C with 87+ 2
" relative humidity for 90 days, during which the product was analyzed chemically and
evaluated organoleptically. Ras cheese made by ACR showed an increase in yield,
‘"uisture, titratable acidity (TA), total volatile fatty acids TVFA). soluble nitrogen SN),
i
i
;
!ÿ
17
rI non-protein nitrogen NPN),SN/TN%,soluble tyrosine and tryptophan contents and tormol
opening index(FRI) It appeared to contain a decrease in salt-in-moisture, pH,fat and total
\- as compared with CR. Ras cheese produced by ACR and C’R mixture(I I)obtained the
iiiehest score. Therefore, use of this mixture as substitute for CR in manufacturing Ras
cheese wasrecommended
El-Salam et al.(1092)worked on Domiali cheese made from x 2 UF cow
milk retenlates with different levels of lactose content ranging from 5.0 to 2.7% The
relation between lactose content in milk and gross chemical composition, organoleptic
.iiiality and ripening indices ofcheese was investigated Results showed that the changes in
Mt.il solids, fat. total nitrogen, salt and lactose content of Domiati cheese was significantly
iP—OOl)affected by the lactose content of milk. The development ofacidity and ripening
lichees were faster in cheese made from milk of high (normal) lactose content than in
cheeses with lower lactose content Traces of glucose were delected in fresh cheese from
.1itferent treatments and disappeared after 15 days of storage Cheese with normal lactose
content ranked higher for organoleptic properties
VIehaia(1992)used pepsin in both soluble and immobilized forms,to studs
me effect ofpH.calcium concentration and temperature on enzymatic coagulation ofcamel
milk. Effect ofpH on the primary phase of milk coagulation was minor compared to that of
the secondary phase Calcium appeared to affect only the secondary phase and not the
primary phase A calculated activation energy and Q10 for the primary phase were 106
Kcal/mole and 6.4. respectively It seemed that the mechanism ofcamel milk coagulation.
-i nnlar to that ofcow milk, was due primarily to a charge-neutralization process together
with a conformation-change type reaction occurring in the secondary phase of milk
coagulation.
Khanna and Rai(1993)reported a milk yield ofcamel ranging from 3 5-10
kg per day. They did not mention the breed.
According to Jasra and Aujala (1997) the economic benefits of camel
products (i.e inilk, meat etc)are not apparently visible, however, the domestic value is
considerable. The mainstay ofa nomad’s food is camel milk. It was consumed fresh or just
mured. Farmers reported a lactation length of270 to 525 days. The daily milk yields varied|rom 4 to 12 liters. As high as22 liters of milk were daily obtained from few milch camels.
18
frI'lie total milk yield ranged between 1250 to 3650 liters with an average of 1800 liters The
lower milk yields were attributed to poor food supplies by the producers. Females were
bilked twice a day. Young were weaned at an age of9 to 1 1 months. On the other hard.
|ida.(1999)reported that the milk yield were higher in winter at one milking / day Milk
consumed as raw milk domestically; but some times converted to curd The weaning
ranged between S-10 months(average9 months) Duration of mating ranged between
;n->0 minutes with mean of25 minutes. Gestation period ranged 392-394 days with of393
,:.i\s and the calving interval ranged between 713-727 days(average 720 days). Age at first
heeding in males ranged 1080-1210 days with mean I 155 days and in females it ranged
reiween I 100-1 130 days(average 1 155 days). Animals were shorn during March to April
Hair production averaged 1.6 kg from adult female and 2.25 kg from adult male The camel
Man' called “Millis" was used for domestic purposes. The farmers migrated with camels to
kluro Clihan between 3rd week of May to end ofSeptember to avoid mosquitoes. Hies and
Mins in their habitats The common diseases reported were mange and trvpanosomiasis.
Mortality was 2-3 percent. Majority ofthe tanners(55 percent) did not receive veterinary
nil in time and 30 percent did not seek veterinary aid because ofits high cost
'A .1>
4.1.1 .Milk composition
In general terms the milk composition of camel does not differ from the
of other domestic species except for that of sheep and buffalo in which the
ivicentage of tat is considerably higher Camel milk fat contains less butanoic (Butyric)
•'vul than that of the cow and the buffalo and also has a low content of steam -volatile
kitty acids, probably on account of the dry food which constitutes a normal diet
tDhingra. 1934).
According to Purchase (1943) sour camels' milk cream did not have a
Butanoic(Butyric)acid smell, indicating a low content ofthis fatty acid.
Gamal (1962) on the basis of his analyses of 150 samples of camels:1|ilk (collected between Deceinber and March) reported 3.8% fat, 8.2% S.N.F, 2.6%
0.94% whey, proteins. 3.9% lactose. 0.158% chloride, 0.76% ash, pH 6.56.
'Pacific gravity 1.0564 and freezing point(F.P)-0576°C.
\ 19f
rrIn the Gobi region, camels produced 2. 6-8.1 kg wool/year. Coarse wool
I ,,„p,ised 21 6-26 7% of the tleece. Lactation length averaged 17.6 months, and milk
,.uj ’,20 litres at 59% fat. At 55 months ofage. camels reached 77-86% of mature body
(Luvsan. 1969).
Kon(1972)reported that there were varied reports on the composition of
,:.]e| milk as well as on total milk yields. He tiirther disclosed that it was very white
.. , unlikelv to contain carotene (the precursor of vitamin A). According to him it was
ei sally agreed The vitamin C content at 2.1-5 6 mg per 100 ml was considered fairly
: aled
M:
Dchiinuigulove{1676)obtained the following milk yields and fat percentage
: !lie first 7 months oflactation for groups consisting initially of 10 -2.1 females Bactrian
.riel ( 1 1 S7 liters with 5.5% fat), dromedary (2007 liter with 4 56% fat) Dazakli type
•!. incdary \ bactrian.(2045 5 liters at 405?o fat). Turkmen type dromedary \ Bactrian.
•'2 > liters with 465% fat). Turkmen type dromedary x Bactrian. 052 5 liters at 40X%
i! Bactrian \ Kazakh- type dromedary \ bactrian. (1252.5 liters with 560% fat)
x Kazakh- type dromedary x Bactrian(1807.5 liters with 4.65% fat)dromedary x
it.i. inan(1817 5 with 4.04% fat)
Elamin(1680)discussed the history and habitat ofcamels in Sudan, types of
Hi- humped camel its husbandry, reproductive performance, yield of milk and meat
\ccording to him, the camel milk was an important component of the diet of many camel
mniads Average daily milk yields was 5.10 kg and lactation length was 10-12 months
\lilk from 45 camels, sampled 48 months post parturn. contained 86-60% water. .1 6 -4 7%
'|"iein and 4.0 -5.5% fat,
Shui and Slnizhem(1984)found that camel milk contained total solids(TS)
'-172%(average 148 ± 1.5). fat 40-76%(average 55 ±1.3). protein .1 7-4.1%(average'ÿ* =0 1) Lactose .1.2-5 2% (average 4.3 ±0,7). Ash 0.95-0.98%. Ca 0.10-0.11% and
0,08-0.10%. The correlation’s for fat and protein with TS and with each other
089.0SO and 0.96. respectively.
; i
Lehai (1987) analyzed the milk samples from Najdi camels during the
season in 1985 and found that milk contains 11.29±0.11% lactose, *'ll
20
frI - pjjtO 12% protein. 3 31=057% total solids. 0802±0.036% ash. 4.67±0.l!% content of
I l[T,e| milk was 1 90±0.13 and 0.173±0.008%.respectively.
I ::ci 1 r
Annual report(1989)reported that colostrum and milk of4 Bekaniri camels
month of lactation, contained 12 7 and 1 1.5% TS. 2.6 and 2.2% fat. 206 and 2%
i 61 and 0.52% whev protein. 5 41 and 5.62% lactose.0.74 and 0.69% ash. and 020
n 14% titraterahle acidity (as lactic acid).respectively On electrophoresis, it was
that the alpha and beta caseins were lower than those ofcows and buffaloes, and
•,i.vlles were smaller
:u:
Ahmed (199Q) reported the gross composition and nutritional quality of
..,4 samples ofcamel milk His results showed 1 1.49% total solids. 30% protein. 3 45%
[i 4 17% lactose. SK 48% moisture. 0.82% ash. 7.98% SNF. 0.13% acidity. 1 027 density
:i,| a pH of 6 53 The lev els of Na K Zn Fe Cu and Mn were higher than those ofcow
nik HPLC analysis showed that levels ofniacin and vitamin C were higher while thiamin.
hollavin. folacin. vitamin BI2. pantothenic acid Vitamin A. lysine and tryptophan
intents were relatively lower than those ofcow milk
Farah et al (1990) concluded that camels (camelus dromedaries) were
mpoilant as dairy animals in arid regions of the world. Most of the camel milk was
Misumed fresh or when it lias just turned sour Methods for producing butter from camel
talk have been unknown until recently Experiments on butter manufacture were carried
‘"I in mral areas in NE Kenya. Camel milk was heated up to 65 degree C and separated
'•iih a hand centrifuge. The cream was divided into small portions and the fat content was
:iljnsied to 22 5.25 and 30% Churning took place in a domestic glass hand churn of2 liters
The churning temperature varied between 15 and 36 5C. The butter grains were
••ÿashed twice with water al ambient temperature(27 °C). The highest milk fat yield (85
‘ ‘4 was found at 25 “C from cream with a fat content of22 5%(churning time 1 1 min)as
•'inpared with cow milk butter. Camel milk butter bad lower Reichert-Meissel (2 12).
i’>'lcnske(0.62)and saponification(200)values. |
Khanna and Rai (1993) reported that production of milk and milk
"uiponents was the sunt of an animal’s genetic ability and the suitability of her
-'Hironment. including both the feeding programme and overall herd management
21
— frKhanna and Rai (1993) reported that
1 was the sum of an animal's genetic ability and the suitability of Iter
iromneiit. including both the feeding programme and overall herd management
production of milk and rnilk
The mean specific gravity of 1.03 freezing point 0.57°C. SNF 8.9-14 13%
2 0-5%, protein 2 5-4 5%,lactose 2.9-5 8% ash 035-0.95% and water 86 3-8S 5% have
reported by Jasra(!997) in camel’s milk:!
,1.2 Milk products
Leese (1927) quoted a yield of 57 g butler from 1.6 kg of milk after 4
churning Difficulty mav be experienced in churning to butter and the yield was
mix low Butler could only be made out of camels milk with difficulty, (one ounce
.nil 3 lb. milk after4 hours’churning) Manv camel man depend chiefly on camels milk
: i! wibsistance during certain seasons of the yeai One gallon ie 4 5 Iiters or some time
•ÿ.in ie 9 litres soon after calving , in addition to the share ofdie calf, was the milk yield
'.i\ of average milkers Arabs allowed the milk to go sour for their own use
..i' a sweat meat made ofcamels milk and honev Horse-Foal which had lost their dams
u.i\ be reared on camels milk diluted with water. Ponies belonging to Somalis Arabs
•ninetime sustained in countries with water seareity bv the milk of two cow- camels
1 1luted with 2 or 3 pints ofwater
mus
Haiw a"
In Kenya, in one series of trials no difficulty was experienced in making
'aitier oil The Ghee was separated easily and was kept for 43 hours' at a temperature
•'etween 28 3°C and 32 2°C There was no Butanoic(Butyric)acid smell when the cream
'Dined naturally, but smelled like native beer. Butter was easy to make with the " break"
''ccurring at 10 to 33 minutes. The butter was very white and waxy however, a certain
'mount was lost with the butter milk as it broke in very fine grain. Cheese was difficult
make under natural condition but success was .achieved by using 50-70 times the
"Di ma!amount ofrennet. The curd was light and friable 3 cheeses were made eventually
111,111 naturally soured milk and preserved in fat from the Blackhead Somali, the local fat
lumped sheep . These cheese were ripened for 2 months at 5-I0°C when they developed
•' y°od venation due to Penicillium rocquerforti which had previously established it self
22
*raI1[v about 2% by either method and when used tor cooking a slight flavor was
-jiied to bland foods. The ghee melted at 43.5-44.7°C and solidified at 34-35°C
which melted at 28-38°C and solidified at I9-30°C)•HI1
inpared with that of the
solid it was verv white and in liquid form it had a pale olive color It was almost
cow
\\ i:en
Butanoic (Butyric) acid esters and had a higher unsaturated fatty acid content
Liliee made from cows' milk (Purchase. 1943)
of
i.m
Mares.(l954) stored some milk from Somali camel in the form of curds
i he camels had a longer lactation than other domestic animal and was probable less
,MMtnal in its milk production a fairly constant milk supply was assured In this case the
•u| ofstorage was to some extent obviated
vice
Most attempts at butter production have been made in USSR and there
several accounts of success in this respect Various products other than butter and
made traditinnallv in India. (Rao et al . 1970).Traditional societies
ppaientlv had problems in converting camels’ milk to butter or cheese and it was often
died that conversion was not possible This was not so It was also said that camels'
m ik soured very quickly although this might be deliberate policy on the part of the
wners Sour milk kept much longer was pleasant to drink once the taste lias been
squired Once the utensils into which the milk was drawn or in which it was stored had
squired the light bacteria, little effort was needed to make it(Musi!. 1982)
ve
is esc weie
-f 1.3 Nutritive value ofcamel milk
Leese (1927) reported that camel milk was poor in fat but rich in
valueniiogenous elements He further reported that in order to obtain a nutritive
liable to a human family certain assumptions needed to be made. These were. 50%of
He herd comprised of breeding females and each repreducing with temale calves once
two years(which might slightly be optimistic but would serve as a reference) 25
•nunaU out ofevery 100, therefore, were producing milk at any given time and probably
'•ere producing in the order of2 kg of milk surplus to calf requirements. Camel's milk
"ntained about 2930 8 kcl. ofenergy and about 35 g of protein kg of milk The average
oinunl availability of energy and protein from milk for all animals in the herd thus
''•eraged 534863.7 kcl and 6.4 kg. respectively As a human adult requires 1723 kcl
energy and 50„ protein/ day. a total of8 animals was needed to provide energy and only
t \ .]
23
frproducing in ihe order ot 2 kg of milk surplus to call requirements. Camel's milk
viirained about 2930.8 kcl. ofenergy and about 35 g of protein kg of milk. The average
availability of energy and protein from milk for all animals in the herd thus
534803.7 kcl and 0,4 kg, respectively As a human adult requires 11723 kg
.'lei'siy and 00 g protein day. a total of8 animals was needed to provide energy and only
: 4 animals were required to provide protein. These however were the numbers of
mials required if total nutritional requirements were to be met from milk.ra
According to Bhat el al.(1981)the camel milk was characterised by high
Uiuse and low fat content(5 5 and 3% respectively).
Shareha(1987) studied the effect of the presence ofcamel calf and earlv
•.e.ining on milk secretion and observed that milk secretion ceased in females separated
i>iii their calves When half of the udder was milked twice daily and half was suckled
•\ the calf, daily milk vield ranged from 3 5 to 0.5 liters, and averaged 5 04ÿ 1.0 liters
When the complete udder was milked twice daily, daily milk yield ranged from 720 to
2 20 liters, with an average of 100S±2.10 liters
Yagil (1987)reviewed the literature from many countries and underlined
•he potential importance of camel milk as source of food and drink for people in arid
.iiul According to him milk yields were relatively unaffected bv summer draught.
J IThough water content was- increased, and that the milk was a good source of protein
HKI vitamin C, Milk yields from dromedaries generally exceeded those of the native
cows kept under comparable conditions(annual yields in excess of 12000 kg have been
wported from Pakistan), but the tendency to breed from poor milkers coupled with poor
milking and husbandry practices encluding poor nutrient availably has been detoriorating
1 It meant that the potential of the camel as a milk producer was not being generally
exploited. The tendency for camel milk to be regarded as bitter had been attributed to the
that camels alien browsed on halophytic plants: However, when they ate the same
inrage as dairy cows the milk has the same sweat taste and was no more regarded as
'letter
Anwar (1990) summarized information on milk production and
ofcamel in Pakistan and has discussed the use ofcamel for riding, draught.;,,td meat and milk production .
24
f?ryjeat productiona.:
C'ongiu (1953) provided data relating to liveweight. carcass weight and
percentage. This was only one source, the actual carcass weight data were
most completely lacking. He had lots ofestimates from various areas. There were also
,! mates ofdressing percentage, which generally seemed to be rather high ie the range
. sg to 57% - when compared with other domestic, animals , or even in comparison
,i|] game animals He reported Somali camels with an average carcass weight of 270
,md found a great variation in the weight ofthe humps ranging between 5- 19 kg. with
mean ot 18 kg
Camel meal contained about 22 % protein but only about
imost all fat being stored in tbe hump Camel fat was considered a delicacy by some
Yiv.ir et al 1 065)
1% of fat
In Kango in northern Nigeria..>410 adult camels were slaughtered in the
••month period September-December 1077. out of its estimated camel population of
7"00 heads, and more than 60000 camels were slaughtered at Archer's Post in northern
Kenya over a period ofa few years The best Kenyan/Nigerian camels y ielded a\eragelv
. kg carcasses(Bremaud.1069).
Khatami(1070)on the Iranian male camels slaughtered yielding carcass
•••eights at 500-400 kg. must have been truly enormous but could be possible it they were
;ed in feedlots or on sugar beet tops.
Kuznetsov and Tret(1070)classified 14 carcasses which averaged 17870
••g in weight They classified 32 7%,as first class, as second, and 16.6% as third in the
classes respectively Meat percentage yvas 4.8, 6.8 and 0. and bone percentage was
b. 21 4. and 38.1 respectively.
With a total of 12 million camels in Africa alone and almost 5 million
;lseyvhere in the w'orld its meat production potential was considerable. In Africa such
'•ountries as such Sudan, Somalia and Ethiopia must have been consuming or exporting
both) large numbers ofcamels, yet virtually no statistics yvere available on its trade
’Utne countries with low camel population had relatively high consumption rates of
'or
25
Vr With a total of 12 million camels in Africa alone and almost 3 million
.Inhere in the world its meat production potential was considerable In Africa such
•lHintries as such Sudan, Somalia and Ethiopia must have been consuming or exporting
both) large numbers ofcamels, yel virtually no statistics were available on its trade
countries with low camel population had relatively high consumption rates of
nnel meat In 1974 . for example, a total of04000 camels were imported into Egypt for
.l.iuuhter . the national herd at that time being estimated at 1,09.000 heads(Alim. 1976)
. ,'i
x'ine
Faulkner(1978) reported an average carcass weight of 300 kg for over
.inn animals m Qatar It was not clear whether the figures were the average carcass
..ciehls of all camels slaughtered or ofspecially selected ones . In the former.these must
-in clv have been verv good animals with 57 per cent of carcass weigiit 520 kg of liv e
•..eight
Vlusil (1982) observed that camel's meat could be stored for 3 years as
Mict. while the(iahbra of Kenya were said to castraie their camels purely to get the hump
to develop, the fat ofone castrate being enough for one family for a year it was probable
mat most estimates of the contribution of hump fat to total carcass weigh; were on the
high side Thus while estimates of 5-10% were normally quoted it was considered that
less than 5% was a more realistic figure for the average of all animals slaughtered In
addition, bones in the average carcass would be equivalent to about 20%oftotal carcass
weight!
Bairamov and Gavrichkin (1983) collected data on camels in the USSR
which numbered I 7 million, including 1.2 million in Kazakhstan and the Central Asian
deserts. Their production was 100,000 tones ofmeat. 5000 tones ofhair and 20.000 tones of
milk. At present, however even under better management conditions and irrigation, camels
in the USSR numbered only 250,000. The largest decrease( I S-fold) was recorded in
Tajikistan, Kirgizia (6-fold) and Uzbekistan (2-lbld). where as in Kazakhstan and
Jurkmenia the numbers remained stable The main reason for the decline was the
decreasing demand for camels as draught animals. The body weight of adult camels has
decreased from 500-600 kg in 1929 to 380-390 kg today, and the hair clip decreased from
v4 to 1 3-1.7 kg The milk yield of camels was 2000-3000 liters, and daily milk yield
averaged 1 2.4 liters. The main dairy products w-ere Argon {soured cream) and Chill (a
koumiss-like beverage). In Turkmenia. 160 out of317 collective farms maintained a camel
1
26
V
T1 herd size averaged 77 at collective farms and 160 at government tarms Calving rate
I 385%. In deserts, camels grazed different types of vegetation ignored by sheep,
1(1ii it was estimated that, in Turkmenia only, vegetation in the desert was sufficient to
nuiintain some 300.000camels
According to Wilson (1084) there was often some resistance to the
consumption of camel meat, particularly in developing countries in which camel meat
might contribute an important fraction of total protein availability. It was probable that
preferences for cattle meat over camel were of the same order as preferences for sheep
over goat. The difference was psychological rather than real. Meat from similar cuts, of
mimals of similar age. was of similar taste Camel meat might he sweater, it might be
coarser, but few people would remark the difference. Taste . of course, was very
-uheetive and owed much to individual preference The most serious problems related to
meat production concerned the lack of coordinated data Wilson also reported that herd
ii.ita on aspects of its value as a meat animal were hard to find
Yousifand Babiker(1989)reported that the slaughter weight of >2 mature.
laitenen deseii camels averaged 450 kg. empty weight 4048 kg . and dressing percentage
\s S. and 63.0 oflive and empty body weight, respectively. Carcass composition averaged
'0"n meat. 10% bone and 13 7% fat. As a percentage of empty body weight, the bead
averaged 3 5. the hide 8.6 and the liver 20 The correlation between heart girth and
.'laughter weight was 0.667(P - 0.001). The correlation of hump depth and hump fat'weight with carcass fat weight was0.840(P • 0.01)and 0.976(P -0.00 1 ). respectively
4.2.1 Nutritive value ofcamel meat
Mason and Maule(1960)estimated that Kababeish camels of the western
Sudan weighed upto 450 kg where as the average weight ofSomali camels was 350-400
kg In an other study in Southern Darftir(Sudan).Kulaeva(1964)stated that the dressing
out percentage ofthe Bactrian camel varied from 56-70% with fat weighing 2-5% ofthe
dressed carcasses.
Wilson(1978) recorded details of39 female and 21 male dromedaries.
.which averaged 414.4 kg and 447.9 kg live-weight, respectively. On slaughter these
camels showed a dressing-out percentage of 47.4% and 51.4%.On the other hand,
27
fr,j p)Tian(|984)recorded that a castrated Bactrian camel of750-850 live-weight would
The slaughter rate of camel in Balochistan was tluee percent. The carcass
L.ji.|it in underfed camel has been reported to be 188 to 263 kg and in case of healthy and
.1-11 fed camel, it was350 to 500 kg. The dressing percentage varied between 52 percent to
-- percent. At present, about 9000 metric tons ofcamel's meat is being produced annually
,, Pakistan. Balochistan contributes approximately 40 percent. Camel meet was generally
preferred by majority of local people due to its saltish taste and low quality because
.._,ot| camels were usually slaughtered. Most ofgood specimens however, were smuggled
•:iunigh southern Balochistan to Iran and other Arab countries for meat(GOP. 1986)
f
Hussain observed(1986)the daily weight gain of 14 kg bv males, and 09
r -i by females in Iran on a low cost diet, indicating that the camel was the most efficient
::iea! producer Camel was slaughtered by cutting the neck at three places The carcass
• eight ofcamel in subnormal condition in Punjab was from 188-263 kg In case of well
:ed and healthy camel tilt- carcass weight was from 350—100 kg . Dressing percentage
The meat was selling at rupees I2-I4 a kg and sale proceeds of the
carcass amounted to rupees 2400-3400 Camel meat contains 22% ofprotein and !% fat
which was considered a delicacy . The fat was stored in the hump and was not dispersed
m the muscles ofthe body . The taste difference between camels and other animals meat
was only psychological The meat from young camel was tender and delicious The body-
weight ofthe male camel ranged from 700- 1 100 kg and offemale from 550-850 kg.
was about 50
According to Andrew (1986) it appeared that the home consumption of
camel meat was rare amongst the dromedary owning nomadic tribes Sometime.
however, meat might be smoked or dried as provisions for a long journey. A tribal chief
m soliciting an alliance with another group may provide meat of a young camel for a
least This was usually from an animal of under 5 years of age and females were
preferred. Camels were also slaughtered for ritual purposes.
Yousif and Babiker (1989) reported that the slaughter weight of 52
mature, fattened desert camel averaged 456 kg. empty weight 404.8 kg, dressing
percentage 55.8 and 63.6 of carcass and empty body weight, respectively Carcass
composition averaged 86% meat.90% bone and 13.7% fat. As a percentage of empty
28
right of210 kg, 160 kg meat and 40 kg bones. Each carcass would thus yield,arcass we.., protein (at 22% of the meat only) and 997 312.5 k-cal energy (at 36 8 kg per
tor fat and 17.9 kg per gram for meat protein) Total energy and protein from a.Min
I of 100 camels would thus be 5983917 k-cal energy and 21 1.2 kg protein, equivalent
put per animal of59817.7 k-cal and 2.11 kg protein In theory, one camel will
kie 5 davs energy requirements for one adult but 35 days protein requirements they
i Inis a good source of protein and calories in terms ofenergy
ci
;11 Olll
C'C
Camels in northern Kenya and eastern Ethiopia were also likely to be
The regional center for Agriculture and water research in the
s ,m)i Ministry of Agriculture estimated that the number ofcamels slaughtered annually
. = fjo kingdom was83000 heads(AOAC. 1990)
• ,v h ed in this trade
i.3 Wool and Hair ofcamel
was the most distinctive ofKingdon (1979) described that camel
vmcsiic animal, the hump and the long curved neck were its most noticeable feature
\noiher striking feature was the presence of peculiar horny pads on the elbows, st i tie-
in! chest The legs are relatively long and slender, an adaptation, perhaps, to a long easy
.HI ami to adaptive cooling, and terminate in large disc-like feet The rate of tlie head
IUI the neck have resulted in very heavy fore quarters and it is estimated that more than
"o of the camel’s total weight was supported by the front limbs The chest is deep and
mirow which allows the balance to be shifted easily so that it w'as directly over the
'•eight hearing forelegs during travel to long distances. The vvaist slopes sharply upwards
uni was very constructed, appearing to be loosely connected to the long thin hind legs
1 he generally rather weak hind quarters were accentuated in riding type camels
The head is carried at the end of the long neck, which is smaller in
mnparison to that of other domestic animals. It bears no horns and had small bluntly-'ÿ >1uted eyes which were large and prominent, but the massive supra- orbital processes
some protection and there are long lashes. The nostrils were long slits which could
’L‘ °losed as a protection against sand. The upper lip is split and hairy, extensible and
'i'ghlly prehensile, it is very sensitive. The lower lip is large and pendulous The male:,ul female both have two glands behind the poll. These were modified sweat glands .
’*
II
29
f
s01ne protection and there are lent; lashes The nostrils were long slits which could
[osed as a protection against sand. The upper lip is split and hairy, extensible and
!..fitly prehensile: it is very sensitive. The lower lip is large and pendulous. The male
female both have two glands behind the poll. These were modified sweat glands
"C L
1}.lid
The skin is supple, covered over the most part of the body with short fine
which may be longer in cooler climates or during the cool season in hot areas The
..,(_,er head is usually confined to the hump and the shoulders, but this varied between
.ji\iduals. The hair color is generally brown, varying from a deep chocolate almost
• iK-k color, through rates, rusts, fawns to almost white some times. Some times even
, colors had been observed particularly in the western Sudan and Chad The tail was
.ÿ„.n and hair- less except for (lie row of hairs down each side and a less noticeable row
long upper surface The female has a four-quartered udder The testicles of the male
positioned high up in (lie groin as in the pig or dog and tiie opening of the sheath is
Heeled backwards
.HI
- A >
M a
:k'
According to Mason (I9S4) the Camelidae. like the Bovidae and the
cnidae. are ruminating animals However, these are usually separated from the
kiunianiia into the group Tylopoda {= Pad- footed) because they walk on the pads at the
of the third and fourth digits instead of on the sole of the hoof The hooves are
educed to claws projecting beyond the pad The Camelidae also differs from other
iminants in t he morphology oftheir stomachs and is not having horns or antlers Indeed
is suggested that ruminats were independently evolved in the two groups Camelids are
.nic|ue among mammals in the oval shape oftheir blood corpuscles. Their amazing water
economy is associated with their distribution in arid and semi-arid environments. A one
camel does not need water when he is fed succulent fodder in summer It can
for 3-7 days even without water, depending on temperature and vegetation
In addition to the obvious difference the two humped variety differs from
one humped in being woollier, shorter in the neck and darker in color. It is adapted to
'he low winter temperature of central Asia while the one humped type is the typical
•'iiimal of tlte dessert of North Africa and the Middle east.
Chapman and Mangolia (1985) studied the two recognized breeds of
camels in the Mongolian Peoples Republic as tlte Galbin Gobi Uran and the Khetsi
30
rrS 5kg Per camel Per year; bulls yielded up to 18 kg,and castrated male up to 10 kg.
1 producing 1 2 kg per year were eligible for the top selection ofbreeding category (elite
* ->) The hard wool collected from the knees, chest, elbows and neck in March-April had
,iher diameter of46-74 urn and a fiber length of69-33 mm,and accounted for26%ofthe
•ii-.ual yield Short wool was taken from the sides ofthe neck, body and legs in April- May
:1C fibers were21-29 um in diameter and 50 - 157 mm in length. Hairs were collected from
remaining parts of the body in May -July. Camel meat was consumed only where
i-nels were the pre-dominant species of livestock, i.e the semidesert Cobzone Castrated
,,!e weighing 750- 850 kg produced carcasses of375-425 kg. including about 100 kg of
,.J\ fat Milk yield was 700-800 liters in a lactation of 16 months. About 300 liters was
tor human consumption The most important dairy product was a hard. dry. cubed
•uvse with good keeping qualities Other products made from the milk ofcamels, sheep.
cattle, horses, included sofi cheese, butter and fermented milk and its distilling The
,i ofcamels for draught purposes had been declining, but in some regions transport was
:l their main use
? i’i
•:c
MlS.
According to Hussain(1986)the camel hair was used for manufacture of
. ni-cloth. blankets, carpets, ropes, bags and many other things to serve as gear of the
nnd Yield per ordinary came! was from 09-1 00 kg and in massive camel ii was 2-5
J per clip It may or may not be clipped every year.
Klianna(1988) reported that the data on hair produced by 185 camels of4
vnetic groups w'as classified according to age and sex. The annual hair production
mlicated that the cross-breds produced maximum hair(1240 g)followed by Bikaneri(1225
i Jaisalmeri (1165 g) and Kachhi (1089 g). The age group indicated higher hair
'duction at lower ages More hairs were produced by the males(I222g)as compared to
cmules(1 163g). Average hair production according to age group revealed that maximum
!|noimts of hair produced were in the age group of 2-3 years during 19S6 and 1987 In
-cncral hair production was lower in 1985 Kachhi animals were introduced at the farm
lining 1986. The hair production breed wise revealed that it was 800.58 g ± 1264(386
finals in Bikaneri) 1035.29 ± 32 77(17 animals in Kachhi) and 80000 ± 13237 (3
minials in crossbreeds). Camels were shorn once a year, starting at their first year Shearing
•'kes place in spring usually around the time of the Holi festival (February/March). The•'triage yield per camel was 1.5 kg.The hair were then spun into yarn, an activity in which
'h
31
' —If
fniinials in Bikaneri) 1035.29 ± 32 77(17 animals in Kachhi) and 800.00 ± 132.37 (3
wiimals in crossbreeds). Camels were shorn oncea year, starting at their tlrst year Shearing
•ikes place in spring usually around the time of the Holi festival (February/March). The
erage vield per camel was 1.5 kg. The hair were then spun into yarn, an activity in which
,(li men and women engaged themselves. The balls of yarn were passed on to the local
weavers(Meghwal)who processed them into typical rugs, often mixing the camel hair with
Litton or goat hair Camel hair were also used for stuffing saddle cushions, making ropes.
,h;i\vls. coats and charpovs(cots). Products made out of camel hair certainly formed an
mportant part ofvillage material culture in Rajistan
.0
V
Camel hides were being used for manufacture of tourist items in Pakistan
.mil for export to certain Middle East countries Similarly, camel hair add considerably to
the subsistence economy ofcamel owning societies It is used for manufactureoftent cloth.
blankets and cloaks These wonder features ofthis animal motivate the researchers to study
more closely to tiinher exploit its productive potential by reviewing certain parameters of
ii> performance. Presently. Pakistan possessesabout I I million camels(Anonymous. 1990-
According to Jasra and Aujala(1997)luur production ofadult camel animals
t.mgcd annually between I to 3 kg. Hair are used for making ropes, bags. mats, carpels and
blankets. Camel hides are used tor making shoes and saddles. A hide is commonly sold 'n
Rs300 to 550. Its value goes as high as Rs3000 to 5000 when used for manufacturing table
lamps. These products have a great export potential The hide ofthe dromedary- was not of
stood quality, and was mainly used for making whips and other products like a gourd like
container for water and milk
5. Reproductive trait
The pattern ofreproductive cycle appeared to relate to harsh environment in
which camels live. The camel reaches puberty at 4 to 5 years of age. In Balochistan.
breeding season is from December to March Since, there was no organized breeding
policy, so all breeds were getting mixed up due to lack ofselective breeding. Age. at which
voung females were exposed to breeding males for the first time was 4 to 5 years and
‘ÿstation period was about twelve and half months. Farmers with no male breeding camel,
could hire one at a cost of Rs.2000 to 3000 for a breeding season. The reported calving
t
532
rrval was 24 months. A female with a life span of.10 years would produce about 6 to 8
..t|ves in her life time(Yasin and Wahid. 1957).KltC
The one-luimped camel extruded the soft palate, the dulaa. made a bubbling
v1llIjd and he bended his head slightly backwards to display the bushy hair under his chin
j|ie dulaa raised from ihe oroventral portion ofthe soft palate was tilled with air from the
,li(C|ieas. In the anting season it extended up to 36 cm in the length Two-humped(bactrian)
wjmels do not have a dulaa(Charnot. 1963)
The number of services per conception for camels bred during the 1st day.
;i:d day. 3rd. 4th and 5lh days ofeslrous were 1 S7. 1 75. 2.75.2 12 and 2 72 respectiveK
W it appeared from this it was clear that conception rate was better on the second day ot
.slums(Gupta et al . 1968)
Bremaud ( 1969) reported the fertility rate of 34 and 52 2 percent in
(HIabbra and Somalia camel herds in Kenya The results indicated that SO percent of the
animals had a calving interval of at least two years, that 73 percent did not re-breed
v.Hhin 12 months of calving and that 74 percent ot' young are weaned at 12 or more
months ofage
Dzlaimagulov (1969) repotted that in 1964, 7 females that
conceived after 3-4 mating were given 5500-8000 l.U. PMS. Estrous occurred 2-4 days
after treatment, and the calving rale was 100% In 1965.4 females were given 4000-4500
II. and !1 females 8000-8500 l.U. PMS Estrous occurred in 3 out of the 4 females.
and in all 1 1 female. 2-3 days after treatment, all estrous females conceived and calved
In another experiment. 51 females were given a total dose of 5500-8000 l.U PMS and
10 females given a cumulative dose of 7000-8000 l.U PMS conceived and calved.
had not
Puberty in the male camel occurs between 3 to 4 years of age However.
males reached their full reproductive potential at 5 to6 years ofage. By 15 to 20 years of
reproductive potential declines(Novoa, I 970).
1
>
6
The literature concerning the gestation length in the camel was very'
conflicting compared to variations reported in other species such as the cow and or the
!"nie. It is commonly staled as 12 to 13 months. Male calves were earned 1 to 2 days
4
S33
1
I
|ljVrer Month of calving, sire and birth weight have significant effect on gestation length
! .Birina and Vyas. 1971).
Koulisgher et al. (1971) described the karyotypes of a male Bactrian
,,nel and a vicuna. In both species the diploid number ofchromosomes was 74 The 2
were similar, but the vicuna seemed to have more metacenirie autosomes..u'Otypes
ihe camel Although the length of the camel's reproductive life varied, but some'•Ulll
-males continued to breed until 20 years old. A 30-vears-old camel cow with 15 calves.
ml! active in breeding is reported to be there. It would therefore safe to presume that
...IK-II well fed and managed,some camels may live upto 40 years and still be capable of
dticing as many calves as the most pastoral cattle(Cossins. 1971).
Blood samples from six to eight she camel were taken(on alternate davsi
.lining a complete estrous cycle (21-24 days) to quantify the principal reproductive
aormone. estradiol (E2) Blood serum samples thus collected were analyzed using
• idioimmuno assay(RlA)(Exley et al.. 1971)
Burgemeister (1974) pointed out that parasitic and infections diseases as
as nutritional factors may have negative influence on the breeding efficiency
After reaching sexual maturity, the female dromedary exhibits regular
vslrous cycles which seem to be limited to particular periods of the year Egyptian
dromedaries may conceive with in a vear after calving although there was still
considerable difference in conception between seasons. In India and much of the
northern hemisphere, the breeding season extends from November to March It is
influenced by the level of nutrition and changes in daylight length among other factors
d>ahl and Hjon. 1976). Singh and Bharadwaj(1978)reported that male camels have two
lubulo-alveolar glands(poll glands)in the occipital region. The poll glands were present at
birth They are believed to be associated with attracting females to males through secretios
ofsome fluid.
Generally, a calving interval of two years had been noted in camel cow
h was prolonged not only by their limited breeding season but also by suppression of
estrous for a long time alter parturition. Post-partum estrous was normally delayed for
‘ibout one year, although few females came into heat as early as one month after
.14
puiurition. The level of nutrition is a factor which may influence the post-partum
since when feed supplies are inadequate, maintenance, growth and lactation take
over reproductive performance(Williamson and Payne. I97S). Wilson(1978)on
other hard, quoted the calving rate of Darftil camels in southern Sudan as 70 percent
..Inch seemed a very high estimate under pastoral conditions.
Gupta et al. (1968) randomly allotted 39 females to 5 groups for mating
rurallv on days 1-5 following the onset of eslnis. As detected by a teaser male, the
finales returning to service were remitted on the same day ofthe next estrus. upto the 5th
cle The conception rate to first service was the highest(50%)for female mated on days 1
•i 2. and was the lowest(1428%)for female mated on the day 5. The number ofservices
conception averaged 1.87. 1 75.2.12 and 2.7 1.A breeding male is used for breeding at 4
.cars ofage. and one male(Stallion)is adequate for 30-35 females.The best male is chosen
the basis ofhis vigor and isjudged by the performanceofhis parents(Evans and Powys.
M
v \
;vi
Barbel et al. (1979) studied calving data during December I97S. March
.977 on 60 female camels Gestation length averaged 386. 52 ±1.75 davs and calf birth
-wight 4437 ± 043 kg. Sex of calf had no significant effect on other traits Month of
.living had a highly significant effect on calf birth weight All phenotypic correlation’s
among traits were significant(0.33-0.85). except for the correlation ofgestation length with
birth weight
During the period of high testosterone levels, the poll glands secret a coffee-
colored and acrid smelling fluid, that seems to attract the female The androgen
concentrations in the fluid of the poll glands are exactly the same as in the blood During
copulation the secretion is at maximum and it runs freely down the back of the neck. The
legs are often spread apart. The penis is rhythmically beaten with the tail and urine is
sporadically splashed on the tail and whisked on the back. Urine ofrutting males contains a
high concentration of testosterone, probably together with pheromones(Yagil and Eizion.
1 980).
Evans and Powys(1980)established four commercial herds, totaling about
-50 animals, between 1974 and 1978, Sexual maturity was reached in females at 6-8 year of
age The calving interval averaged 22 month(range =14-26)for 1 1 females. Estrus occurred
35
crt 4 5 to 10 months alter calving. Daily milk yields of 4 camels over 30 days averaged 6-7.5
BB . ai 4 milkings per day However it was 5.5-6 5 for the same animals milked twice
:.iih
Breeding during(he first or second day ofestrous miglil improve conception
m general The low fertility rates repoiled by various investigators could be partly
-sited to conception rates. The long calving interval is attributed to lengthy gestation.
Killed breeding season and late postpartum estrous which is frequently one year atier
motion(Mukasa-Mugerwa, 1981).MI
Joshi e! al. (1981) noted from 6 females, vaginal temperature during
.•stunts and di-estrus which averaged 57 54 °C and 57.0 °C respectively, rectai
.nperature was 56 95°C and 56 6I°C. and pulse rate 45.18 and 55 61/min. All these
mieiences were significant, There was however, no significant difference in respiration
: im The duration of parturition in the camel was 26 S -12 min (ranges S to 50(Chen
.ÿmil 1681)
In tropics it is possible that camels, kept at high plan of nutrition and
management, would show estrous throughout the vein Factors that affected the beginning
die season and its duration and intensity of sexual activity included: local climatic
conditions, nutrition and management(Arthur and Al Rahim. 1982)
Schwartz et al (1985) recorded data on body measurements, reproductive
Haas, and mortality in 4 herds ofcamels(Cemelus dromedntis)in different areas of Kenya
'-1-175 animals per hard). Regression of body weight(estimated from body measurements)
on age was attempted in the 3 largest herds, separately for calves, im-mature animals and
uilults In the 3 herds,calving rate was 42 0, 540 and 574%.calving interval 28.4.22,2 and
%9 months, abortion rate was 13.5 and 0%, pre- weaning mortality 55.0 and 0 and 62%
1 hey also recorded calving intervals of284 months in traditionally maintained herds versus
9 to 22.2 months in herds with both good sanitary control and nutrition.
Wilson (1984) analyzed data on 520 births form 215 females. There were
XtTy few births during winter. 74%of births occurred during the rainy season. The number
01 birth per month was significantly related to minimum temperature (r2 = 0.81), max .
temperature(r2 =0.56), mean temperature(r2 =0.71) and day length(r2 = 0.S0). but not
36
„|i rainfall Age at first calving averaged 4.9 ± 1 6 years and calving interval 26.21 ±
month 40-45% offemales calved each years The lifetime production of young per
n averaged 2.7. and tlie ratio ofmale to female calves
'('
was 1.07: 1.0
Wilson also summarized the geographical variation in breeding season with
known or inferred climatic and nutritional data at the onset of breeding. The primary
,,tio does not differ from the expected unity. The ratio ranges from 1 00 - 1.28 for
Ics to 1 00 - 1 II for females Male calves have the testes in the scrotum at birth. He also
•polled changes in the blood composition during rutting. A significant decrease in
• and an increase in white blood cells have been statistically confirmed. Puberty
males occurs at 6 years of age and good service ability was maintained until 18 to 20
The female camel was considered to be a seasonal breeder with marked peak in
.-Mini activity
•me
•‘..I
:1
. v.MI S
Yagil and Etzion(1084)exposed two female, aged 1 1/2 and 2 year to a male
•,:ilv (first dav ofexposure- day 0) They were injected with 3000 TU of PMSG daily for 5
:a\s Stalling on dav I The 2 female first showed interest in the male on days 5 and 6.
•Dili females mated with the male on days 7. 19 and 30-35 Serum estrogen and
i iouesterone were undetectable upto day 5 and 3. respectively, subsequent concentration
vilccted sexual activity. In another studv on 6 stall-fed females, the postpartum interval to
•. slums was 25-40 days The duration of 24 pregnancies recorded over a 6 year period
ringed from 345 to 360 days. Calving interval was365-395 days
Normally camels are tame and calm animals. During the anting season both.
males and females becomes more aggressive. The robust and vigorous males are called
'winter rutters" and they dominate over the so called "summer Ritters". Their breeding
activity lasts for 50 to 100 days The sexual activity of the younger and weaker "summer
mtlers" starts when(he activity of the "winter rutters" decreases. Males of about the same
physical conditions usually start fighting each other by biting the legs of the opponent and
the loser is not allowed to enter the herd When the male becomessexually aroused, the lips
become w'et with foaming saliva. The teeth grind continuously and a typical gurgling sound
K made. In the bactrian camels puberty is reached at tltree years in the female but breeding
ls delayed until 4 to 5 years age. They bred for 15 years and sometimes up to 20 years of
'gc The breeding season starts in January and terminates in mid April for both females and
males. The start of the breeding season may be related to increasing daylight length. The
37
breed for 15 years and not uncommonly give birth when it is over 20 years of
The gestation length averages402.2±115 days(Chen and Yuen. 1084a).
iÿuiale can
,iÿ
Champan {1985) reported that puberty in camel was at about 4 years of
Mating occurred during January to March and pregnancy lasted for about 15 months.<_v
jjijpi weight of the calves was about 55 kg which became double at 2 5 months of age.
\l.nui e body weight was attained at about 7years ofage
According to Yagil(1985)the female sexual behavior in the camel was tied
i to a great extent with events in the ovary and the uterus. When it was in heat, it exhibited
behavior characteristics of the camel as has been mentioned before The external
uimfestation ofheal in the camel was related to the status ofthe sex hormones in the blood
I IK- peaks in hormone(estradiol) were cpiite regular and were found to be 28 years apart In
: it.- normal estrous cycle the progesterone concentrations were low. below ! mg-ml At
the rutting maie followed the estrous female ami on catching up with her. press his
ik-ad on her neck and induce her to sit down for copulation When the animal became
cicenant it was no longer receptive to males During the last trimester of pregnancy it
i'ccame more lazv and tends to move slowly Puberty in the females occurred at 5 to 4 years
Tage and the first calf was born when the mother was 5 to0 years old The female remains
'cxually active for 20 to 50 years It was a common practice to withhold female camels
Horn breeding until they were 4-6 years and the age at first calving would be 5 to 7 years
because camels could live up to 40 years, it was possible that they produced a number of
uihe.s similar to that for cows He referred to an attempt in which pre-puberal female
oimels. 1.5 to 2 years old. were injected with a synthetic FSH preparation le 1000 units on 5
consecutive days. They were mated and a year later normal healthy calves were born after
normal parturition. The length of camel's reproductive life was given as 20 to 50 years.
I lowever some animals with good nutrition and management can live up to 40 years ofage
I he average gestation length was590±2 days.
"1C
nice.
;!
d
i
It has been reported that 100 she camels produced 80-90 calves, when they
uere altowed to meet and breed during oestrus period. Due to gestation length and
'easonality ofbreeding, calving in practice occurred every two years The average gestation
length was575 days(Arthur et al.. 1985).II
58
Anonymous(1986)studied the case for using camels as convener of poor
uality fodder into meat and milk in arid zones. The study was concerned chiefly with the
,iinlels physiological adoption to arid conditions, and the yield and composition of camel
,MjIk . Camel production in traditional extensive husbandry systems was limited by
.(.productive performance. However, it has recently been shown that the calving interval
-lHi)d be reduced from 2 to I years and fertile estrous could be induced in 2 year old pre-
females by injection ofPMS.
Elias and Cohen(1986)stated that in S multiparous camels aged 9-15 year
sin; duration ofparturition averaged 37.39 ± 382 minutes. Birth weight of male and female
.•tfspring averaged 31.3 ± 1.69 and 24 5 ± 2.25 kg. respectively The intervals from birth to
sanding and suckling the teat averaged 68.6 ± 6.2 and 98.6 ± 1 1.3 minutes, respectively
Out of .39 breedable females available during |988(cite the Author). 53 conceived 1 33
vrivices per pregnancy were required The fertility rale was846%. In 1988. 58 calves were
lom Maximum calving were recorded in January (IS)followed by Februarv (ft). March
M<). December(5)and one each in April. June and November. The female and male ratio
was I I Calving data from 1961-88 indicated sex ratio as 1 1.2 between female and male
i..lives A comparison ofsome ofthe reproductive traits on data from 1986-88 and 1961-85
M this farm, reflected marked improvement due to improved management practices
\nalysis of data on 705 females for life-time calving revealed a maximum of 8 calving
Highest percentage of females were those who had completed 6 life-lime calving(23.83%)
and the lowest were those with 2 life-time calving(3.69%) The average life-time calving
were 449±0.12 Average life span of47 animals died during 1985 to 1989 was analyzed
file average life was 14.56 ± 0.59 years. The females tended to live slightly longer
1 14 71=0.63 years)in comparison to males(I3.57±2.08 years).
I!r:
Because ofseasonality in breeding, the calving interval in the Indian camel
is long. Analysis of 612 calving recorded from 1961 1990 revealed that average inter¬
calving period(912.S8 ± 35.67 days)was highest during the initial years(1961 to 1966)of
the establishment of the farm. This parameter showed a decreasing trend and was reduced
713 05 ± 20.40 days during 1989 to 1990. These results further revealed that the inter-
valving period exhibited decreasing trend with the increasing parity. The calving interval.
however, showed reverse trend after 5th parity. The secondary sex ratio at birth was I 12
males for each female based on data comprising of 1014 calvings. Significant year to year
a
to
39
f
fi ition was observed. The highest ratio of males to females was 2.10:1.00(n=31) the
Khanna et al (1990) presented data on the performance of the Bikaner
|!n0]s kept at the National Research Center on camel in India Ninety two percent of the
occurred between December and March. Age at first service averaged 13% ± 25
ace at first calving 1838 ± 29.7 days, gestation length 389 3 ± 0.18 days, and daily
Ik vield 3 8 - 10S kg. Prenatal mortality was high(22.9%). and mortality from birth to 3
was6.38%
;
*.J\
Rahim and El-Nazier (1990) reported that during estrous. female camel
...iees its tail vigorously on the approach ofa male,or when it beared the gurgling voice of
• k- inning male. Under natural conditions the male pursued the estrous female and presses
is head on her neck to induce her to sit down The male then mounts her in squatting
:-.)Nture Copulation lasted from I to 22 minutes and was accompanied by oral frothing.
.oval gurgling, intermittent protrusions of the sort palate b> the male and bleating by the
icinale Interspersed with these activities are several bouts of male pelvic thrusting with
.oiresponding!y louder vocal responses from the female
Rahim and El-Nazier(1992)studied the sexual behavior ofone male and 50
icmale dromedary camels for two breeding seasons They observed that urination in the
icnuiles occurred more frequently during non-estrous periods than during estrous whereas
the frequency of tlehmen in male was higher, but its duration was shorter when females
were in estrous The male exhibited tlehmen only when exposed to urine from non-pregnant
camels
Arthur (1992) during parturition studies on camel.reported that, the first
Mage ofparturition lasts 24 to 48 hours,second stage 30 minutes and was accomplished in a
fitting posture The third stage also lasted up to 30 minutes Alter its birth, the calf usually
Maudson its feet, after many unsuccessrtd attempts within 30 minutes.
Dorges et al.(1992)described the behavior ofthe male towards cowsgiving
birth and new born calves. They stated that bulls interfered during parturition by attempted
copulation and aggression against the calf. In all cases the cows were herded away,and the
abandoned calves eventually died, which obviously enhances a bull’s reproductive success.
40
76 Gro'vtl1 lr:lif
.1 Panasenieo and Lufvasan (1971) recorded the body weight of camel
I lives at 1.5,4 5. 6 5 and 7 5 years The weight averaged 129.0.250 1, 481 0 and 6115
I vC respectively in 15 males. 155.1,247 0. 4SI 7 kg and 4856 in 15 females of Bactrian
..imeis,
1 i
The attainment of puberty in cattle and other ruminants is influenced by
age and body-weight A heifer may reach puberty earlier if she is fed to achieve the
:._p|it physiological weight Unfortunately, camel has a slow rate of growth and tins
-netic handicap, in addition to the general lack of feed supplementation under pastoral
management systems, results in higher age at puberty for the dromedary camels
(Chatty. 1972).
::ie
Growth being a universal phenomenon of living organism, is genetically
used in diHerein farm animals, hoyyeyer. it is also affected by different feeding and
mnnagementai conditions yvliich may vary in different breeds or in a specific region/area
Various workers have reported their observations in this regard Camel yvas a potential
'ourceof milk and meal. It yvas reported that daily weight gain in case offemale was095kg
ni female and I 4 kg in male. Moreover,the meat wasfound to be palatable(Knoess. 1977)
Wilson (1978) made observations on Sudanese camel herds from October
1972 to March 1974 and from April 1976 to July 1977 .Almost all camels in Southern
Darfur were of the pack type, and were generally larger than other North African and
'Somali types. Body weight averaged 447.9 ± 84 1 and 414,4
weight 251.5 ±49.18 and 196.5 ±24.94 kg and dressing percentage 5 1.4 ± 2.88 and 474x
’25 in 21 male and 59 female camels, respectively. The fore-quarters, hind-quarters and
hump of the 60 carcasses weighed, on average. 120.2, 84.5 and 4.0 kg, respectively: these
figures represented 55.0. 24 7 and 1.1% of empty live weight. Throughout the Northern
Sudan, the male camel was used for transport. Camels in Southern Darfur however, were
*'lso used to a limited extent for plowing and for extracting oil form groundnut and sesame
±50.85 kg. hot carcass
Field (1980) obtained data on an experimental herd of 20 one-humped
camels The birth weight of7 calves ranged from 509 ± 4.3kg to 36.4kg. Males averaged
-S ±3 and females 34.8± 1.4 kg. Body weight offemale reached a maximum at 12-15 years
41
,;n<r until 74,il week of after calving. Published data on camel milk yields were
eVved. in this study...M
Chaudhrv and Beniwal(1982)studied 77,85, 1 19, 151, 173. 335 records of
weight at birth and at 6, 12. 18, 24 and 30 months, respectively They were collected
camel breeding from during 1971-79. Body weight at the 6 ages averaged 4247ii a
y 162.95 ±1.50. 2 1 I 54.±2.14, 251.52 . ±2.88. 282.99 .446 and 33669* 4.54 kg,
ectively. Year of birth had a significant effect on body weight at all ages upto 2 years.
nonth of birth at all ages except 2 years Parity had a significant effect on weight at
•>;»
V.
•I, and 12 months Sex had a significant effect at birth only, the maximum monthly
.•will was obtained in the first 3 months oflife
Beniwal and Chaudhry(1983)reviewed the records They noticed 335 173,
- 1 1 9. 85 and 77 kg of body weight at birth, 6. IS. 24 and 30 months ofage over a 9
.vis period The least squares means were 42 47. 162. 95. 2! 1 54. 251 52. 28290 and
:«.Ci9 kg. respectively Year of birth had a significant effect on body weight at all ages
i'lo 24 months Month of birth significantly affected all weights except at 24 months
\iiuv significantly affected offspring birth weight and weaning weight ( 12 months) Sex
affected significantly the birth weight. They also tabulated body weight in male and
.ÿmale at birth and at'monthly intervals to 30 months of age. Growth rate was highest
19°o oftotal weight gain)form 0 to 3 months, decreasing to 21 months(3.43% and then
icreasing form 24 to 27 months(1287%). A linear growth equation Y = 9053 = 0.29x
'.counted for 94 12% of total variability, where Y was body weight and X was age in
'tenths
.M>
Chowdhary (1986)collected data on dromedaries at a research center from
to 65 Body measurements were tabulated for animals at birth and at 1-5. 10 and 15
cars ofage. In male and female body weight averaged 42 and 40 kg. respectively at birth.
and 149 kg at 6 months.226 kg what about female wt at 1 year. 323 to 493 at 5 years.; to675 kg at 10 years and 540 to 769 kg at 15 years.The incidence ofstill births was 10.
and calf mortality upto I year ofage 14.88%. Beyond 1 year the mortality was4.05%:1 male and 9.76% in female.The main causes ofdeath were broncho-pneumonia(20.90%
mil gastroenteritis (13.14%). In 40.3% of females, age at first oestrus cycle was 51-63
n,Jnths. in 7.7%,it was39-52 months,oestrus cycle length was24-28 days and the duration>r cstms 5-12 days The Conception rate was69-83% Gestation length averaged 391.66 ±
ii.* i
42
?rto £,75 kg at 10 years and 540 to 769 kg at 15 years. The incidence of still births was 10.
and calf mortality upto I year ofage 14.88%. Beyond 1 year the mortality was4.05%
|, male and 9.76% in female. The main causes ofdeath were broncho-pneumonia(2090%
(fUl i»astroenteritis (13.14%). In 40.3% of females, age at first estrus cycle was 51-63
j ...mths'. in 7.7%. it was 39-52 months, estrus cycle length was 24-28 days and the duration
.•'estrus 5-12 days The Conception rate was69-83%. Gestation length averaged 391 66 ±
2 days Annual hair production in male and female(age 1-6 years)averaged 684 and 722
/MUIS.respectively
J
Saoud et al. (I9SS) described three pure breeds of camels. El-Magahiem.
I .uirak and Al-Geish. For adult females of the El-Magahiem and Lowrak breeds and of4
.•itier ecotypes(Saf’rah. Zarkah. and Shaalah). body weights averaged 74S.0.699 5. 697.3.
658.0 and 6606 kg. respectively. Adult males averaged 830.0 kg Conception rates
l 15. 33 and 14 females studied in each of 3 years age. averaged. 100, 100 and 86%.
v'peciivelv
Khanna(1988)during his 5 year study on camels.reported, the average body
ight of some breeds of camel. The body weights of Bikaneri and Kachlii breeds were
omparable. though the former had an edge over the later Jaisalmen animals were the
mlitest. Limited data on crossbred between Arab x Bikaneri exhibited higher bodv weights
I lie average body weights ofBikaneri females at 1,2.3.4and 5 years were 230.322.391.463
mil 496 kg, respectively. About 65% and 79% ofadult female body weight at 6 years was
achieved at 2n<l and 3,d years ofage Therefore, it was concluded that heifers at the age of2-
? vears can be mated so as to reduce the age at first calving. The age at first calving was
observed to be more than 5 years at this farm during 1961-80 Body weights of first calves
ol two groups viz.. "Folligon administered heifers" aged 2-3 years against controls aged 3-
12 to 5 years were compared The results indicated that the difference in the body weights
;|t the start and conclusion of pregnancy were 129 kg and 1 17 kg, respectively The weight
loss due to parturition in the two groups was 47.4 and 510 kg. The birth weight of calves
showed marked difference i.e. about 9.6 kg. These observations indicated that improved
nutrition is necessary for the heifers which are to be mated at lower age to fillup gaps in the
growth and stress due to pregnancy.
43
rH Khanna et al.(1989) stated that for Bikaneri(n =30-47), Kachhi(n = 4-8)
I uu! .-Vi‘»b x Bikaneri (n = 2-12)camels, birth weight averaged 4045 ± 1 09 and 57.50 *
'' ku. respectively, weight at I year 238 .6 ± 3.80 207.4 ± 4.61 and 229.6 ± 7.56 kg
>j;ht at 3 year 405.1 ± 735. 361 2± 23.16 and 427 ± 530 kg respectively The average
iilu of hair produced per animal for the 3 breeds was 800.6 ± 1 2.6 1085 3 - 328 and
o = 1324g. respectively. The average gestation length(n = 532). age at first service tn
:\i i)and age at first calving(n = 93)for unspecified breeds were 389. 3 =0OS, 1390
and 1882.0 = 287 days, respectively. Khanna also recorded and analized the data on
.|.ih weight and growth rate during 1989-90 of these genetic groups, namely. Bikaneri.
K.idihi and Jaisalmeri. The results indicated that the Bikaneri calves were the best and
i.ii'ulmeri the highest. These studies in dicated that the growth rate m the initial stages was
seller for Kachhi ascompared to other two breeds.
A Cl
\\ L* J
;
Mebmtra and Gupta( I960)reported that the growth rate of30 camels, aged
months to 4 years at monthly intervals for 1 year The percentage increase in body
•.‘.eight was the highest in June for males(5.12)and in April for females(6.34). and was the
lowest in November tor males(044)and in August for females(042)
Wilson(1992)carried Ibrword tlie view that a number of factors affecting
weight and growth in one humped camels. According to him average daily gains of870 g
from birth to 30 days and 570 g from birth to ISO days were possible with adequate
nutrition. Moreover, birth weights ofone humped camels ranged from 26-45 kg and were
•ilfected by sex. period, dam parity, nutritional/health status and probably the breed. ie
genetics..
DrauglitWVoik traits
And that which Allah gave as spoil unto His messenger from them. Yea
urged not any Horse or riding camel for the sake there of, but Allah giveth His messenger
lordship over whom He will. Allah in Able to do all tilings(Quran, Lix-Exil. no6)
According to Leese(1927) the pace ofa normal riding camel was a jog of8
to 10 kph(5 to6 mph)over distances of50 km(30 miles)a day. This could be maintained
tor long periods. He could be walked at a pace ofabout4 kph(2.5 mph), but this speed was
'tot often used. The last inn ofthe African and Arabian camel was generally reported to be
:I44 i
Iÿpl!(10 mph). but only be sustained for an hour or so. Some animals could travel much
for shorter distances and in races they would reach upto 30 kph(20 mph). Camel in|p
;.i>ter
,od condition could be ridden lor about 70 km(45 miles)a day for upto 14 days in tlai.A
mntry- where the going wasgood. A proper rest period before further work was necessary
... a really fit camel could be ridden, for about 130 km(80 miles) in a day or
kin (70 miles) for two consecutive days, but would require at least one week of
.niplete rest to recover Riding camels are generally ridden by one man.and they should in
jilition. be able to carry up to 70kg(150 lb)ofequipment or baggage at the S kph(3 mph)
Camel racing has become popular in some Arab slates and Sudanese camels were
[foiled into Sudan and Arabia for racing. Because their performance has been
MStenlly better than the indigenous camels, entries for some races have been limited to
.i I camels only with other races being arranged for imported animals He also stated that
•'ic hybrid Bactrian/ Arabian camel could carry loads of250 to 540 kg(550 to 1200 lb), the
'.ÿmale being less powerful than the male. A baggage camel traveled at about 4km per hour
IMMI) and there should be short rests from time to time. In the days of military niardio:
mere wasa mandatory rest period of5 to 10 mm every hour Epstein(1 )reported that a
pair ofTurkisian camels wascapable ofdrawing a wagon with a load of 1 ton.
!
V
According to Knoess(1077)in Algeria, the Baggage camel used to bring in
me date harvest from the country plantations which had no road access, and they could De
M.en in several countries bringing wood or bush for fuel into the towns.They were also used
tor a variety of other load-carrying purposes The camels was used for ploughing and
cultivation in a number ofcountries, either singly or in pairs, or sometimes teamed up with
another draught animal such as a donkey In the Yemen Arab Republic, in areas where
Miere was adequate water and therefore, sufficient fodder and grain, farmers used work oxen
a source of power and camels are employed in dry areas where the rainfall is low
Donkeys are often used in the midwest areas Camels were used frequently in many
countries to draw water from wells or from water courses, either bv turning a water wheel
by walking down an inclined slope and hauling up a flexible bucket from a well Thev
bad also been reported to be used to work oil extraction mills or sugar-cane crushers.
.IS
or
Dong Wei(1979) reported that a Bactrian camel in China can plough 0.2
hectares ofland in 8 hours. One Bactrian camel in China is able to pull a 1 ton load which is
'be same two Chinese ponies or two oxen can draw. Camels have been used for military
45
fTi,rposes since very early times, both as baggagers and as riding animals. Cambyses. the
M Persian invader of Egypt in the fifth century BC used camels in his campaign, and there
visa Roman Camel Corps in the second century A D during Hadrian's rule. The British
J .sik dromedaries with them on the Afghan campaigns 1839/1880 The Sudan Camel Corps*
formed in 1S83 and other units were established in other countries The French formed
camel corps in 1894 and used these mounted units extensively in their former North
\iiica possessions where ihey played an important part in the pacification of the more
:jrluileiit tribesmen. They were still used for policing duties in remote areas of some
,.>imtries such as the SultanateofOman.
.Is$
Mason(1979)concluded that much later, during the period 300 to 600 A D
use ofwheeled vehicles was given up in Roman North Africa in favour ofthe baggage
..niiel They were more economical and were easier to use in the developing aridity of the
Sahara
me
Hopkirk (1980) reported that the baggage came! of Arabia was used for
purpose other than a straight cargo carrier The nomads need them to carry- the material and
li.imework of their tents and their household possessions such as bedding and cooking
Appliances. They w'ere used not only bv the owners of camel herds, but also by nomadic
'heep and goat herders. Water drawing from deep welis and its carriage to longer distances
another funelion carried out by camels, both for nomads and for static settlements when
iliese were not close to water supplies. He timher quoted that Sir Auriol .Stein, while
visiting the lost city of Loulani in the Lop Desert ofCentral Asia in 1900. took 25 camels
loaded with ice for his water supplies.
According to Dyer(1983), the uses of baggage camels in Northern Kenya
under good conditions ofhusbandry and nutrition were considered. It wasobserved that 180
Kg(400 lb) was reasonable load, and that 130 kg(250 lb) has been found to be acceptable
tor 50-km (30 miles) in the hot Galena area of the Kenya Coastal Region. The French
Camel Corps have a weight limit of 150 kg(330 lb) per animal which could be increased to
’00 kg(660 lb)for short journey
Dorman (1986) advised, that, camels could be overworked and after very'special effort, they must be allowed a long period ofrest. Reports vary on the amount that a
Bactrian could carry and this depended on the size and strength of the individual
46
Tjuinial.and the type of training they had recived. It appeared from the study that a load of
’,0kg(280 lb)could be carried on a longjourney averaging 30 to 50km(20 to 30 miles)a
I |V or 270 kg for shorter singlejourneys of80km(50 miles).:
Ress et al.(19SS)conducted a survey and reported that the farmers used
.inlel(55 percent), bullocks(33 percent)and tractors(12 percent)as traction power at their
n ms for performing various agricultural operations in both irrigated and dry land farming
„v>tems of Balochistan. Khanna (1989) on the other hand, measured draught ability of
Bikaneri. Jaisalmeri and Kachhi male camels aged 4.5 years on Kutcha and Pakka roads
i thservations were recorded on plain as well as railed and steep uphill slopes on both the
a pes of the roads. Typical two wheel can with arrangement to tix load cell and monitor
used with a payload of 18q. The draught produced on plain Kutcha road was 120 kg by
Bikaneri and Jaisalmeri. It was reduced to 81 kg on plain Pakka road. Draught as a percent
imtlv weight was 177% for Bikaneri and 20.2% for Jaisalmeri. however, with similar
p.nload on plain Pakka road it was reduced to 8 14% Kachhi animals produced 4b 5=5 30
draught which was only 8% ofthe body weight on plain Pakka road On Kutcha road
having mild uphill slope, draught produced was slightly higher in case of Jaisalmeri
(1470=2.04 kg) than Bikaneri (142,6±0.S4 kg). This difference, however, was more
marked on steep uphill slope(Jaisalmeri- 193.1±20.83 kg and Bikaneri-lb.3 6±290 kg) The
draught as percent of body weight was accordingly higher for Jaisalmeri (277%) and
Bikaneri.(21.1%). On mild and steep Up-hill slope of Kutcha road Jaisalmeri-32.5%. and
Bikaneri-242% Kachhi animals produced draught I03.9±5.48 kg and 256.5±37.32 kg.
icspectively on mild and steep uphill slopes of Pakka road and the draught as a percent of
body weight, for the same breed was 180 and 44.5% respectively on mid and steep uphill
u;i'
i
According to Jasra and Aujala (1997). camel played an important role as a
i(ding as well as work animals within the prevailing socioeconomic set-up of three
production systems. It is commonly used for ploughing the land and for transporting farm
inputs and outputs. During survey, it was observed that a camel was used for ploughing for
to 8 hours with one or two breaks of halfan hour Meanwhile land ploughed by a camel
varied from 0.5 to 1.0 ha depending upon the type of soil. Other uses of camel for crop
production were sowing, threshing and straw hauling For usual farm operations, more than
50 percent farmers prefered camels over bullocks and 35 percent farmers preferred tractor
fL
I
47
rYH Atrl- animal power They however, do not use tractor due to non-availability and its
1>;j,ensiveness. It was estimated that per acre ploughing charges tor a tractor, a pair of
9•• iltocks and a camel were respectively Rs80. Rs64 and Rs.56 Hence, camel is an
•nomical draft power for cultivation and therefore, farmers prefer camel for various
. .,[cultural operations over tractor or bullocks. These researchers mentioned that water was
. warce commodity in that region where underground water depth varied between 100 to
; ,, feet One very important task the camel performed in these areas was pulling out water
deep wells and/or transporting drinking water from sparsely located wells and
.;ÿ»! uiiis. It was observed that on an average a camel worked for 8 hours depending on total
,dnnie of water required for various needs in this type ofterrain
.'ll! SO
The camel has significant importance as riding animal and transportation of
goods in mountainous areas. Much ofthe trade between Sindh and Balochistan across
•tic mountains was carried out with the help ofcamels It was estimated that on average a
ulnig camel traveled 12 km per hour with, a range of 8 to 20 km Transport charges were
Ks s 00 per 40 kg for 5 km and Rs000 per 40 kg for longer distance The respondents
.wealed that on an a\erage a transporting came! could cover 60 km m a day, however.
distances covered by hired camels range between 25 to 100 km. It was estimated that camel
.lined average of280 kg with a range of220 to 570 kg depending upon type ofcommodity
uni distance
I
|.it48
rAn investigation was carried to undertake, identification, documentation
j characterization and economic evaluation ofcamel breeds ofPakistan
Their assistance and inventory of camel farmers engaged in purebred
lMlei raising was outlined utilized m each province Camel herds were visited and
I Jt-iuitied in various areas ofeach province with the following predetermined aims
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Identification of breeds/types of camel inhabiting various regions of Pakistan.
Documentation of the identified breeds .
Characterization of the identified breeds.
Ecological distribution of the breed, with particular reference its batma;
climate, vegetation and type of management system of the area.
Assessment of production potential (utility) and other economic importance ol
the documented breeds.1
A comprehensive questionnaire was developed and tested in certain areas
i’ctdre collecting the final data After testing, it was modified and finalized
Accordingly, pretested questionnaire was used for data collection, the data
"ÿas collected on basis ofinterview ofbreeders and herders(Appendix-1)
The data was collected on the following parameters
Name of breed
Habitat and Distribution
Climate
Vegetation
Breed characteristics
Morphological characteristics
General characteristics.
Length offace was measured front top ofthe forehead to the end ofthe chin
S ->
I.s -> 1
49
Yt,7 vVidth of face measured from.
Length ofhead was measured from the base ofcranium to the top offore head
., VVidth of head measured from the front ofone ear to the other
K ; Length of ears measured from the base lo the tip ofthe ear.
* - „ Width of ears measured from the base
- - Length of neck measured from it's attachment with the thorax to the base of
cranium
. s Width of neck measured at the base of it.
. 2 <> Length ofhump measured at the base ofhump.
. |i) Widtli of hump i.e. circumference ofthe hump divided by two.
- ; Somatomatrie measurement
; l Height or shoulder height(SH)measured from the top ofthe hump to the ground
; 2 Length from point ofshoulder to the pin bone
: t (mill was measured at the two places
a)Gin ii ofshoulder(GS). measured infront ofthe hump(Fig:3)
h)Girth around the hump(GH). ginh measured from the top of hump around the
belly (Fig 3)
Ltility- data on the purpose for which camel was put to.
Growth traits
; Birth weight(kg)'2 Weaning weight(kg)
Weaning age(days)'4 Adult weight(kg)
Age at riding (days)
Age at first loading (days)
Production traits
Milk production
s 1 . 1 Milk yield was measured in liters per lactations I -2 Lactation length was measured in days
Meat productions - 1 Age at slaughter was measured in years
* 2.2 Weight at slaughter(kg)*•'ÿ3 Meal price(Rs/kg)
t5
'.1
".5
~.(i
* I
*.2
\
l1
50!
B y Filler production
; 1 Quantity of hair(kg)
. 2 Fiber length(cm)
< 3 Fiber price(Rs/kg)
Reproductive traits
Age at first breeding (years)
; Gestation length(days)
Dry period (days)
Calving intervals(days)
Conception rate(%)
Breeding ratio in herd (male:female)
i) Draught traits (Draughtability)
:0. 1 Riding speed (km/h)
tiC Load carrying capacity(kg)
|{.\SIS FOR IDENTIFICATION OFCAMEL BREEDS.
rF: ,
o !
i}
‘i.h
Criteria for classification of Morphological Characteristics.CRITERIA.
The muzzle is classified as under
TYPESOF ML’ZZLE.(FIG:3)I.
-Drooping Muzzle(Fig:3.a)-Pointed Muzzle(Fig:3-h)-Ovine type(Fig:3-c)
II. TYPESOF BRIDGE OF NOSE.(FIG:3)
-Roman types(Fig:3-d)-Straight types(Fig:3-c)
III. TYPESOF NECK.(FIG:4)
-Thick and massive(Fig:4-a)-Thin and less massive(Fig:4-b)-Thick and hairy(Fig:4-c)
IV. TYPESOF PLACEMENTOF HUMP.(FIG:5)
-Anteriorly placed .(Fig:5-a)-Centrlly placed.(Fig:5-b)-Posteriorly placed(Fig:5-c)
51
r TYPESOF LEG OF DOC UMENTED CAMEL$.(FIG:-6)V.
-Thick and massive(Fig:6-a)-Less massive and thin(Fig:6-b).
lisiical analysisMJ
The data on each breed were tabulated and arranged parameter wise and
L-il according to the above mentioned traits All the data were tabulated and ted in
1,'Mipiiier programme in the work sheet of SPSS (Statistical Package tbi Social
-:iioM The SPSS package was used to analyze the data and measure the differences
various means through new Duncan's Multiple range test (OMR) The
.man:statistical mode!was used
.•ÿwen
B, S,- (BS)„ - E „uu
i = 1-21 (No.ofbreeds)
(No ofsexes)
I c
the k th observation of jth sex of ith breed
over all mean
the effect of ith breed
the effect ofjth sex
the interaction between breed and sex
the random error associated with the kth observation in jth sex of ith breed
. i
i
52
rirl.c ofsecondary data
The secondary data on vegetation and climate of the area of habitat and
of distribution were collected from the various books (jasra and Isani.2000) and
shcal bulletins published by Government of Pakistan(GOP. 99-2000, GOP. 2000-
Atlas ofPakistan(GOP. 1986)and Rangeland in Pakistan(Noor. 1989).
f!:.can:
\BLE-a Standards of measurements on morphological parameters.!
Standard units in(cm)Remarks(liracteristic LS. NO.
WidthLength
i ! The| recorded|breeds
; compared with_
__! the standards: show n ;n thetable
\ alliesFace i3840 39.23I
onwei e
Head 16 0417 32I
Ear 073212 08
4 Neck 141,21 32.47
4-
Flump 38 0351.23
i
iO'|
ni!
53
1
CRITERIA FOR DESCRIPTION OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERJSRTICS
CHARACTERISTIC TYPES
'!•Muzzle ShorterOvine type
Drooping Pointed;X,'mI! >
mm rHHS %$
•StraightBridge of nose. . ‘V. (Roman)i
A .
1IRIA FOR DESCRIPTION OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISRTICS :
vCTERISTIC TYPES
,
>J|A :ÿ£ HjV.
•ÿrvrÿrV§ÿ. .;ÿ:r«iMSvy - •'ÿ:ÿ:ÿ ?!
, . **i
Mr* -:r;iv
-A.'.:£V;;:?: 4:1Legs massive wSl «
E':SEE;I1
I
\ •:
• a..-..:i:: . .*
l«PKv',.;.E
jBteSV
**
•V;;;
; >•••. *Sa&WK&ss**
MV
''ÿvi::&... •;.'
Legs are lessmassive and thin
' 'I*-J* 1**
' CRITERIA FOR DESCRIPTION OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISRT1CS
I! CHARACTERISTIC TYPES
! r
?'ÿ fr".! fI; ]-/ycr*y,
um <;/>*
Neck
•••>.*: ; f a
»: v;|v;:;;
''
/•3m
• i
kwMI:
zrÿ'-Txm. v.-.
‘•'4 •Ii\ &
:
r>&
i> c•
Nek short thickMassive
Neck long thinMassive thick andcovered with hair
'*5
ilump pliicftJ u-iiu rll\
L i 3/;N HJr:'-5
: .h
...g,. cs,
•
:
„ iftv •
mt&mMHi::
;os *•ÿ:
mmmm
M0m*Mm
mwkLuM
B.: wm IS:mmSÿA:YNHi
ISG3
Pipm L':-'x«¥|
.:• -a
m_J3S&
H 1 e»:S'•:•vv.w/v
Hump placed posteriori)
S£(Mg| ;a&&
tompm;:
&,§m:•ÿ'
§M$1P M !;-..—a:
m0ivmrm.
mm mm?C Bdmm w....::g-si *sAv_
ia Hump placed anteriorly.WHMS
Two humps one ploacedWithers, looklike toml)and2,ul on loins look like cone
i'.- '
(in K$.). .*Sffx GSxGHx 50Badyweight(kg)=
(centimeter?)(centimeters)(centimeters)
= Shoulderheight* Girth ofshoulder=ÿ Glrrh aroundthe hump.
Where SHGSGH
TjCIIf OH|GStt
f5H
Body Measurement(cm)Were A =ÿ Width Hump
B = HeightHumpG = GirthL = Length
(a)
Br
A/ii G Sii
L?
<
(b)
Fig:7(a&b). BODY MEASUREMENT OF Al)l II l AMFI
.
I *
I
i
Pj
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULTSj.
1. LARRJ OR SINDHI
1 SameThis breed is named alter the lower Indus delta, popularly called "LAR"
lllCji extends from south western parts ofHyderabad to parrs ofBadin and Thatta
i Habitat and Distribution
It is riverine camel found on both banks of river Indus and in the upper
of the delta. The large herds are seen distributed between Hyderabad and Badin.
here i trey attain great size and bone.
IMI t
The breed is also found in north east of Hyderabad up to upper Sindh and
a s dispersion extends in riverine inundation area localh called as Kacho' ot river
I milis on both the sides upto Dadu Though, the bleed is from Lar. but is found in all
maior pans of the province, therefore, it is also called "Sind hi". Similarly, in other
piovinces. it is known as Sindhi Because of its stamina, it is preferred for load carrying
;ii)i oniv in Sindh but in other provinces as well It is popularly known as Sindhi came! ;n
southern pans of Punjab province Larri or Sindhi breed is a common came! of fertile
i nerine irrigated zone and inundated forest areas ofdistricts of Badin. Hyderabad. Dadu.
Viwabshah. Khairpur and some parts of Sanghar and Mupurkhas. The distribution of
tins breed continues from 23 - 50°, latitudes north and 67 to 70 14. longitudes east
\i
*1\t
i
3. Climate
Since the habitat of this breed is spread to lower and upper regions i e
bxo climatic belts of Sindh, the climate accordingly is ditTerent.The climate in lower
s'oclli is moderate, but the upper Sindh has comparatively extreme climate In the former
minnier is mild and winter is not severe.. The summer in the uper Sindh is very hoi and
Maximum temperature in this region some times goes beyond 50aC. Winter is much
rtinler in upper Sindh that in lower Sindh, The average precipitation is about 250 mm in
'*le habitat; most ofthe rain is concentrated in monsoon season. In some northern parts as
as in southern parts, the rains do occur in winter months.also.
r
I11
f if
'If
'll
ri*
/
€VJU\Pi
fT’JM.-*• -. 4
i— ft
ft*** L«v
1 wVJA&M! yf !Mi
“Vi'w J i‘r
irL•L
toi*
IJMIIWMÿ,."Hjit-
V
m*'A-i
Fig.8 LARRICAMEL
/i
460
i
Yj Vegetation
f ;>resii
The home tract of Larri camel is a fertile irrigated zone and riverine
areas of river Indus and (here are thick strips of trees on canal sides and road
The forests are rich in Acacia Arabica and Acacia nilotica. The forest area also
ides many bushes for grazing The natural forest trees for camel grazing are Babul
species). Balian (Populus euphratica). Pepil (Ficus religeosa). Nliem (Melia
..Jirachta), Sirah (Albezzia lebbek). Ber (Zizyphus jujuba). Toot or Mulbery (Morus
IPa and nigra). Talhi (Dolbergia sissoo), and Khair(Acacia ketechu) Besides there are
nious plants and hushes and cultivated fodder in Kharif and Rabi seasons which
-ccnme availahle for feeding ofcamels in the canal irrigated area
«:Jes
;'l O''
\c.icia
:/
s. Breed Characteristics
5. I General
The distinguishing characteristics of Larri are its broad chest, good girth
[ini massive body The head is comparatively larger with a prominent cranium The ears
av smaller and set apart The bridge of nose is mosllv straight and muzzle is drooping
I lie eves are of medium size and do not give the camel an alert looks of "Dhatti" breed
\eck is massive and well built and broader than that of Diiatti Legs are heavy, strong
aid massive Hump is well developed and broader at base as well as at the apex The
'.imel is said to be "Goose lumped'’. The body coat is shorter and tail is broader and
voniain tufts of hairs at the end and on the sides. The most commonly occurring body
colour is dark fawn or reddish or generally red or dark brown. The body is covered with
'hurt hair except at shoulders, hump and upper half of the neck. Yasin and Wahid
1 1‘->57) reported there was similarity of common characteristics between the Egyptian
Bella camel and the riverine Sindhi or Larri camel.
•‘'•2 Morphological characteristics
The mean values, of morphological characteristics of Larri camel
measurements of length and width of face, head, ear. neck and hump were 55.75 and
'*42. 21 53 and 20 75. 11.53 and 8.81; 162.8.7 and 72 20; 65.01 and 48.28 cm.
respectively(Tab-4). The hump is comparatively wider at base and at apex than that of
Bliatti.
61 4
r!YV r.-\BLE'
1E—;;
Means of morphological characteristics of Larri camel <i
Measurements
Width(cm)Length(cm)
S.ES.I)S.E MeanMean S.D
2 05 i ±0.47±0.43 58 4255 75(10)
1.50Face? !
(10)I
Headf
20.75 7.S5 ±0.27±0 3321.53 I 06(10)(10)i
!
8.81 0 22 *2071 1.55 0.47 =2 27Ear(10)(10) :
288 I ±0 q ]1 13 -0 35 52 20Neck 162,83
(10)(10).1
i; *042 I 48.2S
i 1<)>
i I 33 1 00 ±0 51Hump 65 0!
i (10) :
NJ Somatomateric measurements
The average values of somatomateric measurements or' Lam camel for
-inli. height, length, foreleg and hindleg were 258 76. 220 75, 212 21. 155 57 and
!u4 57 cm. respectively(Table-5)
I ABLE- 5 Means ofsomatomateric measurements of Larri came!
5.No. Characteristics S.D S.EMean(cm)
Girth 238.76 I 65 ±0 55(10)
;Height 220.75 2.47 *0 78
(10)
Length 2.46 ±078212.21GO)
•4 Foreleg(length) 155.57 1.25 ±0.38(10)
Hindleg(length) 164.57 1.28 ±0.29(10)
62 V
~1
Yand more powerfi.il. it possesses higher stamina while walking with load
! .. llI>e of these qualities, the camels of this breed are good pack animals and are used
ivine loads and drawing carts Hill of load They thrive well in hot and dry climate
• e.iritiot withstand to very cold climate These camels are not good for fast riding, as
Jo not possess the stamina to withstand the continuous fast running Being
or "Lado" Larri camels walk slowly with load or with cart Larri camels are
Being a breed ofgreat stature from 6'6' to 7or more at withers and heavy
f
»olv used for transport of agricultural commodities and fuel wood from and to rural•!-
,-nl urban areas They are well adapted to work in the riverine forest areas also
(.rowth trails'
The average birth weight, weaning weight and adult body weight in male
•in female of Larri camel recorded was 61 08 kg and 5742 kg. 148 89 kg. and 144 Iff
so kg and 7&5 50 kg, respectively The age at first riding and age at first loading
aaged 1464 55 and 1855 80 days, respectively(Table-6)l \
i \Ul.E-o Growth traits of Larri camel
Trails Male Female Mean S.l) S.Es.No !
Birth weight(kg) 57.785742 7 28561 08 ±1 152(54)(6)
Weaning weight(kg) 144.10 144.57 12.467148.89 ±1 799(54)(6)
Adult weight(kg)at maturity 770.50 765 50765.50 19.813 ±2987(54)(6)
Age at 1st ridding(days) 1464 55 I 19600 x18.454(60)
Age at 1st loading(days) 1835.80 106 339 si7.250(60)
Figures in brackets are no ofobservations.Billerence due to sex is significant (p<0.05)
63
— I
YB ,() production trails
B t , Milk Production
R The average milk yield and lactation length of Larri camel were 1817.66
If . ,IKj 5 1 1.95 davs. respectively(Table-7)II s.3 Fibre Production
I i \ULE-7
Annual hair clip averaged 3.17 kg(Table-7).
Production traits ofLarri camel
S.F) S.EMeanTraitsS.ND.
Milk yield (lit) 17.357 ±3.611)1817.669(54)
51 I 95(54)
12.897 ±2 814Lactation length(days)
iQuantity of hair(kg) 0.5203 17 ±1) 1 i 3
,(60)i:
Hi Reproductive traits
The average age at first breeding, dry period and calving interval of Larri
..nnel were 4.50 years, 271.67 and 703.81 days, respectively(Table-8)ft
l ABLE-S Reproductive traits ofLarri camel
5.No. Traits S.D j S.EMean
1
Age at 1st breeding(years) ±0.1054.50 0.701
Dry period(days) 271.67 26.801 ±5.848I(54)
; Calving intervals(days) 703.81 8.213 ±1.792(54)
at 1st breeding No:ofobservation Female 54Male 6
64
YDraught or Work(rails
The average values of riding speed and load carrying capacity of Larri
were 6.80 knv'li and 576.20 kg. respectively(Table-9)
;
. \|JLE-9 Draught traits ofLarri camel
I Trail S.D S.EMeanNo.j s,
I Riding speed(km/h) 0.502 ±0 1066.80(100)
Load carrying capacity(kg) 576.20 15.317 ±3 342(60)
65
Ir|
This breed drives its name from Kharo chhan (Salt water swamps)and is
, found in Ghorabari tahikas of Thatta district In Sind hi language word“Khara"
>( t|jx means '‘Saltish" Kliara or Kharo tract is a coastal zone of Arabian sea forming
* ..eine southern base ofthe province ofSindh.
2. KHARAI
> 11 ami Distribution
t Herds of Kharai camels are found distributed in the lower pan of the
ielta It's range of distribution continues from Mirpursakro to Sujawal district of
!i'.ina along the edge of the sea from Karachi to Kathiawar The habitat of Kharai breed
heiueen longitudes 67° - 69° east and latitudes 2T - 50° and 24c - J8C north Kharai
micl is mostly tbunri in coastal pans of Karachi. Thatta. Badin and lower pan of Thar
inch is continuous to Badin. forming Katch The pure-bred Kharai are seen in the lower
uts ofthe delta in kharo chhan. Ghorabari. Chohar Jamali and in the surrounding areas
•Mils <.
Cs
t Climate
Climatically, habitat of Kharai falls in sub-tropical coastal region
1 Innate of the area, being coastal is moderate Kharai does not experience extreme
'•father in either season. Sea breeze prevails most of the months ofsummer Humidity
mges high because ofsea . Summer is not hot and winter is not very cold except a few
!‘-ss of the season The mean annual range oftemperature is 32°C. May and June are the
•'toitest months The annual average day humidity is above 55%. Moderate temperature.
:‘,u rainfall in coastal area is dominated by steady inflow of sea breeze during summer.
'•)ih high humidity and low diurnal and annual range of temperature Annual mean
r 'Hitall is slightly above 180 mm (125-250 min), the rainfall is erratic and more in
Mimnier Actual hours of bright sunshine per day are S.2 hours with yearly 2981.4 hours1 *' 7-68.2%) The summer months particularly July and August are cloudy. Agro-
fculogically the climate is classified as arid sub-tropical.
66
ri-
ii;r
.... /.x
H.m &ra
* 1'i
«£ i, £]V
*srr?
fV-«J IV;*
Fig.9 KHARA1CAMEL
67
wm 4 Ve2etati0»
The habitat ofKharai camel is close to sea shore and Run of Kutch There
. >uainps on the edge of sea and Run of Kutch formed due to tides, rains and flood
vl These swamps are formed by the salt water of sea and rain water Near sea shore
* „e is a mangrove flora Hogarth(1989)described that the mangrove can grow in fresh
* >c, >(> well, but they are slow growing flora, while other plants being fast growing.
vvevdully compete in fresh water. In the highly saline environment where other plants
iniioi erow. mangroves are abundant in estuarine sites where fresh water from river
!.:jUs mixes with sea water. In Pakistan mangrove forest area is estimated to be 250.000
in the Indus delta, but it is depleting largely because of reduced fresh water
••.M/haree into the sea water, pollution and forest cutting Dams and barrages built in land
„ i he liver Indus have gradually decreased fresh water flow reaching the Arabian sea
kulu.ii 1989) Consequently, population of Livestock in the area is decreasing The
•improves flourish most when ample fresh water is mixing with highlv saline water of
•ic ocean With depletion of mangroves, there is a marked reduction in livestock
>piilaiion particularly camel and buffaloes alongwith. Hilsa(Pal)a fish) and shrimp
initiations According to Snedacor (1982). there are 8 species of mangroves in river
l-ulus delta region and 5 species along Makran coast The mangrove leaves form food for
’ ''It. camel and bovine in coastal areas Thus leaves of mangrove constitute a nutritious
Mod source for a variety ofanimals moulding camels It is reported that an estimated 5%
•i the total leaf production in a mangrove ecosystem is consumed by terrestrial grazers
I he rest (95%)of the leaf production enters the aquatic system as debris The protein
•due offresh leaves(about 6% of ash-free dry weight) drops to about .1% as leaf fall.
I he decomposition of leaves in the detritus is a source of nitrogen enrichment in the
mangroves areas.
.'i
Since Kltarai camel live in different ecology, it has acquired special
'daptation and behaviour what is called "Un-camel" like habit of grazing on the
mangrove(Tamarisk jungles). The mangrove grow inside the water and swamps on the
vdge of sea where there is excessive water due to flood and rains. In order to browse on
mangrove, these camel wade about in the salt water of swamps and have to overcome
natural tendency ofthe camel to slip when walking over mud. These camels swim from
Phice to place to browse on mangrove, as one moves away from the edge of the sea
68
I
ds north, one finds Tamarisk Jungles supported by rain water or floods. There are
ies of Tamarisk i.e. Tamarix orientals and T. gallica. The former grows highspeciesn*4’mains heights of trees and the latter is a bush type. Immediately after summer
rains and Hood seasons these jungles become abode of “Tabanidae" or horse..joiisi’on
Stoinoxy.” locally called “Dung”. These flies transmit Trypanosomiasis in camel
mechanical transmission. The most common species of the Trypanosome was•'it"**
m
i The flies tease the camels and prevent them from grazing on Tamarisk (Lai and
[n order to escape from the flies, ttie camel wade into the swamps or sea water
eraze on mangrove (Timar). In cold weather the camel herds return to Tamarisk.
j.. .ICS no sooner the flies have gone.
• ..•\.ui’*i
• r.sa)
ir*u
iStill further away from sea shore in irrigated areas there is a different type
dictation Here, various types oftrees like Acacia spp and Zizvphusjujuba(her).salt
•i>h and some other trees of the irrigated areas of lower Sindh are in abundance In
here, place ofland are left over for long periods and not cultivated, a small bush
..uimonlv called "Camel thorn- Alhaj maumrum(Kanderafgrows These thorny bushes
::<• liked bv camel and goats in hot season, but in winter, they usually dry up.
• •
VIS. IV
'lirml Characteristics
\l (General characteristics
The Kharai camels are medium sized camels not very muscular.They are
n'l.iller in height than Sindhi or Larri camel . Their toe nails are comparatively longer
lull other camel breeds( Larri or Sindhi, a camel of plains), because of lack of wear as
•iicv walk on sort muddy soil . Hump is well developed. Common colour is dark brown
•'i black Their ears are closer like that ofthe Dhatti.. but possess long black hairs in the
Neck and legs are thinner than those of the Sindhi/Larri. while the body surface is
mered with curly brown or black colour hair. Hence, Kharai camels have a languish
all over the body,generally dark brown or even black or dark black
'MIS
5.3 Morphological characteristics
Average values of length and width of face, head, ear, neck and hump of
Kllarai camel were 50.44 and 56.29, 22.35 and 20 75, 11.21 and 7.15. 144 30 and
48 8 I and 43.00 centimetres, respectively(Table-10).
I
i
69
M&'
10 Means ofmorphological characteristics of Kharai cameliii
Measurementsin
Width(cm) -.4Characteristics Length(cm)!O'o.
S.ES.E Mean S.DMean S.D
56.291 32 ±0 41 0.84Face 50.44 x0 26(10)(10)
Head 22.35 ±0.45 20 751 46 055 =0 17(10)(10)
Ear *2 201 1.21 0.64 7 15 0.65 ±2 20(10) (10)
Neck 144.30 1.20 ±0 38 34.05(10)
I 74 =0 5>i (10)
*0.68 I 43 00 j 181
i llul !Flump 2 154S 81 *0 57
(10)
(i. Soiiiatoniateric measurements
Mean values ofgirth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg of Kharai camel
186 43. 201.93. 1S7 70 140 01 and 157 07cm. respectively(Table-!I)
1 ABLE- 1 I Means somatomateric measurements of Kharai camel
5.No. Characteristics Mean(cm) S.D S.E
I Girth 186 43 1.49 ±047(10)
Fleight 2.20201.93 ±0.60(10)
Length 1 87.70 1.57 x049(10)
4 Foreleg(length) 1.26149.91 ±0.39(10)
Flindleg(length) 157 97 2.51 ±0.56(10)
y
I70
rYIJ i|[lU t|iey are not as good as Dhatti camels. However, they can run faster than
Ihi Larri They have a good reputation for all type of work. Some of the Kharai
1
are found on the beaches of Karachi for entertaining the visitors through riding.
; .,T|,tles vield good quantities of milk i e more than 5 litres per day if fed well during
ivnaiK'v The productive and reproductive and other economic trails are portrayed in
; ,|i’les- 1
- (iiowth traits
The values of birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight in male and
of Kharai camel averaged 44 48 and 43.05. 74 49 and 7008 kg. 620 and 600
respective!v -\ge at first riding and age at 1irst loading averaged l 165 25 and
7 -14 days respecti\ elv(Table-12)
• J
l \0LE- 12 Growth traits of Kharai camel
I V TraitsNo !
Female I Mean j S.I)Male S.E
43.17 4 412 j =0 362|Birth weight t Kg) 44 48 i 45 06(6) (46)
I
7008 ! 70.43j Weaning weight(kg) 7449 4469 l =1 252(6) (46)
;
!
Adult weight(kg)at maturity 620.00 60000 601.60 22 740| ±3.038(6) (46)
4 Age at ridding(days) 1165 25 70.443 ±8 246(50)
Age at 1st loading(days) 1597.44 283 126 I ±46.929(50)
figures in brackets are no: ofobservation.difference due to sex is non significant.
i
if71
rs production traits
H . ylilk Production
Average milk yield and lactation length of Kharai camels were recorded
1833.53 litres and 320 days, respectively(Table-13).? he
sj fibre Production
Qantity of hair clipped from Kharai camels averaged 3.25 kg(Table-13)
\ULE- 13 Production traits ofKharai camell
S.D S.ETraits MeanJ v.No.
±4053Milk yield (lit) I S33 53(46)
20.282
|Lactation length(days) 320.00 12018 ±2.757: (46)
!! Quantity ofhair(kg) 3.25 0311 ±007!.iI'
(50)
10 Reproductive traits
Means of reproductive traits of Kharai camels recorded during the study
ire presented in Table 14 The mean values were 3.54 years, 31 1.578 kg and 71 1.210
kg for age at first breeding, dry period and calving interval, respectively(Table-14)
I -NBLE-14 Reproductive traits ofKharai camel
\No. Traits S.D S.EMean
Age at 1st breeding(years) 3.54 0.619 ±0093
Dry period(days) 31 1.578 1 1.186 ±2.566(46)
Calving interval(days) 711210 8,797 ±2.018(46)
Ve at 1st breeding No:ofobservation Male 4 Female 46
i
i
i 72
T 1Draught or Work traits
Mean values of riding speed and load carrying capacity of Kharai camel
ere 7.50 km/hr and 400 57 kg. respectively(Table- 1 5).
I \BLE-15 Draught traits ofKharai camel
S.D S.ETrail MeanvNo.
Riding speed(km/h) 7.50 0.125 ±0.02(i
(60)
jLoad carrying capacity(kg) 400.57 16 515 =.? 788(50)
73
!i
IT 3 SAKRAI
IiSakr'ai breed derives its name from Mirpursakro. a taluka of district of
Xliis breed tias also been reported by Lohano(1999).
v
i!:Mtia
, f I illicit and Distribution
It's range of distribution continuous is from Mirpursakro to Sujawal
of Thatta. The habitat of Sakrai breed lies in 24°-33Ci latitude north and Ow -(>Sti!*. < v.o
longitudes
; ( linnile
Climatically, the habitat of Sakrai falls in sub-tropical coastal region
; ::c climate of the area, being coastal, is of moderate type Sakrai does not experience
weather in either season. Sea breeze prevails most of the months of summer
g:c humidity ranges high. Summer is not very hoi and winter is not very cold except a
davs of the season The annual mean temperature is 32°C May and June are the
•atest months The annual average day humidity is above 55% Annual rainfall ranges
ct-Aceti 150-250 mm Agro-ecologicallv the climate is classified as arid sub-tropical
\"vine
4 Vegetation
The habitat of Sakrai camel is close to sea shore. Like Kharai. Sakrai
live in different ecology, it has acquired special adaptation, behaviour and habit of
on the mangrove (Tanarisk jungles). Away from seashore towards north, the
•miel graze Tamarisk jungles supported by rain water or Moods. There are two species of
Lmiarisk i.e, Tamarix orientalis and T gallica. They graze on Tamarisk (Lai and Lawa)
la order to escape from the Mies the camel wade into the swamps or sea water and graze
n mangrove (Timar). In cold weather the camel herds return to Tamarisk jungles as
''lnn as the Mies have disappeared from these forests
Larger pan ofthe home tract falls away from sea shore in irrigated areas
"“here trees like Acacia spp. and Zizyphus spp. and other trees ofthe irrigated areas of
•ower Sindh are abundant. In areas where place of land are left over for long periods and
if74
• there grows a small bush commonly called camel thorn- Alhaj maururum
I jfCandera)a thorny bush which is liked by camel and goats in hoc season, but in winter
usually dryout.
Fil
;!:greed Characteristics
; I General characteristicsiJ;
This breed is comparatively larger than Kharai and lies in between Larri
Kharai in stmture It's colour is reddish brown. The colour ofneck is darker than the
.._M ofthe body
i 2 Morphological characteristics
The length and width of face, head. ear. neck and hump ofSakrai camel
measured They are averaged at 31 and 40. 20 and 19. 10 and 8. 140 30 and 33 33.
;'and 48 cm.respectively(Table-16)i
I \BLE- 16 Morphological characteristics ofSakrai camel
Measurements
I VNo. i Characteristics| Length(cm) Width(cm)
Mean S.D S.E Mean S.D S.E
Face 31 00 I 30 ±0.40 4000 I 30 =040(10) (10)
Head 20.00 0.73 ±024 1900 0.70 ±0 38(10) (10)
; Ear 1000 0.73 ±2.30 800 063 *2.2?(10) (10)
i Neck 140.50 2.33 ±0.73 33.33 2.22 ±042(10) (10)
Hump 4900 0.78 ±0.30 48.00 1.15 ±036(10) (10)
%75
I
3'
:
!4•1h
;
:
v
a:
TT?;>K. *- ;
&.Vr'i
isillily-s'iÿgs
,.V.""••*V=V4
' 4»
Jr .
. r»
< •. V
•..
r«
-»# »»' - _»t V > Ii* . v ’ .—’
* L
1*2i>-
Fig.10 SAKRA1CAMEL
4
!
!I
i
76 i
'I T-tomnteric measurements S
Average values of girth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg of Sakrai
corded were 200. 200. 185. 148.75 and 156 cm. respectively (Table- i 7)..jrieUe;
VOLE- 17 Somatomateric iiieasiirements ofSakrai camel;!
II Characteristics S.ES.DMean(cm)y\ll,
?
I Girth 253 ±0 41200.00(10)---\ =065Height 2.20200.00(10)
I 57Length 185.00 *049:
(10)
Foreleg(length) 148 75 1.52 *0.4 I(10)
iHindleg(length) 156.00 2 56 ±0,36 i
(10)
I lility.
jThe Sakrai camels are used for riding as well as for carrying of load. In
they are not as good as Dhatti camels are. however they can ain a little faster than
‘he Sindhi/Larri Like Kharai. the Sakrai camels are also found on the beaches of Karachi
entertaining the visitors through riding. Females are good milkers and yield more
:,1;in 4 litres per day if fed well during the pregnancy The productive, reproductive and
’tlier economic traits are described in Tables 19. 20 and 21.
\
:lot
77
- Crowtli traits
Averages of birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight in male and
jle of Sakrai camel were recorded 43 kg and 41 kg, 72.07 kg and 67 89 kg. 585 75
. tlnd 570 kg, respectively. Age at first riding and age at first loading averaged 1030
. sand 1247 days, respectively(Table-18).
i;
VHLE- 18 Growth traits ofSakrai camel,
Traits Mean S.DMale Female S.E‘..No-
Birth weight(Kg) 2.12343.00 41 00 41 10 ±0350(5) (86)
Weaning weight(Kg) 72.07 67.89 68.1 i 2495 =0 5 i 2(5) (86)
570.86 I 32 120 j =5 102|Adult weight(kg)atmaturity
585 75 ! 57000(5) (86)
|Age at ridding(days) 103000 ! 155 525 *14427:
(91)
I . Age at 1 st loading(days)
1247.00 1 12.125 i *27072(91)
I igures in brackets are no: ofobservationDilference due to sex is non significant.
Production traits
81 Milk Production
The averages milk yield and lactation length of Sakrai camel were
measured as 1480.100 litres and 312 days, respectively(Table- 1 9).
*ÿ3 Fibre Production
Mean values ofquantity of hair of Sakrai camel are given Table- 19Then,e:'n clip per annum was 2. 1 kg.
78
Y Production traits ofSakrai camel
pT” Trails
1
Menii S.D S.E
Milk yield (lit) 1480 100 13 242 24 1(86)
Lactation length(days) .112.000 12.315 ±2632(86)
Quantity ofhair(Kg) 0.3702.100 ±0086(91)
Reproductive traits‘I.
Average age at first breeding, dry period and calving interval of Sakrai
Line! were recorded. These parameters averaged 3 450 years. 310 300 days and
>00 days, respectively(Table-20)
\lil.E-20 Reproductive traits ofSakrai camel
s.N'ri. I Traits Mean S.D S.E
Age at 1st breeding(years) 3 450 0 583 —0005,
Dry period(days) 21.576310300 517:
(86)
Calving interval(days) 720 500 5.321 =:! 242(86)
\ne at 1st breeding No:ofobservation Male 5 Female 86
I" Draught or Work traits
The values for riding speed and load carrying capacity of Sakrai camel
-Hen in(Table.2 1)averaged 6.50 ktn/hrs and 350.70 kg,respectively(Table-21)
I \BLE-2l Draught traits ofSakrai camel
Wo. Trait Mean S.ES.D
Riding speed(km/h) 6.50 0.350 ±0.025(91)
Load carrying capacity(kg) 350.70 18.252 ±3.215(91)
!
I79
TV I >:>n,e
This breed derives its name from an area of Tharparkar called "Dhatt"
|(1,L. "Phaiti" literally means desert area. In Tharparkar. Dhatti is an area or part of the
(Thar) where people speak Dhatti dialect of Thari-language. Dhatti also means
i Wilson(1984) also mentioned this camel breed as Thari. This breed is commonly
as Dhatti in the other parts ofthe province
4 DHATTI
!a
rt*
!:un
n
> Habitat and Distribution
Dhatti is commonly found in entire desert part of the district Tharparkar
area of distribution also extends to the irrigated parts of the districts of Mirpukhas.
’ meikot and Sanghar and NaraArea of Khairpur It is also found in certain areas of
; :i ict Badin. which is adjoining to the Thar and Kachh Though the breed originally
..lines from Thar; but it is bred in many parts of Sindh The home tract of Dhatti breed
ills in 24 - 10" and 25' north latitudes and 68° 55”- 71° 5" east longitudes
i’>
.1 ( lininle
Districution area of Dhatti breed is bv and large subtropical arid and
-cmi-and with hot and dry climate. The maximum and minimum temperatures in
ranges between 46 C and 32°C Winters are comparatively mild in Thar and its
'‘homing area with maximum and minimum temperatures 26°C and 15 5°C.
The rainfall occurs in monsoon season starting from either late June or
only July lasting upto September in certain years, other wise, up to August. The rainfall
nies from year to year with a mean of250 mm. The winter rams are very light, while
"nnths of April, May,October and November are usually dry.
'iinimer
Vegetation
In Thar there are arid sandy tracts of the true desert and valleys with flat
“)ainy soil where apart from the scarce vegetation (he rain is also scarcely limited and
'trictly seasonal The Thar desert is situated in Tharparkar district and covers 3.65
nhllionhectares. Ecologically the tract can be categorized as tropical thorn desert.
80r
if?
(1066) distinguished the following four major landforms in the area now
e(j bv Tharparkar district
i) Sand dunes locally known as ‘hhils", The sand dune ridges are from 15-200
,llLr|i and run parallel from north-west to south-east The soil is sandv greyish and is
ed from quartz and feldspar.
ii) Valleys: They lie between parallel rows of sand dunes and constitute about
• , percent ofthe total area The soils are sandy loam In many valleys, the sub-soil water
developed in large salt lakes.
|iii) Fal alluvial plains They are located in Nagarparker. The soils are sandy
with clnv particles Even with low rainfall the area is extensively cultivated with
•;,l lets and sorghum, etc
•.lilts
iv) Rockv hills known as Kamnjhar are found near Nagarparker Thev may he as
•:ivh as 550 M. and consist of metamorphic rocks The Thar desen is subjected to Iteavv
,.«i| erosion parll\ due to dry land cultivation and winds In the north-western and
•nith-western dunes wind-blown sand is a natural phenomenon (FAO. 1075) The
.uniforms and soils ofThar are similar to that ofCholistan. The climate is arid Rainfall
• scanty and erratic, and most is received during the monsoon The area has experienced
i severe draught for the past more than halfdecade In a normal year, rainfall vanes from
'•i mm in the north to 400 mm in the south near Nagarparker. Summers are hot(45°C)
"ul winters are mild with a minimum of5°C
Livestock production is the major land use in the region. Dryland farming
also practised wherever rainfall is adequate. Millet, sorghum.guar and castor oil crops
llL‘ cultivated in the valleys. Small villages are located wherever watering ponds and
Aclls are available The ground water in most cases is 200-300 m deep and brakish
However, sweet water has been found in wells in Nagarparker. Mithi. Diplo and near
K>m ot Kutcli. but, at for offdistances from each other.
81
rfi
«>,
*i »
IV!i%
v'
rV irL'%*rCÿSSÿ?-K
rx : m$•*
*•c\
K 'P'y r>-
'iV
/ik~r£? if*Sc-'ÿ-*"ÿags
Fig.11 DHATT!CAMEL
I;y
82i
«
Champion et al. (1965) described the vegetation of southern Sindh, but
describe the range vegetation ofThar desert. Chaudri and Chattar(1966)gave a
i
f did not
,n.fsummary of the vegetation and range flora of Thar. Hussain (1966)distinguished
vegetation types in this area: i Cettchrux-Panicnm dune type. ii. Eleusbie-i'enchrus•vurvalleys, iii. Elen.sine-AhsliJa on flat alluvial plains, and iv. sparse desert thorn
on hills. Vegetation is essentially dictated by the formation ofsand dimes.fjieianon!The dominant range grasses are Eupliorbia caducifoloa. A Senegal.
iliiionum polygonoides, Panicum sp. Cenchnis biflorus. Prosopis cineraria. Elusine
••.ijellifera. Aristida sp.. Euphorbia caducifolia. Acacia Senegal, Zizyphus sp.. Tecoma
•cliilata. Cechrus ciliaris. Sporobolus sp. Aeluropus villosus. Desmostachya bipinnata.
i'li-supis cineraria and Lassiurus sindieus.
i .i
The source of water are deep wells or water ponds situated at wide
ounces front one another w'liere there is but littie shade and where the vegetation is
•lonotonous and consists ofshrubs ofno great height often with large proportion of salt
•udi In Thar, the most commonly available vegetation on which camel thrives during
tiilerent parts ofthe year consists of. Capparis aphylla (Kirir). Salvandora oleoides(Tar)
vibandora indiea (Kitabar), Ealligonum. olyoitoides. Linn (Phogh) and Onhanthera
mniea tKhip) There are number of the salt rocks, salt bushes. Alkaline species of salt
‘Holies, documented from Thar are Aloal coetidee. Del (Baggalana). Haloxvlon
iccurvimi (Khara lana). Seuda fnicticosa and Forsk (Lani). The former two dry up in
December, but are eaten in this state just the same But, lani, contains moisture through
‘Hit the year and is eaten by the camel under stressful conditions of feed shortage The
‘ÿmiel raisers are of the view, that, in case lani is fed for longer period i e continuously
10-14 days the grazing camel may suffer from diarrhea. The another important
'Peues of bush, found in the some parts of "Dhatti or Thar" is indigofera paueiflora
;!
1
!
Ihil)
After rainy season numerous grasses sprout up and the whole of Thar
Peonies green with abundance’s of grasses and bushes, which provide sufficient dry
"latter and total digestible nutrient, not only to camels, but to the other species of
Restock also Some of the common grasses are: Agrostis micrantha. Chloris virgate.
ynodon-species. Hales chadura. and Panicum antidale etc. The fodder trees and shrubs",hich camel prefer remain in abundance through out the year, because they are not liked
,
f
iJ
t.
83
jlized by other species of livestock. The camel raisers inhabiting in irrigated areas
fringe of Thar, send their camel herds to the Thar for grazing after monsoon rains
Thar and Nara regions ofSindh are ideal habitats ofcamels. In irrigated areas the
fed on cultivated fodder besides feeding them to browse bushes and leaves of
,nd fodder like barseem and green maize However, dry maize is also fed to
,!!c.|vwhen green gets scarea.
4the
In fac';’
-"e
•rrev
t greed Characteristics
t l (ieiieral characteristics|The most distinguishing characters of Dhatti are its slim body, long legs
|UI gen look. Being a desert camel this breed is lighter in bone, and its muscular
vwlonment is of the wiry type, not massive like Lam or Sindhi They have thin coats
(trc typically desert camels They are tall and lightly built The head is small and well
icd with the marksand grace ofthe breed The face is narrow with a little depression
I in- muzzle is pointed and narrow with small mouth The eyes are verv prominent.
ijht and give an alert look to this breed The ears are close together While miming the
iiiiuial's neck forms a curve of "Swan- neck" with the mouth and nostrils facing
:|)wanls The neck is thinner in comparison to Sindhi or Larri breed The ears are short.
cicrt and close together. Dhatti's hump is broader ai base and little narrower at the apex.
liic back region forms slop from the hump. The tail is comparatively thinner and set
heh The belly is very narrow at Hanks and appear tucked up Skin is supple and soft.
I he most frequent colour is light or dark fawn Belly and head and little portions of the
ui-ck near head are covered with thick hair otherwise the rest of the body has a short hair
- o\cr
in
Morphological characteristics
The mean values of length and width of face, head, ear, neck and hump
''f Dhatti camel measured 49.93 and 55.37;20.44 and 17.04; 10.97 and 8.30; 1 5646 and
(M.49.04 and 44.06 cm.respectively(Table-22)
i
84
\&lE- 22 Morphological characteristics of Dliatti camelr
Measurements
Width(cm)Length(cm)Characteristics>o.V
S.D S.EMeanS.D S.EMean
55.37 I 32 =0.4 11.87 ±0 2649.93Face(10)(10)
=0.34I 10±024 17.040.73Head 20.44(10)(10)
0.818.50 =2.25060 =2 1910.97Ear(10)(10)
35.00 I 1.61 =0.51=0.55Neck 156.46 1.74(10)(10)
I 09 ! =0 544406(10)
1 27 =040Hump 4904(10)
\3 Somatomnteric measurements
The mean values of girth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg of Dliatti
.mid were 204.74. 205.35. 201.42. 150 75 and 159.15 cm. respectively(Tabie-23).
I \BLE- 23 Somatomateric measurements ofDhatti camel
! VNo. S.D S.ECharacteristics Mean(cm)i
rGirth ±0 50204.74 I 79
GO)
i: Height ±0 30205.35 i.00(10)
Length =0.51201 42 1.63(10)
1 Foreleg(length) 150.75 1.64 ±0.51(10)
Hindleg(length) 159.15 2.36 ±0.23(10)i
!85
4 I'lility
The Dhatti camels are excellent riding and racing animals. In Sindhi
called "Mehari"- riding camels. It is narrated in famous folk storv ofu.ige the>'
mil Ratio'' that Rano used this type of camel which was famous for covering long
are
Mod
in the shoiiest possible time
Dhatli camel is well adopted to travel very fast on sandy soil and its speed
Ijj.jh as 35 km per hour and traverse a distance of nearly 100km in a day
.)(1I1|1L, Mirvev. some people disclosed that it can traverse even longer distances(140 km)
camels are trained easily to afford amusement by acrobatics and running a race
Dhatti camels are brought to famous OderoLal and SajanSawai Melas (fairs) well
,rated and compete the race and win high prizes During these occasions they are
,.,1,1 .it higher prices The males are subjected to a very light work.
I ”C>C
:lv$
YC»
(iron tli trails
Average values of birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight in male
uni female ofDhatti camel were 4 I 50 kg and .30 55 kg.70 kg and 65 kg, 57S 50 kg and
kg respectively. Age at first riding and age at first loading averaged 1214 51 days
aul I'OS 31 days, respectively(Table-24)
l \HLE- 24 Growth traits of Dhatti camel
VNo. Trails Male Female Mean S.D S.E
Birth weight(kg) 41.50 30.55 30 70 3.800 ±0.250(8) (92)
Weaning weight(kg) 70.00 65.00 65.40 2.225 ±0 500(8) (92)
Adult weight(kg)atmaturity
578.50 56900 56996 23 00 ±2.020(S) (92)
4 Age at ridding(days) 1214.51(100)
101.641 ±16.488
Age at 1st loading(days)
1598.31(100)
I 1 2 00 1 ±16.884<
FJL.I tUres m brackets are no: ofobservations.difference due to sex is non significant.
86
H production, \|j|k Production
Mean milk yield and lactation length of Dhatti camel were recorded as
litres and 529.954 days, respectively (Table-25).
Fi*
J:
lj Fibre Production
The average quantity of hair ofDhatti camel was 294.3 kg (Table-25)
\HLfci-25 Production traits ofDhatti camel:
! Traits Mean S.D S.Evv».
!|Milk vield (lit) 24 9492844.663
(92)±5.884
|Lactation length(days) 529954(92)
1 5 676 =3 342
|Quantity of hair(kg) 2.945 ! 0,424 ±0090(100)I
Reproductive traits
The values of reproductive traits of Dhatti camel are recorded in the
i’1 event study The values averaged 3.19 years. 344 545 days and 720.545 days for age at
hreeding, dry period and calving interval, respectively (Table-26).
I 'HLE-26 Reproductive traits ofDhatti came!
Wn. Traits Mean S.D S.E
Age at 1st breeding(years) 5.19 0.679 ±0098
Dry period(days) 344.545 22.380 ±4.867(92)
;Calving interval(days) 720.545 10.126 ±2.1 59
(92)
®t 1st breeding No:ofobservation Male S Female 92
87
pr:iiigh( or VVorl< traits
The results of the study revealed that Dhatti camel can walk at a speed of
<i km-35 km/hr and can carry 441.136 kg load (Table-27).
!?5r
a,VÿLE-27 Draught traits ofDhatti camel
S.D S.ETrait Mean:v\o.
Riding speed(km/h) 10.00 0.353 ±0075(43)
Load carrying capacity(kg) 441.136(100)
25.304 ±5.394
!
I88
T5 KACHHI i;
1i
This breed derives its name from the "Kachhi' area ot Baluchistan.
the northern districts ofSindhfjering
, |j.,|,itat and Distribution
The Kachlii camel has its origin from Balochistan, but true to type
are found in hot arid region between Sibi and Jacobabad The hight averages
o inches or so. with short hair Kachi is found in the Kachlii plains, the Marti and
hills and parts ofJhalwan and Sarawan True to type specimen are seen in sibi and
virhhi The habitat of Kachlii camel lies between 29° - 33’ and 28° - 17' north latitudes
,.i(j i,7 . 52' and (iSc - 2b’ east longitudes In upper Sindh two types of camel
mating from Balochistan are seen working during cold weather one of them is
N.iv liln which returns to its own home tract in summer in the month of March, before the
•t weather stalls. Kachlii camels are brought from Balochistan and are bred in some
-.is ts of northern districts ofSindh(upper Sindh) like Jacobabad. Shikarpur and Sukkur
!he tribal population of this area has shown, great interest in horse and cattle shows and
.clock raising as a pan of their regular cultural activity Every year the horse cattle
nows attract a large number of people from Balochistan, Sindh and Punjab The Baloeh
vndars and tribal heads were accustomed to horse and camel shows even during pre
hntish period. The annual horse and cattle shows ol" Sibi and Jacobabad are the regular
sutures where camels are also brought. These places become the hub of trade in
Restock and other commodities. General Jacob during colonial days used to arrange
'iich shows regularly both in Sindh and Balochistan to select the best breeds of horses
"'‘I Kachhi camel other camels for his mounted constabulary
• \’Cl
UlUtl
:i'j
Miniate
Climate of the area is cold in winter coming under the winter influences
Northern,Balochistan.The area becomes hot in summer The maximum temperature in
'imimer goes as high as 50°C By and large the area is arid with scanty and erratic rains.
hich are concentrated in summer monsoon months, between July and August
ret]uently, some years pass away without monsoon rains. In Sindh the breed is found in
plains ofSukkur barrage area.
h
,89I
TT i
:
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- *f
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•" * '• * • -*<•€’. < .'J1.
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5—j
3? 1VT* 1- • :•. fr•X
v V •
- p-*y- •. •y
M :-•* --U:1* • •'
Fig. 12 KACHHICAMEL
90!1 1
r4 Vegc,:l1'011
Some of the bushes these camel browse are the same found in the lower
njh and described already while describing the other breeds. In the hilly areas. Acacia
idesta. wild olive. Zizyphus numimilaria and Pahari lana and Lai are frequently found
•lie depressions and valleys between hills, there are dwarf Tamarisk and other salt
In Jacobabad area these species are in abundance besides other trees found inl •lisiies
•n-'aied areas of upper Sindh Most, frequently they are Acacia species although
V'-phus iujuba may also be encountered. In tin-.cultivated area, mdigofera (Jhil).
. iiiigonum (Phot;) camel thorn and Naumnk a plant species resembling to lani are
*t
t
iinil
< iirceil Characteristics
i (icneral characteristics
I
The distinguishing characteristics of Kachhi camel are compact bodv.
ami neck and legs and well developed hind quarters The feetpads are round, smaller
nut harder in comparison to those of camel of riverine tract They average 5 feet and 9
aches or so in height with short hair, excepting over shoulders and hump, where it is
•niter The coat is coarser and long. They are less darker in colour than Brains camels
Alien they are in colder areas of Balochistan. they grow dense hair on the bodv winter
'C.ison. The Kachhi found in this area is comparatively smaller. The head has a rounded
laimmi. and a slender muzzle
'
s 2 Morphological characteristics
Mean values of length and width of face. head. ear. neck and hump of
kachhi camel are 49 09 and 57.91; 16.73 and 12. 1 1: I 1.57 and 6.44; 138 00 and 33.00;
Jl)86 and 3797 cm. respectively(Table-28).
91
7WtvS*'-ir28 Morphological characteristics ot Kachhi camel
l!
Measurements
Width(cm)Length(cm)CharacteristicsO'*S.ES.DMeanS.ES.DMeanii
!! :±0.230.745791±0.240.7649.09Face
(10)(10)
0.70 ±0,2212 I I*0 1404716 75Head(10)(10)
±0 25075644±0 2407S1 1.57Ear(10)(10) i
T040I 3033.00±0 541.62Neck 138.00(10)(10)
±0.543797 1.10±0401 294086Hump(10)(10)
\J Somatoiuateric measurements
Average values of girth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg of Kachhi
imel were measured to be 199 56. 216.68. 180.90. 151 85 and 162.61 cm respectively
l.ible-29).
iI ABLE- 29 Somatomateric measurements ofKachhi camel
! VNn. Characteristics Mean(cm) S.D S.E
1Girth 199.56 5.51 ±1 74
GO)
Height 216.68 1.67 ±0 52GO)
Length 180.90 1 47 ±0.44(10)
4 Foreleg(length) 151 85 1.61 ±0.50(10)
Hindleg(length) 162.61 1.25 ±0.12(10)
i
92
Tf *
ni|iiy*
i Kachhi camels are dual purpose camels and are used as pack and riding
It is accustomed to walk and work in rough mountainous areas as well as in
Because ofstronger and comparatively harder feet. Kachhi camels can work more;jjll>
a\iei'tly in mountainous lidly areas of Sindh bordering with Balochislan and south-I:V
Balochi,t-stern
• Growth traits
Average birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight in male and
-.-mule of Kachhi camel were recorded as 47 76 kg and 44.02 kg, SO kg and 75 26,
>-i i so and 660 kg, respectively. The age at first riding and age at first loading averaged
to davs and 1658 days, respectively(Table-30)
\ltLE- 50 (iroutii traits ofKachhi camel
i
S.D i S.E! Males.Vu. I Traits MeanFemale.
*
j Birth weight(Kg) |47 76 44 02 44 59
| (6) | (54)4 568 i rtO 09-t
1i
Weaning weight(Kg) i80.00 75.26(54)
75 75 5.027 ±0604(6)
Adult weight(Kg)at maturity 680.50 660.00 662.05 6.669 ±0,983
(54)(6)
Age at ridding(days) 1517.39 1 17.306 ±19.551|(60)
iAge at 1st loading(days) 1638.00 229.327 ±38.221
(60)L
'cures in brackets are no: ofobservations.inference due to se\ is significant ( P< 0.05)
* Induction trails
Milk Production
Mean milk yield and lactation length of Kachhi camel recorded were
-017.73 litres and 515.91 days, respectively(Table-3 1 ).
/
I 93i
o
I L w-k-"’
Production
Quantity of hair shorn froin body ofKachhi camel averaged 2.784 kg
Production traits ofKachhi camelf rxlU-E--’1
I S.ES.DMeanTrails|s.NO.ii
±7444.14 9182017.73Milk yield (lit)t(54)i
j Lactation length(days)f.i 10.309 ±2 197515 91(54)
±0 1082.784 0507Quantity of hair(Kg)(00)
‘i Reproductive trails
;
Values depicted in Table-12.revealed that age at first breeding, dry period
,;:ii calving interval of Kachhi camel averaged 445 years. 272 27and 692454 days.
•.peclively
' MtLE-32 Reproductive traits ofKachhi camel
VN<>. Traits S.D S.EMeanL
Age at I st breeding(years) 4.45 0.903 ±0 139
Dry period(days) 272.27 I 1.925 ±2.542(54)
rr Calving interval(days) 692454(54)
8894 ±1 896
'yc at 1st breeding No:ofobservation Male 6 Female 54
:
94
rM pr;)uglit or Work trait
-
Means of riding speed and load carrying capacity of Kachhi camel were
jed to be 7.25 km/hrs and 451.83 kg. respectively(Table-33)to*
r Draught traits ofKachhi camel
j s.No. i Trait Mean S.I) S.E1
tj Riding speed(km/h) 725 0. 1 25 ±0020r (50)i
I Load carrying capacity(kg) 451.83 8 800i • *!870(60)
»i
!>
I 95
fB lls name is afier the Bralivi tribe originating from Balochistan This tribe
W |f..|Ii;ite from Bralivi ranges of Balochisan(lsam,and Bashir. 1996).
6 BRAHVI
I, H;ibit:>t and Distribution
The Bralivi camel is originally bred in the desert area (Dagh). west of
M(lShki district C'hagai of Balochistan. but its area of distribution extends upto the
frontiers of Sindh Brahvi camels are seen working in cold season in the region
uCSt of the Bolan pass. The area of distribution extends from south of Quetta from
.niial Brahvi mountain range and further extend to south-wards to Hazaur range and
Klinthar range to north west of Larkana district In Sindh. Brahvi camels in pure form
found working in Qubo Saeed Khan. Shahdadkot. Garhi Khairo and Larkana and in
Mile parts ofJacobabad district. The area ot distribution lies between 29‘ - IS latitude
,iul (i7 - 58' east longitudes.
*rf
ie
t Climate
Climatically the area of distribution and habitat of Brahvi breed bv
ge is arid and hot. The maximum temperature in summer goes as high as 48L'C The
tinnier is hot and winter is cold. The rainfall of the area is low and erratic (100-200
"im) Because ofarid climate as a whole, this track has low potential to support livestock
m general
Vegetation
In Chagai district, vegetation on the Piedmont slopes consists ofCousinia
Haloxylon grifitliia, Alhaji camelorum with Sachamm ravanae In sandy area
llLTe is a sparse plant cover and scattered bushes The plant cover includes Stipa
i'lumosa, Alhaji camelorum and extends upto its area of
•bsrribution in upper Sindh. There exists Zygophyulum atriplicoides also. The main
Tamarix spp. which
foritge range grasses are Cencharius ciliaris and Pannisetum orientale. In the surrounding
ir<fns Larkana, Shahdadkot and adjoining areas ofLarkana district where this breed is
bought by Brahvis and Balochies, one finds the typical vegetation of irrigated area. The
R10st commonly occurring trees ofupper Sindh are in abundance in this region.yI
96
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ir
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Fig. 13 BRAHVICAMEL
97I
£ Breed Characteristics
general characteristics
Like Kachhi, the Brahvi is also smaller in size with comparatively shorter
fine legs, but has better bone with wider chest The most distinguishing i,i*j '[ron“
, icterisiic of Brahvi is its great density oflong woolly coat which is so dense that it is iL*\1
jfiLiilt to pass the fingers through it The head is carried low. the hindquarters are
and very strong. The most striking feature of this breed is the density of longtr -.o'oe£ eoat which covers nearly the whole body including legs, belly and neck in winter
cranium is also covered with woolly hair. Its colour is dark to light lawn, but grey
.tauied specimen with white hair are also found among them. In the upper Sindh, these
ucK .ue not found in pure form, but as crosses called Bissaro either of Kachlii or
:4;jh\ i with Sindlii which are mos commonly The Brahvi camel in pure form how-ever
huuiglit from Baluchistan, the province of its origin
t
? i v7
..i:1
« 1 Morphological characteristics
Average values oflength and width of face. head. ear. neck and hump of
!ii.ills 1 camel were recorded 43.35 and 56 64; 25 49 and 20 24; 12 64 and 6 97. MS 20
mil '> 50. 50.49 and 59.59 cm, respectively(Table-54)
1 \!!LE- 54 Morphological characteristics ofBrahvi camel
Measurements
Wo. Characteristics Width(cm)Length(cm)
S.D | S.F.Mean S.D S.E Mean
Face 45.55 1.22 ±0.39 56.64 2.31 ±0 73(10) (10)
Head 23.49 060 ±0 18 20.24 067 ±0 21(10) (10) i
Ear 12.64 075 ±2.25 6.97 0.58 ±0 18(10) (10)
4iNeck 148.20 ±0 51 33.501.64 2 84 ±0.891(10) (10)
Hump 50.49 I 62 ±0.51 39.39 !1.50 ±0.47(10) (10)
l98\
9
k «j0niatoinateric measurements
The mean values of girth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg of Brahvi
205 10. 14094 and 158.10 cm. respectivelywere measured 211.81. 204.47.>Jfnelf.ilile--'-5).
\LtfE" Somatomateric measurements ofBrahvi camelT
S.D S.ECharacteristics Mean(cm)
xl)7021 1.81 2 22Girth(10)
7Heiglit 204.47 1.36 x(.)437
(10)
2 78Length 205.10 x()87I
(10)
I Foreleg(length) 1 49 94 2.17 x!i 08
(10) .I
IHindleg(length) I 25158 10 =0 51
(10)
(> Elilily
The Brahvi camel are often used in plough and for baggage They can
k in intensely cold environments in mountainous region. Brahvi camel are not good
oiling animals and are specially adapted for slow walk over mountainous terrain.. Kachhi
hiought over for riding purposes in place of Brahvies They are often used in the
plough They cannot withstand extreme heat, but are able to work in intensely cold
:cgions or even in snow. The Kharan-bred animals have a better reputation among
utmel-men than Naushki-bred Brahvi. both are much alike with little differences and are
-ond for work in their area of distribution but Brahvi are not as good riding camels as
Kachhi. The Pathan’s of Pishin valley and Balochi's of Masking purchase these camels
Irom below Naushki
or
A
area.
99
Tcro'vtli traits
IF The birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight in male and female
prahvi camel recorded in this study. The averages are:46.27 kg and 4208 kg. 74 5 I
jiid 70.57 kg, 640.7 kg and 622.50 kg, respectively for males& females The age at
V
:
i»* :
riding and age at first loading averaged I 16248 days and 1290 days, respectivelyM't
r.ihle->6)
• \((LE- -*6 Growth traits of Brahvi camel
I ySo. Traits Male Female Mean S.D S.E
Birth weight(Kg) 46.27 42.08(54) |
4249 2 329 ±0 382(6)
Weaning weight(Kg) 74.5 I 70.57 7096 ;> 329 *0.540!(54)(6)
I Adult weight(kg)at|maturitv
640.75 622.50(54)
624 32 12 405 | *2012(0)
i ’
|Age at ridding(days) I 16248|107.571 j *15 526(60) ;
t
|Age at I st loadingI (days)
1 29000 67962 j =10 745(60)
i igures in brackets are no. ofobservations.i inference due to sex is significant (P<005)
* Production traits
*ÿ1 Milk Production
The average milk yield and lactation length of Brahvi camel as recorded
ae 1619.82 litres and 587.14 days, respectively(Table-37)
'T2 Fibre Production
The average quantity of hair of Brahvi camel was recorded 2.52 kg
Table-37),
100
Production traits ofBralivi cameirABLE-37S.D S.EMeanTraits
o'°-
±3.205Milk yield (lit) 14,6911619.82(54)
73.969 ±16.141Lactation length(days) 5S7.14(54)
- 0370 ±0080Quantity of hair(Kg) 2 52(60)
t
* >» Reproductive traits
The age at first breeding, dry period and calving interval tor Brahvi
,mels were averaged 3.94 years. 358.82 and 719 38 days, respectively(Table-38).
i \HLE-38 Reproductive traits ofBralivi camel
YNO. ! Traits Mean S.D S.E
Age at 1st breeding(years) 3.94 0.457 ±0070
358.82Dry period(days) 8047 a: I 756(54)
Calving interval(days) 719 38 12.761 ±2 7S4(54)
\ge at 1st breeding No:ofobservation Male 6 Female 54
0> Draught or Work traits
The means of riding speed and load carrying capacity of Brahvi camel
•ivaaged 7 50 knt/hrs and 357.15 kg,respectively(Table-39).
1 ABLE-39 Draught traits ofBrahvi camel
VNo. Trait Mean S.D S.E
Riding speed(km/h) 7.50 0.343 ±0.075(50)
?.Load carrying capacity(kg) 357.15 9.027 ±1.970
(60)
101
r
7 MAKRANI
Samei i
This breed derives its name from Makran, the coastal areas of
(J1\u:histan. In Sindh, this breed is known either as Makrani or Lassi but Bashir(1996)
described Lassi as a separate breed from Makrani However. Lassi could be a strain
<Alakrani breed which is said to be comparatively soft footed amongst the camel breeds
fUalochistan.
Ir:
* Habitat and Distribution
Makrani camel is found throughout western Balochistan. (Makran.
Lasbella and in parts of Jhalawan area) But true to type specimen are found
Mig the southern parts of Sindh, and is spread in some parts of Karachi and Dadu
Vincis These areas are contiguous to the district of Lasbella of Balochistan Since.
of the Sindhi speaking Baloch tribes are inhabiting in Lasbella and some nails of
(s.ii.ichi and Dadu districts, they bring these camels from Balochistan and breed them in
Mcse parts of Sindh In Dadu district Makrani camels along with Sindhi camels are seen
lohi taluka and Kohistan (ThanoBula Khan)of Dadu and Karachi In Kolustan area
''ic breed is also named as "Jabilu" meaning "mountainous" breed The habitat of this
‘iced lies in 25°- 26' latitude north and 66°- 46’ longitude east.
. o
Climate
The climate of the area of distribution of the breed in summer is by &1 lrge moderate on Makran coast and adjoining areas. The winter, in the habitat of this
"reed, in both Sindh and Balochistan are not very cold except in mountainous parts of
khirther range and some northern parts of Balochistan. The mean temperature in summer
•' JOT and in winter drops down to 15°C In most of the coastal areas of Sindh and
balochistan in summer there is a sea breeze. The average rainfall of the area is 100 to
mini 25
5
102
¥
j vcgerat*011
The home tract ofthe breed extends from Makran coast to western coastal
0f Karachi and Lasbella districts where vegetation is typically coastal type On
. sran coast Though the forests of Mangroves are being depleted, yet these camels are
mangroves. The part ofthe area of distribution of Makrani breed spreads over the
of western Baluchistan extending to western Balochistan ranges which flirther
i:e*1
•oi on
/'.iillS
oerul to the Kohistan on the other side of river Hub in Sindh. Whole of this tract is
on plains as well as hills and has low potential for economic ranching due to lowj
i .nufall and sparse vegetation. The common vegetation consists of Acacia spp.
/vivphus. Tamarisk. Salvodoral spp. and Prosopis (Kandi)) etc The commonlv found
.i-cetation on the north eastern of the home tract of this breed is Stipe plumora. Alhagi
utielomni. Tamarix spp. and zygophvluym atriliccides. There are the vast areas near
vnachi and Hub Chowki which consist of hilly tract and the adjoining desert portions of
i .'i.ippar mountain range and Fab range which are covered with sparse plant cover
•ÿu-ispersed with plant communities like species of Suaeda fmctcose. Salsola spp and
i'.innium antidotale etc
I.
103
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MAKRANICAMELFig. 14s
\
\ I
I 104
T:
d Characteristics
ral characteristics
There are two varieties in this breed, the one which is found near coastal
«
* I Gei'f
0t' Karachi extending to Makran coast, is thinner and larger in size. The other strainjjrJ
jjjlu or mountainous variety which is shorter than the one found in coastal area and
ofSindh The Jabilu variety grow long hair all over the body in comparison to the
ne whose body is not normally covered with hair, except on shoulders and neck It.•IjjllS
thero
.Jx hreedy head on a short neck, small mouth and good hind quarters The Makrani
rt| found in Sindh is soft footed and resembles those generally found in the plains of
Miidh province. This strain of the breed has short neck, small mouth with long face and
.::,>it lips Cranium is mostly covered with hair. The long hairs develop chiefly under the
I•r L‘
.i
..noai. shoulders and hump. The hump is not very well developed as is found in Sindlii
nvd The hind quarters are comparatively well developed in “Jabilu' varietv The body
,vi is brown to dark brown, but fawn coloured camels are also common
c.2 Morphological characteristics
Mean values of length and width of face, head. ear. neck and hump of
as recorded are 28.14 and .10 91. 15 10 and 14 14. 12.74 and 7 14.
'5 90 and 1 1 07.4904 and 45.99 cm in males and females respectively(Table-401
l MILE-40 Morphological characteristics of Makrani came!
M.ikrani camel
Measurements
Wo. Characteristics Length(cm) Width(cm)
Mean S.ES.D S.E Mean S.D
Face 28.34 1.01 ±1)31 30.91 I 62. ±048(10) (10)
Head 15.16 0.86 ±0.27 14.14 0.56 ±0.18(10) (10)
Ear 12.74 0.85 ±2.27 7 14(10) 0.48 ±2.15(10)
i Neck 153.90 1.51 31.67 ±0.41±0.47 1.37(10) (10)
Hump 49.04 0.78 45.99±0 24 1.31 ±0.43(10) (10)
1ii
1051
Tgoiiialoineleric measurements
a1 jnÿl calculated in the study are
£ÿ actively(Table-41)i.
7:
Average values of girth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg of Makrani
228.26. 198.75 164.23. 147 and 154.75 cm.
• XI)LE- 41 Somatometeric measurements ofMakrani camel
S.EMean(cm) S.DCharacteristics• yN(».
±0.65Girth 22826(10)
2.05
|Height 19S.75 3.31 ±1 04(10)
1 58 x()50Length 164.231
(10)!
Foreleg(length) 147.00 1 25 ±040
(10)
Hindleg(length) 154.75 1 62 x<> 42(10)
fc I tility
The Makrani camels are mostly baggagers used to carry agricultural
"inducts and liiel wood from Kaccho ofSindh to the adjoining areas of Balochistan The
ofcamels carry goods between the two provinces These camels are brought in
"ng caravans from Balochistan to Sindh and back to Balochistan, In plains they are used:,)r riding too but they are not as good riders as Kaclihi breed. The females are said to be
for milk and if. fed properly, they are reported to yield good quantity of milk1 lnhle-43). In dry mountainous areas where vegetation is very scanty and other
•Restock is not reared, the camel milk is consumed
I106
th traits1 Gro"
Growth traits of Makrani camel recorded in the study averaged 48.25kg
4;54kii. 82.28 kg and 80.24. 695 kg and 675 kg for birth weight, weaning weight
weight, in males and females respectively. Age at first riding and age at first
averaged was 1 28289 and 1650.03 days respectively(Table-42)
jpJ
,rd adul'
XULE-42 Growth traits ofMakrani camel
I ! Traits S.EFemale Mean S.DMale
L! Birth weight(Kg) 48.25 45.54 45.78 2964 ±0.691
? (51)(5)
4.469 I =0 725'
Weaning weight(Kg) 82.28 SO.24 8042(5) (51)
Adult weiulil(ku)ai maturity| 695.00 | 675.00: (5) ; (5i)
677 24 ±5 674653
1282 89 j 73 428 j =1 1 91 1Age at ridding(days)(56)
233 779 j =36963I Age at 1st loading(days) 165003(56)J
I iciires in brackets are no ofobservations.I >iffcrence due to sex significant (pc 0.05)
s Production traits
*.1 Milk Production
The average milk yield and lactation length of Makrani camel recorded
"e 1928 523 litres and 5 18.61 1 days,respectively(Table-43).
H 3 Fibre Production
Average quantity ofhair of Makrani camel is 2.600 kg (Table-43).
107
Wmÿ"
w
Production traits of Makrani camel
S.D S.EMeanTraits
21.703 ±4736Milk yield (lit) 1028 528(51)
0.518 243Lactation length(days) 518611(51)
i0.364 ±00851 Quantity of hair(Kg) 2.60
,v(56)
•j Reproductive traits
The average age at first breeding, dry period and calving interval of
to be 3.82 years. 342,77 days and 783 50 days, respectivelyM.iknini camel are
l.ihle-44)
UiLE-44 Reproductive traits ofMakrani camel
Menu S.Dv\n. i Trails S.E
=0085Age at 1st breeding(years) 3 82 0513
j Drv period(days)1
34277 10,037 -4487(51) :
+1j Calving interval(days) 783.50
(51)6775 x| 507
at 1st breeding No ofobservation Male
01 Draught or Work traits
Female 5 15
Average draught traits of Makrani camel are 0.00 km/hr and 468.10 kg
:,’r riding speed and load carrying capacity, respectively (Table-45).
C\BLE-45 Draught traits of Makrani camelr-
! VNo. Trait S.D S.EMean
Riding speed(km/h) 0.534 ±0.1250.00(50)
ifLoad carrying capacity(kg) 468.10 1 1.044 ±2 815
1 (56)
108
8 LASSI
Sai»cIThe breed is named after the district “Lasbella". The inhabitants of
bella are commonly called as “Lassi" in rest of the Balochistan Similarly, the camel
Lasbella is also called Lassi
, j|.,i)itat and Distribution
This breed is found in the Lasbella district and adjoining areas of
i[j]i)clnstan and spread upto Karachi in Sindh and Khuzdar in Balochistan The home
-jctofthe‘Lassi lies between 26°-15’ north !atitudes26°-15’ and 6G°-I7’ east longitude
1*
I Climate
Some parts of Lasbella district are on the sea shore or near to the sea
Vika Khariri. Winder. Miam. Gaddani and SonMiani etc.)The climate in this
.'nth-western parts ofthe district is very mild because ofsea breeze in summer months.
;•! winter too the climate is not so harsh as in the northern pan ofthe Province
The north eastern!Bella) and onward, parts of the district are
.'inparativelv warmer in summer and comparatively colder in winter due to their
harness to Qalat district
The climate is generally hot-arid in summer but varies due to the nearness
sea in winter The ambient temperature in summer ranges between 2S-30°C\ the
highest being 39°C The winter temperatures ranges between 15°-23°C. The rainfall is
nun and erratic in nature and ranges between 50 and 100 mm
\i
4 Vegetation
Lasbella district falls in western Balochistan ranges Since the rainfall is
vrr.itic and scanty(50-150 mm),the ranges have low potential ofranching The extensive
Plains have vast area ofsparse plant cover interspersed with plant communities which
delude plant species: Salsola Penicum antidotale. Aleuropus repens, and Aleuropus
•ÿacrostachyus. Besides, there are Prosopis cineraria, Salvadora oleoides, Oapparis ‘
JPhylla. Zizyphus sp and Prosopisjuliflora which was introduced; but has now extended
Sc5ft
109
f%
Jr
t\3MC=
•Er 'v#55?.s4.
t* ifC
.;v*-':r •
Sfc;
Hfe 'V- - -,;Mf x
.Sr'i- _-•.>H*‘ : f’-V•*» I1*** V<
\: «-i,'C'fevi
|j>S
.*•
Fig. 15 LASS1CAMEL
»
:
Ii
1 10
irrigated tracts of Lasbella. Among the trees, the most commonly occurring are
and Kundi etc.the
sp •
'
Main forage grassess are Cenchms ciliaris. Pennisetum orientalis. Aristida
j|,e ranges are over grazed and become green with grass cover atier rains The•rf
els. coat and sheep are the main animal species grazing on these ranges.Jill
i |[reetl Characteristics
(ieneral characteristics*1
Lassi is larger than Makrani - its colour is lighter in comparison to
M.ikram
?
‘.2 Morphological characteristics
Mean values of length and width of face, head, ear, neck and hump of
camel are 50 and 25. 16 and l.T 10 and 7. 150.SO and 30.48. 38 and 56 cm.
•opectively(Table-46)
osi
i MILE-46 Morphological characteristics of Lassi camei
Measurements
V.Ni). Characteristics Length(cm) Width(cm)
Mean S.D S.E Mean S.D S.E
Face 30.00 1.50 ±045 25.00 1 00 ±0 5>(10) (10)
Head 16.00 048 ±0,1 5 13.00 0.42 *0.15(10) (10)
! ; Ear 10.00 060 ±2.20 7.00 0.43 ±2 IS(10) (10)
1 Neck 150.80 2 29 ±0.95 30.48 1.30 ±0.325(10) (10)
\>
Hump 38.00 1.20 ±0.40 36.00 1.10 ±0 34(10) (10)
1
tomateric measurementst Son':1
Average values ofgirth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg ofLassi camel
ifcied are 173,200, 168, 148 and 156cm,respectively(Table-47).
r xyLE- 47 Somatomateric measurements ofLassi camel
S.D S.E! Characteristics Mean(cm)y\l).
3.25Girth 173 00 x()36i
(10)l
fHeight 200.00 2.30 -0.45* ; •
(10)
Length 168.00 2.32 x073(10)
Foreleg(length) 14800 1.26 xi)5°
(10)
Flindleg(length) 1 2515600 x()56GO) !
1 lilitv
The Lassi camel are primarily baggager camels. Though they however are
•wti lor riding in the difficult areas of the district as well This breed like Makram also
•Mends to some districts ofSindh like Dadu and Larkana and Karachi where it is used as
Mugager.
* Growth traits
Means of birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight in male and
of Lassi camel are 41kg and 39 kg: 68 kg and 65 kg, 570 kg and 550 kg,
<-*spectively. The age at first riding and age at lirst loading averaged 1022.50 andJ - 1 4.36 days, respectively(Table-48).
1 12
TL->
Growth traits of Lassi camel
S.D S.EFemale MeanTraits MaleS>it4 |Birth weight(Kg) ±0 39039.13 2.23439.0041.00
(6)(86)
65.19 10.352 ±2.120Weaning weight(Kg) 68 00 65 00(0)
(86)j
Adult weight(kg)at maturity 551 30 25 00570.00 55000 ±3.012(6)
(86)
Age at ridding(days) 1022.50 119 110 ±14 123(92)
1 12.145 j ±25 672Age at 1st loading(days) 1214.36(92)I
I icures in brackets are no ofobservations;inference due to se\ is non significant
l| Production trails
‘M Milk Production
Average milk yield and lactation length of Lassi camel are 1305 litres
nut 300 days, respectively (Table-49).
T2 Fibre Production
The average quantity of hair of Lassi camel as recorded in the study is
250 kg (Table-49).
*rIy 113
~YW*#**£ r I Milk yield (lit)
-1
Production traits ofLassi camel
Mean S.D S.E
±2.00012.7151305.000(86)
I Lactation length(days) 12 125 3:2.214300000(86)
j Quantity of hair(Kg) ±0.0851.250 0310(02) i:
t I
in Reproductive traits
Means of age at first breeding, dry period and calving interval of Lassi
cnels are 3 70 years. 325 250 and 700.350 days, respectively(Table-50).
• \UI.E-50 Reproductive traits ofLassi camel
Traits Mean S.D S.Ev\».i.
Age at 1st breeding(years) 3 70 0.786 ±1.020
20.672Dry period(days) 325.250 ±2 052(86)
i ICalving interval(days) 700.350
(86)6721 ±1.052
i i\ae at 1st breeding no.ofobservation Male 6 Female 86
1 1 Draught or Work traits
Values of average riding speed and load carrying capacity ofLassi camel
>rv 6.10km/hr and 450.60 kg. respectively(Table-5 I)
1 \KLE-5 1 Draught traits ofLassi camel
VNo. Trail Mean S.D S.E
Riding speed(km/h) 0.3706.10 ±0.030(92)
Load carrying capacity(kg) 450.60 22.252 ±5.210I (92)
I 14
T'•s.i-
9 RODBARI
same1 It is named after Rodbari. region ofBalochistan.
HabiU'l and Distribution
It is found in Kharan, Jhalawan of Kharan and jungle areas of Kharan
Kalat. Its distribution lies between 26° - 52' to 29° - 22’ north latitudes and•viderntg
• t > to 66r; - 10' east longitudes.
&
i( limate
The climate is dry. but. healthy. Dust storms are experienced throughout
These storms become very severe from June to September when they are
as lever They are described as being at times, so scorching and destructive as to
dl every thing and rendering travelling impossible
7.’
war:c
In summer, days are hot but nights are a bn cooler The winter us cold
jiie temperatures in summer and winter are .10' C' and >°C Kharan is an area of
Atiemely limited rains Most of the rainfall occur during the month of January and
March, due to westerly disturbances The rainfall ranges between 150 to 200 mm Kalat
Mediterranean climate, where annual precipitation varies from 40 to 100 mm. most
Much is received during winter or early spring.
J Vegetation
There are no forests and trees are few and scanty, the date palm being the
most common produce. A few wild fig trees exists here and there in the hills and
lamarix and willows in the nullahs. In sheltered spots, the wild vine is met with, and on
r!)c lower slopes of the hills grass and a bush known as Alhaji mururum is fairly
•'hundant. The most interesting plants found on the hills and on the rock formation are
S|uoksia brahuica a thorny shrub or small tree. Pislacia terebinthus and Vermutica are
sand dunes and between the hillocks formed by the sand waves. The
'ÿnnracteristics shrubs are often about a tree in size. Its branches yield the best camel
The main forage grasses are C.enchrus ciliaris, Elevsine flagellifera and
’rtinisetum. Parts of Kalat where the breed is found has Mediterranean climates, with
precipitation varying from 40 to 100 mm. most of which falls during winter or
carly spring.
wvn on
*
115?
r
4X
§r_>
i
al *ÿ am \V* sras1 •;i nr’™{••'..- - *'-
a pv.3T ;v i1 "'4r
--L : i‘W.t; ;*•i .»•.*
-; • +•<
’(i
• v‘
‘V -:v V>‘>_*-
,* V ;
•"' SKl
L-.Z
_____Fig. 16 RODBARICAMEL
£
£;
116
rBpreed Characteristics
General characteristics
r7
i
Colour ofcoat is reddish, with slim body. The distinguishing character is
long chin It is preferred by herders in comparison to Kharani breed, in fact, it is
be cross of Kharani Camel with Iranian Camel.
7;
%r jiJ W
It,.Morphological characteristics
Mean values of length and width of face. head. ear. neck and hump of
.(.ilbari camel as measured are 32.70 and 30.48. 17.55 and 15.97; 13.47 and 6.54.
;.i 30 and 32.00;5 1 84 and 4894cm. respectively (Table-52).
trr7
• \|JLE- 52 Morphological characteristics ofRodbari camel
Measurements1
\.\o. I Characteristics Width(cm)Length(cm)
Mean S.D S.E Mean S.D S.E1
! Face 32 76 3048(10)
070 ±0 22 093 ±0 29(!0)
Head 159717 55 1 OS ±034 1 28 ±040(10)(10)
Ear 13.47 037 ±2 1 \ 6.54 x0.2S0SO(10) (10)
i Neck 129.30 3.54 ±1.12 32.00 3.01 ±0.95(10)(10)
s Hump 51.84 0.80 ±0.25 48.94 1.15 ±0.36(10) (10)
f) Somatomateric measurements
Girth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg of Rodbari camel averaged
-22.50.209.47, 176.53, 151.61 and 160,10 cm. respectively(Table-53).
*
li 117
B Characteristics
v7:Somatomaleric measurements ofRodbari camel
S.D S.EMean(cm)
222.50(10)
1.20 ±0.37
209.47 2.03 ±004; Height(10)
f 176.53 2.10 ±0.66Length:1 (I0)i
l 74Foreleg(length) 1 5 l.61 *0.55.(10)
j Hindleg(length) 160.10 I 12 it)36(10)
?
‘ I tilitv
Rodbari camel is considered to be the best baggage camel which is usee
lift water from under ground deep wells opto the depth of 170-180 feet. Rodbari is
I:M> used as a source oftransport in the desen areas
x (imwtli traits
Means of birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight in male and
•Vinale of Rodbari camel were 52.19 kg and 48.20 kg. 120.04kg and 1 17.85kg. 720.50
and 705 50 kg, respectively. Age at first riding and age at first loading averaged
1434.7Q days and 167648 days(Table-54).
3.1
118
rRABlE'M
l " TBUTTI
Growth traits of Rodbari camel
S.ES.DMeanFemaleMale
3 304 i ±0.78348.6748.2052.19weight(Kg)(54)(6)
6 I SO ±09971 17 85 118.11! Weaning weight(Kg) 120.04•1
(54)(6)
\dult weight(kg)at maturity 720.50 j 705.50 j 707 30 j 22.740(0) (5-1)
±3 689* t-r. :__
__J—
78.056 ± 1 2662Age at lidding(days) 1434.79t
(50)
I 167648| 177.050 j ±26 69 IAge at 1st loading(days)& (50)tc
I !„>uics in brackets are no: ofobservationsI inference due to Se\ is significant(P_ 005)
Production trails
•».|Milk Production
Averages of milk yield and lactation length of Rodbari camel are
169298 litres and 466 52 davs. respectivelyilcnlated from the data collected
I al>le-55).
‘’•2 Fibre Production
The tjuantity of hair shorn from Rodbari camel averaged 3 03 kg
1 l.ible-55).
1 MILE-55 Production traits of Rodbari camel
Wo. Traits S.D S.EMean
Milk yield (lit) 1692.985 ±3 98617.8295 (44)l- Lactation length(days) 13.857 ±3.179466.526
(44)
Quantity of hair(Kg) 0.6553.03 ±0. 1 50(50)
I 19
TK|Reprod
,uÿb)
HULE->6
I Trails
Aye at I st breeding(years)
fductive traits i
,1Means of ages at first breeding, dry period and calving interval of
were 2.96 years. 270.526 days and 791.631 days, respectively
Reproductive traits ol'Rodbari came!
S.DMean S.E
2.96 0513 ±0.081
Dry period(days) 270 526 13 426 ±3.080(441
Calving interval(days) 791.631 6.075 ±1 393(44)
v.-c .ii 1st breeding No ofobservation Male 6 Female 44
ll Draught or Work traits
Averages of riding speed and load carrying capacity of Rodbari came!as
Miiimmented are 800 km/hrs and 514.75 kg. respectively(Table-57)
I \BLE-57 Draught traits ofRodbari camel
VNo. Trait Mean S.D S.E!
Riding speed(km/h) 8.00 0.095 ±0.021(50)
Load carrying capacity(kg) 514 75 I 1.109 ±2.548(501*
.
120
rI4, Same
[ originated
!?10 PISHIN ;s/.t
It,ill:
The breed is named after Pishin district of Balochistan province where t;
i
, j|:1hit;)t and Distributionti
* The home tract is distributed in hilly mountainous areas therefore, the
1 equally popular in hilly and sandy areas of its home tract. Pishin camels are•u-eii i >
I’Kihly the best known in the country. This breed is found in Quetta Pishin and
iJioinuui areas . The home tract lies between 30° - 33" to 31C-I8" north latitudes and
,, .42" to 67° - 48" east longitudes.
t ( Innate
The climate of Pishin and surroundings is generally dry and cold Being
HI side the range of the monsoon, the rainfall is irregular and scanty The heaviest
unfall and snow fall occurs in Januarv and Februarv Average rainfall in Quetta is 17>-
mm per annum The winters are very cold and the temprature ranges from SJC to
(' and goes as low as -5CC In summers the temperature ranges from 15 to 30WC
'duetto iies in the active seismic region. Earth quakes are common Since 1888 some
'Were earthquakes have been recorded while tremors of minor intensity have been felt
ilmost every year.
Vegetation
On the whole, the district is sparsely covered with vegetation. The wild
Julies include Gangue(Orlhonopsia intermadia), Gandare(Neriumoidomm). Leghunae
'Daphne oleoides)and Trikha (artemisia) which are found in the high lands and makhae
'ÿÿtragana)grows in all the hills. Oman(ephedra)also grows in the hills and is collected!l,r commerica! purpose.by the phormacentical companies.
121v
TI'**.*’/•
;ii
a
I
if
'•iC-K-c13
g%SV
I-I
VV
PS®*V-• f-'*: <7_
J <ttH-’•ÿ''''/
• VT*&V, -V-.
L*i KJ.
fS.'< 9-. LY
i
A SJ>4
*i
•J
Fig. 17 P1SHINCAMEL
;
122
T0 ,ed Characteristics
r"““'B : The colour varies from light brown to dark brown. Camel with tawn
p are popular, but cream colour camels are considered as the lowest class This
has a body structure ofa mountainous camels and is comparable to Afghan camel
t
V
.1
!
-r __
and size They are very thick-set with large bones and carry great weights, but
Afghan camels, these are short statured with compact body
2 Morphological characteristics
This breed resembles Brahvi in shape and size and according to one
,-ision it is said to be the strain of Brahvi The mean values oflength and width of face.
c;ul. ear. neck and hump of Pishin camel as calculated are 3099 and 3 i.16. 1 5 2b and
•. 4t). 10.79 and 8 !5. 120.30 and 34 50.52.90 and 46 17cm. respectively (Table-58)
; \BLE- 5S Morphological characteristics ofPishin camel
Measurements
s.Nu. Characteristics Length(cm) Width(cm)
S.E S.D I S.EMean S.D Mean
1 40 I x044Face 1.07 x0 33 31.163099(10)(10)
0.47 | xO 14Head 15.26 0.77 ±0.24 16.40(10) (10)
Ear ±2 25 8.15 0.74 ±2.2310.79 0 79
(10) (10)
4 Neck 126 30 1.22 34 50±0 38 2.65 ±083(10) (10)
V Hump 52 90 084 46.17±0.26 0.92 ±0.29(10) (10)
37
;
a 123ir
rSonia‘onls,leric nicasurcments
Mean values ofgirth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg of Pishin camel
I •>''0 82.205.61. 150.49. 15095 and 15975 cm.respectively(Table-59).
;
RLE-59 Soniatometeric measurements ofPishin camel% :v
i £ S.ECharacteristics S.DMean(cm)
±058Girth 226.82 I 84(10)
Height 3.07 =097205.61(10)
f L —9 I Length 150.49 1.03 ±0 32(10)
Foreleg(length) 150.95 3.02 =095• i
(10)
|Hindlege(length) 159 75 ±0 131.64(10)
'I Tility
These are shot! sialured animals with compact body and are very hardy
"ul are known to be the best baggage animals They are reported to subsist without water
Mr a month and are used as draught animals.
•1 Growth traits
The average mean of birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight in
male and female of Pishin camel recorded are 5204 kg and 48.19 kg, 104.19kg and
%49kg. 715.50 kg and 700.00 kg, respectively The age at first riding and age at first
loading averaged 1274.17 days and 1805.02 days,respectively(Table-60).
I
124
f.60 Growth traits ofPishin camel>ABLE !
i:S.D S.EFemale MeanMalej TraitsO'0
3.340 ±0.78348.6748.19Birth weight(Kg) 52.04 ,
(42)(7)
±0.642' Weaning weight(Kg) 4.16296.49 97.59104.19(42)(7)
17.139 ±2644700.00 702.22Adult weight(kg)at maturity 715.50(7) (42)
1274.17 ±3 1 467180.802.Age at ridding(days)(49)
1805.02 124.578 ±19.222Age at 1st loading(days)(49)
:-.uircs in brackets are no:ofobservations.'ii:tincnee due to sex is significant(p<0.05)
') Production traits
i.l Milk Production
The average milk yield and lactation length ofPishin camel is recorded as
'2'>44 litres and 353 68 days, respectively(Table-61).
'•-2 Fibre Production
Average quantity ofhair ofPishin camel is 192 kg (Table-61).
1 \0lE-6 1 Production traits ofPishin camel
j \No. Traits Mean S.D S.E
Milk yield (lit) 1720.44 28.809 ±6.609(42)
Lactation length(days) 353.68 32.695 ±7.500(42)
5 Quantity of hair(Kg) 1.92 0.449 ±0.103(42)
125:
traits
Mean age at first breeding, dry period and calving interval of Pishin
e\ are 409 years- 301.3 1 5 days and 783 days respectively(Table-62).
1!
\BLE-62 Reproductive traits ofPishin camelr
S.ES.DMeanTraitsO0-
±01110.686Age at 1st breeding(years) 4.09
±1.8277965301 315Dry period(days)(42)
9 231 ±2 117Calving interval(days) 783.00(42)
Lwc at 1st breeding no: ofobservation Male 7 Female 42
1 1 Draught or Work traits
The average riding speed and load carrying capacity of Pishin camel as
orcled are 760km/hr and 37792 kg. respectively(Table-63)
i \ULE-63 Draught traits ofPishin camel
i ''.No. S.D S.ETrait Mean
Riding speed(km/h) 7.60 0.449 ±0 103(60)
Load carrying capacity(kg) 377.92 13.800 ±3.166
L (49)
!
1126
T, V'"e
II KHARANI
if
This breed is named after Kharan district of Balochistan province. Like
bin camel it is infact a strain ofBrahvi breed being bred in Kharan
, habitat and Distribution
This breed is found in Kharan. Jhalawan. Kharani breed is also found
the eastern frontier of Kharan bordering the Kalat. The home tract is distributed injvi'i?
,,llv mountainous and sandy areas It therefore is the breed which is equally popular in
-illy and sandy areas of Kalat. The home tract ofthe breed lies between 28°-52” to 29°-
north latitudes and 62°-36” to 66°-10" east longitudes
j Climate
The climate is by & large dry but healthy. Dust storms are experienced
•v.iiHighout the year These storms become very severe from June to September They are
as being at times, hot with intrise velocity and are capable
•cyetation rendering travelling impossible to survive during the season.
to kill the
In summer,days are hot but. night are bit cool The winter is cold. Kharan
'.in area ofextremely limited rains. Mostly the rain falls during the month ofJanuary to
March. Rainfall is erratic and sporadic and ranges between 50-200 mm. As a whole, the
tract ofthis breed has tow potential to sustain commerical ranching.
4 Vegetation
The Kharan forms a part of western Balochistan ranges. There are no
Crests and the trees are few and scanty, the date palm being the most common A few
•Mid fig trees exist here and there in the hills and Tamarix and willows in the rain nullahs
streams). In sheltered spots the wild vine is encountered and on the lower slopes of the
Mis, grass and a bush known as alhaji is fairly abundant. The most interesting plant
found on the hills and on rock formations are Stocksia brahuica. a thorny shmb or small
Iree, Pistacia terebinthus and Varrmutions. On the sand dunes, and between the hillocks
f°rmed by the sand waves, vegetation is more general and of stronger growth than one
vvouId expect to find. The characteristics shrubs are often about a tree in size. It’s
127
T• i
-
!
*•r
l.
i;c
ft 1
~ ->3v
-<•3729
, j* r
ir. >‘
r'
a*:%ÿsys-iV
• 1 1 4*--JV l4'l’ '•-'
2:.W'!.iijm• ‘-T y,?ÿ ' V:,*
Fig. 18 KHARANICAMEL
128r
rf
yield the best camel fodder. The main green forages are Cenchrus ciliaris,
I flagelifera. Pennisetum orientalis. Aristide adsecensionis.On the piedomont.
prop's cineraria. Salvadora oleoides. Capparis with Sueda fruticosa Forage quality
ids on rainfall. In Lakhshan valley ofKharan district besides camel, sheep rearing is;<*rel
dominantr\
i Breed Characteristics
;|General characteristics
The most common colour is light yellowish to grey. It has compact body
j.H| medium structure The most peculiar characteristic of Kharani breed is the number of
hair camel. However camels with w-hite hair are also found among the herds In
,h,ipe and size they resemble Brahvi camel. They are infact Kharan bred Brahvies
;re\
\2 Morphological characteristics
Means of length and width of face, head. ear. neck and hump of" Kharani
.miel as measured are 28.9.1 and 1048, 11 41 and 12 87; 11 21 and 8 19; 112 10 and
'ÿ2 no. 5092 and 44 70cm,respectively(Table-64)
I ABLE-64 Morphological characteristics of Kharani camel
Measurements
8.No. Characteristics Width(cm)Length(cm)
Mean S.D S.E Mean S.D S.E
'
Face 28.93 ±0.58 10.48 1.60 xO 31I 84(10) (10)
r~i' Head 13.43 1.06 ±0.13 12.87 0.66 ±020
(10) (10)
Ear 13 23 077 ±2 24 8.19 0.69 ±2 22(10) (10)
Neck 2.15132.10 ±0.68 ±0.S312.00 2.56(10) (10)
Hump 50.92 0,90 ±0.28 44.70 1.19 ±0.17(10) (10)
i- 129!
soniatomctcric measurements
Average values of girth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg of Kharani
EH .ÿel recorded in the study are
fl xpectively(Table-05).
rÿBLE"65 Somatometeric measurements ofKharani camel
7214.14. 205.15. 177.57. 150.10 and 159 00 cm.
S.ES.DCharacteristics Mean(cm)v\o.
xO.34Girth 214.14 1 10(10)
Height 2.55 ±0.81205.15(10)
2.58Length 177.57 =t)8 I(10)
Foreleg(length) 150.10 3.14 =099
(10)
Hindlege(length) 2.25159.00 ss() 25(10)
‘ I tility
Kharan camels are small, but are popular for transport, owing to their
hardness and are useful for work in the hills and ploughing on the hard and dry lands
They are also used to lift water upto the depth of 180 feet from deep wells. The Kharani
has also proved to be the best rider in the sandy lands.
R Growth traits
Means of birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight in male and
•emale of Kharani camel are given table-66. They are 51. 67 kg and 48 03 kg, 101.70kg
*»nd 95.49kg, 705.00 kg and 690.00 kg, respectively. The age at first riding and age at
t'rst loading averaged 1258.14 days and 13 1 1.70 days.
;
t
130
>
rRABLE-66|T*T T'"»'
|. Birth weight(Kg)
rGrowth traits of Kharani camel
S.ES.DFemale MeanMale
3:0 5.l64.14848.03 48.4651.67(44)(6)
±06424.16296.46j Weaning weight(Kg) 95.49101.701 (44)(6)
2
\ Adult weight(kg)at maturity ±3.12619.775705.00 690.00 691.SOj
(44)(6)
j Age at ridding(days) ±8.52965.577!1258 14(50)
±14 505131 1.70 92.708j Age at 1st loading(days)(50)
>ÿ
!iÿmes 111 brackets are no: ofobservationsiiitlereiice due to se\ is significant(p 005)
't Production trails
I Milk Production
Average values of milk yield and lactation length of Kharani camel are
Mu 265 litres and 522 I 1 days, respectively (Table-67).
‘1.2 Fibre Production
Annual hair yield of Kharani camel averaged 2.23 kg(Table-67).
I.ABLE-67 Production traits of Kharani camel
8..No. Traits S.ES.DMean
Milk yield (lit) ±7.09130.91 11619.265(44)
Lactation length(days) 522.1 1 15.121 ±3.469i (44)i* Quantity of hair(Kg) ±00692,23
(50)0.301f
li
131
|g Reproductive traits
Age at first breeding, dry period and calving interval of Kharani camel
4 14 years,.137.63 days and 785.21 days, respectively(Table-68)
j- \pLE-68 Reproductive traits of Kharani camel
Mean S.D S.ETraitss.NO.
Age at I si breeding(years) 0.577 ±0.0934.14
Dry period (days) 33763 16.614 ±3.81 I(44)
Calving interval(days) 785 21 5.328 ±1 222(44)
\i!e at 1st breeding no: ofobservation Male 5 Female 51
1 1 Draught or Work trails
Riding speed anil load carrying capacity of Kharani camel is 7 00 km/hr
mil 40004 kg. respectively (Table-69)
MILE-69 Draught traits ofKharani camel
S.D S.ES.No. Trait Mean
|Riding speed(km/h) 7.00 0428 ±0098(74)
Load carrying capacity(kg) 400.04 13.438 ±3 0S2(50)
iis
132
r|,Na»"*
[ Marecha
f12 MARECHA
Marecha is also called Mehra(riding camel) In Cholistan it is commonly
. It is named after a tribe “Marecha”
,|{;1|iit:it and Distribution
The true to type animals of the breed are extensively found in riverian
of Punjab and particularly in Cholistan which is located in Bahawalpur. Rahimyar
Kluti and Bahawalnagar districts ofthe province It covers 27 million hectares Its north
j;,d south boundary are surrounded by canal irrigated areas. On the east, it borders with
Irulian Rajisian desert. Marecha is also found in Bikaner and Rajputana districts of
irulia This breed extends to adjoining irrigated areas of Cholistan. Ecologically.
i holistan is a tropical arid sandy desert The area is inhabited by nomad tribes Cholistan
, locally known as Rohi or Roll. The entire tract is a parched and thirsty desert region.
Dming the summer season of Punjab, extremely hot winds blow and subject the area to
oiul erosion, The surface of this desert consists of succession of sand dunes, rising in
places to height of 100 meters with the vegetation peculiar to sandy tracts There is no
•oil down to the lowest depth except sand, cultivation is seldom possible in this tract, the
•tiata being about forty feet high from the ievel of river Sutlaj which has not yet been
il'le to penetrate through the sandy depth ofthis region, hence, the underground water is
"Mc-kish and generally 80 to 300 feet below surface levei. The soil being sandy land in
holistan is comparable to those in Thai desert which is the further area ofdistribution of
this breed The area of the breed distribution extends from the adjoining areas of
'ingated Punjab to D.I Khan and south eastren parts of NWFP Afridi (1997)has also
•'ccumented the Marecha breed from some parts of NWFP province.The breed inhabits
** -50° north latitude and 70°-54" east longitude.
--44 «ljct
;
i
J Climate
The climate of the area remains extremely hot in summer and cold in
The winter is ofshort duration beginning in the middle of December and ending1,1 the middle of February. The minimum and maximum mean temperature in summer
ranges between 30°C to 40°C. Where as the same in winter range between 7°C - 24°CThe hottest months are June,July and August. The annual average rainfall is about 125
:
#
133
r 1
&a
n
;'.V
1 V•M—; »"V m*-
V.
.V
Fig. 19 MARECHA CAMEL i
!
134
\
rwhich is very erratic in nature. The annual raintall ranges between 100 - 200 mm
r h0U2h it is erratic yet mostly falls in monsoon season.
Vegetation
IThe vegetation ofCholistan consists of xerophytic trees, shrubs and grasses.
cover as discussed by Johnston and Hussain (1963) is characterized by the
station of Dichanthum Cenchrus and Lassiurus type. Ahmed (1966) described
ivegetation as Calligonuin polygonoides(0.4%) Haloxylon recurvum (02%)
liiiposition. Haloxylon seliconicum (0.7%). Suaeda fruticosa (0.4%). Aristida depressa
"“o). Cenchrus ciliaris (0.7%), Cymbopogon jwarancusa (7.1%). Eleusine compressa
7°o)and Lasiurus sindicus(9%) According to Noor (1989). the three major range
in Cholistan are i) Lasiurus sindicus/Haxloylon saliconicum, ii) Eleusine
.mpressa/TlaloxvIon salicornicum. and iii) Haloxylon recurevum/Salsola foetidas and
\uecla fruticosa Livestock production along with camel raising is the major
uupation ofthe residents ofCholistan
fiM'-'
' Iheed Characteristics
'.I General characteristics
Colour of this breed varies from chest nut to fawn colour Thus camels
•s ill) different coat colors are seen mixed in herds This breed has small sized head and
pointed muzzle. Eyes are big and ears are short and erect. Neck is thick and the camels
wop their heads upwards while running. Hump is well developed. It has thin bodv and
:>mg legs.
i
'ÿ2 Morphological characteristics
Means oflength and width of face, head. ear. neck and hump oi'Marecha
s.unel as measured are 33.42 and 34.72; 16.76 and 16.02; 14.39 and 6.30, 136.20 and
v> 27; 5S.06 and 25.32 cm.respectively(Table-70).
135 Ik
70 Morphological characteristics ofMarecha camelTABLE-Measurements
Width(cm)Characteristics Length(cm)OO.
S.ES.DS.E MeanMean S.D
34.72 ±033±0 10 1 060.6133.42Face:(10)(10)I
=0 57078±0. 1 5 16.020.4816.76Head(10)(10)
±2.130.77 ±2 24 6.30 04214.30! Ear(10)(10)
't35.27 1.05±002Neck- 136.20 203 =06 1(10)(10)
ir
25.32 1 085 ±0.27±0425S.06Hump 1.34(10)(10)
L
<i Somnlometerir measurements
Average for ginh. height, length, foreleg and hindleg of Marecha camel
241.00,208.02. 152.83,!5007and 160 cm. respectively(Table-7 1)in.-
1 \0LE- 71 Somatomateric measurements of Marecha camel
VNo. Characteristics Mean(cm) S.ES.D
Ginh ±0 551.74241.00GO)
Height ±0 51208.02 1.64GO)
Length 152.83 230 ±0 72(10)
3 Foreleg(length) 150.07 1.61 ±0.31GO)
Hindleg(length) 160.00 1.84 ±0.18$(10)
136
rI - lUilit;
T:
Marecha is a dual purpose camel used for riding and load carrying. The£
,.J|;l3les are good milkers.
j Growth traits
r The means of birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight in male and
of Marecha camels are recorded as 46.91 kg and 42.26 kg. 78 20kg and 74 70kg.
00 kg and 635,00 kg, respectively. Age at first riding and age at first loading
raged 1 1 79.S0 days and 1347.14 days(Table-72).
8t
i . i-
I \ULE- 72 Growth traits ofMarecha camel
v\o ; Traits Male |Female j Mean I S.D S.E
Birth weight(Kg) 42.81 2.479 ±0.7524691 42.26(52)(7)
Weaning weight(Kg) 78 20 7470 ! 75 11 4.622 I ±0 749(7) (52) i
i
j Adult weight(kg)at maturity 635 00 ! 637.37 I 12210 *2035. 655.00(7) (52)
Age at ridding(days) 1 179.80 70.443 *11.427(59)
Age at 1st loading(days) 1347.14 83.229 ±13.501(59)
figures in brackets are no. ofobservations.Difference due to sex is significant(p.0.05)
7 Production traits
Milk Production
Averages of milk yield and lactation length of Marecha camel are
1 litres and 479.29 days, respectively(Table-73).
*$t
137
Fibre Production
Average quantity ofhair ofMarecha camel is 2.25 kg (Table-73).
73 Production traits ofMarecha camelr\BLE-
Mean S.D S.ETraitsO'®-
Milk yield (lit) 70.596 *144364179.51(52)
Lactation length(days) 17.479 ±3.567479.29(52)
Quantity of hair(Kg) 2.25 0.285 ±0.058(52)r
in Reproductive traits
Means age at first breeding, dry period and calving interval of Marecha
..mid are observed to be 3 70 years. 119 29 days and 74792 days, respectively
!,ible-74)
I \ULE-74 Reproductive traits ofMarecha camel
S.N'o. Traits Mean S.D S.E
Age at 1st breeding(years) 3.70 0.589 ±0.095
Dry period(days) 4.164 ±0.850I 19 29(52)
; Calving interval(days) 74792 5.807 ±1 185(52)
at 1st breeding no. ofobservations. Male 7 Female 52
£
138
rW pniught or Work traits
I"V The average riding speed and load carrying capacity of Marecha camel as
f are98°km/hr and 373.99 kg. respectively(Table-75).
.~rri
!i VBLE-75 Draught traits ofMarecha camelt T
*
H Trait Mean S.D S.E
r :j Riding speed(km/h) 980 0.261 *0053
(56)
j Load carrying capacity(kg) 373.99 I 1.797 ±2408r (59)r
'
I 139
rl , N3",e
13 BAGRI
According to one school of thought, this breed is named after Bagri. the
inhabiting partly in Punjab and partly in Sindh Where as other school of thought
that it is a strain of Marecha or Bekaneri breed. The other name of this breed is
(Qureshi. 1986).
r , Habitat and Distributiony
Bagri comes from south eastern districts of the Punjab bordering desert
The strain ofthe breed in Multan is taller and is called Multan camel(Leese. 1927)
Iawards Dera Ghazi Khan side, it is called "Rojhan" camel, which is said to be better
•'tied for work in hilly areas . Like Marecha. Bagri is also a desert came! breed and found
:i( holistan and Thai area of Mianwali Punjab. Pakistan The distribution of this breed
between 1 to 33c-22' north latitude and 70°-!4’ to 71°-58' east longitudes
[ ike C'iiolistan. the Thai is also a sandy desert The tract is bound by piedmont ofthe Salt
Range in the north, the Indus river flood plains in the west and Jhelum and Chenab rivers
food plains in the east. Ecologically, both Cholistan and Thai are classified as the
•:i)pica! sandy plains Though soils are alluvial, but there texture is sandv and sand
nines cover nearly 50 to 60%ofthe area .
I.'Cl
I’N
i Climate
The habitat of this breed remains very hot during summer
I lie mean maximum temperature in summer rises upto 44°C, During winter the
temperature drops to 15°C. The rainfall in Thai varies from 133 mm in the southern parts
’00 mm in the northern areas of the tract. The Summer is the hottest in south The
:il)itest months are June. July and August. Dust storms are quite common in summer
carrying thick clouds ofdust with them, but on the whole these are not very destructive
The storms begin in April and continues more or less regularly during two months.
4 Vegetation
The vegetation of the home tract of this breed varies between the region
hills containing nothing to scanty vegetation and except on the top of the Sekesar
or in the heart of Bhangkhel, the trees are confined to depressions on low lyingi
140
1'
•r
i
-#-X-Jw *
W: '
44
’
Ifc)
WE**L*
*,•
:&
V;
Fig.20 BAGRICAMFX
f
141
rf.The hills are rich in plants and some of the shrubs which are Viven, Mastiara,
V'jthaman and Ganger. Different shrubs like lana, khipp and akk also thrive well in
m There are numerous type of grasses which sprout during rainy season. Due to
r wind erosion and mthless cutting of trees, several desirable species of
f .. have disappeared or are on a way of vanishing. Consequently, vegetative cover|jiJiw-'
production has declined substantially.
7nnF!
The vegetation in Thai varies according to range type. Noor(1989) has
ied three range types, i) The sand dunes include, Calligonum polygonoides.»
-rf''1
Miinsctum sp Aristida sp. and Acacia jacquemontii (ii) The vegetation at slopes and at
•.vis ofdunes includes pennisetum sp. Suaeda fruticosa and Aristida depressa.(iii) The
..,.u common tlora ofthe Hat valleys consists of Eleusine flagellifera. Suaeda fruticosa.
„uj(vmbopogonjwarancusa.
f:
Trees. and shrubs varieties are Acacia jacquemontii A nilotiea.
i .ilhgonum polygonoides. Euphorbia caducifolia. Leptadenia pvrotechnica, Haloxvlon
.vuruim H.salicornicum. Kochia indica. Prosopis julitlora. P. cineraria. RJhazva stricta,
\ilvadora oleoides. Salsola lbetida. Suaeda fruticosa, Tamarix aphvlla. Zizyphus
Mauritania. Z.nummu and Dhattia. Grasses are Aristida depressa. Cenchms bifloras.( olians, C pennisetiformis. C set igems. Cymbopogon. Jawarancusa, C schoenaiuhus.
i wiodon dactylen. Desmostachya bipinnata. Dichanthium annulatum,Eleusine
‘Uueliilera. sindicus. Panicum antidotale. P turgidum. Saccharum. bengalense. S.iminja
I mbs Aera javanica. A.tomentosa, Croto. Dhattia burbia, Indigofera cordifolia.
lohlogifolia. Tribulus terrestris.
Among minor product of the west Thai are Khavi (of the little value as
camel thorn(Jawah)) is found in the daggar. the Thai bhakhra (tribulus creepingplant with a spiky pod) is fairly common, it is grazed by sheep, goat and camels and the
'U-'ds are eaten by the people. Smaller fodder grasses are Madhna a good grazing grass
a creeping grass, gorak panvanveri. A long creeping grass Sijubhana, a wild
‘ndigo. is eaten by camels Bhettel, Dandelions, are also found only in the north ofThai
and Sadabahar with a small white flower. Ludri and Budia, grasses with spiky
"eads. Sit and Tranger, resembling Bhakhra, Kamali buti, with a flat thistle-like leaf
4lsu part of vegetation. Pochkia is a creeping plant with broad round leaves. Nanu a
:? are*
142
ri vetch and Hamcha light fragile grass, Pad bahera or Fungi ot all sons are
i pjnioH'y encountered in the habitat.
7
t greed Characteristics
General*1
Head ofthe breed is small, muzzle is blunt and there is marked convexity
tore-head and nose, the favourite colour is fawn. The fawny, brown, or camelsw- Ji the
,], whitish or even white shades are also commonly seen in the herds&£.
* t: Morphological
Mean of Length and width of face, head, ear. neck and hump of Bagri
iinel averaged 32.0a and 33 80, 13.46 and 1 5.77: [267 and 6 00. 154 10 and 34,30.
..I ;2 and 2S.34 cm. respectively (Table-76).
I \BLE- 70 Morphological characteristics ofBagri camel
i Measurements;1I
1 \No. 1 Characteristics Width(cm)Length(cm)
S.D S.DMean S.E Mean S.E
j Face 32.03(10)
±025 1 000.80 33.80(10)
=0 34
Head 15.77 0.7413.46 1.00 ±0.31 ±0.23(10) (10)
Ear 0.7712.67 ±2.24 6.00 0.70 ±2.22(10) (10)
Neck 34.30 3.56154.10 2.29 ±0 72 ±1 12(10) (10)
ft Hump 6032 1.20 ±0.37 28.34 095 ±0.18(10)(10)
Somatomateric measurements
Averages of girth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg of Bagri camels
*ere 226.06, 200.41, 138.17, 149 and 156.22 cm,respectively(Table-77).Km
143
r
77 Somatomateric measurements of Bagri camel
S.D S.ECharacteristics Mean(cm)
*044I 41226.06l Oirth! (10)
it)341.08200.41j Height(10)
138 17 0.91 ±U.2SLength(10)
1.54 ±048Foreleg(length) 14900i(10)
Hindleg(length) 156.22(10)
2.55 *0.35
?:
rtility
Being a desert camel. Bagri has greater ability to survive under harsh
Vwrt conditions and is being used as a main transpoa source in the region The animals
:ic excellent riding and racing camels and are equally swift in speed They can run upto
real ol 16-32 kilometres per hours and can travels 64-96 kilometres a day Both the
i veils(Marecha and Bagri)when kept in rivet ian tract become heavier due to better feed
n.iilability and acquire more stamina than their counter parts living in the desert It is
•Miully said that a man sitting on a really good riding camel specimen of this breed
ditch has smooth pace can read a book without any discomfort or can carry a cup of
citer in the hands without splitting it or no jerks can be seen in the plume of the turban
1 the rider. The strength of the camel is judged by "peso’' i.e standing on the animals
",lfl legs when sitting down. Its power to rise without exertion is a proofofstrength A
-‘hag camel fetches high price. A male can be trained in acrobatics and such camel can
’til letch a higher price for the owners. The camel raisers, of this breed, attach more
mPortance to their camel for these reasons
&
i
144
1 R Gro
Mean of birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight in male and
|jUnjk of Ba8ri came' are 47.69 kg and 43.59 kg, 79.65kg and 75.00kg,67000 kg and
i>0 ku. respectively. The age at first riding and age at first loading averaged 108200
jiul 1295,67 days(Table-78).
r
0wth traits
it V|JLE- 78 Growth traits of Bagri camel
|o» i Traits S.D S.EFemale MeanMale
Birth weight(Kg) 47.69 43 59 43.91 4.155 ±06261 ! (46)(4)t
Weaning weight(Kg) 75.3779.65 75 00 6.054 ±0982(4) (46)
67000 j 650.00(4) j (46)
! Adult weight(kg)at maturity 65.60 | 34.184 | ±5 405j1i.
: } 1082.00 161.650|x23 834(50) 1
Age at ridding(days)
t129567 i !14 24.3 I =16 844Age at I st loading(days)(50)
1i mures in brackets are no:ofobservations.UnVerence due to sex is significant(p.0.05)
'• Production traits
'' I Milk Production
The milk yield and lactation length of Bagri camel averaged
-'>'6 305litres and 564.78 days, respectively(Table-79).
Fibre Production
The average quantity of hair of Bagri camel is 3.22 kg(Table-79)
i-
145r
"i;
Production traits ofBagri came!fABÿ-79S.ES.DMeanTrails
o°-
Milk yield (lit) 2056.305 54.540 ±12.857;
(46)
|Lactation length(days) 564.78 15.036 ±3.135(46)ii
j Quantity of hair(Kg) 0.310 ±0.0643,22
(50)
1Hi Reproductive traitsV
Means and slandered error of various reproductive traits are depicted in
:.,hlc-S0 The averages ofage at first breeding, dry period and calving interval of Bagri
11ticI are 425 years. 308.69 days and 752.17, respectively
I \ULE-80 Reproductive traits ofBagri camel
!v.No. Traits Mean S.D S.E
0 546 j ±0080Age at i si breeding(years) 4.25
Dry period(days) 30869 8 148 ±1.699(46)
Calving interval(days) 752.17 6.1 10 ±1.274(46)
at 1st breeding no: ofobservations Male 4 Female 46
I146
rK Draught or Work traits
K Means for riding speed and load carrying capacity of Bagri camel as
f -uriled through this endeavour is 8.25 km/hr and 387.62 kg, respectively(Table-8 1)
HpLt-81 Draught traits ofBagri camel
joT'ÿ'rait
i
S.DMenn S.E
! Riding speed(km/h) 0.3928.25 ±008 I(49)rl
X
i Load carrying capacity(kg) 38762 6.205 ±1 294(50)r
ii
147
rwt s***
i pjtfiJ
I ,[(jhitiit sind Distribution
This breed is most commonly found in the riverine tract of Punjab
in the district of Jhang. The habitat of the breed lies between 31°- 16' and
14 BRELA
This breed is known as Thalocha after Thall, but it is commonly called as
§r-A
.41)' degree noith latitudes and 72° - 19’ and 72° -41’ degrees east longitudes The%*
I tract of this breed is spread to noith towards Sargodha and Gujranawala districts
iml mi the west to Mianwali district and Thai; on the south to Multan and Muzzafargarh
i,,iiKts and on the east to Faisalabad In some parts of NWFP this breed is known as
jSnidbi hieed. as Larri is called Sind hi in Punjab
-vine
SJ>
) Vegetalion
Since the breed originates from (lie irrigated area of the province, (lie
ccctation represents typically an irrigated area’s vegetation. However, among trees.
Mkai or Babul(Acacia arabica) and Shisham (Dalbegia sissoo)are the most common in
'tie area of distribution of the breed alongwith other trees and fodders found m the
mealed region.The vegetation ofirrigated area has been already described elsewhere
* Miniate
The climate of the area is hot in summer and cold in winter The
"4\imum and minimum temperatures in summer are 45°C and 29°C. whereas The same
11 winter are 20°C and f>°C, respectively. The annual rainfall is about 160-250 mm.
A,nds and dust storms are common during the summer season(April and May), but they
not cause much damage.-In
•s Breed Characteristics
-I General
The camels ofthis breed have a rough and big head resembling that of the
'•arnivore and neck and legs are thick. Brelas have broad chest and wide girth. They have
%and strong bodies and have a Roman nose and dropping lips.I£
148
L
l -Srfe
:]
- 1
• c • I -••-•- ••• . •. 'ÿ ;ÿ •
X--r~
r
• :• -C-7 VJ :
;
ivrv
0L*L’ llllV't"
1
*
_/ ni
"IFig. 21 BRELA CAMEL
\
r
149
Morphological characteristics
Mean values of length and width of face, head, ear, neck and hump of
amel are 35.81 and 35.05; 13.08 and 12.72; 12.45 and 7.73; 152.20 and 30 39;c
-"and 39 29 cm. respectively(Table-82).
xHlE-82 Morphological characteristics of Brela camelr
Measurements
Width(cm)Characteristics Length(cin)y\0.
Mean S.I) S.E Mean S.D S.E
Ir- 35 81 1.28 35 05(10)
Face ±040 1 24 -t0 39& (10)1
Head 13.08 0.54 ±0 17 12.72 004 ±020(10) (10)
Ear 1245 069 ±2 21 7.73 0.70 ±2.22(10) (10)
Neck 152,20 2.84 ±0.89 30.39 1.16 ±030(10) (10)
Hump 6277 0.98 ±031 I 39 29 jI (10) |
1.19 | £037(10)
h Soiuatomateric measurements
Mean values ofgirth, height, length, foreleg and hindieg of Brela camel as
recorded in the present study are 238.76. 200.66. 163 57, 149.22 and 157.65 cm.
respectively(Table-83).
32:
150
83 Somatoinateric measurements oi'Brela camel
S.ECharacteristics Mean(cm) S.DVo.
238.70 1.97 ±0.02Girth(10)
2.83 ±0.89200.00|Height(10)
103.57 M2 ±0.44Length(10)
Foreleg(length) 2.55 ±0 SO149.22(10)
Hindleg(length) 15705 1.25 ±0 15
* (10)
- I tility
The animals are graded as the good pack animals and have the capabilitv
T marking a tramway of 100 - 200 camels. In Balochistan. Robert Sandyman in 1895.
•uunized a camel tramway of200 camels and transported 483600 kg ofdefence material
i.nlv on camel back from railway station to Quetta city (Qureshi. 1980) The loaded
..nnel caravans usually moves on the village roads during nights with bells and slungs
imund the necks of the camels. The sound of the bells is so much luring and delightful
-ut one gets last to listen the melodious echo as it breaks the silence of the night A
tcmale camel ofthis breed costs 15-25 thousand The cost ofthe male ranges from 15 to
:i1 thousand nipees.
* Growth traits
Average mean of birth weight weaning weight and adult weight in male
'nd female of Brela camel are recorded 49.79 kg and 46.09 kg, 89.13kg and 83 43kg.
9050 kg and 689.50 kg, respectively. The age at first riding and age at first loading
Jveraged 1088.24 days and 1277.78 days, respectively(Table-84).*?
irP
151
|rE'jsT Trai,s
[* "
Birth weight(Kg)
r*:
84 Growth traits ofBrela camel;
S.D S.EMeanFemaleMale
46 51 5 21 I x1.05546.0949.79(62)(8)
N-
:.;i ±1 125Weaning weight(Kg) 7 29582.43 84.0889.13(8) (62)
vd\7.
Adult weight(kg)at maturity 690 75 17 149 ±2.781700.50 689.58(S) (62)
.
1 19 510 I ±19918Age at ridding(days) 1088.24l •
(70)!
Age at r1 loading(days) 1277 78 171 4S0 £28.580(70)
inures in brackets are no: ofobservations.iitVerence due to sex is significant.(p -0 05)
‘i Production traits
U Milk Production
Average milk yield and lactation length of Brela camel as recorded in this
'ttn.lv is 2840.83 1 iitres and 478 25 days, respectively(Table-851.
'>.2 Fibre Production
Means ofquantity ofhair ofBrela camel averaged 2.46 kg(Table-85).
r.-\BLE-85 Production traits ofBrela camel
Wo. Traits S.ES.DMean
Milk yield (lit) 2840.831 29.696 ±6.309(62)
Lactation length(days) 478.25 5.910 ±1.321(62)
Quantity of hair(Kg) 0.2052.46 ±0.046(70)
152
Reproductive traits
Averages age at first breeding, dry period and calving interval of Brela
,1 are recorded to be 293 vears. 253 00 days and 75425 days.respectively
rjble-Sb).
•\0LE-86 Reproductive traits ofBrela camel
&S.ES.DMeanTraitsv\o.
0 371 *0058Age at 1st breeding(years) 293
253 00 13 416 ±3 00Dry period(days)(92)
754 25 4 153 ±0928Calving interval(days)(62)
we at 1st breeding no ofobservations Male 8 Female 62
ll Draught or Work traits
Means of draught traits of Brela camel including riding speed and load
.irrying capacity are recorded to be S.50 km/hr and 438.79 kg.respectively(Table-87)
I ABLE-S7 Draught traits ofBrela camel
S.D S.EVNo. Trait Mean
Riding speed(km/h) 8.50 0.917 a:0.205(50)
Load carrying capacity(kg) 438.79 34.470 ±7707(70)
' i&
153
15 CAMPBELPUR]
Same1
It is named after Campbelpur and now Attock district of Punjab.
m Bering with NWFP
,||:,hit;U and distribution»
This breed is found in NWFP and Punjab. The district lies between 32"-
3-1° - O’ north latitudes and 71° - 43’ to 73° - O' east longitudes. On the west, the
viindary is the river Indus across which are Peshawar and Koliat districts and Isakhel
.fh,il of Miamvali district. The remainder of the western boundary touches Mianwali
-clisil. Khushab tehsil of Sargodha district forming the Southern boundary. Chakwal
•v-lisil of Jhelum district Gujar Khan and Rawalpindi tehsil of Rawalpindi districts
:jioin the. district on the east. It is a camel of Pothwar plateau including Islamabad.
Rawalpindi. C'hackwal. Jehlum and Attock district The tract lies between Indus and
Vlihim rivers Altitude varies from 300 to 1500 m. Ecologically the area of distribution
- located in the sub-tropical and semi-arid to sub-humid zone. This area is also the home
a,ivt ofDhani cattle breed.
to
i Climate
Climate is temperate in the north east and sub-tropical semi-arid in the
Hinthwest. The climate is hot in summer and cold in winter. High upland plateau which
forms the whole ofthe district in the south of Kala-Chitta range is baked under a hot sun
m summer, while in winter bitter north winds prevail and the cold becomes often intense.
In Campbelpur tehsil. summer is short and the cold winter is long and severe The
dimate is more variable being affected by storms which in spring are apt to pass from
Iran into Balochistan. In the western potion of the district, among the rocks of
'hock.the sandy slopes ofJandal and the low hills of Narrara and Makhad. The summer
he«'>t is most intensive, the average annual rain fall in the district is 330 mm. Generally
'I'e rainfall months are from June to September in summer and January to March in
"inter
The maximum and minimum mean temperatures during the summer
'eason are 40°C and 26°C and in winter 2I°C and 3°C, respectively. Temperature*
154
I
i *
•'*
„w
%A- J
,'V
'VHKISSk •
l•. .£* r
'.;‘ '1M"9 s•.'ÿa
c.:1&a s irT,V L„vif
- . .
X,-q A «
2
5ft1V
Wb*...L> r*?r-.N
V,?*r-«
.-/?ÿÿ .'* 'v- • '
•V- SVtXÿ7' f *•»•> .*ÿ
Fig.22 CAMBELPURICAMEL
155
'ÿre(nes are 45°C in June which often drops below freezing during January Annual
varies from 250 mm in the southern part of Salt range to over 1500 mm atfjinfaH
VegetationJ
The vegetation is poor and sparse The most common trees are Phulahi.
),jkar(Acacia arabica) found along the roads and in the fields In the Soan valley there
e some fine grasses of Kikars planted and carefully preserved. Dry land farming is the
vininant land use Wheat, maize, sorghum, millets, ground nut, gram, mustard,
,untlo\ver and soyabeans are major cultivated crops This tract possesses the scrub
vrcsts of Kalachitta. Marghalla hills. Pabbi hills and Salt Range. The Pothwar scrub
-.nice contains dry sub-tropics broad leaved, thorn mixed forest Acacia modesta and
Olca ferruginea are dominant species. Dodonea viscosa. Prosopis juliflora are in
iiHindance in Pabbi Hills, Flat areas consist of Aristida depressa, Eleusine tlagellifera.
i'\nodon dactolvn(Noor, 1989). The most common vegetation include Acacia modesta,
(.ippans aphylla, Saivadoia oleoides. C'yinbopogon jvvarncusa The hotter sand stone
iNpect consists of Acacia modesta, Gymnosporea royleana and Zizvphus nummularta
\mong grasses commonly prevailing grasses are Cenchrus ciliaris and Bottriochloa
ivitusa The following important range plants of this tract described by various workers
Mimed, 196-4: Beg et al.. 1985 and Government ofPunjab, i974)are as under -
P:r*
*•*
I rees/Sliurbs: Acacia modessta. Olea cuspidasta. Zizyphus mauritiana. Salix
ictrassperma, Dodonea viscosa Zizphus nummulardfia. Sageretia theezans.Gymnosporia
mvleana. Carissa spinamm. Adhatoda vasicas. Pistacia integerrima. Nerium oleanderf.
Otostesdgdia limbata.
Grasses:- Clirysopogon montanus. Chrysopogon aucheri, Themeda anathera.
bothriochloa pertusa, Bothriochloa intermedia, Dichanthium annulatum. Tetrapogonx illosus. Aristida nuitabilis. Cenchrus ciliaris, Digitaria nodos. Desmostachya bipinnata,
Jroperata cylindrica. Eleusine compressa. Cynodon dactylon, Panicum antidotale,
bennisetum orientale, Polypogon monspeliensis, Cymobopogon jwarancusa. Eulaliosis
Rinata.
156
H
I greed Characteristics
LGe»'eralThe breed is a smaller to medium and thick necked camel. It is a smaller
vrt necked camel breed of Pothwar area It’s head size is greater as compared to Maya
**)Khader. Ears are ofsmaller size.
,i Morphological characteristics
The means of length and width of lace. head. ear. neck and hump of
l‘.unbelpuri camel as recorded are 40.64 and 48.70; 18.21 and IS.S4; I0 74and 8 54.
;; and 3040; 51,20 and 24.53 cm,respectively(Table-88).
t>*V
j \KLE- 88 Morphological characteristics ofCambelpuri camel
Measurementsi
Ts.No. I Characteristics Width(cm)Length(cm)
'
h :S.I) 1 S.E I Mean S.D S.EMeau i
Face ±055 ! 48 79 i i 17(10)
±0 3640.64 1.13.
(10)
! Head 18.84 | 0 51 ±0 1618 21 068 ±0 21(10)(10)
Ear 8.54 0.72 ±2 2210.74 0.46 ±2.14(10)(10)
-1 Neck ±0 59153.00 0.96 ±0.30 30,40 1.86(10)(10)
Hump ±050 I 22 ±0.3851.20 1.58 24.53(10)(10)
h Somatomateric measurements
The averages of girth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg of Cambelpuri
are 22047.219.96, 160.27, 154 and 164 cm,respectively,(Table-89)
£ 157
r89 Somatomateric measurements ofCambelpuri came!
Characteristics
T1
Mean(mean) S.D S.E
Girth ±0.3 I220.47 0.97!
(10)tA Height 219.96 lit ±0.35
I (10)
Length ±0 73160.27 2.32(10)
Foreleg(length) 154,00 3.13 *0.99(10)
Hindleg(length) 2.25164.00 *030S
(10)
" I tility
Primarily this breed is used for draught purpose, but it is also used for
i tiling in rare cases.
S Growth trails
The mean of birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight in male and
female ofCampbelpuri as recorded are 6047 kg and 53.12 kg, 138.96kg and 127 75kg.
'50.50 kg and 740.30 kg, respectively. The age at first riding and age at first loading
iveraged 1381.51 and 1466.60 days(Table-90).
158
I
90 Growth traits ofCampbelpuri camel
ilS.EMean S.DTraits Male FemaleO'o
3 926 *0.594Birth weight(Kg) 60.47 53.12 53.80(4) (39)
128.79 9.829 *1 638Weaning weight(Kg) 138.96 127.75(39)(4)
28 720 *4.329Adult weight(kg)at maturity 74030 741.24750.50(39)(4)
Age at l idding(days) 1381.51 70.571 *10 562(43)
128.394 ±2082SAge at 1st loading(days) 146660(43)
hiiures in brackets are no.ofobservationsInference due to se.\ is significant(p -0 05)
'i Production traits
‘>.1 Milk Production
The average milk yield and lactation length of Campbelpuri camel are
recorded to be 165961 litres and 552.78 days, respectively(Table-91)
‘>.2 Fibre Production
The average quantity ofhair ofCampbelpuri camel is 3.22 kg(Table-91)
TABLE-91 Production traits ofCampbelpuri camel
S.No. Traits Mean S.D S.E
Milk yield (lit) 20.353 ±4.7971659.61(39)
Lactation length(days) 552.78 10.613 ±2 501(39)
1 Quantity of hair(Kg) 3.22 0.295 ±0.069(43)
I159
traits
The average age at first breeding, dry period and calving interval of
B.tjjnpbelP1"'1 camel are recorded to be 3.04 years. 341.67 days and 811 83 days.
lively(Table-92).
~7|
itSf*
J-\BLE-92 Reproductive traits ofCampbelpuri came!a%x;t S.EMean S.DTraitsyVO.
0.526 ±0087Age at 1st breeding(years) 3.04
341.67 35.562 ±8.382Dry period(days)(39)
! Calving interval(days) 8.368 ±1 97281 1.83(39)
\s*c at 1st breeding no ofobservations Male 4 Female 39
1 1 Draught or Work traits
The average riding speed and load carrying capacity of Campbelpuri
oimel found in the study are900km/hr and 484.08 respectively(Table-93)
I ABLE-93 Draught traits ofCampbelpuri camel
N.\o. Trait Mean S.D S.E
Riding speed(km/h) 9.00 0.688 ±0 162(70)
Load carrying capacity(kg) 1 1 192484.08 *2.638(43)
160
16 KALA-CHITTA
S:inieI
This breed is named after Kala-Chitta range. The coat colour is partly
-iÿkisb and Partly creamy. It comes from Kala-Chitta region, that is why. it is called
Wlj.('hitta.
1
I*-,*
1 , |{-jbitat and Distribution
fJf* The home tract ofthis breed is also a home offamous Dhani cattle breed
pie tract is spread over Lohi Bher, Pabbi. Kala chitta(Forests of Kala-Chitta). Margalla
Hills Sohawa and Saltrange. This tract lies 33°. 34' north latitudes and 72° 30' east
.iiigitude.
h’_
i Climate
The climate varies according to the latitude. The altitude varies from 300
1500 m. Ecologically, it is located in the subtropical semi-arid to sub-humid zone
(icoinorphologically. the tracts can be classified into mountains hills, rock plains.
gathered rock plains and riverine valleys The climate is temperate m the north easi to
Mibtropicl semi-arid in the south west Temperature extremes are 45°C in June and often
drop below freezing during January. The annual rainfall varies from 250 mm in the
Huuhern part of Salt Range to over 1500mm at and around Islamabad.
4 Vegetation
The Pothwar scrub range contains dry sub-tropic broad leaved, thorn
mixed forest Acacia modesta and Olea ferruginea are dominant species Dodonea
viseosa. Prosopis juliflora are in abundance in Pabbi Hills. Some of the main grazing
™°cks under the control of the forest department are located in Kharemurat. Mari.
filial. Lohi Bher. Pabbi. Kalachitta. Margalla Hills, Sohawa and Saltrange.
Heteropogon contortus and Desmostachva bipinnata are encroaching rangeland as well
as cultivated areas. The northern part ofthe tract has a diverse vegetation. The vegetative
c°ver of the protected Margalla Hills has increased markedly. The southern pail of the
tract is sparsely vegetated.s,
161
T1
» -4W
-J
•
feasorm®jgjp!*vS-i
.
f*%"v- ",‘i*
"i mdma &3.I..*-
1>VVv-.?.ÿ• ;-|'I/
fr.
r *ÿ'
L$ /'•
\al
MV*£ *
Pf>70fri
f/V
:
.-•JM,3ÿt
7»*•f
/
Fig.23 KALA-CHITA CAMEL
4 162
f
ft!
1 consist of Aristida depressa. Eleusine flagellifera, Cynodon dactylon Said
|jo5l)d'v'ÿecÿ lÿe veSetat'on ofSalt Range into the following types;
Degraded zone includes the area with heavy soil erosion.Here.Acacia inodesta,
Capparis aphylla, Salvadora oleoides,Cymbopogonjwarancusa are dominantI
II The hotter sandstone&one consists of Acacia modesta. Gymnosporea rovleana.9 and Zizyphus mummularia. Among grasses. Cenchnis ciliaris and BrothriochloaM pertusa are prevalent.
HI The cooler sandstone& one has occasional trees of Olea sp. Celtis sp. AcaciajH modesta are dominant
Limestone ridges consist of Acacia modesta. Dodonea viscosa. Cenchniseiliarisand Eulaliopsis binata,* |\
Ahmed (1064) also recognized the above-mentioned vegetation types.
Hoi et al.(1985) classified the range vegetation of Pothwar tract. Both of the workers
aognized four major climatic regions. 18 bioclimatic zones and 36 ecological zones
[he carrying capacity of the area was sampled by the Government of Punjab!1674)
toiage production varied from about 1 t/ha to 2.5 t/ha of dry matter. The tract consists of
Mllmving important range plants and grasses.-
IriTS/Shurbs: Acacia modessta. Olea cuspidasta. Zizyphus mauritiana. Saiix
iiiiassperma. Dodonea viscosa. Zizpluts nummulardtia, Sageretia theezans.Gvmnosporia
lovleana. Carissa spinanim, Adhatoda vasicas, Pistacia integerrima. Nerium oieanderf.
Dmstesdgdia limbata.
(brasses:- Chrysopogon montanus. Chrysopogon aucheri. Themeda anathera.
Kolliriochloa pertusa. Botliriochloa intermedia. Dichanthium annulatum. Tetrapogon
'illosus. Aristida nnitabilis. Cenchnis ciliaris, Digitaria nodos. Desmosiachya bipinnata.
hnperata cylindrica. Eleusine compressa. Cynodon dactylon. Panicum antidotale,
•Vnnisetum orientale. Polypogon monspeliensis. Cymobopogon jwarancusa. Eulaliosis
Ihnata.
4-
t 163
vpreed Characteristics
The most common body colour is creamy; but the specimen with darker
ifds are also t°lind frequently.
.Morphological characteristicsO:2
Means of length and width of face. head. ear. neck and hump of Kala-
camel measured 29 and 25; 19.20 and IS; 14 and 7; 155.92 and 54 30; 43 and 40
respectively(Table-94).i hiita
.iii.
:\BLE-94 Morphological characteristics ofKala-Chilta camel
Measurements
v\o.|Characteristics Length(cm) Width(cm)
Mean S.D S.E i Mean S.D S.E.
I
Face 2900 1 25 xO 39 25 00i (10)
1.40 ±040(10)
±0.20 18.00Head 0.05| 19.20
I (10)0.70 =0 17
(10).
; Ear 0.80 ±2 25 700 0.85 x23014.00(10) (10)
Neck 155.92 2.93 ±0 82 34.30 1.20 x0.50(10) (10)
fi Hump ±0.3743.00 0.70 ±0.3 I 40.00 1 19(10)(10)
h Somatomateric measurements
Averages of girth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg of Kala-Chitta
camel are 218,205. 195, 150 and 158.83 cm.respectively(Table-95).
164
795 Somatomateric measurements ofKala-Chitta camelTABlE-
S.D S.ECharacteristics Mean(cm)S>°-
±036218.00 1.22Girth(10)
±097Height 205 00 3.07(10)S
2.00 x0 78Length 195 00\(10)
±0.58Foreleg(length) 15000 1.841 :(10)
Hindleg(length) 158.83 1 25 ±0 12(10)
- I tility
This breed :s suitable for draught purpose, but is also used for riding
vaiuse of it’s speed. It is a fine baggage type came! fit for working in rigged
mountainous areas and difficult terrain with extreme coid climate.
Growth traits
Means of birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight in male and
female ofKala-Chitta camel are 50.83 kg and 47.71 kg.9602kg and 89.37kg, 702 75 kg
•ind 690 kg, respectively. The age at first riding and age at first loading averaged 1045
'lays and 1255 days, respectively(Table-96).
1651
- 96 Growth traits of Kala-Chitta came!fABLES.ES.DMale Female MeanTraitsO'0
6.677 ±0.53947.71 47.97Birth weight(Kg) 50.83(64)(6)
f 4.0959602 89.37 8994 ±0.617Weaning weight(Kg)(6) (64)
691.09 15.583 ±2 597Adult weight(kg)at maturity 69000702.751 1
(64)(6)
160.1251045.00 ±15.526Age at ridding(days)(70)
1
1255.00(70)
I 14 243 ±27215Age at 1st loading(days)
(•mures in brackets are no : ofobservations.Difference due to sex is significant( p -0.05)
Production traits
‘U Milk Production
Average milk yield and lactation length of Kala-Chitta camel were
'405.600 litres and 3 10 days, respectively(Table-97)
'k2 Fibre Production
Mean quantity of hair of Kala-Chitta camel is 1.5 kg (Table-97).
fABLE-97 Production traits ofKala-Chitta camel
No. S.D S.ETraits Mean
13.525Milk yield (lit) 1495.600 ±3.4! 1(64)
±2.627Lactation length(days) 310.000 12.512(64)
3 ±0095Quantity ofhair(Kg) 1.500 0.325(70)
166
r11 Reproductive traits
Average tor age at first breedingÿpuberty) dry period and calving
U of Kala-Chitta camel were as 3.33 years. 350.60 days and 820.25 days.
J.ÿpectively(Table-98).
1<-ABLE-98 Reproductive traits of Kala-Chitta camel
Traits Mean S.D S.Ev.No.
Age at 1st breeding(years) 0.5953 330 ±0980i
Dry period(days) 350.600 22.635 ±1.627(64)
Calving interval(days) 820 250 8.550 *!852(64)
iVie at 1st breeding no: ofobservations Male 6 Female 64
1 1 Draught or Work trails
Means of riding speed and load carrying capacity of Kala-Chitta camel
ne 6 70km/hr and 250.50 kg. respectively(Table-99)!
I ABLE-99 Draught traits ofKala-Chitta came!
5.No. Trait Mean S.D S.E
iRiding speed(km/h) 6.70 0.265 *0.018(70)
LLoad carrying capacity(kg) 250.50 14.690 ±2.205 :
(70)
167L
T17 GHULMANIE
This breed comes from NWFP. It’s name is after the Ghulmani Tribe of
NWFP
. habitat and Distribution
The home tract of this breed is spread over Dera Ismail Khan, the
vuithei'ii most district of NWFP The tract is bounded on the north by the ('rest of
Uh'ttani and Marwat ranges, on the west by Sherani and Sulaiman hills, on the south by
Ghazi Khan district and on the east by Indus river Sulaiman mountain ranges
tends along Afghanistan border. The elevation of ranges is 1 540 - 3400 m above sea
ewl The district lies between 30° - 4' to 3 ic - 30’ north latitudes and 70° - 58' to 7(T -s east longitudes Some specimen also extend to in Muzzafargarh and Multan, they
,ime through Dera Ghazi Khan area.
;)era
•\
3 Climate
The climate of the region is arid mountainous, sub-tropicai continental
•une and July are the hottest months(mean maximum temperature of about 40°O while
i.imiary is the coldest month with mean minimum temperature of about 3°C Livestock
casing including camel farming is the major occupation of the tribal residents Road-
kohi system of irrigation is practised by conserving water from flash flood The ciimate
K dry and hot in summer and the temperature is said to have increased considerably
during the last 50 years. In summer the temperature often rises up to 49°C The winter
temperature is 5°C and frost is common and severe. The average rainfall in the region is
1 -5-200 mm the heaviest recorded in the years 1956 and 1959 being 305 mm and 483
uim respectively
Vegelation
A large number of lani trees are found in the area. These are used as
tndder for the camel and cattle. Phulahi and kab or wild olive are also found Karvna and
are common shrubs. The natural vegetation consists of the following
Species:-
168
a
r5-.>ÿ
ri
\
IB-:'':
S>T?*
iwr-Si
ifc»*;-
*• £V'..
Fig.24 GHULMANICAMEL
4 169k
rAcacia inodesta, Acanthophyllurn squarrosum, Berberis lycium. Caragana
C. ulcinia. Daphne Oleides, Olea ferniginea, Perowskia. obrotonoides,
lÿophyllum atriplicoides. The commonly observed grasses are: Axistidia funiculata. A.
Chrysopogon montanus. C.ymbopogon schvenanthus. Dactvlactenium
,nljjcuiTi. Desmostachachya bipinnate. Dichanthium annulatum. Pennisetum orientale,
Njcchanim rananae and Stipa arabica. The most common forbs are: Ebenus stellatus,
1‘jssia holosericca, Indigofera oblongifolia.
£
VI1 :>f
t Breed Characteristics
i 1 General
Glmlmani is a tall powertlil baggage camel. They are mostly white
floured animals, with well built large body and thick massive limbs. It’s face is short
uni wide between ears Below chin at over the upper part of neck are covered with hair
I: has Roman nose, big dummy lips and a good forehead It has depression in the middle
•nidge ofthe the nose
5.2 Morphological
Mean values of morphological characteristics of Glmlmani camel like as
measurements oflength and width recorded are 39.59 and 34.72; 22.60 and 16.05. 14 02
and 7.49: 125 35 and 30.10; 42.82 and 1795 cm for face. head. ear. neck and hump,
respectively(Table-100)
170
jjjgE- 100 Morphological characteristics ofGhulmani camel
Measurements
Width(cm)Characteristics Length(cm)v>o.s' S.DS.E S.EMeanMean S.D.s
!34.72 1.391.73 ±0.54 ±04339 59Face(10)(10)
±0.40 16.05 0.62 ±0.10Head 22.60 1.55(10)(10)
0.720.75 ±2.24 7.49 ±2 22Ear 14.02i
(10)(10)f -— Neck ±0.50 1.20125.35 1.50 30.10 ±038;
(10)(10)
[17 05Hump 42.82 ±022069 066 ±0.21
(10) (10)
(> Somatomateric measurements
Mean values of somatomateric measurements of Ghulmani came) as
'ccorded are 221.56. 201.06. 152.20. 149.65 and 157.94 cm for girth, height, length.
loreleg and hindleg respectively(Table-10 1 ).
I ABLE- 101 Somatomateric measurements ofGhulmani camel
8.No. Characteristics S.D S.EMean(cm)
Girth 221.56 2.07 ±0.65(10)
Height 201.06 1.05 ±0.33(10)
Length 152.29 1.62 ±0 51(10)
4 Foreleg(length) 1.58149.65 ±0.50(10)
> Hindleg(length) 157.94 2.17 ±0 2400)
171
yThis breed has higher stamina while walking on road, with load Hence it
|(.eCl for carrying load ofvarying types These camels are not good for fast riding, and
jtly used for transport ofagriculture commodities and tiiel wood, they are adopted to
in forest area also.
'
ITH1
a n
(jrowth trails$
Average of birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight in male and
of Ghulmani camel are 53.92 kg and 50.03 kg. 135.14kg and 124.27kg. 745 kg
mi 735 kg. respectively. The age at first riding and age at first loading averaged 1488 74
.javs and 1654.60 days, respectively(Table-102).
1 \ULE-102 Growth traits ofGhulmani camel
Traits Female S.D S.EMale Meanv No
3 657 ! *0868Birth weight(Kg) 5003 50.3453.92(68) :(6)
Weaning weight(Kg) 135 14 125.15124 27 8.365 =1.233(68)(6)
Adult weight at maturity(kg) 73500. 745.00 738.18 14.007 =2 384(6) (68)
Age at ridding(days) 1488 74 146.234 ±23 121(74)
Age at 1st loading(days) 1654.60 172.722 I ±28620(74)
f igures in brackets are no: ofobservations.Difference due to sex is significant(p<005)
Production traits
1)1 Milk Production
The average milk yield and lactation length of Ghulmani camel are
recorded 2040.692 litres and 538.300days. respectively(Table-103).
172
—,fibre Production
The average quantity ofhair ofGhulmani camel is 3.70 kg(Table-103).
J-ÿBLE-103 Production traits ofGhulmani camelt JS.D S.ETraits Mean,00-
Milk yield (lit) 2040.692 12 495 ±2 794(6S)
Lactation length(days) 538.300 25 016 ±5 593(68)
Quantity of hair(Kg) 3 700 0.470 ±0.105;
(74)
ID Reproductive traits
The average reproductive traits ofGhulmani camel as recorded are 404
.ears. 352.50 days and 802.75 days for age at first breeding, dry period and calving
merval. respectively(Table-104)
I.ABLE-104 Reproductive traits ofGhulmani camel:
|,S.No. Traits Mean S.D S.E
Age at 1st breeding(years) 4.04 0.713 ±0.1 12
Dry period(days) 352.50 23 084 ±5.161(68)
1 Calving interval(days) 802.750 5.056 ±1.130(68)
Age at 1st breeding no ofobservations Male 6 Female 68
173
Draught or Work traits
Mean draught values ofGhulmani camel are 7 km/hrs and 241.58kg for
rjiiu!speed and quantum ofLoad carrying capacity. respectively(Table-105)
i:
f\BLE-105 Draught traits ofGhulmani camel
Y Trait Mean S.D S.Es.No.
Riding speed(km/h) 7.00 0.225 i0050(62)
Load carrying capacity(kg) 241.58 31.961 ±7.146(74)
:A 174*
111
18 GADDI
Gaddi is not a pure breed, it is said to be the cross of Campbelpuri and
other breed. It originated through cross breeding that is why it is called GaddiA
gillie
H , Habitat and Distribution
4The home tract ofGaddi is spread over lucky Marwat, North Waziristan.
<kmth Wazdiristan Agency and D.I.Khan district of N W F P The breed lies between
I -50' north latitudes and east longitude of70°-38"
r
.1 Climate
The climate is dry and relatively hot in summer. The temperature ranges
in summer 25-30°C and 10-25°C in winter The winter is cold embracing frosty and is
severe
4 Vegetation
A large number of lani trees are found in the home tract of Gaddi These
ire used as fodder Phulahi and Kab or wild olive are also found. Karvna and Chanjwaii
.ue common shrubs. Shrubs grains and lorbs are best utilized bv camel and other kinds of
livestock. Camels relish saltish browse shrubs such as Salsola. sp. The ranges are being
deteriorated due to un checked and irregular over grazing. Most of the forbs and annual
plants start growing in early spring and complete their growth cycle within two to three
months The common trees are Acacia nilotica, Prosopis cineraria. Salvodora oleoides.
Ihie to excessive grazing non-palatable plant species are spreading in the area in place of
palatable species.
Breed Characteristics
5-1 General
Body colour is creamy or white. Gaddi is 6.6 feet high in height This isa,so powerful and well built camel breed with good stamina like Khader It has massive
and powerful legs.
175I
7
f
Sft.
Life-r.'
l C.~vfl
ggl7£':;;Arvs«
V
/'
A
<*•tv, «» • *> l wr
,' •-.' -'- Ji '•" .:-.ÿ
»'rj J/t,
Ji V«
1 /t-> *:-'.V
*
GADDICAMELFig.25
176-?
I
.Morphological characteristicsr
Means of length and width of face, head, ear, neck and hump of Gaddi
JfTlel are as 45 and 35; 13 and 12; 14 and 6; 131 and 32,50; 50 and 45 cm. respectively
jable-106)&
CABLE- 106 Morphological characteristics ofGaddi camel•A
! Measurements
Is.S'o. Characteristics Length(cm) Width(cm)
Mean S.D S.E S.DMean S.E
Face 45 00 1.25 ±0 39 35.00 1 50 =0.45(10) GO)
Head ±0.|7 j 1200(10)
0 50 j xU 1605413 00(10)
!Ear 14.00 080 ±2 30 6.00 045 =2 15i
(10) (10)i
13100 j 2.15GO) !
Neck 2.51 I xOoO±0 35 32.50GO)1
1±033 I 45.00 j i 31Hump I 50.00 1.05 ±043
:(10) (10)
<> Somatomateric measurements
Averages ofgirth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg ofGaddi camel are
|7\ 190. 155. 143.25 and 145.9] cm. respectively(Table-107).i
r.
t% 177
107 Somalomateric measurements ofGaddi camel
S.D S.ECharacteristics Mean(cm)>>•Girth 175.00 1.20 ±0.48I3? •! (10)
-v?-
Height 190,00 111 ±0.55(10)
Length *078155.00 2.99(10)
Foreleg(length) 143.25 I 36 ±060; J
(10)
r Hindleg(length) 145.91 1 25 ±0 25(10)
- Utility
Gaddi breed usually is used for draught purpose and carries baggage
chiefly, transport ofagriculture commodity from one piace to another place
Growth traits
The means of birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight in male and
female of Gaddi camel as recorded are 43.50 kg and 41 kg. 73kg and 70kg. 600 75 kg
•ind 588.50 kg, respectively. Tiie age at first riding and age at first loading averaged
1028.49 days and 12.30 days, respectively(Table-108)
•V-
& 17Sf
r108 Growth traits ofGaddi camel
S.ES.DMale MeanTraits FemaleO'®aW- ±0 26241.14 3.321Birth weight(Kg) 43.50 41.00r (84)(5)»-:
3.637 ±0.625Weaning weight(Kg) 73.00 70.00 70.16>
i* (84)(5)
Adult weight(kg)at maturity 600.75 12.320 ±3 103588 50 589.18::(5) (84)
Age at ridding(days) ±14 2131028.49 150.510(89)
Age at I st loading(days) 1 i 1.1421230.00 £26.527(89)
Inures in brackets are no ofobservationsinference due to sex is significant (p- 005)
') Production traits
't,l Milk Production
The average milk yield and lactation length of Gaddi camel were 1310
iitres and 315 days, respectively(Table-109)
'>ÿ2 Fibre Production
The average quantity of hair ofGaddi camel is 2.0 kg(Table-109)
TABLE-109 Production traits ofGaddi camel
8.No. Traits S.DMean S.E
Milk yield (lit) 1310.000 12.925 ±2.671(84)
Lactation length(days) 315.000 12.650 ±2.850(84)
3 Quantity of hair(Kg) 2.000 0.350 ±0.075(89)
li
I 179
|QReproductive traits
The average age at first breeding (puberty), dry period and calving
£§9 Gaddi camels are 3.02 years. 281.40 days and 735.70 days, respectively
(fable- 1 10).
* rÿBLE-l 10 Reproductive traits ofGaddi camel
Traits Mean S.D S.E|vNo-Age at 1st breeding(years) 3.020 0260 ±0.086
r Dry period(days) 28 I 400 10.579 ±2 121‘
(84)uCalving interval(days) 735 700 5.627 ±1 592
(84)
\>_’e at 1st breeding no: ofobservations Male 5 Female 84
II Draught or Work traits
The average riding speed and load carrying capacity of Gaddi camel are
• 2d km/hr and 28090 kg, respectively(Table- 1 1 I)
I ABLE-i 1 1 Draught traits ofGaddi camel
S.No. Trait S.EMean S.D
Riding speed(km/h) 6.200 0.12S *0.035(89)
280.900 | 12.521Load carrying capacity(kg) ±2.250(89)
180V
19 KHADER
i'l S;>l»e
Afridi (1997) documented this breed and reported it’s name as Khader
breed comes from NWFP Provincefhi>
Pi ,[labital and Distribution.
This breed is found in the Southern most district of NWFP province The
J]tr;1 bv large consists of an arid and stony plain penned in between the Indus and the
Aÿ[ern Suleman hills. The area of distribution of Khader breed spreads over D G. Khan
mee lands lying between Suleman Range and the Indus river The river plains are
vailed Belas-forests. The whole plain, which extends down into the Punjab is known as
IViejai. The district is bounded on the north by the crest of Bhittain and Marwat ranges.
.MI[he west by Sherani and Suleman hills, on the south by Dera Ghazi Khan district and
MI the east bv the Indus river The area ofdistribution lies between 31° - 15' to 52 -51"
north latitudes and 702 - 5' to 71° - 22’ east longitudes
3 Climate
The general climatic region of the area is typically of very arid sub-
imumtainous and sub-tropical The climate is dry and hot in summer and the temperature
said to have changed considerably during the last 50 years The hottest months are
hine and July with an average maximum temperature of 42 C In summer, [he
temperature often rises upto 50°C degrees, Winter is cold embracing for the camel and
hosty and is severe Ecologically, the area of habitat is classified as tropical plain (non-
Climate is broadly characterised by cold winters and very hot summers Winter
temperatures occasionally reach zero especially in January and February, due to cold
winds from the west. The average rainfall in the area is 120-200 mm the heaviest
recorded in the years 1956 and 1959 being 310 mm and 490 mm. respectively Most of
the rain fall storms come from the high mountains(1540-3400 m)and lose their moisture
More reaching these ranges which are at low attitude(150 m).
Vegetation
Lani trees are abundance in the area.. These are used as fodder phulahi
and kab or wild olive are also found. Karvna and chanjwali are common shrubs. Shrub
181
I
a Li
'I
*jfi:,-ÿTu
i
Ai?»
II•i* - S?
Lij,
* «•-
\ .-ÿ
*?«*•***-. - 5ÿ45
*.-i—;.«•
'*'Wy.«ÿ
djifeJPSk
--X *ÿ<
• V<‘vl-T»-.-
-J!W&.KW-
Fig.26 KHADER CAMEL
182
ins anC* are utilized by camel and other kinds of livestock. Camels relish
browse such as Salsola, sp. The ranges are being deteriorated due to
n;i Most of the forbs and annual plants start growing in early spring and complete
-rowth cycle within two to three months The common trees are Acacia nilotica,
uncontrolled
prosopis cineraria. Salvodora oleoides. Due to excessive grazing non-palatable plant
Pÿies are spreading in the region replacing the palateble species.-45,re
; Ureed Characteristics
< I General.
Body colour is creamy or white. This is a powerful and vvell built came!
Aiih good stamina.
< 2 Morphological
Mean values of face, head. ear. neck and hump of length and width of
kinder camel are 41.14 and 35.43; 1290 and 15.01. 13 II and 0.75. 134.50 and 30,00.
'H I I and 19 93 cm. respectively (Table- 1 12)
I \BLE-1 12 Morphological characteristics ofKhader camel
Measurements
S.\o. Characteristics Length(cm) Width(cm)
Mean S.D S.E Mean S.D S.E
I Face ±0.35 35.4341.14 1.13 ±0 54l 64(10) (10)
Head 0.67 15.0112.90 ±0.21 0.81 ±0 25(10) (10)
Ear 13.1 1 0.32 ±2 10 0576.75 ±2 IS(10) (10)
4 Neck 134.50 2.35 ±074 1.4530.00 ±0.46(10) (10)
Hump 1.0550.1 1 ±0.33 19.93 1.00 ±0.3 1(10) (10)
183
ft--Mean values ofgirth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg of Khader camel
111 Jfe 215 79. 198.68. 155.44, 146 and 151.23 cm,respectively(Table- 1 13)
• fABLE- 113 Somatomateric measurements ofKhader camel
1 vN°- S.D S.ECharacteristics Mean(cm)
Girth 215.79 2.03 *0.64i(10)
Height 1.65 ±0.52198,68
(10)
rr Length 2.90 ±0.94155 44(10)
Foreleg(length) 146 00 2.20 ±023; i
(10)
Hindleg(length) j 151.23 1.50 ±022;I I(10)
Utility
Primarily this breed is used for draught purpose for carrying baggage
(transport ofagriculture commodity)from one place to another place
•1 Growth traits
Average figures for growth traits of Khader camel are recorded as
88kg and 44.30kg; 81.32 kg and 77.56 kg; 685 kg and 670 kg for birth weight.
meaning weight and adult weight in male and female, respectively. Males weighed
heavier than the female counter parts when weighed at all ages.The age at first riding and
,1S?e at first loading averaged 1088.28 days and 1285 days, respectively(Table- 1 14).
184
r114 Growth traits ofKhader camelT.A.BLe'
S.ES.DMeanMale FemaleTraitss>
±04684.27844.30 44.634788Birth weight(Kg)(30)(4)
±1 0326.84977 56 77.90Weaning weight(Kg) 81.32(39)(4)
671 34| 7712 ±1.113Adult weight at maturity(Kg) 670.00685.00(39)(4)
±3 8601088.28 24.4ISAge at ridding(days)(43)
1285.00 188.552 ±27.215Age at 1st loading(days)j •
(43)
I mures in brackets are no ofobservations.Dilference due to sex is significant (p- 005)
'» Production traits
') . I Milk Production
Means of milk yield and lactation length of Khader camel are recorded
1(06.44 litres in 450 days(Table- 1 15),
'>.2 Fibre Production
The average quantity of hair of Khader camel given by the recorded :s
'06 kg(Table- 1 15).
I ABLE- 1 15 Production traits of Khader camel
8.No. S.D S.ETraits Mean
: Milk yield (lit) 1656.445 33.201 ±7.242(39)
Lactation length(days) 450.000 14.037 ±3.308(39)
.1 Quantity of hair(Kg) 0416 ±0.0983.060(43)
185
y|0 Reproductive traits
The mean age at first breeding, dry period and calving interval of Khader
are recorded to be 3.16 years, 214.66 days and 788.61 days, respectively (Table-
11}1 rÿBLE-
I
1
-116 Reproductive traits ofKhader camel
Traits Mean S.D S.E
Age at I st breeding(years) 3.16 0.539 ±0.089
Dry period(days) 10 583214.66 *2494I-(39)1
h Calving interval(days) 788.61 10.721 ±2.527;
(39)
Vie at 1st breeding no ofobservations Male 4 Female 39
1 1 Draught or Work traits
The average riding speed and load of Khader camel were recorded 9 75
km'hrand 292 36 kg respectively(Table- 1 17)
[ABLE- 1 17 Draught traits ofKhader camel
S.No. Trait Mean S.D j S.E
; Riding speed(km/h) 9.75 0.568 *0 134(43)
Load carrying capacity(kg) 292.36(43)
14.814 ±3.491
186
20 MAYA
, N'iirne
Because of it's high speed and gait ofswimming fish the breed is named
\Iaya". means speedy in Pushto language(Afridi. 1997).
, Habitat and Distribution.fr¬
it lies between 30°- 5 1 ’ to 32° - 4’ north latitudes and 67°- 40' to 70l - 00'
longitudes. Its habitat is bounded on the north by Afghanistan and
Waziristan agency. This breed is distributed in the north western hilly areas ofNTVFP
Province Leese (1927) described similar type of camel as Afghan camel particularly
;;mnd in northern Afghanistan.
on southi*j>t
3 \ egetation
Trees and plants found in YVazirestan area are olive. Pistachio, edible
•Mile in high land. Wild almonds, willow, tamarix along the beds ofstreams. Pastawana
idrevvia oppositilolia), Spalnai (Calotropis gigantea) are also cattered in the area.
Jumper are torests are found Muslim Bagh tehsil Carob trees and stunted juniper are
also found on the hills round Tanishpa. and raghbolai (Peucedanum sp)
iScrozenera mollis), naghura(A,wild plant) bushka(lepidium drabad); Shezgi (Eremurs
.uicheriana), Zira (Cuminum Cyminum) ispaghut (plantage ovata). spanda (Peganum
liaarmaula) are found all over the hills. Hyssop-or-zufa, shinshobeo (Mentha sylvesiris)
.isafoestida.are in Ghar range: Shorai(Haloxylon griffthii) are in lower valleys and along
theZhob river.
Argueh
4 Climate
The climate ofthe area varies with elevation but on the whole it is dry and
healthy. The winter is cold. The dust storms are common during July to September
being outside the monsoons, rainfall is scanty and varies with altitude. The rainfall
ranges between 120-150 mm. The heaviest rainfall is received during winter from
October to March At this time of the year, snow falls in the greater part of the area.
during the summer months rain falls in July and August.
187
5V::
V -uT-
I
lif:*
!:J
:V*5&Ml1
** - - 1.:
:_
t.*.+iL -mpi».p:j/si
Fig. 27 MAYA CAMEL
4 188k
Tvvinter. wind frequently blows from the east and is very cold and piercing. South west
•ÿj east winds are also common, the latter invariably bringing rain. The north winds
blow during September to April and usually damages the standing crops4I
i greed Characteristics
s 1 General
It is a dark coloured hill camel with long winter coat and carrying his
1c\id low It resembles the Bactrian. The head is equine in shape also like the Bactrian
Breed colour is dark brown with hairs in neck and other part ofbody It is rarely less than
, feet and 7 inches at withers. They are built on hill lines and have great bones They are
nostly dark brown to blackish in colour with long black hair forming a mane and at
•tump, throat and shoulders. Rest ofthe body is covered with a matted dense wool They
long eve lashes and long hair in the ears and head and face is ofequine or Bactrian
.linpe with small erect ears They are not hybrid but look like hybrid
\2 Morphological
The mean values of morphological characteristics of Mava camel
measurements of length and width as recorded is .1.1 95 and 48 81; 17 70 and i8 21.
it)5! and 705 128 and .12; 51 7.1 and 25.8.1 cm for face, heaci. ear. neck and hump.
espectively (Table- 1 IS).
189
fJU3LE- 1 18 Morphological characteristics of Maya camel
Measurements
Width(cm)Length(cm)Characteristicss>'°-"i
S.DS.E Mean S.ES.DMean
±0.37 48 81 1 16 ±03633.95 1.18Face! .
(10)(10)
±0.14 18.21 1.12 *0.3517.70 0.44Head(10)(10)
7.05 0.73±2.25 ±2,23Ear 10.33 0.80(10)(10)
[7 1.74 ±0.55 32.00 I 26 ±0.30Neck 128.00(10)(10)
25.83 0 >3Hump 51.73(10)
1.07 ±0 33 ±0 I6(10)
I I
(> Somutomateric measurements
The means values of somatomateric measurements of Maya camel are
l’>2 40. 191.69. 150 79. 145 and 148 cm for girth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg,
icspectively(Table- 1 19).
1ABLE- 1 19 Somatomateric measurements of Maya camel
S.No. Characteristics S.D S.EMean(cm)
I Girth 192.40 0.83 ±0.26(10)
Height ±0.35191.69 1.1 I(10)
Length 150.79 2.61 ±0.82GO)
4. Foreleg(length) 145.00 1.50 ±0 21(10)
> Hindleg(length) 1.40 ±0.23148.00(10)
190
,(Jtilily
This breed is good for draught purpose; but is used for riding because of
(\ uood pace of speed in mountainous areas, it is a fine baggage type camel fit for
king in rigged mountainous areas and difficult terrain with extreme cold climateAi'r£
Growth traits5
The average figures for growth traits of Maya camel are recorded as
;; 70kg and 49.48kg: 121.74 kg and 118.73kg; 730.75 kg and 720.50 kg for birth
Atfieht. weaning weight and adult weight in male and female, respectively The age at
.•rst riding and age at first loading averaged 1060 25 days and 1277.29 days, respectively
,|able-120).
1 A LiLE- 120 Growth traits ofMaya camel
\No i Traits Malt* Female Mean S.D S.E
Birth weight(Kg) 53.70; : 49.48 49.95 4.485 ±0.591(7) (-35)
.
Weaning weight(Kg) 121.74 I 118 73 I 19.00 5 833 xll 922: '
(7) (55)
Adult weight(kg)at maturity: 730.75 720 50 721.05 18418 ±2912(7) (55)
4 Age at ridding(days) 1060 25 201 780 x31.904(62)
Age at 1st loading(days) 1277.29 1 16.035 ±18.346(62)
figures in brackets are no: ofobservations.difference due to sex is significant (p<0.05)
9 Production traits
Milk Production
Averages for milk yield and lactation length of Maya camel are recorded31 1518.90 litres and 480.90 days, respectively(Table-121).
191
F*bi'e Production
The average quantity of hair of Maya camel as recorded is 4.44 kg
,Table-1- 1)
1 2 1 Production traits ofMaya camel£3
S.ES.DTraits MeanS.N°*
15.304 ±5.51 1Milk yield (lit) 1518.900(55)
Lactation length(days) 12.975 ±2.900480.900(55)
Quantity of hair(Kg) 4.440 0404 ±0.090;
(62)
If) Reproductive traits
Means for reproductive traits ofMaya camel are recorded 296 years. 560
Jays and 806 SO days for age at first breeding, dry period and calving interval.
aspectivelv(Table- 1 22).
I ABLE-122 Reproductive traits ofMaya camel
S.iNo. Traits Mean S.D S.E
Age at 1st breeding(years) 2.960 0.249 ±0040
Dry period (days) 360.00 9.597 ±2.146(55)
Calving interval(days) 806.80 6.287 ±1 406(55)
\ge at 1st breeding Male 7 Female 55
192
TThe average draught traits of Maya camel are recorded to be 7 km/hr and
IH**"-"*——-——Draught or Work traits
[ÿABLE- 123 Draught traits ofMaya camel
Trait\ <.So. Mean S.D S.E
Riding speed(km/h) 7.000 0.068 ±0.136(60)
r-!- Load carrying capacity(kg) 500.712 10.091 ±2.457!'
(62)L
193
111
r
21 BACTR1AN
I
Two humped camel are also called "Bactrian” This name is derived from
pjctria. the ancient name for Turkmanistan. a place in the middle ofCentral Asia and the
,ni>inal home ofthis animal.
*As1, XSu
i Habitat and Distribution
The Bactrian or two-humped camel This species is supposed to have
.[urinated in Bactriana. that is to say. in the country now composing Eastern Bokhara
lM(l Northern Afghanistan. From this centre, it has spread eastwards through Central
Wi.i to China, and northwards and westwards through Turkmanistan to European Russia.
His native countries now include Turkmanistan, Southern Siberia. Mongolia and also
-IK- Steppes ofEuropean Russia. Caueasia. Kurdistan and the Crimea
In Asia Minor to the west of Kurdistan the Bactrian is not strictly native.
.is there are no females of this species there; but males are imported purely for breeding
purposes to obtain the excellent hybrid by crossing with the local one-humped females
lluis a few male Bactrians can be found as far west in Asia Minor as Karamama.
.iltliough they are not worked..
In his own country, right across Central Asia, from the Black and Caspian
Seas to Manchuria, the Bactrian camel has been worked from time immemorial In this
-tone, he is able to accomplish journeys over stony deserts and cold rocky mountain
passes, on a minimum ofkeep In Pakistan, a herd of20 camels is being bred in Northern
Areas ofPakistan. It is spread in an area of latitude 35°-54" north latitude and 74.18 east
longitude in Pakistan.
Climate
Extremely arid climates are perennially rainless with no more than 2.5
"'ni {0.1 inch) rainfall per month for at least 10 months of year. Arid climates are those
climates in middle and low latitude in which no month receives as much a 50 nun
I2inch) rainfall. The winters are very cold.
194
A-:3
'-.
t Ji*
&i;
'r 4
A/it 4
/ s
U- *ÿ
Jfv - \
Fig.28 BACTRIANCAMEL
195
Vegetation
Vegetation is of typical temperate zone and sub-arctic There are prairies
steppes cold deserts and zone of scanty vegetation. Sheikh and Khan (1982)
jescribed the forest and range vegetation of the Northern Areas. According to them, the
jreas are subject to heavy pressure by livestock as well as a shortage offiielwood. Alpine
,js[iires are in good condition but due to environmental limitations, the growth period is
,iK'rt Low-lying ranges are in fair to good condition. The present forage production
,lines from 0.5 to 1.5 t DM/ha. Beg and Baklish (1979) distinguished eight plant
.omniunities in scree slopes in Chitral. Ahmed and Qadir ( 1976) conducted
rnytosociological studies along Gilgit to Gopis. The following range plants are found in
.-he area:
mT
Irees/slmrbs Juniperus macropoda. Quercus ilex. Pinus gerardiana. Cedni.x deodara.
I’IIUIS wallichiana. Fraxinus xanthoxvloides. Artemisia maritima. Artemisia sacrorum.
Intligofera spp Ephedra spp, Daphne oleoides. Sophora spp., C'otoneaster spp. Parrolia
ua|uemontiana. Salix spp.Jasminum spp, Sorbaria tomentosa Caragana spp.
(trasses: Clirysopogon spp. Cymbopogon spp. Dichanthium annulatum. Pennisetum
ivientale. Aristida spp. Oryzopsis spp, Poa spp. Bromus inermis. Agropyron dentatuin
\gropyron caninum. Agrostis spp, Dactylis glomerata, Rottboellia exahata. Phacelnnis
'peciosus, Eragraoslis spp.
Forbs: Iris spp. Tulips spp. Polygonum spp. Astragalus spp. Sambucus ebulus. Lotus
corniculatus, Medicago spp. Plantago lanceolata. Lathyrus spp. Thgrnus serphvllum.
Nepata spicata. Viola spp. Taraxicum officinalis, ferns, etc.
5 Breed Characteristics
•'•I General
The conspicuous characteristics of this breed were two humps, thick neck
and legs and very massive and heavy body. The coat is covered with thick and dense
hair. It’s color vary from white to reddish brown. The Bactrian’s humps are placed one
on the withers and one on the loins. He is more thick set than the Arabian and has shorter
kgs. In the cold weather he has a very heavy and thick coat of long coarse hair which is
especially developed over the cranium, throat, neck, shoulders, fore-arms and humps In
196
B summer this coat is shed in patches, but the amount of hair over the parts mentioned
'jlivays exceeds that ofthe Arabian at the corresponding
brown or rus brown. The soles of the feet and the nails are very hard. The Bactrian
.jrries his head comparatively low, the poll being about on a level with his withers; the “
<u,p"( hollow between forehead and bridge of mose) is rarely so well marked as in the
,|]t._huniped camel. His lips meet in a more horizontal line than in many Arabian types.
.;,e head is not unlike that ofa horse in shape. The voice is shriller than that of the one-
nped camel,and he has a deliberate spitting habit like the L lama. The short legs, hard
and above all the heavy winter coat, are the characters which decide his
geographical distribution as a domesticated animal
rseason. The colour of the coat is
pflI
i
Wild Bactrian camels exist near the Lake of Lob-nor in the Desert of
sliaino, they are said to be the produce of domesticated camels which survived severe
..indstorms in which the owners perished, but certain anatomical features of these wild
.-.lmeis rather negate this idea(Leese. 1927),
5.2 Morphological characteristics
The mean of length and width of taee. head. ear. neck and hump of
Bactrian camel are measured to be 25 and 20; 15 and 112; 10 and 8. i2 50 and 50. 00
and 50;cm. respectively(Table- 1 24).
197
tflE- 124 Morphological characteristics ofBactrian camel
Measurements
—*3 Width(cm)Length(cm)Characteristicss.No./ÿ
S.ES.DS.D S.E MeanMean\
±0.25l 00±0.35 20.0025.00 1.00Face(10)(10)
±0 1203012.00±0.1215.00 0.40Head(10)(10)
r~040 ! x2 12±2 25 8.000.45Ear 10.00i ;
(10)(10)
±0.42±0 50 30.00 I 25I 70Neck 1 12.50(10)(10)
i50.00 =038Hump ±0 38 1.206000 0.98
i(10)(10)
:
(> Somatomateric measurements
'
The average of girth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg of Bactrian
camel recorded are I OS.60, 150. 140. 140.25 and 145 cm. respectively(Table-125).
FABLE- 125 Somatomateric measurements ofBactrian camel
S.No. S.ECharacteristics S.DMean(cm)
Girth 198.60 3 21 ±041(10) I,
Height I 05 ±030150.00(10)
Length ±0.321.00140,00
(10)
4 Foreleg(length) 140.25 1.20 ±0.01(10)
Hindleg(length) 145.00 1.54 ±0.63(10)
198
Utility
TAs a working animal the Bactrian has not advanced southwards to any
extent, this is due to the competition of the one-humped camel and also due to
jijbility ofthe bactrian species to with-stand prolonged spells ofextreme heat*n The Bactrian camel in his own country is used both for pack and for
iratieht purposes. It also gives useful products in its hair. hide, meat and milk The
\loiuiols castrate males not intended for breeding purposes, the operation being done at 3
,,4 years ofage.:
g Growth traits
The average figures for growth traits of Bactrian camel are recorded as
'Okg and 59.50kg: 180 kg and 178kg; 800 kg and 784 kg lor birth weight, weaning
Aeight and adult weight in male and female respectively. The age at first riding and age
ii first loading averaged 975 days and I 196.30 days, respectively(Table-126)
:
TABLE- 1 26 Growth traits of Bactrian camel
; S.No Traits Male Female Mean S.D S.E
! Birth weight(Kg) 59.5062.50 59.92 3.853 ±0.958(2) (12)
Weaning weight(Kg) 180.00 178.00 178.28 6.858 ±1.143(12)(2) .
i'; Adult weight(kg)at maturity 785.00800.00 787.14 30.841 ±4.759
(2) (12)'
1
4 Age at ridding(days) 975.00 1 15.526 ±13.152(14)
Age at 1st loading(days) 1 196.30 ±24.371I 10.121(14)
figures in brackets are no. ofobservations.Difference due to sex is non significant.
199
Tproduction traits
jvfilk Production!j;
The average milk yield and lactation length of Bactrian camel are
orded 1 1 50.10 litres and 250 days, respectively(Table-127).A
j 2.2 Fibre Production
The average quantity of hair of Bactrian camel is recorded to be 5 50 kg
Table- 1 27).
I -\BLE- 127 Production traits of Bactrian camel
S.D S.EvNo. i Traits Mean
|Milk yield (lit) 1 150.100 1 1.052 ±2.0 10(12)
1
Lactation length(days) I 1.025 ±2025250000(12)
II Quantity of hair(Kg) 0535 ±00205 500 :(14)
10 Reproductive traits
The average age at first breeding, dry period and calving interval of
Bactrian camel as recorded are 4 years, 310 days and 840.50 days, respectively
(Table-128).
TABLE-128 Reproductive traits ofBactrian camel!
S.No. Traits Mean S.D S.E
Age at 1st breeding(years) 0.765 ±1 0384.000
Dry period(days) 310.000 20.250 ±2.620(12)
1 Calving interval(days) 840.500 8.050 ±2.625(12)
Ase at 1st breeding no: ofobservations Male 2 Female 12
200
rT1 1 Draught or Work traits
The average riding speed and load carrying capacity of Bactrian camel
.ÿorded in this study is6 kru/hr and 490.30 kg. respectively(Table-129)
PikNo.r
Trait S.D S.EMean
Riding speed(km/h) 6.000 0.690 ±0045(14)
r Load carrying capacity(kg) 490.300 24.270 ±6 120(14) !
:
v
£
201
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MORPHOLOGICALCHARACTERISTICSOF EAR,FACEANDCRANIUM OF DIFFERENTCAMEL BREEDS
B'VCTARIAN
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GHliLMAM GADDI KHADER
COMPARISON BETWEEN NECKSOF DIFFERENTCAMELBREEDS
\
JA•i-i.
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A.i
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HUMPSOF DIFFERENTCAMEL BREEDS- "<fe- :
Bactrian
*
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<:s >/ -\ÿV
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DIFFERENTCAMEL BREEDS
Bactrian
DISCUSSION
Breeds
During the present study two varieties of breeds of camel were
nted which included 20 breeds of one humped and one variety of two humpedl A*ui"e. .[flan camel (Table. 130-a & 130-b and 131 and Figure no.33 to 47) which areC
.-.;>ranciated on morphological and soniatometric characteristics. In an earlier studies
and Wahid( 1057)differentiated fifteen camel breeds in Pakistan and several other
jds are reported from countries possessing dromedaries(Williamson and Payne.10X7)
breeds documented are not well marked by so many pronounced functional or
r;
•iiformational characteristics as distinguished in other species of domestic animals
ertheless. the camels documented from different regions of Pakistan cany hereditary
cis which designate one from the other(Figures 20,30 and 3 I) in no uncertain manner.
.neover family lines, within each breed are recognised and critically appraised by
ulitional camel owning communities Though the two humped - Bacterian camels are
it originally from Pakistan, but these are being reared in the Northern Areas of
'.ikislan One such herd of camels was documented from Koh-e-Gizer district of
'ÿiirthem areas of Pakistan.
'O
Out of the 20 breeds ofone humped camel documented during this study.
'iir were from Sindh (Larri. Kharai. Dhatti and Sakrai), four from Punjab (Brela. Bagri.
'larecha and Kala-C’hitta). seven from Balochistan (Kachhi. Brahvi. Lassi. Makrani.
Gdbari. Kharani and Pishin) and five from N.W.F P(Khader. Ghulmani, Maya. Gaddi
Cambelpuri) and one two humped camel from Northern Areas. Some breeds of
filochistan like Kachhi. Brahvi, Lassi and Makrani are also bred in the northern areas of
'indh bordering with Balochistan. Similarly, some breeds of Punjab like Cambelpuri.
N'ila-Chitta and Marecha are also found in the adjoining areas of N.W.F Province The
-ari breed of Sindh is bred in some pails of Punjab where it is called Sindhi and
"Tiilarly,Bagri in N W.F.P is known as Punjabi camel(Afridi, 1997).
The documented one humped breeds, are classified into two general types
ie baggager camel and riding camel according to the nature of the work generally
upon. The breeds categorised as baggager camels are put to hard draught
',°rk of carrying heavy loads on their backs and dragging camel carts with loads.
20b
TH effing, plousliing and performing other Agriculture operations. These breeds walk
with loads in contrast to the riding camels. 1The breeds used for riding purpose are called riding camel breeds
,\laheri). These are prized breeds used exclusively for riding, howeversome ofthem are
„u[ to very light work. In some regions/provinces where purely riding camel breeds are
found, the baggager camel breeds are also used for riding though riding on a baggage
.-lUiel is not comfortable. The riding camels are always of lighter built and active
looking than the true baggage camel breeds. The breeds like Dhatti and Kharai are
classified as purely riding breeds of camel(Maheri) and the breeds like Larri and Kala-
< hitta categorized as draught(baggage camels)breeds and Lassi and Kharani breeds are
Jiuil purpose breeds.
Another classification of the documented breeds is determined by the
j'hvsical features of the area in which these breeds are being bred and reared Thus the
documented breeds could be categorised into two main types like 'hill" camel and
plains" came! According to this classification Bactrian. Pishin. Brahvi, Maya, breeds
could be classed as "hill” type and Dhatti, Makrani, Brela. Bagri and Lassi breeds are
Jassified as plain's type camel breeds. The plain's camel breeds can further be divided
mto two sub-types like riverine type like Larri and purely desert type like Dhatti. Brela.
[iagri, Marecha, Kachhi. Kharai and Sakrai etc The riding camel breeds are mostly
restricted to desert and plain habitat. But the breeds mentioned as" hill” type like Maya.
Pishin. Lassi. Rodbari, Brahvi, Gaddi. Ghulmani. Khader, Kala-Chitta etc , are not
always baggagers. but they are intermediate type between” riverine” (plains) and” hill”
lype and are thus dual purpose breeds. On the other hand, in desert regions, the riding
camel breeds are put to light work.
Camel breeds belonging to hill category are comparatively of small
Mature ranging from 6’ - 6.5’ in height measured upto the withers. They have compact
and muscular bodies. The necks and legs are short, chest is wide and the hind quarters
are well developed. Their feet pads are comparatively smaller and harder enough to walk
on rough stony terrains( Brahvi ). The desert camel when put to work in cold hilly tracts.
are said to develop a woolly coat.
11
a207
Camel breeds indigenous to desert (Dhatti. Bagri and Marecha etc)are
'n b°ne an<ÿ have a muscular development of wiry tyoe. They are not massive like
hilly or r>verme'(rue baggager types These breeds are very active in movement and
at look. Their characteristic feature is that their forehead has a very well marked
0ll0w. above the eyes. This is said to be a heritable characteristic, which goes to several
.aerations These are long legged and with tasi running abilities and active in
movements. They have comparatively smaller heads, straight muzzle and small ears
,Ahich are close together. A sandy soil is necessary for the right type of riding camel like
Dhatti. It is because of softer nature of their feet pads which are comparative!ÿ wider
.rum those of the hill type camel breeds. The riding camels are known as Mehan or
Mehri". According to Leese{1927)the desert type camel stand in much the same relation
is did the Arab horse, among other breeds of horses, which has the “blood’ characters
A el I marked in him and a strong propenv in transmuting these to his progeny
The carriage of head in riding camel (desert camei breeds! is alert and
j .ln>nitled. The tail is long and fine nearly in all riding came! breeds ofthe deserts, which
i A lied on one side of the body, as compared to a baggager draught ivpe camei during
j udiiig The two provinces viz. Sindh and Punjab have three desert breeds which are true
I to type of riding camels and are highly prized and come from the deserts of Thar Thai
[ and Cholistan and in Balochislan. these breeds are Kacchi. etc Amonu the baggager
camel breeds like Lard. Brahvi, Makrani. Maya etc are true baggagers, where as Kaclilu.
Makrani. Lassi can be called the riding camels chiefly ofsecond type.
; In Pakistan, the rapid development of irrigation system and transport has
. caused great changes in the camel breeding in plains except in desert and far tiling
difficult mountainous terrains In many instances, breeds formerly famous for their good
qualities have died out and others even now are in process of extinction as pure breedsi
because of non existence of the camel breeding farmers associations in the countrv.
1hough the population of camel in Pakistan is on increase, yet the well organised
breeding farms or camel research institutes are not available which could carry on
research and development programme of this economically very important species
amongst our domestic animals.
Comparison of the documented breeds for productive characteristics ofI
j the documented camels, revealed that Bactrian camel had the highest birth weight,
208
weight and live weight at the adulthood followed by Larri and others
B|j-fable- 132). The birth of the documented breeds ranged from 39.13 - 59.9 kg (Table-
W a ,’2) vvith an over all mean of 46.69 kg. The males weighed significantly heavier than
|female counterparts in all the breeds. Similarly, the effect of breed on this trait was
.isiiiificant (Table-132). The similar trend of live-weight was observed in weaning
and weight at adult age(Table-133-134).
A lot of variation existed in the birth weight, weaning weight and live
weight at adult age. of camel breeds in the reports published from different countries.
Hie review ofscientific literature regarding the growlh traits of various camel breeds and
[vpes revealed that the birth weight values ranged between 42 to 53 kg (Barhat et al..
1070; Field. 1980; Champan, 1985; Chaudhry. 1986 and Elias and Cohen. 1986) In the
jiresent study the mean values for this trait ranged between 41.00 to 62 50 kg. in males
md 39 to 59.50 kg. in females(Table-132). The reported values for the trait fall within
tlte range ofthe values observed in the present study. Though, the mean values, obtained
MI the study under discussion, were on higher sides both in lower as well as upper limits.
\ et. the over all mean values observed for both the sexes( males 4980 kg and females
4(i 34 kg)nearly matched with the values reported by the above mentioned workers for
the breeds from different regions ofthe world. The comparison of the results showed that
the most of our one humped breeds like Larri, and Cambelpun and Maya might be
heavier than those reported in the literature
It was further revealed that weight at birth manifested a positive
relationship with that at weaning and at subsequent ages as the results showed similar
trend of weight at birth, weaning and at adulthood. This trend was manifested by all the
documented breeds as a heritable character. The live weight recorded at the age at adult-
j hood in the documented breeds showed nearly the same pattern as manifested by the
other two traits i.e. birth weight and weaning weight (Table-134). The over all mean of
this trait was682kg(570-800 kg)for males and 667kg(550to 785 kg)for females with
over all mean ofthe breeds being 668.73 kg. The differences due to breeds and sex were
significant. (Table-135).The review of literature showed lot of variation in this trait.
Panasenio and Lufvasan (1971) reported live weight of 250.1, 481.0 and 611.3 kg in
camels aged 4.5, 6.5 and 7.5 years for the male camels, respectively; and the values for
'he females were 133.1, 247.0 and 481.7 kg, respectively. The other group of worker,
209
Taged 4.5,65 and 7 5 years for the male camels, respectively; and the values lor
L femalesed comparatively higher values for this trait viz. 447.9 kg for males and 414.4 kg
females(Wilson. 1978)and Chaudhry and Beniwal(1982)reported live weight of77.
]|9. 151. 177 kg at the age 6.12. 18, 24 and 30 months, respectively Chaudhrv
.)«<(,) reported live weights ofcamels as 149 vs. 40. 226 vs. 226. 323 vs. 495. 675 vs.
and 769 vs, 540 kg in male vs female camels at the age of6. 12. 60, 120 and 180
...-nths. respectively
I
155.1. 247.0 and 481.7 kg. respectively. The other group of worker.were
<P,n3*-
Wilson(1978)reported mean live weight of447.9 and 414.4 kg tor adult
..jit- and female camels, respectively. He did not mention age and breed Similarly.
HiJkner(1978) without mentioning the age and sex of the camel, reported weight of
\i io 600 kg of the camels from Qatar. Field ( 19S0> from Mali reported without
,'terring age and sex. a liveweight of720 kg for the adult camel (Mali breed)and 1550
for Ranndilla breed Qureshi(1986)reported live weight of Irani camel varying from
to 1000 kg. for males and 550 to 850 kg for females without mentioning the breed
exact age Saoud et al (1988) reported adult weight of 658-748 kg irrespective of
iced and sex Yousif and Babiker (1989) reported live weight of 45b kg fot camel
I ithoi.it mentioning the name of breed. The values reported by the aforementioned
j searchers are at variant with one another. Similarly, these values are at variant with
li'ÿe of the present study. The reason for variation in the trait may be because these
.Milts are reported from ditherelit geographic regions of the world Further the variation
j 'my be attributed to the differences due to age. breed, sex and the system of management
There is lot of variation between the breeds, as far as the mean values of
at first riding and at first loading(Table-135 and 136)are concerned The values for
':|ese traits are not reported in the scientific literature reviewed here in The results
•inher revealed that the breed and sex had significant effects on both these parameters
:iles
:
I 'lilk Production
In the present study mean milk yield was measured 4.25 litres per day.1°mparison amongst(he documented breeds revealed that Marecha with a milk yield of
’,79.5l litres per lactation ranked the highest milk yielder followed by the other
210
~rH various researchers ranged between 1180-6687 liters per lactation (Knoess. 1977;
pclni|T1Sÿuove. 1983; Morton. 1984; Wilson. 1984; Cherepanov and Belonkobvlenko.
f a |9S6; Knoes, 1986; Saoud et at., 1988 and Bairamov and Gavrichkin, i983) Klianna
(|089-90) recorded milk yields in Indian camels and reported the milk production
.yarded in six animals These animals were trained for twice a day milking The average
daily milk production varied from 4-11 litres/day on normal plan of nutrition The
findings of the present study are comparable with those reported by Knoes(1977). The
..lines reported by majority of the other workers fall in the range ofthe values observed
n the present study, despite, differences due to breeds, parities and management
,vstems.
The daily milk yield ofcamel reported, in the scientific literature, ranged
between 5.0 - 10.0 litres per day (Field. 1979; Wei. 1980; Wilson. 1984; Husain. 1987.
klianna. 1988. Jasra and Aujala. 1997; Elamin. 1980; Anon. 1989. Khanna and Rai.
Shareha. I9S7. Bairamov and Gavichkin. 1983; Evans and Powys. 1980. Khan et
.il . 1990 and Field. 1980). In the study under discussion, the daily mean milk yield
figure was assessed to be nearlv 4 litres per day These results fall close m line with
iluise reported by the aforementioned workers, so for the minimum milk yield is
concerned
!Khanna (1990) reported that camels are not systematically exploited for
i milk. With the exception of the men taking care of the herds, camel milk is not an
important dietary ingredient for other except in certain areas The results of the study; tinder discussion revealed that the situation w'as different under Pakistan’s conditions
Milk yields were observed to be between 3-4 liters per day when assessed from the
; values obtained in the study under discussion. This milk is either consumed fresh or
boiled with tea. sometime it is also used to make rice-pudding or it is mixed with
cows/buftaloes milk and sold at higher prices
;
Pakistan produced 16.9 m tons of milk(GOP, 1996-97). The contribution
camel in the country’s total milk production is not shown in any official statistical
document. According to the recent estimates, the total camel population of the country is
j I 186 million. Nearly 500 thousands are females, if on an average milk production perI
female is taken to be 4.25 liters per day. then the total annual milk production from
camel could be 0.63 million tons which is being marketed and consumed by the house
211
plders and is not accounted for and shown in any official publication like Agriculture
statistics of Pakistan or Economic review etc The assessed value of the quantity of
•jniel ’s milk produced in the country comes to nearly Rs 3 1 50 million.
gelation Length
Lactation length in camel varies from 9 to 18 months. On an average daily
.,ilk yield is from 8-10 litres, reported in the literature, but under intensive management
.auditions milk yield reported to vary from 15-40 litres per day. Camels are milked twice
;1 24 hours but four times milking is also not uncommon Camel has the unique
capability that it can be milked any time during 24 Hours and six times milking has also
-een reported in the literature. The lactation length (Table- 140) in the present study
nged between 250-587 days(8-19 months) The values, for lactation length of camels
,>f various breeds belonging to different countries reported in the scientific literature.
•aried from 9-18 months (Field. 1979, Luvan. 1969. Elamin. 1980. Field. 1980. Wei.
1980; Morton. 1984. Wilson. 1984; Husain. 1987. and Jasra and Aujala. 1997) The
comparison of the resuits of present study with those of the values reported in the
literature fall in complete agreement.
M
Meat production
The camel has terrific potential for meat production. The body weight of
male camel is reported to vary from 570-800 kg The values for both the sexes combined
varies from 550-785 kg. The carcass weight in ordinary camel reared in subnormal
condition has been observed to vary from 129 to 211 kg (Table-152) and in case of
healthy and well fed camel, carcass weight ranges between 350-500 kg. More than 50%
dressing percentage is reported in literature. The daily gain in weight in growing camel is
reported to be 1.4 kg in male and 09 kg in the female The camel’s meat is not liked by
the majority ofthe people because ofits saltish taste and low quality, as the old and worn
. out camels are slaughtered. The camel’s meat is mixed with the buffalo/cattle beef and
; sold as beef at the rate ofbeef prevailing prices of in the meat market. In Pakistan. It is
; mostly used as mixed meat in place of pure beef and is used for “Nihari” a famous
Pakistani dish. This is why a very small percentage of people purchase the pure camel’s
meat for home consumption. The meat ofyoung camel upto the age of4 years is tender
212
Wf
juicy, but the meat ofcamel slaughtered at one year age is very near in taste to the
HH It contains 22%ofprotein and 1% fat which is considered a delicacy.
PI-• At present about 9000 Metric tons ot camel’s meat is being produced in
p3|dstan and consumed annually. The average rate of sale of camel meat sale is Rs
1 'Q.kii in the country The estimated value of meat ofcamel in Pakistan comes to Rs 270
•nillion This quantity of meat produced annually, like that of milk, is not reported in
statistical documents published by the Government ofPakistan
Wool and Hair production
Pakistani Camel produce 1.25 to 5.50 kg of hair annually with an overall
average of 2.81 kg in one clip, depending on the breed (Table-142). The camels are
sheared once a year in Pakistan. According to the data collected, highest hair quantity of
naif clipped per annum was from Bactrian (5.5 kg)and the lowest being that (1.25 kg)
aom Lassi. The other workers have reported annual hair production per clip varying
limn 0.722 to 5.0 kg(Dchumaghluvo, 1983; Bairamov and Gavrichkin. 1983; Chapman
.Hid Mangolig. 1985, Chowdliarv. 1986; Hussain, 1986; Khanna. 1988). The data
obtained during the present study compares well with those reported in the scientific
literature Qureshi (1986) reported that the wool and hair of camel are used for
manufacture of tent-cloth, blankets, carpets, ropes, bags, mose-strings, nose bags, and
many other things to serve as gear of camel. Sometimes camels are clipped regularly.
hut some times they are to decorate and to make fancy clipping flower on the body of
the camel by cutting the hair with scissors. According to Khanna(1990)camels are shorn
once a year, starting in their first year his results fall in line with those of the present
'tudy Shearing takes place in spring usually around the same time. Khanna (1990)
reported the average yield per camel hair of 1.5 kg. This report also tally with the lowest
value ofthe parameter obtained in the present study
Hair ofcamel are commonly used by the local people in cottage industry
lor preparing rough carpets, carriage bags, ropes and other allied items like carpets and
hlankts. The hair is sold at the rate varying between Rs. 3.75 and Rs: 7.80 per kg
depending on the market demand (Table-152). Similarly, the camel hides are commonly
used by local people to produces kuppies(containers for carrying oil products)and other
leather items. A camel hide weighed from 25 to 70 kg(Qureshi, 1986)depending on the
213
iiC and breed of the camel was being sold at different rates in different markets of the
•ountry where the camels arc slaughtered. In some areas of Pakistan people specialises in
manufacturing table lamps, flower vases and other articles like shoes and saddles in
[jscinating colours from the hides ofcamels This industry is well developed in Multan
camel hide is commonly sold@Rs. 300 to 550{Jasra and Aujala, 1997)
If
Reproductive Traits
It appears that the reproductive performance in both male and female
is dependent, to some extent, on the level and quality of nutrition The nutritional
components which are directly involved in different regions are not clearly identified.
iMusa and Merkt. 1975)The onset of puberty and breeding season in camel is affected
hy the geographical location, climate and plan of nutrition. Camel is considered to be a
M*asonal breeder with marked peak in sexual activity (Wilson. 1984). In tropical country
like Pakistan, it is possible that camels kept under high Plan of nutrition and
management, would show oestrus throughout the year However, the factors like local
climatic conditions, nutrition and management affect the duration and intensity of
breeding season in different geographical regions In bactrian camel breeding season
'tarts in late December or January and terminates in April in Northern areas ofPakistan
I'he start of breeding season may be related to increase in day length(Chen and Yuen
1984). It has been reported that camel is a potential polyestrous animal(Musa and Merkt.
1975) however, with a high adaptability to local conditions. Because of seasonality in
breeding, the calving interval in the Pakistani camel breeds is long. At high altitudes in
mountainous northern regions, the “rutting season” i e.. mating period is from November
till the end of March. Where as, in plains it commences from December/January to the
end of February. According to the present study, the average figures for calving interval
varied from 692 days to 840 days(ie 23 to 28 months) in the Pakistani breeds (Table-
147).The values for the parameter under discussion reported in the literature varied from
14 to 30 months(Yasin and Wahid, 1957; Williamson and Payne. 1978; Evans and
Powys. 1980; Schwartz et al.. 1983; Wilson, 1984; Yagil and Etizonl984; Arthur. 1985
and Khanna. 1989). The results under discussion compare well with the values reported
'n the scientific literature with little or no variation Studies in different ecologies are
badly needed to investigate the magnitude or reproductive problems under the existing
management systems. This would help in suggesting practical alternatives that could be
214
j(j0pted under pastoral and/or ranch farm or desert conditions. Deeper understanding of
•ainel /owner relationship is necessary for any future improvement plans for
ductivity Such studies would throw the light on existing economics involved with
herding and from the biomass contributed by camels. The determined strategies
reasonable offtake rates could only then be worked out, in appropriate manner
prov
Vaeat 1st breeding(Puberty)
Varying reports are published in the literature regarding age at first
breeding in camel. Qureshi(1986)reported that male is fit for breeding at the age of4
sears and the female at the age of3 years or even less if well looked after and may calve
,ii 4-5 years. Oestrus in camel is reported to last for 3-4 days with an estrus cvcle of 23
Javs The gestation period is 12 months and 8-15 days. Il becomes pregnant again after
>ne year or few more months and normally calves after two years, but thev can calve
every 18 months if well fed and looked after properly. The age at first hreeding
commences mostly with changes in sexual behaviour in both the sexes The female
sexual behaviour, in the camel, is tied up to a great extent with events in the ovary and
j tlie uterus When it is in heat, it exhibits the behaviour characteristics of the came! The
; external manifestation of heat in the camel is related to the status ofthe sex hormones m
! tlie blood. The peaks in hormone( estradiol) are quite regular and are found to be 28
|(lavs apart. In the normal esirous cycle, the progesterone concentrations are low. beiow' i
' mg/ml{ Yagil, 1985) At range, the rutting male fellows the oestrous female and makes
her to sit down for copulation. When the animal becomes pregnant it is no longer
receptive to males. During the last trimester of pregnancy it becomes more lazy and
tends to move slowly The review of literature reveals that puberty in the females occurs
at 3 to 4 years ofage and the first calf is born when the mother is 5 to 6 years(Yagil.
1985). It is a common practice to withhold female camels from breeding until they are 4-
6 years and the age at first calving would be 5 to 7 years. Since the camels can live up to
J0 years it is possible that they produce number ofcalves similar to that for cows Yagil
(1985)referred to an attempt in which prepuberal female camels, 1.5 to 2 years old, were
subjected to synthetic FSH preparation; 1000 units on 3 consecutive days. They were
mated and a year later normal healthy calves were born after normal parturition The
future will test the practicability ofsuch methods in Pakistan. Puberty in males occurs at
215
rvears ofage and good service ability is maintained until 18 to 20 years These findings
jupported by the results ofother workers ( Novoa. 1970 and Wilson; 1984)
In the Bactrian camels, puberty is reached at 3 years in the females but
eeding is delayed until 4 to 5 years ofage They breed for 15 years and sometimes up
20 years ofage( Chen and Yuen, 1984). In the present study the values ofage at first
ceding ranged from 3.34-5.5 in male with overall mean of423 years and 2 88 to 439
.ears for females with overall mean of3.57 years in the documented breeds(Table-144);
r|ie reported values for this parameter, in the literature, ranged between 3 to 8 years
, Vasin and Wahid. 1957, Novoa. 1970; Wilson. 1978; Evans and Powys. 1979; Evans
iric! Powys. 1980. Chen and Yuen. 1984; Champan. 1985. Yagil. 1985 and Hussain,
,087) Though the reported values are little higher for upper limit; vet the values of
study fall within the range ofvalues reported in the literature.
s'
breeding Season
The female camel is considered to be a seasonal breeder with marked
j peak in sexual activity (Wilson,1984) In tropical countries like Pakistan it is possible
! that camels, kept under high levels of nutrition and management, would show estrous
throughout the year (-Arthur and Al-Rahim. 1982). Factors that affect the beginning of
the season, its duration and intensity ofsexual activity include: local climatic conditions.
nutrition and system of management. Wilson(l984) summarised the geographical
variation in breeding season with some known or inferred climatic and nutritional data at
the onset of breeding In Bactrian camel breeding season starts in January and terminates
in mid April for both females and males The start of the breeding season may be related
to increase in day light length (Chen and Yuen. 1984 a). Finally it can be pointed out
that the camel is a potential polyestrous animal however with a high adaptability to local
conditions, coupled with proper plan of nutriuon and managemented practices, the
polyestrous activity may be minimized or brought under control
Cestation Length
Reported values for gestation length of camel in the literature are
conflicting when compared to variations in similar parameter reported for other species
such as cow. buffaloes or the mare. The average gestation length reported was 390 ± 2
216I
Bjay5 ( Yagil, 1985)or 375 days( Arthur et al.; 1985 a)and it was commonly stated as
|7 to 13 months. Male calves reported to be carried 1 to 2 days longer. Month ofcalving.
.,fe and birth weight have significant effects on gestation length (Sharma and Vyas.
|i)71). In the Bactrian camel the gestation length averaged 402.2 ± 1 1.5 days(Chen and
Vuen. 1984). The results of the study under discussion manifested that data on gestation
ranged from 12.0 to 13.5 months in the documented breeds (Table-152),The
researchers from the other parts of the world reported values of 12 to 13.26 months
,Vasin and Wahid. 1957. Sharma and Vyas. 1971: Barhat et al.. 1979; Chen and Yuen.
p)84; Arthur. 1985; Champan. 1985; Yagil. 1985; Chowdhary. 1986 and Khanna et al..
]t;00) for this trait. Comparison the results of the present study fall in complete
.jureement with those reported in the literature by the other workers.
Reproductive longevity
Following parturition involution occurs in 15 to 28 days with an average
I ot'2 1 ± 0.5 days(Musa and Makawi. 19S5). The posl-partum oestrous can occur by I - 4|weeks following parturition (Yagil. 1985)or in 14 to 30 days(Wilson. 1984). Musa and
j \lakawi(1985)found that the first post-partum heat was delayed until the next breeding
• season. It has been shown that in the late gestation period, follicles could develop and
this might be the reason for the signs of heat observed immediately after parturition as
; reported in the body of literature. Even in female foetus sometimes, follicles are to be
! found. It is thought that such heat would be associated with low fertility because the
involution of the uterus occurred only 3 to 4 weeks later. Elias et al (1984)followed a
post-partum female with a suckling new-born both by actual palpation and by the
determination of the estradiol level in the serum. Accordingly by first post-partum.
oestrous cycle occurred after 42 days and was a silent one. Due to long gestation length
: and seasonality of breeding, calving in practice occurs every two years(Wilson. 1984.
; Arthur et al.; 1985). This is in complete agreement with the results of the present study
j In the study under discussion, the calving intervals were long as reported earlier.
However, the reports from Kenya revealed that in conrolled camels, it was possible to
have a calf every year (Yagil,1985). The long calving interval is attributed to lengthy
gestation, limited breeding season and late postpartum estrus which is frequently one
year after parturition Mukasa-Mugerwa, (1981).Richard (1985) observed calving
intervals of 15 months, when the animals were well fed. Schwarz et al. (198.3) recorded
217
T-aiding intervals of 28.4 month in traditionally maintained herds with a valuation ot
9M ,09to 22 2 months in herds with both good sanitary control and nutrition.
I— Calving Interval
~7
Khanna (1989-90) reported seasonality in breeding, therefore calving
nterval in the Indian camel was long. Analysis of612 calvings recorded from 1961 to
oi)0 revealed that average inter-calving period (912.88 ± 3567 days )was highest
Iming the initial vears(l961 to 1966) of establishment of the farm. This parameter
,|:owed a decreasing trend and was reduced to 713.05 ± 2040 days during 1989 to 1990.
Hiese results further revealed that the inter-calving period exhibited decreasing trend
with the increasing parity. The calving interval however, showed reverse trend after 5th
parity
j The values of calving interval ranged between 692.45 days(25 months
] for Kachhi breed)and 840,50 days(28 months for Bactrian) in the present study(Tables-
147). The values for the trait reported in the literature varied from 12 months to 13
months. The comparison of the results obtained m the study under discussion are
comparable with those reported by the other workers(Yasin and Wahid 1957: Evans and
Powys. 1980; Schwartz et al . 1983. Williamson and Payne 1987; Wilson. 1984; Yagil
and Etizon, 1984. Arthur. 1985 and Khanna.1989). The length of camel’s reproductive
life is given as 20 to 30 years (Wilson. 1984; Yagil, 1985). Some animals with good
. nutrition and management can live up to 40 years of age. In Bactrian camels the female
can breed for 15 years and commonly birth when it is over 20 years of age(Chen and
Yuen. 1984 a ).
Draught traits(Draughtability)
Data regarding the draughtability of documented breeds were collected
regarding load carrying capability and speed without load or riding speed. The data
collected from the camel keepers regarding the documented breeds revealed that the
speed of the camel ranged between 6 to 10 km/hour (Table-149). The highest values
; recorded were for Dhafti breed followed by Marecha, Khader, Cambelpuri, Makrani etc.,
! the lowest for Bactrian(6km/hrs). The load carrying capability were ranged from 241.58
to 576.20 kg(Table- 1 50).
218
:1Khanna (1989-90) worked on the draughtability of Bikaneri. Jaisalmeri
Kutchi male camels on Kacha and pucca roads. Observations recorded regarding
jf3ii£tht produced on plain kacha road was 120 kg by Bikaneri and Jaisalmeri. He further
ealed that draught as a percenl ofbody weight was 17.7% for Bekaneri and 202% for
ijisahrieri. In the present study the Larri breed was recorded to carry the highest quantity
load followed by Rodbari. Maya. Bactrian and others(Table- 1 50)
(valuation of drauglitnbility ofcamel
The camel plays, an important role in the agrarian economy of Pakistan.
,n various ways. The camel is being used as dairy and meat animal It’s draughtability is
important to the rural agriculture sector. Camel has significant role as riding animal in
ihe difficult areas like desert and mountainous regions in particular and in rural irrigated
.neas in general The success ofthe camel as riding animal in hot arid and desert reuionsi
w
|•> due to its peculiar physiological and anatomical adaptation to the desert life and it's
j docility and endurance. In desert and mountainous areas of Pakistan, camel is used for
J mlmg over long distances where it works with comparatively much less efforts than the
! walk ofother riding animals. Its padded leer, form cushions which spread its weight on
Mind in desert The camels which work in mountainous terrains have hard and
• comparatively shrunken pads (Kachhi and Maya etc) which are adopted to walk in
i rugged, broken and stoney mountainous regions
In the present study it was observed that a riding camel can carry 2
persons some times4 persons in deserts. Camel can walk at the speed 6 to 10 km(Table-
149) per hour and can travel a distance of more than 20 kms. The charges for riding
ranges between Rs.2-3 per km.
The baggager camel is the one used as pack animal for carrying load on
it s back. It is also used for pulling the loaded carts, with pneumatic wheels, on metalled
as well as non-metalled roads. Camel works as draught animal in both urban and rural
areas. It is used for carrying load in rural areas and from rural to urban areas and vice
versa. During the present survey it was found that a baggager camel carries a load equal
to 180-380 kg on its back depending on the type of commodity and distance to be
traversed. It was observed that the bagagger camel with load can perform on average
I
219
i
.J(jrf1ey of25 km with a range of 18-40 km depending on weight and type of load and
[he type ofroad.
The Baggager camel can pull a cart load with pneumatic wheels to the
Atent of 1000 to 3000kg but traverses with a lesser speed i.e. 5 km per hour or even less
spending upon the type ofroad. The baggagers or pack camels are used for carrying
,:1(| of various types. Usually the camel is used for carrying agricultural produce and tire
,od etc. in rural areas and from rural to urban areas and thus plays an important role m
of agriculture produce like cotton, wheal straw and grains etc That
•uiigager(Ladu) camel carries a maximum load worth 209-288 kg with a range of 152-
a)-l kg depending upon the type ofcommodity condition ofroad and distance.
A '
In villages of desert regions the wells are very deep with mean depth of
!/><) feet (115-300 feet). One very important task the camel performs, is drawing of
: .[unking water from these wells in the villages of arid regions of Baluchistan. Thar and
fiiolistan. It was observed that a camel works for 8 hours on an average with a range of
l --It) hours depending on the quantity of water to be drawn for the consumption of
population. The hours of work start from early morning and continues till evening with
M breaks ofapproximately 30 minutes each In these villages came! plays an important
iole in distribution of water from door to door for domestic consumption, where regular
water supply schemes do not exist. The charges per trip varies from Rs 10-15
normall works for6 hours with one or two hours break of30 minutes to I hour
camel
In irrigated areas the camel performs the work oflifting water from canals
by driving Persian wheels for irrigating the agricultural lands. Though with the
advancement of rural electrification and availability of diesel machines, the use ofcamel
for this purpose is diminishing; yet data collected from certain villages revealed that a
ramel is put to work for 6-8 hours per day with a few breaks of30-60 minutes Similarly.
ramel is used, for lifting irrigation water from water channels, for the land to be
agricultured which are above the level of the water channels. In this case too. camel is
put to work for S-10 hours with a break of 1-2 hour in mid day. In performing these
operations, the camel saves the electric energy by providing low cost power for small
farmers ofirrigated areas in the country. It is evident that when selfowned camel is used
.lor such agricultural operations by a small farmer, cost of production (tillage) is lesser
than that ofa machine
220
TPI.here i«
Camel also plays an important role in dry land agriculture of arid areas.
is used for ploughing the land. During survey it was observed that a camel is
.,<:ed for ploughing for 6 hours with 1-2 breaks of nearly 30 minutes each. Camel can
plouahs 1-15 acres ofland depending upon the type ofsoil in a day.-
The camel is also put to work ofchaffing fodder where electric operated
t-hafling machines are not used due to non availability of electricity, A camel usually
)rks for 4-5 hours for this purpose and can chaffa fodder quantity of950- 1 140 kgI
In many villages ofPakistan as well as in small towns,camels are used to
operate traditional oil extraction mills. The camel is put to work for whole the day with
one or two short breaks for oil extraction. A camel does the job of oil extraction and
works for on an average for 8-10 hours with one or two hours break and extract a
.jiiantity of 15-20 liters of oil. These types of camel driven extraction mills are now a
Jays being replaced by electric operated machines. Nevertheless in areas where electric
. power is not vet available, either camel or a bullock is used for this purpose. Sarsoon.
Jliambho. Torio and Til{lin seed)oils are commonly extracted in camel drawn oil mills
i 221
• If *
TABLE 130(A)(ompaililix c Morpholoiiy Character JMK* of Camel liico.U < \ aluc'icpiCNcmcÿl n\ \ SN t«> W*v.s*o
MEASUREMENTS(cm)HEADNo. EARName of
BreedFACEofS.No. WIDTHLENGTHLENGTI WIDTHWIDTHLENGTH(ob:) S.E±S.DMeanS.D S.E± S.E±S.DS.E± S.D MeanS.D S.E± S.D S.E± MeanMeanMean Mean
2.070.228.810 77 2.24045 7.85 0.27 14 3921.53 20.75Lari 58.42 2.05 0.47 1.0610 55.75 1.50 0.43
2.200.652.20 7.1506420 75 0.5522.35 0.45 0.17Kharai 0.26 1.460.S4 0.26 56 20 0.842 50.4410
2.250.652.30 8.000.750.70 10.000 24 19.00 0.580.40 40.00 20.00 0.73Sakrai 10 51.00 1.30 1.30 0.403
0.81 2.250.60 2.19 8.300.34 10.971.100.41 20.44 0.7.3 17.04Dhaili 10 49.93 1.87 0.26 55.37 1.32 0.244
0.756.44 2.230.7811.57 2.240.70 0.2216.73 0.47 12.1 1Kaclihi 10 49.09 0.76 57.91 0.74 0.23 0.140.24
0.58 0.186.972.250.67 12.64 0.7543.35 56.64 23 49 0.60 0.81 20.24 0.21Brahvi 1.22 0.39 2.3 1 0.736 10
0.48 2.157.1412.74 2.270.58 0.18 0.8530.91 15.16 0.86 14 14Makrani 10 28.34 1.01 1.62 0 277 0.31 0.48
0.43 2.180.60 7.0010.00 2.200 15 0.42 0.15Lassi 0.45 25.00 0.35 0.48 13.0010 30.00 1.50 1.00 16.008
6.54 0.80 0.250 3713.47 2.1117 55 0.34 15 97 1.28 0.40Rodbari 32.76 0.22 30.48 0.29 1.089 10 0.70 0.93
2.232.25 8.15 0.7410 7931.16 1.40 0.24 0.47 0.14 0.7910 Pishin 30.99 0.44 15.26 0 77 16.4010 1.07 0.33
2.220.77 8.39 0.6912.87 13.23 2.24Kharani 1.06 0.33 0.2011 28.93 0.58 30.48 1.60 0.31 13 43 0.6610 1.84
6.30 2.130.77 0.4216.02 0.78 14.34 2.240.19 1.06 16 76 0 15 0.5712 Marecha 10 33.42 061 34.72 0.33 0.48
2.220.702.24 6.0015.77 0 23 12.67 0.77Bagri 33.80 0.34 1.00 0.7413 32.63 0.25 I 09 13 46 0 3110 0.80
2.220.7012.45 2.21 7.7312.72 0.20 0.69Barella 35.05 0 39 13.08 0 17 0.6414 3.81 0.40 1.24 05410 1.28
0.728.54 2.222.15Campbclpuri 18.84 0.51 0.16 10.74 0.460.35 48.79 1 17 18.21 0.68 0 2!15 10 40.64 1.13 0.36
0.85 2.300.80 7.002 2519 20 065 0 17 14.00Kala-Clma I 25 25.00 040 070 18.0016 10 0.39 1.40 0 2029.00
2.220.720.75 2.24 7.491.55 16.05 0.62 0.19 14.02Ghulinani 10 1.73 0.54 34.72 1 39 0.43 2260 0 4917 39.59
0.45 2.152.30 6.0015.00 0 17 12 00 0 50 14.00 (J 80Gaddi 0.39 I 50 045 II 00 054 0 1610 45.00 I 2518
0.576.75 2.1815 ()1 13.1 1 2.10Kliadcr 0.35 1.64 12 90 o 67 0.21 0.25 0.3219 10 41.14 15.43 0.54 0 SIA-_
1.1
_LI_
L-L
7.05 0.73 2.230 80 2 2518 21 1 12 0.35 10.33017 1 16 0.16 17 7() 0 1420 33.95 I 18 48.81 044Mava 10
0 12 J 2 25 X 00 040 2.120.450.35 1 2000 025 0.12 12 no 0 30 10 00Baciriau 1 00 I*no 04021 25.00 1 0014••
222
Fig-33FACE LENGTH OF DOCUMENTED CAMEL BREEDS(in C.!W
LARRISAKRAIKHARAIDHATTIKATCHIGADDI
E3BRAHVI
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RODBARIBAGRI
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223
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Fig-34 FACE WIDTH OF DOCUMENTED CAMEL BREEDS Un C.Nh
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227
JHEAR WIDTH OF DOCUMENTED CAMEL BREEDS(in C.NU
Fig-38
9
LARR1CAMPBLEPURI;
KHARANIDHATTI
HPASHINSAKRAI
BBACTARIANBARELA
BGHULMANIKHARAIMAKRANIMAYAKALA CHITALASSIBRAHVI
ffl KHADARRODBARIKATCHIMARECHABAGRIGADDI
l <38PIn
&ri
'i *$7 Vft iti.?ÿ
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228
*
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.i
TADHi f.'O(H)Compara/ne duii'acrci'iÿie ol(.imd I Ji cud,I\;IIUCN n.pi V. \ l >2
MEASUREMENTS(cm)No.of(ol.:)
HUMPNECKS.No. Name of Breed LENGTH WIDTHWIDTHLENGTHS.E±S.D S.Ei Mean S.DS.E± S.D S.E± MeanMean S.D Mean
1.00 0.31l ./> >fo.m 0.42 4X.28Larri 0.35 32.20 2.XX 0.91M310 162.XO
0.5443.002 15 1X1Kliarai 54 95 I 74 0.55 48.81 0.68144.50 0 3X2 10 1.20
115 0.360.300.7X 4X.00Sakrai 0.75 2.22 0.42 49.0010 140.50 2.55 .)a..> >.>
0.341.27 0.40 44.06 1.09Dlumi 0.55 35.00 1.6! 0.51 49044 10 156.46 1.74
0.341.29 0,40 37.97 1.10138.00 33.00 0.40 40.860.34Kachhi 10 1.62 1.30:>
39.39 0.470.51 1 50Brahvi 0.51 33.50 2X4 5049 1.626 10 148.20 1.64 0 X9
45.99 0.4349.04 0.7X 0.24 1.317 Makrani 153.90 1.51 0.47 31.67 1.57 04310
0.341 20 36.00 1.108 Lassi 095 30.48 1.30 0.32 3800 0.4010 150.80 2.29
1.15 0.3651 84 0.X0 0.25 48.949 Rodbari 10 129.30 3.54 I 12 32.00 3.01 095
0.92 0.29Pishin 52.90 0.84 0.26 46.1710 10 126.30 I 22 0.38 34 50 2.65 0.X
0.37Kharai 50.92 0.28 44.70 1.190.83 0 901 1 10 1 >2.10 2.15 0.68 32.00 2.56
0.2755.27 1.34 0.42 25.32 08512 Marecha 10 136.20 2.93 092 1.95 0.61 58.06
0.9534.30 0.37 28.34 0.1813 Bagri 10 145.10 2.29 072 3.56 1.12 60 32 1.20
1.19 0.3762 77 11.98 0.31 39.29152.20 2.84 0.89 30.39 0.3614 Brella 10 I 16
0.3815 20 1.58 0.50 24.53Compbelpuri 0.96 30.40 1 2215 10 153.00 0 30 I 86 0.59
0.371 19Kala-chiui 155.92 2 93 34. V0 1 20 0.50 43.00 0 7() 0.3 I 40.0008216 10
0.21Ghulmani 1.59 0 38 42 82 0.69 0.22 17.95 0.66123.35 5o ro17 10 0.50 1.20
035 0.43Gaddi 2 51 5000 1.05 0.33 45.00 1 3132 5018 131.00 2.15 06010
19.93 1.00 0.3119 Kliadar 2 35 0 74 1 45 (1.46 50 1 I 1.05 0.33134.50 30 0010
0.53 0 161 2800 l 74 0 55 32 00 1.26 0 39 “* “N I 07 0.35 25 8320 Ma\a 10 / A
[ 0381.70 0 50 0.38 50.00 I 2021 Baciraili 14 1 12.50 30 0(J [13 0.42 0.9S0000... .4.J s.'—
229
NECK LENGTH OF DOCUMENTED CAMEL BREEDS
180
;n 'OHITA 160
Li Lift$
140DLEPURIil
1»•
A --•I C3]
& ft •I:rrA120-i
M& A/I-» ’ 7% M\i
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230
TUI
Rig-40 NECK WIDTH OF DOCUMENTED CAMEL BREEDS
36|3MARECHA]DHATTI3KHARA1JPISHIN1BAGRI
3KALACHITA1BRAHVI3KACHI
1SAKRAI3GADDI3LARRI
3MAYAIKHARANI3RODBARISMAKRANIILASSI3CAMBPLE PURI3BARELA3GHULMANI]KHADAR3BACTARIAN
|
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1 30lf**A'
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D:Sw»sJ !.
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ft*C34» KM.AD.AR IMiYAI i1
f!335 32 33'33 22 :ÿ 22 V'.1 I 20 , Xl3? 22
231
HUMP LENGTH OF DOCUMENTEDCAMEL BREEDS "1Fig-41
70i3LARRI3BARELA3BAGRI3BACTARIANBMARECHA3PISHIN1RODBAR13MAYABCAMBPLE PURIDKHARANI3BRAHVI3KHADARDGADDI3DHATTI3MAKRANI
DSAKRAI3KHARAI
3KALA CHITA3GHULMANI3KACHI3LASSI
:
A*60.
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I 45 *| ~42 | M \LASSJRSK* ROOSAfi. VAYA
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232
i» It
Fig-42HUMP HEIGHTOF DOCUMENED CAMEL BREEDS
503BACTARIAN
3RODBARI3LARRI
3SAKRAIIPISHIN3MAKRANI0GADDI3KHARANI
BDHATTIDKHARAI3KALA CHITA3BRAHVIiBARELADKACHI3LASSIBAGRI
3MAYA3MARECHA3CAMBPLE PURI3KHADAR3GHULMANI
I ,y•J-
45 re=>ii:$ i+r
Iw 2*£ &T40£ && 7
9a< ;35-I .3•- -& *i
&£ wB!f
i •ftI30 fc- v. 1*;
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cm*! KMAOAA3»*HVI Ett&Ci* K*G*
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•>Ci *•: ? lOt!i 54 :*e &>; 3b :ÿ? 0? Vi40 <.*jO i3 »'4 :ÿ•:« 2%09 2i37LK I rki*
233
TADLL 1.) I .Somaiomaiic Measurement ol'Camel liieedst \'ii lut*< ie|iresented in I- itzi ire**—l'-t4.4r-Wi& 17
CHARACTERISTICSName ofBreed
No.of GIRTH FORELEGHEIGHT HINDLEGLENGTHS. No.Cub:) Mean
(cm)Mean(cm)
212 21
Mean(cm)
Mean(cm)
S.D S.E± S.E±S.E± Mean S.D S.E± S.E± S.DS.D S.D• *n
I Lari 14710 238.76 1.65 0.53 220.75 078 2 26 0 78 155.57 0.38 1.281.23 164.57 0.29tm --
Kharai 2— ler
2 20
7 in 047186 43 1.49 201.93 I 57 1.26 157.97 2.51 0.560.69 187.70 149.91 0.390.49
Sakrai 200.00 2.33 200.00 2.32 | 0.3610 0.41 0.65 1.57 1.32 156.00185.00 0.49 148.75 0.41j.
Dhntti4 I 00204.74 1.79 205.3510 0.50 0 30 1.64 159.15 2.36 0.23201 42 1.63 0.5! 150.75 0.51
1 67Kachhi 199.56 5.51 I 74 216.6810 0.52 1.47 151.85 1.61 162.61 1.25 0.12180.90 0.44 0.50.7
6 Brahvi 10 21 1.81 2.22 0.70 204.47 158.10 0.511,36 205 10 0.87 1.250.43 2 78 149.94 2.17 0.68
7 Makrani 228.2610 2.05 0.65 0.42198.75 Ml 1.04 164.23 050 0.40 1.621 58 147.00 1.25 154.75- - 1
8 Lassi 2 3010 173.00 3.25 0.39 200.00 2.32 0.56045 0.73 148.00 156.00 1.2516800 1.26 0.39* - i• —|«La. .'. 1 u
Rodbari 0649 222.50 209.47 2.0310 1.20 0.37 176 53 2.10 151 61 0.560.66 1.74 0.55 160.10 1.12
Pishin10 266.82 205.61 3 0710 1.84 0.58 •0.97 150.49 1.03 159.75 0.130.32 3.02 0.95 1.64150.95
K.harani 214.1410 1.10 0.34 205.15 *> 3S 177.57081 2 58 0.81 3.14 2.25 0.25150.10 0.99 159.00
12 Marccha 241.0910 1 74 0.55 208.02 1 64 0 51 152.83 2.30 0 72 150.97 0.31 160.00 0.181.61 1.84
13 Bagri 226.0610 1.41 0.44 200.41 I 08 0 34 138.17 0.280.91 149.00 156.22 2.55 0.351.54 0.48
Barclla14 10 238.76 1.97 0.62 200.66 283 16.3 57 1.42 157.65 0.15089 0.44 149.22 2.55 0.80 1.25
15 Campbclpuri 0.9710 220.47 0 31 219.96 l 11 0.35 160.27 2.32 0 73 0.30154.00 i 164.00 2.250.99
Kala-clma16 218.0010 I 22 0.36 3 07205.00 195.00097 200 158.85 1.250.78 150.00 0.58 0.121.848, .
17 Glutlmani 221 56lo 2.07 0.65 201 06 J 05 o 51I 52 29 I 62 14965 0.50 157.94 0.240 v> 1.58 2.17
Gnddi18 175.00 1 20 048 190 00 I I I I 55 no o 78i) 143.252.99 145.91 0.231.36 0.60 1.25
19 Kliadcr 10 215 79 2 03 I 65198.68 0 52 155.44064 2 99 I 50094 146 00 O 23 151.23 0.222.20»- • vs
20 Mava \>n >D192.40 ()8310 0 26 Zfki191 69 0.35 0 82 145.00 1 50 148.000 21 I 40 0.23
Bacirian21 14 3 2119860 150.00 I 05O 41 (I 3(1 !4o oo I 00 0 140 25 1 45I 2o 145 no 0.630 Ol
234
-mGRITH OF DOCUMENTEDCAMEL BREEDSFig-43
300PISHIN
BARELALARRIMAKRANIBAGRIRODBARIGHULMANICAMBPLEPURIKALA CHITAKHADARKHARANI
HBRAHVIDHATTISAKRAI
BKACHIBACTARIANMAYAKHARAIGADDILASSI
250-
8M (CP|
I 5 Oj
I200-it f=*Sft .4
ft . i-
8 4:&f- tz; &&150
i •L?
1I
$i 5:;$5rv;.
& £If.ii .V.52 1i&100- a a ££ y
ti A*:
>v i?%fv s •4INsMJ$ •v! .V50
J; i'.f s U 4*3 >ST •ft-3 £ m V
4UJ L-Jr;wiAf-W« CAIBP’LC A*,A
I Mvft C>rT •-0
a*CTfH.A'Mfcy# I KhuWA_, [ GAna|LASSJ [
l I7*>~
' 173 •
AWttCK* ‘ |NAAK*»A|J PAGRl HCttfAJu tfiOCAC ; , BNJVI.. CÿATTI SAAtfA1 KAChe'! 2<IOV 2>57c . 3ÿ/6 226io IVrti Cw >is ?r*LV1 W ?;o ir :io ;o 1696 :OSn-ÿv? 7/.,'U ’ÿ •! 211 'j1 !*>:• in I6i *i
235
Fig-44 HEIGHTOF DOCUMENTED CAMEL BREEDS
250TLARRI i
DCAMPLEPURIi3KACHI3RODBARIBMARECHA1PISHINBDHATTI3KHARANIBKALA CHITAHBRAHVI I1KHARAIUGHULMANIQBARELADBAGRIDSAKRAILASSI
3MAKRANI0KHADAROMAYA3GADDI3BACTARIAN !
0Z*
9i PI9i
h iq200 Lf*Tii a
T.
I j'-fa
H A
. * - :?"•'i150- ’ÿr IC3Ii>',
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fJttimx'
C-*r-M*T4 &A»hL*KHARAM SAKBAI lL*$Z- ,.M*3»4f ttNAOWt I HAVA GAOOI N
?i*6i Wftftt L0> 15 ;.v ’;o:> ;oi <<j ;JIO& TOO :C3 . Ifll?* ’ 1W-6B “ 190*>.J &ÿ> 150
236
-ii
* •*
Fig-45LENGTH OF DOCUMENTED CAMEL BREEDS
LARRIBRAHVIDHATTI
[ÿKALA CHITA
j> KHARAISAKRAI
HKACHIKHARANIRODBARI
E3LASSIIDMAKRANI
BARELAHCAMBPLEPURliKHADARGADDIMARECHAGHULMANIMAYAPISHINBACTARIANBAGRI
250
200
riift r
a s\
M
.d mr150 3 l
&1.3 a K1>>\ t a
w fi1
I S' . -i*
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;& 'a17I
K-:
1If;I £51til sai £sr. »ri
50 - 3 4 iv:<.Ml :: 3?.1 & t
fcg*> $ *b &£ÿp <ÿ4 fj
Vft >ÿv: I?. <•-i*l *1 *U''0 LJ
RHAH*1 'ÿrl •' RHA.R*N« ’fr:JG&KR. I MARAAM B*AEl> ! KHAOAR ’
G*DOI|V4RRCHA|»***Mf»I6*AHV3 cwm • ***1 , CHlAlUACTAAlA'
.N -U152Ji 1507B 1 1M*« | 143 | 15517 i?'J?1 ' 2C5
PSKN P*OAiI:P_fl-;
Qÿc-itrO ’ HiTOl 42 U-? 7 i»»5 1-500 I r > 171.52 loi V5 15544160? 16027
i‘A
237 .ri
Wr,
Fig-46 FORELEG LENGTH OF DOCUMENTEDCAMEL BREEDS
160LARRICAMBPLEPURIKACHIRODBARI
'ÿMARECHAIDPISHINODHATTIKHARANIKALA CHITABRAHVIKHARAIGHULMANIBAREKLA
0BAGRIHSAKRAILASS!MAKRANIKHADARMAYAGADDIBACTARIAN
1550
ftfI
£*,
s150 CT3I
/ll
£ >:ÿm*
tv:sv a >v145 £V
a 8 Si CPI:
i &Vi mT‘3i rV
'rr £ÿft &s Ii i140I !>•i s
IGf 15 e-ÿ!! it.
'
I;;;1tt-1135 ISn l*.n r-i- V
$ K1 •Vr i, V3$ fe*•wr..
!:<L i... rto130
lrt*W is.* Uiw I 1*0
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Ui'
1*3 21 J
I1 "
_( ;•
1K*>CHT*.
BACLARIA
'
uftU’
HfeIW 1Z . me11-9 iD$rm2 J:O • 14? \*S, 1*7 146
238
Fig-47HINDLEG LENGTH OF DOCUMENTED CAMEL BREEDS
165lDLARRICAMBPLEPURljKACHIRODBARI
PISHINBDHATTIKHARANIKALA CHITA
EBRAHV!
KHARAIGHULMANI
EBAREKLAEBAGRISAKRAI
HLASSIMAKRANIKHADARMAYAGADDIBACTARIAN
test
>&<ÿ'ti'
160'
3 3 pi
55
5>8 if155 &rt -Is y
va$ ii •iSF*w150 & 8IKf B
. h
-• V1 p*a piaHyi‘7 3145 •s *BV•-T • •
;3 7*i St £
T? . i: >?I *140 5ia* n
$ •5
fti
I135 P~
LARK! 'W/ECHU FISHM OrtTH .h'AKAW I KHADAR i IBACTAR.ABAGR' SAKRA1 LAS6! VAYA|&ADO
N1
14* f 14591 f 145
BRAK*I. ... 154 15 15123
., ie<57
ii94 itijai HOI 7l> 1rjlO* Wlb100 13'. lfobu li.’Q/ 15921*n-t i 155 155
J239
' Vÿl
Mi.
TABLL-132 Statistical values c>f birth ueiuhts(ky)ofthe documented came)brcodM Value* rcpicsi-mci) u\ t igmc-:»~-tH|
Ranges(both sexes)Minimum Maximum
S.E.S.D.S.No. Observations Mean Mean ForBreed
Name of BreedsMale Female FemaleMale
65.000±0.958 50.00059.50 3.853Bactrian 12 59.9262.50260.0007 285 ± I 15257.78 45.000Larn 57.422. 54 61.086
45.000 65.000± 0.594Cambelpuri 53,80
50.344995
3.92660.47 5.3.12394j.
60.0003.657 44.000Ghulmani i 0.86868 53.926 50 03460.0004.485 40.00049.48 ± 0.5915. 55 53.70Maya 760.000± 0.783 40.0003.340Rodbari 48.20 48.676. 44 52.196
± 0.647 60.000Pishin 4.698 40.00052.04 48.197 42 48.747.55.00040.0004.148 ± 0.536Kharani 48.4651.67 48.038. 6 4455.0006.677 40.000Kala-Chitta 50.83 47.71 ± 0.53964 47.979. 6
40.000 55.000Brela ± 1.05549.79 46.51 5.21 18 46.0910. 6255.000±0.691 40.000Makrani 48.25 45.78 2.9645 45.5411. 5155.00040.000±0.468Khadder 44.30 44.6312. 47.88 4.2784 3955.000Kachlii ± 0.694 40.00047.76 44.02 4.36854 44.3913. 6
55.0004.155 ± 0.626 40.000Bagri 46 43.9114. 47.69 43.5942.479 40.000 55.000Marecha 46.91 42.26 42.81 ± 0.75215. 7 52
52.000Brahvi 3.329 4000046.27 4208 42.49 ± 0.38216. 6 544.412 40.000 51.000Kharai 43.06 43 17 ± 0.36217. 46 44.484
Gaddi 40.000 50.00043.50 3.321 ± 0.26218. 5 84 41.00 41.1450.00040.0002.123 ±0350Sakrai 5 86 41.00 4U0
39.7019. 43.00
Dhatti 3.890 40.000 49.00041.50 39.55 ± 0.25020. 8 92Lassi 2.234 39.000 47.00041.00 39.00 39.13 ± 0.39021 6 86
Total 49,83* 46.34* 4669*118 1174
Mean(j)- Mean( i )> V 1'The mean covered b> the same line arc insignificant* Overall meansNote:- Effects of breed and ofsex were significant
240
Fig-48BIRTH WEIGHT OF DOCUMENTED(MALE&FEMALE)CAMEL BREEDS(in k.g)
70
IX60
1? a n% >;
50-f MALE| FEMALE|l i
fj,nV « »>
a % *:5i $ £
<> i
1i &I ;{ XV% 111\8 1: m<3 m.AO i f tc* r•?,I,s vt5 /»I* *<*
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1 *»
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I F ?• t :itj. K«* V>L-
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/
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* *4 •>* t
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X•ii10 lN
r>• 7.Y*•:¥ $* > v •r"j1 w*5 V>* :£ >>‘J V
* vy; sV
* i Lli.4i ;A 'Xr
PURI I
1 yLLJL1 KMARAK I
CSftA
:
0BACrARlA, :
MA*V . kM«A • Jr
&347 I yd I Si? ' « U
LARRi
r fll C«' G74?
N KMARiU ' <j*CO , S*#CRA'|430
bAA£lM . VAKRI/S KKAOA« . KAÿr»' CAOR< MARECwv, o>m LA*is iN
[ÿWAIF J!OFEMALE •
• Si'CA f.l 434ÿÿ 4; <7 ?6 47(.3 45 01 40 ;7 4fi 4$ 43 41 C 41B B_ 6>.
4b 12 Ut) 4A> 4611 4502 r 71 •»>* J514 4402 43 5<1 42 10 120349 4-! •147 4}CXi 30 Vi41 41 33I ...
J241
1l ABLE- 1 JJ -Statistical \ allies ofw eaning weights(kg)ofthe documented camel hieedM Values 1cpiCNCiued t igmeN- \ln
S.D. Ranges(both sexes)S.No. Name of Breeds Observations S.E.Mean Mean ForBreed Minimum MaximumFemale Male FemaleMale
185.000Bactrian 6.858 175.000180.00 178.00 178.28 ±1.1432 12 I
±1.799 130.000 160.000Larri 12.467148.89 144.10 144.57~> 6 54160.000Cambelpuri 120.000138 96 127.75 9.S29 ±1.63839 128.794 tJ .
i145.000Ghulmani 8.365 1 10.000125.151 1906
±1.2334. 6 68 135.14 124.27 i
130.0005.833 ±0.922 1 10.0005. Maya 7 55 1 18.73121.74125.000Rodbari 1 10.0001 17 85 6.180 ±0.9976. 6 120.04 1 18.1 144
11 12.000Pishin 97.59 ±0.642 90.0007. 7 96.49 4.16242 104.191 10.000Kharani 90.00096.46 6.365 ±1.006S. 44 101.70 95.756 ll
1'Kala-Chitta ±0.617 80.000 106.0009. 64 89.37 4.09596.02 89.94695.0007.295 80.000Brela 83.43 8408 ±1 12510. 8 62 89.1390.000Makrani 51 ±0.725 80.00082.28 80.24 80.42 4.4695
FKhadder 90.0006.849 75.00012. 39 81.32 77.56 77.90 ±1 032
I85.000Kachhi ±060475.26 70.00013. 54 80.00 75 73 3.627Bagri 85.00046 75,37 t0.982 70.00014. 79.65 75.00 6.0544 i
85.000Marecha 74.70 4.622 70.00015. 7 52 78.20 75.1 I ±0.749 i
Brahvi 65.000 80.00070.57 3.329 ±0.54016. 6 54 74.51 7096Kharai 65.000 80.00017. 46 74.49 70.08 7043 4.469 ±1.2524Gaddi ±0.625 65.000 80.00018. 5 73.00 70.00 70 16 3.63784Sakrai 75.00019. 86 2.495 ±0.512 65.0007207 67.895 68.1 IDhatti 75.00020 ±0 500 65.0008 92 70.00 65.00 65,40 2.225Lassi 70.0006 86 68.00 65 00 65.19 10.352 ±2.120 62.00021Total 98.54* 93.67* 94.13*I 18 1 174
The mean cov ered b> the same line arc insignificant* Overall meansNote:- Effects of breed and ofsex were significant
Mean( j ) Mean( i )> I X I
i<
242 j
?
Fig-49WEANING WEIGHT OF DOCUMENTED(MALE&FEMALE)CAMEL BREEDS(in k.q)
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!243I
TABLL- 134 Statistical \ Lillies ol'aJull weights(kg)of the documented eaniel hi eed.M\ iepievented !ÿ
Ranges(both sexes)S.D. S.E.Mean ForBreed
S.No. Observations MeanName of BreedsMaximumMinimumFemaleMaleMale Female810.000775.000787 14 30 84 I ±4.759800.00 785.00Bactrian 2 12
755.000 780.000±2.987765 50 765.50 19 813Larri 770.5(6 542.760.000735.000±4.329Cambelpuri 28.720750.50 740.30 741 24394j.
755.000720.000738.18 14.007 ±2.384Ghulmani 745.00 735 00684. 6745.000705.00018.418 ±2.912720.50 721.6555 730.75Maya5. 7740.000694.000707.30 22.740 ±3.689705.50Rodbari 720.50446. 6730.000685.00017.139700.00 702 22 ±2.644715.50Pishin7. 7 42
680.000 720.000691.80 ±3.12619.775Kharani 705.00 690.00448 6
±2.597 715.000680.000690.00 691 09 15.5839. Kala-Chitia 702.75646710.000682.00017 149 ±2.781700.50 689.50 690.7510. Brela 628700.000681.000±3.674695.00 675.50 677.24 22.653Makrani 5111. >
665.000 695.00039 7.712 ±1113Khadder 670.00 671 34685.0012. 4682,000±0.983 654.0006.669Kachhi 6S0.50 660.00 6620513. 6 54673.000630.00065J_60
637 37±5.405Bagri 67000 650.00 34 1844 4614.
620.000 679.000635.00 12.210 ±2.035Marecha 655.0015. 7 52660.000±2.012 607.000622.50 624.32 12.405Brahvi 640.7516. 546
I650.00022.740 ±3.038 588.000600.00 601.60Kharai 46 620.0017. 4589.000570.000Gaddi 589.18 12.320 ±3.103600 75 5S8.50
570.0018. 5 84
550.000 588.000±5.102570 86569L96
32.120Sakrai 585.7519. 5 86552.000 581.000±2.020578.50 569.00 23.000Dhaiti20. 8 92
580.000538.000Lassi 550.00 551 30 25.000 ±3.012570.006 8621.668.738*682.0 1 *Total 667.23*I 174I 18
i
The mean coxcrcd b\ the same line arc insignificant* Overall meansNolo Effects ofbreed and ofsex ueic significant
Mean( j i - Mean( i )<14 2K)
j244
rm
—JFig-50ADULT WEIGHT OF DOCUMENTED(MALE&FEMALE)CAMEL BREEDS(in k.q)
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245
TABLb-1.15 Statistical values ofaye al Is! ridiny(days)ol'ilie dociiincnicd camel bieods
S.No. Name of Breeds No.ofObservations
Mean S.D. S.E. RangesMinimum Maximum
1680.000Ghulmani 1300.0001488.7-4 146.234 ±23.1211. 74Larri 1300.000 1670.0002. 60 1464.55 1 19.600 ±18.454
1660.000Rodbari 1434.79 ±12.662 1300.00050 78.056j.
1560.000Cambelpuri 43 1381.51 70.571 ±10.562 13000004Kachhi 1200000 1490.0001317.39 1 17.306 ±19 5515. 60Makrani 1 180.000 1475.0006. 56 1282.89 73.42S ±1 1.91 1Pishin 1 180.0001274.17 180.802 ±3 1 467 1470.0007. 49Kharani 1385.0008. 1258.14 56.577 ±8.529 1 100.00050Dhatti 1360.0001214.51 ±16.488 1100.0009. 100 101.641Marecha 1 179.80 ±11.427 1 100.000 1350.00010. 59 70.443Kharai 1280.00011 50 1 165.25 70.443 ±8.246 1070.000Brahvi12. 1 162.48 107.571 ±15.526 1060.00 1270.00060Khader13. 1088.2S 1050.000 1235.00043 24.418 ±3.860Bayri ±23.834 1050.000 1200.00014. 50 1082.00 161.650Brela 1200.00015. 70 1080.24 1 19.510 ±19.918 1050.000
16. Maya 62 1060 25 ±3 1.904 1038.000 1 168.000201.780Kaia-Chitta17. 70 1 140.0001045.00 160.125 ±15 526 1020.000Sakrai18. 1030.00 1018.000 1090.00091 155.525 ±14.427Gaddi 970.000 1045.00019 89 1028.49 150.510 ±14.213Lassi 1022.5020. 1 19.1 10 950.000 1025.00092 ±14.123Bactrian21. 975.00 ±13 152 900.000 990.000014 1 15.526
I 192.19*Total 1292
The mean cov ered by Uic same line are insignificant* Overall meansNolo Effects of breed and ofse.\ were significant
Mean(j)- Mean( i > > -S l 8ÿ
24b
TABLE-136 Statistical values ofarte ai 1st loading(days)ol’ilie documented camel bureds
S.D. S.E.S.No. Name of Breeds No.ofObservations
RaisesMeanMaximumMinimum2100.000±17.250 1640.000Larri 106.33960 1835.801.1980.000±19.222 1480.000Pishin 1805 02 124.57849
1450.000 1940.000±26.691Rodbari 1676.48 177 0503. 50±28.620 1400.000 1910.000Ghulmani 172.72274 1654.604.
Makrani 1890.000233 779 ±36.963 1400.00056 1650.035.1880.000Kachhi 229.327 ±38.221 1300.0006. 1638.00601620.5001290.000Dhatti ±16.8847. 100 1598.31 1 12.001
1280.000 1480.000Kharai 1597.44 ±46.9298. 50 283.126Cambelpuri 1470.0009. ±20.828 1250.000146660 128.39443
14600001240.000Marecha 59 1347.14 83.229 ±13.50110.1430.000Kharani ±14.305 1210.00050 131 1.70 92.70811.1430.000Bagri 50 1295.67 ±16.844 1200.00012 1 14.2431420.000Brahvi 1200.00013. 1290.00 67.962 ±10.74560
1200.000 1370.00014 Khader 1285 00 188 552 ±27.21543Brela 1350.0001277.78 171 480 ±28.580 1200.00015. 70
1320.000Maya 62 1277 29 ±18.346 1200.00016. 1 16.035Kala-Chitta 1300.00017. 1255.00 ±27.215 1 160.00070 I 14.243Sakrai 1300.0001 155.00091 1247 00 1 12.125 ±27.07218.Gaddi ±26.527 1300.0001230.00 I 1 1 142 1070.00019. 89
1300.000Lassi ±25.672 1000.00092 1214 36 112 14520.Bactrian 1 165.500±24.371 96000021. 1 196.30 1 10 12114Total 1435.69*1292
The mean covered by ihe same line arc insignificant* Overall meansNote:- Effects of breed and ofsex were significant
Mean(j > - Mean( i )> >07.7'
247
-ATABLE-137Statistical \'allies of milk yield (lit) of(lie documented camel hicedxtv alues rein esemed Huure«-f. »)
MeanS. Name ofBreed
No.ofObservations
StandardDeviation
StandardError
Rai gesNo MaximumMinimum
5050.500Marecha ±14.436 3950.4004179.518 70.59652Dhatti 2844.663 2920.0002. ±5.884 2810.10092 24.949Brela 2010 100 2900.40062 2840.831 29696 ±6.309J
Bagri 2070.5001970.7004. 46 2056.305 54 549 ±12.8575. Ghulmani 2060.10068 2040.692 12.495 ±2.794 1960.500
2050.000Kachhi6. 2017.731 34.91854 ±7.444 1920.400Makrani7. ±4.736 1970.5001928.528 21.703 1900.40051Kharai8. 1870.30046 1833.526 20.282 1810.400±4.653Larri9. 1817.669 1800.000 1860.40054 17.357 ±3.619Pishin 1785.40010. 1720.449 28.809 1665.50042 ±6.609Rodbari 1692.985 1650.200 1720.700II. 17.829 ±3.98644
12. Cambelpuri 1680.30039 1659.61 1 20.353 ±4.797 1620.000Khader13. 1670.0001656.445 33.20139 ±7.424 1600.333Brahvi14. 1660.50054 1619 829 14.691 1590.200±3.205Kharani15. 44 1619.265 1650.50030.91 I ±7.091 1580.400
16. Maya 55 1518.900 1600.00015.304 1550.000±3.51 1Kala-Chitta17. 64 1495.600 13.525 ±3.41 1 1500.100 1550.300Sakrai18. 86 1480.100 1548.00013.242 ±3.241 1500.000Gaddi19. 1310.000 1450.00084 12 925 ±2.671 1400000Lassi20. 86 1305.000 1300.000 1470.00012.715 ±2.090Bactrian 1250.00021. 1 150.100 I 1.952 ±2010 1 10000012Total 1174 1894.939
The mean cov ered b> ihe same line are insignificant* Ov erall meansNote:- Effects of breed and ofsex were significant
Mean(j)- Mean t i ) > 1 KM 17
248
ml
Fig-51 MILK YIELD OF DOCUMENTED(FEMALE)CAMEL BREEDS(in Litters)
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249
TABLE-13S Statistical values o/'lactalion leimili(days)of llufdocumented camel brecds{\aloes i epioseiueil l minesATI)
MeanS. RangesStandardDeviation
StandardError
Name ofBreed
No.ofObservations MaximumMinimumNo
690.000538.000Brahvi 587.142 73.969 ±16.14154590.000530.00015 036564.782 ±3 135Bagri 462.580.000510.000Cambelpun 552.787 10.613 ±2.50139a.580.000510.000Ghulmani ±5.593538.300 25.0164. 68570.000500.000Dhatti 15.676 ±3.342529.9545. 92560.000500.000Kharani 15.1216. 522.1 15 ±3.46944560.000Makrani 500.0009.518 ±2.243518.6117. 51540.000485.000Kachhi ±2.197515.919 10.3098 54540.000485.00012.897Larri 51 1.952 ±2.8149. 54540.000470.000480.900 12.973 ±2.90010. Maya 55540.000±3.567 460000Marecha 479.291 17.47911. 52
440.000 490.000Brela 62 478.250 5.910 ±1.32112.485.000Rodbari 13.857 ±3.179 440.000466.52613. 44480.000Khader 421.000450.000 14.037 ±3 3083914.410.000Pishin ±7.500 345.000353.684 3269515. 42400.000Kharai ±2.757 318.00016. 46 320.000 12.018400.000Gaddi 310000315.000 12650 ±2.85017. 84380.000310.000Sakrai 86 312.000 12 315 ±2.63218.350.000Kala-Chitta ±2627 300.000310.000 12.51219. 64350.000Lassi 300.000 260.00020. 86 12 125 ±2.214300.000Bactrian 248.000250.000 1 1.925 ±2.02521. 12
Total 445.580*1174
The mean covered b> the same line arc insignificant* Overall meansNote:- Effects of breed and of sc.\ were significani
Mean( j)- Mean( i )c 17.31
250 i
-ÿ1Fig-52
LACTATION LENGTH OF DOCUMENTED CAMEL BREEDS(IN DAYS)
600BRAHV!
jDBAGRICAMBPLEPURI
[ÿGHULMANIjfl DHATTIKHARAN1
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251
-mMaximum
TABLE-139 Statistical values of ([uantitv of hairs(kg)pci clip ol'ihc documenteel camel lueodsiv aloes repie-somcd l \umo-M)
MeanS Name of Breed StandardDeviation
StandardError
No.ofObservatios
RangesNo Minimum
Bactrian 5.000 6.0005.500 0.535 ±0.920145.500Maya 62 0404 ±0.090 4.0002. 4.440
Ghulmani 4.5003. 3.0003.700 0.470 ±0.10574Kharai 4.0004. 50 0.3 1 1 ±0.07 1 3.0003.250Bagri5. 4.00050 3.223 0.310 ±0.064 2.700Cambelpuri 3.7503.222 ±0.069 2.5006. 43 0.295Larri 3.7507. 0.5203.176 2.50060 ±0.1 13Khader 3.7508. 3.060 0.416 ±0.098 2.10043Rodbari9. 3.75050 3.030 0.655 ±0 150 2.000Dhatti10. 100 3.5002.943 0.424 ±0.090 2.000Kachhi11. 60 2.784 3.0000.507 ±0.108 2.000Makrani12. 56 2.600 0.364 ±0.085 3.0002.000Brahvi13. 60 0.370 3.0002.523 ±0.080 2.000
14. Brela 70 2.461 0.205 ±0.046 2.000 3.00015. Marecha 59 2.8002.250 ±0.058 2.0000.285
Kharani16. 50 2.234 0.301 2.000 2.750±0.06917. Sakrai 91 2.100 0.370 ±0.086 2.000 2.750 I
Gaddi18. 89 2.000 0.350 2.750±0.075 2.000Pishin19. 49 1.921 2.5000449 ±0.103 1.500Kala-Chitta20. 70 1.500 0.325 ±0.095 1.500 2.000Lassi21. 92 1.250 ±0085 1.5000.310 1.000Total 1292 2.8 16*
The mean cov ered b\ the same line are insignificant* Overall meansNote - Effects ofbreed and ofsex were significant
Mean(j) Mean( i )> 02XX
!1
252
AFig-53 HAIRS QUANTITY OF DOCUMENTED(MALE)CAMEL BREEDS(in k.q)
6BACTARIANMAYAGHULMANIKHARAI
BBAGRICAMBPLEPUR!!
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J253
—mTABLE- 140 Statistical values ofage at first breeding(years)ofthe documented camel breeds(values represented figures-54)
Ranges(both sexes)S.E.S.No. Name of Breeds Observation Mean ForBreed
S.D.MeanMaximumMinimumMale Female Male Female
6.2504.5004.50 0.70 i ±0.105Larri 54 5.55 4.3966.0004.000Kachhi 0.903 ±0.1392. 6 54 5.34 4.36 4.456.0004.000Bagri 4.18 4.25 0.546 ±0.0805.08464J.
6.0004.000Kharani 0.577 ±0.0936 4.04 4 144, 44 4.943.500 5.750Pishin 0.6864.09 ±0.1 1 142 4.63 4.007t>.
3.500 5.7500.7136. Ghulmani 4.56 ±0.1 126 4.00 4.04685.0003.2500.765Bactrian 4.50 ±1.0387. 3.92 4.002 12
3.000 5.000Brahvi 0.457 ±0.0708. 4.39 3.90 3.946 543.000 5.000Makrani 0.513 ±0.0859. 51 4.36 3.77 3.825
5.000±1.020 3.000Lassi 0.78610. 86 4.25 3.67 3.7060.589 3.000 4.750Marecha ±0.095II. 52 3.65 3.707 4.1 1
4.500Kharai 0.619 ±0.093 3.00012. 4.08 3 50 3 544643.000 4.500Sakrai 0.583 ±0.09513. 5 86 4.05 3 42 3.453.000K.ala-Chitta 0.595 ±0.980 4.50014. 64 4.00 3.276 J.JJ
Dhatti 0.679 ±0.098 3.000 4.20015. 3 88 3.13 3.198 924.000Khader 2.50016. 39 3.75 3.16 0.539 ±0.0894
2.500 4.000Cambelpuri ±0.08739 3.53 3.00 0.52617. 3 0444 000Gaddi ±0.086 2.50018. 0.26084 3.50 3.00 3.0254.00019. 0.249 ±0.040 2.5002.90 296Maya 7 55 3.483.800Rodbari 2.0000.513 ±0.08120. 6 3 4 1 2.90 2.9644
±0.058 2.000 3.750Brela 0.37121. 8 62 3.34 2.88 2933 63*Total 4.23* 3.57*1 18 I 174
The mean covered b\ the same line are insignificant* Overall meansNote:- Effccls of breed and ofse\ were significant
Mean t j)- Mean t i )> 0.422
254
Fig-54
AGE AT FIRST BREEDING OF DOCUMENTED(MALE&FEMALE!CAMEL BREEDS
6
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CWT* ,,MAKRAfi ; IASS' IVAÿEOA; WHO#W* SAKfih* KjrjA.ni: KWCM
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I< 3d A:s J Of4 11 •a 243 341 :*34i
2 - ;:*67 3 iri 3i ? J: 3 13 3 3 JO 29 2861
i255:
JTABLE-Ml Statistical values ofdry period (days)ofthe documented camel breeds'(A aloes represented tiuures-SM
MeanS. Name of Breed StandardDeviation
StandardError
RangesNo.ofObservations Minimum MaximumNo
Maya 380.000 390.00055 360.000 9.597 ±2.146Brahvi 340.000 390.000358.8292. 8.047 ±1.75654Ghulmani 352.500 23.084 340.000 385.00068 ±5.16!J ,
Kala-Chitta ±1.627 310.000 380.00064 350.600 22.6354.
Dhatti5 ±4.867 300.000 380.000344.545 22.38092Makrani 19.037 300.000 380.0006. 51 342.777 ±4.487Cambelpuri 300.000 375.0007. 341.676 ±8.38239 35.562Kharani 365.0008. ±3.81 1 300.00044 337.631 16.614Lassi 300.000 360.00086 20,672 ±2.9529. 325.250Kharai10. 300.000 350.00031 1.578 !1.186 ±2.56646Sakrai 86 300.000 350.00011. 310300 21 576 ±1.517Bactrian12. 310.000 20.259 280.000 350 00012 ±2.629Bagri13. 260.000 350.00046 308.695 8.148 ±1.699Pishin14. 301.315 7965 ±1.827 250.000 340.00042Kachhi 250.00015. 54 320.000272.272 11.925 ±2.542Larri 250.00016. 54 ±5.848 320.000271.676 26.801Rodbari17. 270.526 13.426 ±3.080 230.000 310.00044
18. Brela 62 253.000 ±3 000 220.000 280.00013.416Gaddi 8419. 218.400 10.579 200.000 250.000±2.121Khader20. 200.00039 214.666 10.583 230.000±2.494Marecha 1 10.00021. 52 1 19.291 ±0.850 128.0004 164
Total 298.833*1174
The mean covered by ilic same line arc insignificant* Overall meansNolc:- Effects of breed and ofsex ucrc significant
Mean(j)- Mean( i )a 1 1.922
I256
!T
—DRY PERIOD OF DOCUMENTED CAMEL BREEDS(IN DAYS)Fig-55
400MAYABRAHVIGHULMANIKALA CHITADHATTIMAKRANICAMBPLEPURIj
KHARANILASSIKHARAISAKRAIBACTARIAN
HBAGRIPISHINKACHILARRIRODBARIBARELAGADDIKHADARMARECHA
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257
HI
AStatistical tallies of'eaK ing intertill(days)ot'ilu* documented camel(needs(tallies t ejnesenu-d in ligutes-<'<MTABLE-142
Mean RangesS. StandardError
No.ofObservations
StandardDeviation
Name of BreedMaximumMinimumNo850.000800.0008.950 ±2.625Bactrian 840.500I. 12850.000800.000±1.852Kala-Chitta 8.550820.250642.822.000800.000±1 9728 36SCambelpuri 81 1.83339_>.
820.000799.000806.800 6.287 ±1.406Maya 554.812.000798.000±1.130Ghulmani 802.750 5.056685.801.000780.000Rodbari 6.075 ±1.393791.6316. 44800.000780.0006.721 ±1.952Lassi 790.350867.799.000775.000±2.527Khader 788.61 1 10.721398.799.000769.000Kharani 5.328 ±1.222785.2109. 44799.000766.000Makrani 6.775 ±1.597783.50010. 51798.000746.000Pishin 783.000 9.231 ±2.1 1711. 42761.000740.000±0.928Brela 754.250 4.15312. 62761.000735.000Bagri ±1.27446 752.173 6 11013.758.000700.0005.807 ±1.185Marecha 74792614. 52
700.000 750.000Gaddi 5.627 ±1.59215. 735.70084740.000700.000Dhatti 10.126 ±2.159720.54516. 92740.000700.000±1.242Sakrai 86 720.500 5.32117.740.000698.000±2.784Brahvi 719.381 12.76118. 54726.000688.0008.797 ±2.018Kharai 71 1.21019. 46722.000677.000Larri 8.213 ±1 792703.81920. 54702.000302.000±1.896Kachhi 692.454 8.89421. 54
764.875'*'Total 1174
The mean cotcrcd by ihc same line are insignificant* Overall meansNote:- Effects of breed and ofsex were significant
Mean{j I - Mean( i )> 5.65 1
258
=1
-JFig-56 CALVING INTERVAL OF DOCUMENTED(FEMALE)CAMEL BREEDS(IN DAYS)
900'ÿBACTARIAN
KALA CHITAidCAMBPLEPURl!|DMAVABGHULMANIRODBARI
BLASSlKHADAR
EKHARANIMAKRANIPISHINBARELA
jEBAGRIIDMARECHAIDGADDIEDHATTISAKRAIBRAHVIKHARAILARRIKACHI
800\ <1
Hv1 3f700: V i:53 >v
A 4Ti•v.ft600 ft T,•rV:)$f& AA500 £ *M
I:4 *if A.r
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i
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*vi;
0 B4C1AAIAI KALA 'CAM8P.EC*lA J PJJ. j
DÿAN MOS 52325 1 511633* M*V ’ flairs
DHATTI ' S#*RAl BHAHtf|*****7205 V7i6 3flll Vu2l
LASS' KHACAft KHKSMJ k'VKRAJ PSUN fatftLA B*>R MARECMAYA CADC LAWS'|(VCH
70381® \ 692454
HAN J
T&S'Jl ' .'6357?i t,;»i 7>031 til 757173 ' 747 735 7 ' 720545763
259
—JTABLIZ-143 Statistical values oCri'ding speed fkm-'h)ofthe documented camel breeds!values represented in fiviures-57i
RangesStandardError
S. No.ofObservations
StandardDeviation
Name of Breed MeanMaximumMinimumNo
i 1.009.00±0.075Dhatti 10.00 0 3534310.009.25±0.0539.80 0 261Marecha2. 5610.009 25Khader ±0.1349.75 0.56843j.
10.00±0.162 S.75Cambelpuri 9.00 0.688704.9.77±0.125 8.75Makrani 9.00 0 534505.
9.50±0.205 8.0009178.50Brela6. 509.508.00±0.081Bagri 8.25 0.3927. 499.008.00Rodbari 0.095 ±0.0218. 8.00508.507.25Pishin 7.60 0.449 ±0.1039. 608.25±0.026 7.00Kharai 7.50 0 12510. 608.007.00Brahvi 7.50 ±0.0750.34311. 508.00±0.026 7.00Kachhi 7.25 0.12512. 59
10.098 6.75 7.75Kharani 7.00 0.42813. 747.60±0.050 6.70Ghulmani 0.2257.0014. 6267.506.50Maya 0.068 ±0 13615. 60 7.00
6.30 7.20Larri 6.80 ±0.10916. 05021007.00Kala-Chitta ±0.018 6.00026517. 6.70706.80Sakrai ±0.025 5.756.50 035018. 916.50Gaddi ±0.035 5.5089 6 20 0.12819.6.305.25Lassi ±0.03020. 6.10 0.37092
5.00 6.25Bactrian t0.0456.00 0.69021. 147.69*Total 1292
Mean( j )- Mean( i)>03>'Hie mean cov ered bv the same line are insignificant* Overall meansNoie - Effecis ofbreed and ofsex were significanl
260
RIDING SPEED OF DOCUMENTED CAMEL BREEDS(IN Km.)Fig-57
10DHATTIMARECHAKHADERCAMPBLEPURIMAKRANI
jDBARELA
BAGRIiDRODBARl
PISHINBKHARAIjOBRAHVIiDKACHI
]
GHULMANIMAYALARRIKALA CHITASAKRAIGADDILASSIBACTARIAN
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OKS-LIAANCAMPRLEPURI
SAKRAI 3AP0I LASSIOMAiri MARECMA KMADCP MAKHANI BAREL-A 6A0RI RCCBARi PlSNil KMARAI BHAMVI KACH- KllARAW MAYA LARR*I
:S 1 :I 0 6 7 I S < 7QStont 10 90 7t 7 S 7 5 7 21 7 7 70 75 S 9 £01 h 25
261
-ATABLE-144 Statistical values load carrying capacities(kg)of't he documented camel breeds(values represented in fiuures-SK)
S. StandardDeviation
StandardError
Name of Breed No.ofObservations
RangesMeanMinimum MaximumNo
Larri 610.00015.317 ±3.342 540.000576.20260500000 540.000Rodbari 514.7502. 50 I 1.109 ±2.548
Maya ±2.457 520.000500.712 10.991 480.0003. 62500.000Bactrian ±6.120 460.000490.300 24.2704. 14
Cambelpuri 450.000 500.000484.086 1 1.192 ±2.6385. 43485.000Makrani 468.100 440.00056 ±2.8156. 1 1 944
Kachhi 480.0007. 451.839 ±1 876 430.00060 8.800480.0008. Lassi 22.252 ±5.210 400.00092 450.600
Dhatti ±5.394 400.000 480.000441.1369. 100 25.304438.797 34.470 ±7.707 400.000 460.00010. Brela 70
Kharai 380.000400.575 16.515 ±3.788 450.00011. 50Kharani 400.049 380.000 420.00012. 13.438 ±3 08250Bagri 395.250387.619 6.205 370.00013. ±1.29450Pishin14. 377.921 360.750 395.00049 13.800 ±3.166Marecha 395.00015. 373.999 1 1.797 ±2.408 350.00059Brahvi 357.154 9.027 ±1.970 350.000 390.00016. 60Sakrai17. 350.700 300.000 351.62018.252 ±3.21591
18. Khader 292.361 260.000 340.00043 14.814 ±3.491Gaddi 210.00019. 89 280.900 12.521 ±2 250 310.000Kala-Chitta 300.00020. 250.500 14690 ±2.205 200.00070Ghulmani 280.00021. 74 241.581 31.961 ±7.146 200.000
406.182*Total 1292
Mean(])- Mean( i ) r 12 22SThe mean covered b\ the same line arc insignificant* Overall meansNote:- Efleels of breed and ofsex ucie significant
t262
AFig-58LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF DOCUMENTED CAMEL BREEDS(IN Kg.)
-600LARRI
RODBARI iMAYA
!BACTRAIN 500 iCAMPBELPURI
'MAKRANl1
: %KACHI
LASSI 400'DHATTIIOBARELA I
1
KHARAI
OKHARANI 300BAGRl
-tl
PISHIN i
IV : j!:
1 b :MARECHA
1200BRAHVI
i rSAKRAJ
IKHADERK 1!
GAD0I \
35 7!|100KALA CHITA•!
OSHULMANI % i*** *1yAy
is*
f60I NUYA IBACTRAIN I 1
MAKRAM ' KAC*1 LASSJ OHATT| BAHELA KMARAI KNARAHl BAORl F KALACHITA 12303
i PsSMN MARECHA BRAhM|SAKHA' j KMADtR j OAOCl
441 136 43873/ 4COS73 403G49 3*7*19 377921 373999 347 134| 330 7 ' 2*2 3*1 2*09
LARRI RODBARI OMULMATAPuRl
d&irm} 1 376 202 : 31473 1 300712 4903 4940M 466 1 t! 431*39 430 C 241 3*1
263
-mTABLE-145 Miscellaneous parameter of camel
S. No. Parameters Ranges Average
Weaning age(months) 16 - 18 17
2. Age at slaughter(years) 1.25 - 4 I I 2.68
Carcase weight(kg) 129 - 211 170J.
Meat price(Rs./kg)4. 28 - 52 50
Milk price(Rs./kg)5. 6 - 8 7
Fiber price(Rs/kg)6. 5.75 - 7.85 5.8
Fiber length(cm)7. 4.37 - 15.72 10.05
Breeding ratio in herd(male:female)8. 16- I : 60 1 : 37
Gestation period(days)9. 370 385 377.5
Conception rate(%)10. 79-91 85
Oestrus cycle(months)1 1. 2.52 10-3.17
Sex ratio male:female.12. 51 49
264
ATABLE- 146 Economic contribution ofcamel in agrarian economy
RateLoad carriedSpeed ofkm/hr Distance covered perjourney20km/day
S.NO Type ofwork
Rs 2-3/km2-4 personsRiding 6-10
Rs 38/kg180-330 kuPack animal 2-32.25 km/day
Rs: 38/kg1000-3000 kgCan load pulling. 5-635 km/day
Extract 1 5-20 liters Rs 80-1 10Working with oil extraction4oil8 hours with one hour break.Irrigates 0.5-1.0 acres.Working with persian wheel5.
8 hours with one hour break.500 liters ofwater.Drawing water from wells.6.
8 hours with one hour break,
6 hours with one break of30minutes6 hours with one break of30minutes _5 hours with one break of30minutes
Rs. 30/trip2 water bags full ofwater/lrip(60 liters)Irrigates 1-15 acres ofland.050kg
Water distribution.7.
Ploughing the landcovered by owner.
Ploughing.8.
Rate varies accordingto market.
Chaffing Fodder9.
265
1 nr!SUMMARY
A study was carried out to identify, document and characterize the camel
breeds of Pakistan. Consequently, the data vvas collected on pre-tested questionnaire from
different regions of the country with the help of livestock and Animal Husbandry
extension sendees.
The data were collected on morphological, somatomateric, growth.
production, reproduction traits and draughtability of the 21 documented breeds: described
below
The morphological data included measurement of various body parts.
Sometomateric measurements were recorded regarding the size, height and weight ofthe
documented breed. The growth traits included birth weight, weaning weight and adult
weight
The birth weight in the documented breeds averaged. 62.50 61.08. 6047.
I 55 02. 55 70. 52 10. 52 04, 51.67. 50.83. 49 70. 48.25. 47.88. 47.76. 47.69. 46.91. 46.27.
I 44 48. 43 50, 45.00. 41.50 and 41.00 kg in -male camel calves and 59 50. 5742. 53.12.
I 50.05,49.48. 48.20, 48.19, 48.03, 47 71. 46.09, 45.54. 44.30,44.02,43 59. 42.26. 42.OS.
I 43.06, 41.00. 41.00. 39.55 and 39.00 kg in female of Bactrian, Larri. Cambelpuri.
1 Ghulmani. Maya. Rodbari. Pishin, Kharani, Kala-Chitta, Brela. Makrani. Khader. Kachhi.
9 Bagri, Marecha, Brahvi, Kharai, Gaddi. Sakrai, Dhatti, Lassi breeds, respectively. The
overall breeds mean was 46.69 kg. The effects of the breed and sex were significant (p <
J 0.05)
9 The overall mean of weaning weight was 94.13 kg. The means for the trait
I were 180.00, 148.89. 138.96. 135.14. 121.74. 120.04. 104.19. 101.70.96.02.8913,82.28.
.1 81,32. 80.00. 79.65. 78.20, 74.51, 74.49, 73.00. 72,07. 70.00 and 68.00 kg in males calves
fl and 178.00, 144.10, 127.75, 124.27, 118.73, 117.85. 96.49, 95.75, 89.37. 83.43, 80.24,
•J 77 56’ 75 26- 750°- 74 70, 7a57> 70 08- 70 00’ 67 89' 65 00 and 65 00 kg in female
M calves of Bactrian, Larri. Cambelpuri. Ghulmani, Maya, Rodbari, Pishin. Kharani, Kala-
M Chhitta, Brela. Makrani, Khader, Kachhi, Bagri, Marecha, Brahvi. Kharai. Gaddi, Sakrai,
266
F] phatti, Lassi breeds, respectively. The effects ofbreed and sex were significant(p <005)
VVeaning age in ranged conditions are 16-18 months.
Similarly, mean values of liveweight of the adult female camel were
$00.00. 770.50, 750.50. 745.00, 730.75. 720.50. 715 50. 705.00. 702.75. 700.50. 695 00.
685 00, 680.50, 670.00. 655.00, 640.75. 620.00. 600.75, 585 75, 578.50 and 570.00 kg.
the similar values for females averaged 785.00. 765,50. 740.30. 735.00, 720.50, 705.50.
700.00. 690.00. 690.00, 689.50, 675.50. 670.00. 660.00. 650.00. 635.00. 622.50. 60000.
>88 50, 570.00, 56900 and 550.00 kg in Bactrian, Larri. Cambelpuri, Ghulmani. Maya.
Rodbari, Pishin. Kharani. Kala-Chhitta, Brela, Makrani, Khader, Kachhi. Bagri, Marecha.
Brahvi, Kharai. Gaddi. Sakrai. Dhatti and Lassi breeds respectively. The overall mean was
668.73 kg. The males recorded heavier liveweight at all the ages, than their female
counterparts. The differences due to breeds and sex were significant. In most cases the
weight at birth and the subsequent liveweights showed the similar trends.
The mean values, for age at first ridding in camel breeds of Ghulmani.
Larri. Rodbari. Cambelpuri. Kachhi. Makrani. Pishin. Kharani. Dhatti, Marecha. Kharai.
Brahvi. Khader. Bagri. Brela. Maya. Kala-Chitta. Sakrai, Gaddi. Lassi and Bactrian were
1488.74. 1464.55, 1434.79, 1381.51, 1317.39, 1282.89. 1274.17. 1258,14. 1214 51.
I 179 SO. 1165.25. 1162.48, 1088 28. 1082.00. 1080.24, 1060.25. 1045 00. 1030.00.
1028.49, 1022.50 and 975.00 days respectively with an overall average of 1 192 19 days
The difference between breeds were significant(p < 0.05)in most cases.
The mean values for age at first loading recorded were 1835.80, 1805.02,
167648. 1654.60, 1650.03. 16.38.00, 1598.31, 1597.44, 1466.60, 1347.14, 1311 70.
1295.67, 1290.00. 1285.00, 1277.78. 1277.29, 1255.00, 1247.00, 1230.00. 1214 36 and
1196.30 days in the documented breeds of Larri, Pishin, Rodbari, Ghulmani. Makrani.
Kachhi, Dhatti, Kharai. Cambelpuri, Marecha. Kharani, Bagri, Brahvi. Khader. Brela.
Maya, Kala-Chitta, Sakrai. Gaddi. Lassi and Bactrian respectively. The over all mean was
1435.69 days. The difference between breeds were significant(p < 0.05)in most cases.
The recorded values for milk yield averaged 4179.50, 2844.66, 2840.83.
2056 00, 2046.69. 2017.73, 1928.52, 1833.52, 1817.66, 1720.43, 1692.98. 1659.61,
1656.44, 1619.81. 1619.26, 1518.90, 1495.60. 1480.10. 1310.00, 1305.00 and 1150.00
liters in Marecha, Dhatti. Brela, Bagri, Ghulmani, Kachhi, Makrani. Kharai, Larri, Pishin.
267
1Rodbari, Cambelpuri. Khader. Brahvi. Kharani, Maya, Kala-Chitta, Sakrai, Gaddi, Lassi
aiid Bactrian breeds of camel, respectively. The overall mean was 1894.93 liter. The
difference between breeds were significant(p < 0.05).
ii!
!ii!'!
The average lactation length of the documented breeds: Brahvi, Bagri,
Cambelpuri. Ghulmani. Dhatti, Kharani. Makrani. Kachhi, Larri, Maya, Marecha, Brela.
Rodbari. Khader. Pishin. Kharai, Gaddi. Sakrai. Kala-Chitta. Lassi and Bactrian were
recorded as 587.14. 564.78, 552.77, 583.30. 529.95, 522.10. 518.61. 515.90. 5 1 1 95.
480.90. 479.29, 478.25. 466.52. 450.00. 353.68, 320.00, 315.00, 312.00. 310 00. 30000
and 250.00 days, respectively with an overall breed average of445.58 days The statistical
analysis revealed significant difference between breeds(p < 0.05)in most cases.
The mean values of hair production of documented camel breeds were noted as
5 50. 4.43, 3.70. 3.25. 3 22. 3.22, 3.16, 3.05. 3.02, 2.94. 2.78. 2.60, 2.52, 2 46. 2.25. 2.23.
2 10, 200, 1.92, 1 50 and 1.25 kg for Bactrian. Maya. Ghulmani. Kharai, Bagri.
Cambelpuri. Larri. Khader, Rodbari. Dhatti. Kachhi. Makrani. Brahvi. Brela Marecha.
Kharani. Sakrai. Gaddi. Pishin. Kala-Chitta and Lassi respectively. The sale price ofcamel
liair ranged from Rs. 3.75 to 785 in various parts of the country. The fiber length of the
hairs of the documented breeds ranged from 1.72 to 6.19 cm. The overall mean was 2 SI
kg. The difference between some breeds were significant (p < 0.05). The camei hair is
used for manufacture of tent-cloth, blankets, carpets, ropes, bags etc.
The average age at first breeding of the camel breeds like Larri. Kachhi.
Bagri, Kharani, Pishin, Ghulmani, Bactrian. Brahvi, Makrani, Lassi. Marecha. Kharai.
Sakrai, Kala-Chitta. Dhatti. Khader. Cambelpuri. Gaddi. Maya, Rodbari and Brela was
recorded as 5.55, 5.34, 5.08, 4.94, 4.63. 4.56,4.50.4 39.4.36,4.25,4.11, 4.08. 4.05, 4.00.
3.88. 3.75. 3.53. 3.50. 3.48. 3.41 and 3.34 years in male and 4.39. 4.36. 4.18. 4.04. 4 00.
4 00. 3.92, 3 90, 3 77, 3.67. 3.65. 3.50. 3.42. 3.27, 3.13. 3.11. 3.00, 3.00. 2.90. 2.90 and
288 years in females respectively. The over all mean was 3.63 years. The breeding ratio
of male to female in a herd was 1:16-1:60 in documented breeds. The effect of breed and
sex were significant(p < 0.05)in some cases.
The means ofdry period ofthe documented breeds were 360.000, 358.809,
352.500, 350.600, 344.545, 342.777. 341.666, 337.631, 325.250, 311.578. 310.300.
268
7 !i310 000. 308.695. 301.315. 272.272. 271.666, 270.526. 253.000. 218.400. 214666 and
119.291 days for Maya, Brahvi, Ghulmani, Kala-Chitta, Dhatti. Makrani, Cambelpuri.
Kharani. Lassi. Kharai, Sakrai, Bactrian, Bagri. Pishin. Kachhi, Larri, Rodbari. Brela,
Gaddi. Khader and Marecha, respectively. The difference due to breed was significant(p <
005)in general The overall mean of this parameter was 289.83 days.
’
i!
1
i
The documented breeds Bactrian. Kala-Chitta, Cambelpuri, Maya,
Ghulmani. Rodbari. Lassi. Khader. Kharani. Makrani. Pishin. Brela. Bagri. Marecha.
Gaddi, Dhatti. Sakrai. Brahvi. Kharai, Larri and Kachhi recorded mean calving intervals of
S40 500. 820.250. 811.833. 806.S00. 802.750. 791.631, 790.350. 788.611. 785.210,
783.500, 783.000. 754.250. 752.173, 747.916, 735.700, 720.545. 720 500. 719.381.
71 1210. 703.809 and 692454 days respectively with overall mean as 764.87 davs The
statistical analysis revealed a significant effect of breed in most cases The gestation
period ranged from 306.112 to 374.78 days. The conception rate was 79 212 to 9905
percent. The differences between breeds were significant(psO05)
The breedwise means ofriding speed ofcamel the breeds were 10.00,9 80.
9 7.S. 0.00.900. 8.50. 8.25. 8.00. 7.60. 7.50. 7.50.7 25. 700.700,700.6 80, 6.70.6 50.
o 20. 6.10 and 6.00 km/hr for Dhatti, Marecha. Khader. Cambelpuri. Makrani. Brela.
Bagri. Rodbari. Pishin, Kharai, Brahvi. Kachhi, Kharani. Ghulmani, Maya. Larri. Kala-
Chitta. Sakrai. Gaddi. Lassi and Bactrian, respectively The overall mean was 769 km/hr
The difference between breeds were significant(p £ 0.05)in some cases.
The average means, of load carrying capacity of Larri, Rodbari, Maya.
Bactrian. Cambelpuri. Makrani, Kachhi, Lassi. Dhatti, Brela, Kharai, Kharani. Bagri,
Pishin, Marecha, Brahvi. Sakrai, Khader, Gaddi. Kala-Chitta and Ghulmani breeds were
recorded as 576.202. 514.750. 500.712. 490.300. 484.076, 468.097. 451.829, 450.600.
441.136. 438.787. 400.565, 400.039. 387.619, 377.921, 373.989, 357 154. 350700.
292 361, 280.900. 250 500 and 241 581 kg respectively The overall mean was406 18 kg
The difference between breeds were significant(p < 0.05)in general.
The camel is playing an important role in the agrarian economy ofPakistan
by contributing annually 9000 metric tons of meat and 0.63 million tons of milk worth Rs..t. , .1
I Iperforming variousjobs e g. carrying load on it’s back, pulling a cart load, drawing water
from deep wells, water distribution in the villages, oil extraction, drawing ofPersian wheel
etc. Besides, the camel is a source ofincome generation to various strata of population in
desert where it is used for transporting people, agricultural commodities, pulling cart
loads, in drawing water from wells and it’s distribution.
:!ÿi•J"
J
;
.
ITCONCLUSIONS
From the results ofthis study, following conclusion could be drawn:
The camel germplasm resources are spread over to entire Pakistan in the form of
breeds. This includes 20 breeds of dromedary and one Bactrian type. These breeds
were not billy documented and characterized before The results of present study will
help the researcher and planners in formulating future polices regarding improvement
ofthe breeds.
4.fp
m‘r
There was a dearth ofpublished scientific data, on various aspects ofthe germplasm of
Pakistan camel resources which are important to the agriculture economy of Pakistan
in many ways. The data generated in the present study will help in filling the gaps
existing in scientific knowledge about camel germplasm resources ofthe country
It is assessed that the documented breeds contribute 0.63 million tons of milk and 9000
metric tons of meat worth Rs. 3150 million and Rs. 270 million, respectively. In
addition, these breeds meet the requirement for draught power, transport. Remount
Veterinary service, leather, carpet and other cottage industries to a great extent The
monetary contribution ofthe breeds is not accounted in GDP ofagriculture.
.?
It is concluded that the milk yield per lactation of camel is on higher side when
compared with that of our buffalo and cattle breeds, therefore, camel can be a
potential resource for milk and meat production in the country if the camel genetic
resources are billy exploited by managing them under improved management systems
4
5 Despite their small number in comparison ro the other ruminant population in the
country, camel is playing an important role in the ecologically difficult areas and will
continue to do so in the future.3*it
There is need for generating technical know how for transfer to the herders as is being
done in case ofother species oflivestock in various parts ofPakistan.
6
SUGGESTIONS
The present study provided much needed basic information for exploitation of the
documented camel germplasm. Further research is. therefore, suggested to be focused
on each documented breed for the production, development and improvement for
faster growth, early maturity, better draughtability. more milk and meat production
!
Documentation lias provided a useful information, for further work. It is recommended
that actual biometrics measurements, body weights, proper colour grading, phvsical
characters and other conventional standards as are applicable in the other domestic
species of breeds may be carried out under carefully controlled experiments for
camels.
The contribution ofthese breeds ofcamel towards country’s milk and meat production
was neither assessed nor reported before in statistical bulletins published by the
government The monetary contribution of the breeds is not accounted in GDP of
agriculture which may be accounted in the official documents of Pakistan It is
therefore recommended that the same be incorporated in Agriculture Statistics of
Pakistan. Economic review and other relevant statistical bulletins published by the
livestock Division Ministry of Agriculture&Livestock Government ofPakistan.
I
The information generated during present study on various aspects of Pakistan camel
be incorporated in the text books and in the syllabus of courses. Camel be given
priority in our national research net work.
4
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,-hui, S.R: and J.G.Wu. 1983. Hair quality ofsunita bactrian camels. Chinese J. Animal
Sci. 3: 15-17.(Anini. Breed. Abst. 52:4937: 198.
Shui, S. and X. U. Shuzlicm, 1984. Preliminary analysis of the quality of milk form the
special Suni two humped camel. Chinese J. Animal Sci. 2 11-12.(Anim
Bred. Abst. 53:6040; 1985).
Singh,U.B.and M.B Bliaradwaj,1978.Histological and histochemical studies on the testis
ofcamel(Camelus dromedarius)during the various seasons ofages. Pan II.
Acta.Anatomy. 101.2S0-288.
Snedacor, S.C. 1982. Mangrove species Paper presented at International workshop on
marine science University ofKarachi quoted by Kidwai, A. 1989. in Daily
“Dawn” Karachi. February 17
Terent'ev S. 1979.Problemsofcamel breeding. Anim Breed. Abst,48:5138; 1980
Treus.V.D.and N.V. Lobanov. 1976. Acclimatization ofTylopoda. Askaniya-Nova Vesta
Zool.l 3-9,
Wahba, A., Faiz El-Abbassy, I. Ismail and S.l. El-Agamy. 1988. Studies on some
physical properties ofcamel’s milk. Egyptian J. Dairy Sci 16 19
Wei. D. 1980. Chinese camels and their productivity. Provisional report. International
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Wheeler, J., E.Pires-Ferrcira and P.Kaulicke. 1976. Preceramic animal utilization in the
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Willamson, G. and J.W.A. Payne, 1978. An introduction to animal husbandry in the
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289-97
Vasin, S.A. and A. Wahid, 1957. Pakistan Camels, a preliminary survey Agri Pakistan
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APPENDIX- I
QUESTIONNAIRE
DOCUMENTATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OFBREEDSOF PAKISTAN.
TITLE:CAMEL
PART,!
DOCUMENTATION
Village DistrictTaluka
Name and address of Farmer
Name of Breed Type of Breed
Herd Strength: Male Female Young ones
Pregnant Dry in Milk
Physical Characteristics( to be recorded on individual animals)
Body Coluor
ii_> Face(W) (L)
iii) Head(W) (L)
iv) Ears(W) (L)
v) Neck(W) (L)
Hump(VV) (L)vi)
vii) Girth Height Length
viii) Foreleg(L) Hindleg(L) Pads
SSlf!
PART-11
GROWTH TRAIT
Birth weight
Weaning weight
FemaleMale
FemaleMale
Adult weight- FemaleMale
Age at weaning- Male Female
FemaleAge at puberty(age atfirst breeding)Age at market(age at
slaughter)Age at ridding—
Male
Male Female
Male Female
Age at 1st. loading- Male Female
Distance covered in ridding Speed per hour
Quantity of loading carried Speed per hour
PRODUCTIVETRAIT
A. MILK PRODUCTION
i) Yield per lactation ii) How' many times milked in a day_
iii) Lactation length iv) Dry period
Sale of milk give rate/litrev)
PART-111
PRODUCTIVETRAIT
FemaleFemale
MaleMaleDoes it breed at any time of years
Breeding age(puberty):Breeding season_Oestrus cycle_How many days oestrus period lastWlien the breeding season starts
__How frequently the female comes in beat (reply afterConception rate_
Gestation length__
Twining percentageSex ratio in herd
1-)
Yes\No34
5days)to
A7
Sy
Pasture of parturitionTime taken in parturitionHow many males are needed in a herd for breeding(male:Female ratio)_:Does the male fight with one another if there are more than one breeding malecamels in a herd :
10.
I_\
13.
B HAIR PRODUCTION(Draw a sample of hair)
No. of shearing per years
__Body regions sheared
iii) Quantity of fibres _v) Fibres lengthvii) Rate per Kg. _
i)
ii) Seasonal shearing _If sold rate per Kg.Utility of hair _
iv)\ i)
MEAT PRODUCTION
Age at slaughter__Carcass weightPreferences for meat
__Rate at which meat is sold (per Kg.):
i)ii)iii)iv)
PART-1V
ECONOMIC EVALUATIONDRAUGHT PURPOSE
[. CART DRAWING
1.2 Type of load\commodity1.1 Load carried in1.3 Quantity of commodity(Kg.)_
1.4 Total distance covered during work (kins.)_1.5 Time taken in covering the above mentioned distance (Hrs.)1.6 Weather the distance covered continuously
_Whether in intervals(Nos.)
1.6 Daily expenditure on camel1.7 1.8 The amount of Freight(in Rs.) __
I.lOSupplernentary information_•> RIDING PURPOSE
2. 1 No. of persons carried2.3 Total distance covered during one journey2.4 Freight or charges as_
or Personal use__2.6 Supplementary information if any
2.2 Distance covered per hour
Daily expenditure on camel2.5
LOAD CARRYING(on back)3.
3.1 Type of load/commodityDistance covered/hour_Total distance covered during one journeyFreight or charges_Daily expenditure on camel(Rs.)Supplementary information _
3.2 Actual weight3.33.43.5 3.6 Rate ofcharge/commodity3.73.8
4. OIL, EXTRACTION
4.1 Total time spent in work during days(hours)No. of breaks during work_Type of oil seed worked on_Market value of oil extracted (Rs.)Daily expenditure on camel(Rs.)_Supplementary information (if any)
4.2 _duration of break_4.4 Quantity of oil extracted (litres)4.3
4.54.64.7
5. WATER DRAWING(from well)
5.1 Depth of well (ft)_5.2 Total time spent in work during day (hours)5.3 No. of breaks during work_5.4 Quantity of water drawn from well5.5 Market value of work done
duration of break
5.6 Daily expenditure on camel (Rs.)
Supplememary information (if any)5.7
WATER DISTRIBUTION (in villages of Thar)(i.
Total time spent in work during day (hours)Load carried (quantity of water)_No. of breaks during work_Distance covered per water supplyMarket value oI work done_Supplementary information (if any)
6. 16.2
duration of break6.36.4
5.6 Daily expenditure on camel(Rs.)_6.56.7
PLOUGHING7
7.1 Total land ploughed in a day (acres)__
Total time spent in work per day (hours)No. of breaks during workMarket value of work doneAny other information _
7.2 _duration of break_7.5 Daily expenditure on camel (Rs.)
7.37.47.6
PERSIAN WHEEL DRAWINGX.
X. I Total time used in work/day _No. oi breaks in work/day _Value of work done/day _Expenditure incurred on camel/day (Rs.)__Name of place wiiere from information is collectedAny other information
8.2 Quantity of water drawn/clay
__duration of break8.3
8.48.5X.68.7
CHAFFING MACHINE(chaffing of fodder;6.
6.1 Type of fodder __Quantity of fodder chaffed(Kg)No. of breaks in work/day _The value of the work(Rs.) _Expenditure incurred on camel_Name of place where from information is collectedAny other information__
9.2 Duration of work/davs (lirs.i
9.3duration of breaky.4
9.59.69.79.8
APPENDIX- I
3 QUESTIONNAIRE•r
DOCUMENTATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OFBREEDSOF PAKISTAN.
TITLE:CAMEL
PART-1
DOCUMENTATION
DistrictTalukaVillage
Name and address of FarmerName of Breed Type of Breed
j Herd Strength: Male Female Young ones
Pregnant Dry in Milk
i
Physical Characteristics(to he recorded on individual animals)
Body Colori'J
iij Face(W) (L)
iii ) Head(W) (L)-
Ears(W) (L)IV)
(L)Neck(W)v)
vi) Hump(W) (L)
vii) Girth Height Length
viii) Foreleg(L) Hindleg(L) Pads
¥:'v
1
PART-11
GROWTH TRAIT
FemaleMaleBirth weight
Weaning weight—Adult weight
Age at weaning
FemaleMale
FemaleMale
FemaleMale
FemaleAge at puberty-(age at Malefirst breeding) —
FemaleMaleAge at market(age at
slaughter)Age at ridding
Age at 1st. loading—
FemaleMale
FemaleMale
Speed per hourDistance covered in ridding
Speed per hourQuantity of loading carried
TRAIT
A. MILK PRODUCTION
ii) How many times milked in a dayi) Yield per lactation
iv) Dry periodtii) Lactation length
Sale of milk give rate/litrev)
— .
PART-llJ
REPRODUCTIVETRAIT
FemaleFemale
MaleMale__Does it breed at any time of years Yes\No
Breeding age(puberty):Breeding season_Oestrus cycle_
How many days oestrus period last_
When the breeding season starts_
How frequently the female comes in heat(reply after
!
)l
5to
__day)
Conception rate _ __Gestation length_______
Twining percentageSex ratio in herd _Posture of parturition __Time taken in parturitionHow many males are needed in a herd for breeding(male:Female ratio)_:Does the male fight with one another if there were more are than one breedingmale camels in a herd :
t>.7.
4.
10.11.12.13.
HAIR PRODUCTION(Draw a sample of hair)B.
No. of shearing per yearsSeasonal shearing _If sold rate per Kg._
Body regions shearedQuantity of fibres _Fibres length _
i)
iii)ii)
iv) v)
vii)vi) Utility of hair Rate per Kg.
C. MEAT PRODUCTION
Age at slaughter_Carcass weight_Preferences for meat_
Rate at which meat is sold (per Kg.):
ii)iii)iv)
iPART-IV
ECONOMIC EVALUATIONDRAUGHT PURPOSE
CARTDRAWING!ÿ
1.2 Type of loadVcommodityLoad carried in_
Quantity of commodity(Kg.)Total distance covered during work(kms.)
__Time taken in covering the above mentioned distance(Hrs.)Weather the distance covered continuously
_Whether in intervals(Nos.)
Daily expenditure on camel
U1.31.41.51.6
1.8 The amount of Freight (in Rs.) __l.lOSupplementary information
1.7i.9
RIDING PURPOSE
Distance covered per hourNo. of persons carriedTotal distance covered during one journeyFreight or charges as__or Personal use_Supplementary information if any
2.2i2.3
2.5 Daily expenditure on camel2.42.52.6
LOAD CARRYING(on back)3.
Type of load/eommodityDistance covered/hour_Total distance covered during one journeyFreight or charges_
Daily expenditure on camel(Rs.)Supplementary information_
3.2Aciual weight3.15.33.4
3.6 Rate ofcharge/commodity_3.53.73.8
OIL EXTRACTION4.
Total time spent in work during days(hours)No. of breaks during work_Type of oil seed worked on_Market value of oil extracted (Rs.)Daily expenditure on camel(Rs.)_Supplementary information (if any)
4. 14.2 _duration of break_
4.4 Quantity of oil extracted (litres)4.34.54.64.7
5. WATER DRAWING(from well)
5.1 Depth of well (ft)5.2 Total time spent in work during day (hours)_
No. of breaks during work_Quantity of water drawn from wellMarket value of work done
5.3 duration of break5.45.5 5.6 Daily expenditure on camel(Rs.)_
-
Supplementary information(if any)__5-7
WATF.R DISTRIBUTION tin villages of Thar)6.
Total time spent in work during day (hours)Load carried (quantity of water)_No. of breaks during work
_Distance covered per water supplyMarket value of work done
_Supplementary information(ifany)
6. 16.2
duration of break6.36.4
_5.6 Daily expenditure on camel(Rs.)_
6.56.7
PLOUGHING7
Total land ploughed in a day (acres)_Total time spent in work per day (hours)No. of breaks during workMarket value of work doneAny other information_
7. i7.2 _duration of break
5.6 Daily expenditure on camel(Rs.)__7.37.57.4
PERSIAN WHEEL DRAWING8.
8.2 Quantity of water drawn/day_
_ duration of break_Total time used in vvork/dayNo. of breaks in work/day _Value of work done/day _Expenditure incurred on camel/day(Rs.)__Name of place where from information is collectedAny other information
8.18.38.48.58.68.7
CHAFFING MACHINE(chaffing of fodder)9.
9.1 Type of fodder_Quantity of fodder chaffed(Kg)No. of breaks in work/day _The value of the work (Rs.) _Expenditure incurred on camel_Name of place where from information is collectedAny other information_
9.2 Duration of work/days(hrs.)9.39.4 duration of break9.59.69.79.8
fABLE-147 Analysis'ofvariance ofdata on hinli weiuln. woanimi’weiiiht and ;ululi weiiilu of the documented eame\ breeds
Adult weight(kg)Weaning weiglit(kg)Birth weight(kg)Source ofVariation
D.F.F. RatioS.S. M.S.F. Ratio S.S. M.S. F. RatioS.S. M.S.
452743 978 668 3407243903 63846339 77S 628.8081789 786 59.1 1328636.576 741436 462Samples 21
478504 796 706 3687177571 930662 27052.169 74208.5 914 48805.72823692 730 1579.570Breeds(B) 20
66331 708 9791966331.708126.8829350 5484943.844 4943 844 163.286 9350 548Sex(S)
3.2282 186 4903.559 32797.362I 172.908 78.097 2.583 39.34 072 626 272B x S 20
677 416415933.14430.278 78.69418590 156 45248.486Error 1251
I 1926 4647692634 14448399.640 75.038 790619 01! 1225 766Total 1291
i
290
!!
ATABLE-148 Analysis ofvariance ofdata on aye ai lirsi ritlinu and aye ai first loudiny(da\>)ol'ihe documented camet meeds
Age at first loadingAge at first riddingD.F.Source of variationF. RatioM.S.s.s. F. Ratio S.S.M.S.
76576590 4786036 846 14.026249>498 34839S95974 357.653Samples 21
10.9433734008 504279.936 5601012829275002 1951666 812Breeds(B) 20
60.27320566461.98010620972 205664621062171 378 1523.412Sex(S)
1.6758574762 571650 7401972612 131507438 18.863B x S 20
341221.4884280704 6971 832 209491994Error 1251
456839.29271549 28646149290 294661344Total 1291
I
I
;
29|
ABI.E-149 Analysis ofvariance oTdata on milk yield and lactation length ol'tfie camel breeds
Lactation lengthSource of variation Milk yieldD.F
F RatioM.Ss.sM.S F RatioS.S
164.807544629 7.508 1 54445.975ireeds(B) 25935181206 00 1279012080 385 I 29820
3298.571012665 1651 1.53 408926882490 50 1332009589 210
28469.2879167111.1401173 1350503303 397I'otal 434862063696.50
292
I
ABLE-1 50 Analysis ofvariance ofdata on hair production ofdie documented camel breeds
P RatioM.SS.Ssource of variation D.F
48 151ireeds(B) 45 895658 42120
0924Error 1153 279 862
2915fotal 1173 938 289
i
ii
f293 I
1--k
JTABLE-15 I Analysis ofvariance ofdata on age of 1st breeding(sears)ofthe eamel breeds
F RatioM.SD.F S.SSource of variation
104.21030.314Samples 62903021
78 89229 762466 442Breeds(B) 20
483.985182 588182 588Sex(S)
6.10702.30434 556B x S 20
00.378Error 1251 231.638
Total 01 3881291 895 224
294
ABLE-152 Analysis ofvariance ofdata on dry period and cal\ inti inici\al of ilie camel bieeds
Calving intervalof variation D.F Dry period
F RatioM.Ss.ss.s M.S F Ratio
I 75742.63.1 500.2122636139 5237379503.406 491966 882 312 332breeds(B) 20
107860 236 351 3341575 139483568.5631153irror
2743999 753 8521.7387863071.976 24419.477lotal 1173
I
295)
.Analysis nl'var iance lor riding speed(Km hi and load eai i\ inti uipaciuof the documented camel breed*I ABLE-155
Load earning capacityRiding speedSource of variation D.F.
M.S F RatioS.Ss.s M.S F Ratio478168 866 454 820I 1222532.9%90.5101626 025 I OS.30913reeds(B) 20
1 644978>05008 2.i4367686 I 199Error 1 153
36420934I 1727541.2306.1931993 7 1 1Total 1173
I
Il .
V2%
VEGETATIONCAMEL BROWSE IN ITS HABITATS.
(DESERT REGION)
i.
THAR ANDCHOLISTAN AREAi.
COMMON NAMEvNO. SCIENTIFIC NAME
!KirirCapparis aphvlla
JarSalvadora oleoides
Sa!vadora persiea Khabber:
Prosopis specigera Kandi
C’alligonum polygonoides ! Phog
Zizypluis mimmalaria : Jhumdi ber
Orthanthera viminea ! Khip
Indigo pauciflora : JhilN
Alhaji camelorum Kandero
Tainarix gallica Lai
; Tainarix orientals j Lao1:Acacia catechu BaburI
JA ! Acacia catechu Khair
14 j Haloxylon recumim
|Salsola foetida
Kharo lano or khar
Ji Baggo lano
[ Suaeda frnticosa I Lani.
r
i
COASTAL AREAn.
COMMON NAMESCIENTIFIC NAME5.No.
|Timarl Avicenia olTicinaliÿ(Mangrove)
ClianhrC'eriops tagal
KuinriiRmucronata
ChorAegiceras cormcnlata4
i
i TimerAvicennia marina4.
i Salvadora oleoides Jar(i
j Khabber; Salvadora persica7
j Calligonum polygonoides Phog
Indigo pauciflora j Jliil
I LaiI Tamarix gallica10
Tamarix orientalis Lao
Acacia catechu12 Babur!
{.> Haloxylon recurvum Kharo lano or khar
Salsola foetida [ Baggo lano14
15 { Suaeda truticosa Lani
MOUNTAINOUS AREA
-COMMON NAMESCIENTIFIC NAMES.NO.:
Kikar/baburAcacia niloticaj—
KikriAcacia jacquemontii
KarirCapparis decidua;
KhabbaiCynodon dactylon4
I Haloxylon recurvnm Khar
LanaHaloxylon salicornicum•:>
LamSalsola barvosma
BerZiziiphus nnuiriuanaS
Calligonum polygonoides Phogo
|LumbAristida depressain
Grass likeCares sp
LidderCenchrus pennisetiformis12
Cenchms ciliaris Dhainan13
Cienchrus setigerus Chitta damman14
15 Cvmbopogon schoenanthns Khavi
Dipterygium glaucum Feh!lo
i 7 Panicum antidotale Murt
IS Phoenix dactylifera Khajoor
19 Prosopisjuliflora Mesquite
20 Prospis cineraria Jand
IRRIGATED AREA.IV.
COMMON NAMES.NO_|SCIENTIFIC NAMEi
,Sarin/SarscmBrassica campestris
GavvarCyamopsis Tetragonoloba
i Berseemj Trifolium alexandrianum
I SainjiMeliloms parviflora4
i Sawa Ghana! Cicer arietinumS
Bajhri|Pennisetum typhoides()
Sorghum bicolor Jowar7
;
I Salvadora oleoide ! Jar
|Mundhari
8
i Tribulus terrestris'
Sesbania sesban Jantar10i
Tritblium alexandrianum Berseem
Brasilia emca12 Jhambho
13 Barley Jao
i
|Lathyms sativus14 Kasari dal.
!
i
T i
-I
SYNOPSIS
SYNOPSIS OF THE PROPOSED WORK TO BE DONE INCONNECTION WITH THE FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN LIVESTOCKMANAGEMENT TO BE SUBMITTED TO SINDH AGRICULTUREUNIVERSITY.TANDOJAM.
BY: MUHAMMAD NAWAZ BALOCHB.V.Sc.. B.Sc.(A.H.). M.Sc.(Hons)
TITLE: DOCUMENTATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OFCAMEL BREEDS OF PAKISTAN.
INTRODUCTION
While some attention is being given to rearing of all classes of domestic
livestock breeds and their crosses, but the native camel breeds still remain less
identified, documented, characterized and evaluated and conserved in Pakistan, as much
as else where. Pakistan needs more information on the performance of native camel
breeds. There are many gaps in our knowledge so for the identification, documentation
and characterization of our local camel breeds are concerned mainly because of the
following:1
a good proportion of production of meat, milk and work requirements are
contributed by the native breeds of camel in Pakistan.
i)
ii) these breeds are adapted to village or small farmer’s management systemswith low inputs.
iii) they utilize low quality feeds by browsing trees or crop residues, and thus
their energy requirements and low economic inputs are low.
iv) they provide an important resource of subsistence in terms of income to
the village and the nomadic camel raiser particularly inhabitants of desert
and mountainous regions.
the camel is likely to remain important in these ways through the futureyears.
V)I*
mI W'P!i“J
1
It, therefore, is essential that these native breeds be given priority in
identifications, characterization, documentation and economic evaluation. The collection
is essential, so :hat scientists.of existing data on the camel breed in the country
administrators, extension workers and planners may have ready access to available
knowledge not only on identification of unidentified camel breeds, but a.so on their
production performance and genetic potential in case these are iden:::.rb. There is
undoubtedly a great dearth of information and gap of knowledge on the creeds, strains
or types and (heir distribution, population numbers and production pertormance and
utilities of the various breeds in the country. Consequently, much of this
not readily available to research workers or to provincial, national o' .cternational
organizations involved in the collection, collation and conservation or Zz::r. piasm of
the breeds, strains and varieties of economical importance. This information needs to lie
collected and collated immediately for the following reasons:-
nrormation is
To identify gaps in knowledge of breeds and areas where reseat. e::on> should
be maximised or strengthened and improve present situation of know.'edge about
camel to update the data base on this species.
a)
To fully document productivity of local or native breeds am. :o assess their
adaptation to specific climatic, management and production syste">
it)
To update the inadequate information available on the breed characteristics and
production potentials of camel breeds.
c)
d) To facilitate the planners and administrators to make breed production policies
for rational decisions inlive with national goals tor conservation of breeds which
are at the verge of extinction and require improvement of herds and for assessing
the possibility of exportation of camel out side Pakistan.
OBJECTIVES
Identification of breeds/types of camel inhabiting various regions of Pakistan.
Documentation of characteristics of the identified breeds .
fDescription of the area of distribution and habitat of the breed, in relation to
vegetation and climate of the area and type of management system.
Description of production potential or utility and other economic importance of
the documented breed.
3. I
4.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A very scanty information, on breed, type, strains and the production
potential and other biological characteristics of camel based on reports published in
Pakistan is available. Hence most of the review work is reported from the literature
published in countries other than Pakistan.
Hussain (1987) reported that three types of camels were found in centra!
and southern Somalia. Based on the author’s recordings and interviews with herdsmen's
data on 200 camels of each type has been examined. The "Hoor" type is small compact
and ash-white in colour "Siifdaar" was tall, of light build and with a grey to reddish-
brown cost and the Eyddimo was tall, of heavy build and with a mainly white coat. The
Hoor was the dairy type, and the oilier was dual purpose. For the three camel types,
lactation duration was 8-16. 12 and 6-10 months, respectively: daily milk yield 8. 6 and
4 litres, lactation milk yield 2050, 1500 and 1000 litres, and age at sexual maturity 3-
5..5-6 and 7-8 months, respectively.
Khanna et al. (1989) data on Bikaneri (n=30-47) Kutchi (n=4-8) and
Arab x Bikaneri(n=2- 12) breeds. The camel birth weight averaged 40-45+ 0.64, 34.0
+ 1.09, and 37.50 + 1.25 kg respectively: weight at 1 year 238.6 ± 3.80. 207.4 ±
4.61 and 229.6 ± 7.56 kg and weight at three years 405.1 ± 7.35. 361.2 ± 23.16 and
427 + 53.0 kg. The average weight of hair produced per animal for the three breeds
was 800.6 + 12.6. 1085.3+ 32.8 and 800.0 + 132.4 gm. respectively. The average
gestation length (n=532), age at first service (n=60) and age at first calving (n=93)
for unspecified breed were 389.3 + 0.08, 1390 ± 25.0 and 1882.0 + 28.7 days
respectively.
Yousif and Babiker (1989) reported that the slaughter weight of 52
mature, fattened desert camels averaged 456 kg, empty weight 404.8 kg. and dressing
percentage 55.8 and 63.6 of live and empty body weight, respectively.
composition averaged 56% meat. 19% bone and 13.7% fat. As a percentage of empty
body weight, the head averaged 3.5. the hide 8.6 and the liver 2.0. The correlation
between heart girth and slaughter weight was 0.667(P< 0.001). The correlation of
hump depth and hump fat weight with carcass fat weight was 0.840(P< 0.01) and
0.976(P< 0.001)). respectively.
Carcass
Data were collected by Herre(1990) from camel owners and traders from
the vicinity of a village of Somalia, under the auspices of the Somali camel research
project (SCRP). The author discussed the methodology employed. The work also
summarized the social ecological, histological and infrastructural setting of the study.
The author also discussed the socio-economic strategies of the village population, mainly
of the itself. This study outlined the general strategies of camel owning.
Mebrotra and Gupta(1990) recorded the growth rate of 300 camels, aged
6 months to 7 years, at monthly interval for one year, the percentage increase in body
weight was highest in June for males (5.12) and in April for females (6.34). and was
lowest in November for males (0.44). in August for males (0.44) and in August for
females(0.42)
The data presented by Khana ei al.(1990)on the performance of Bikaner
camel kept at National Research Centre on camel in India and reported that 92 %
calving occurred between December and March. Age at first service averaged 13390±
255 days, age at first calving 1838± 29.7 days, gestation length 389.3+ 0.081 days and
calving interval 771.7+ 8.08 days. Birth weight averaged 41.02+ 0.19 kg and daily
milk yield 3.8-10.8 kg, prenatal mortality from birth to 3 months was 6.38%.
As per report of Alkanhal (1993) milk samples from 30 goats and 30
camels, respectively from 4 mixed herds of each had mean composition of 88.29 and
88.86% moisture, 2.92 and 2.22 % fat. 3.17 and 2.89% protein, 4.24 and 4.32%
lactose. 0.85 and 0.91% ash. 0.275 and 0.361% Cl. 00.17 and 0.20% acidity, pH 6.61
and 6.49 and freezing point 0.543 and 565°C. There were greater inter-herd than inter¬
breed differences in composition of goat milk although, amongst the three breeds
?:;l
(Aradi, Masri and Tohami). Aradi milk had lower(P < 0.05) lactose, and Tohami milk
had lower(P < 0.05) Cl and f.p than had milk of the other two breeds. There were no
significant inter-herd differences in composition of camel milk except for Cl content but.
amongst the 4 types (black, grey, red and yellow), milk from the red camels had higher
(P < 0.05) lactose content than that from black and milk from yellow camels had
higher(P < 0.05) pH than that from grey. Regression analysis showed high correlation
(R2) of + 0.966 and + 0.997 between added water and f.p in goat and camel milk
respectively, and indicated the possibility of using the regression - line equation to
determine added water.
.
!
According to Kohler and Rathore (1995). Malvi camels are bred in the
Mandsaur district of Madhya Pardesh India, and they estimated that the population of
breeding animals, (not including working males) males was 2500-3000. Malvi camels
have white coat colour. The shoulder height averaged 194.94 and 197.50 cm.
respectively, chest girth 206.38 and 214.0 cm and hump girth 253.19 and 2661.0 cm.
the camels were kept under extensive management in herds of 50-100 animals, and
were bred for work and milk. Daily milk yield averaged 2 kg: but may be as high as 5-6
kg on good pasture. It was suggested that the breed might be suitable for crossbreeding
in view of its dairy potential, the need to preserve a responsible number ot pure breeds
was emphasized.
As per report of Kohler and Rathore (1996)) this paper described, the
Malvi camel, a very distinctive breed from northern Madhaya Pardesh. India. Which is
characterised by considering milk production potential. Although the Malvi camel has
long been recognised as a distinct population by local camel breeders. Scientist were
previously not aware of the existence of this breed. Information about the distribution
area, estimated population size and physical characteristics of Malvi camel is provided.
and the prevailing management and production system is described. It is concluded that
the Malvi camel represented a valuable genetic resources and the steps was necessary to
ensure its survival as a separate gene pool. The way in which that breed was discovered
also demonstrated the need for using local knowledge in identification and
documentation of animal genetic resources.
TAccording to Shaliani et al. (1996) annual hair production was measured
in three breeds of camels(Bikaneri, Jaisalmeri and Kachhhi). Average hair production in
camels aged upto 1 year. 2-3 years, 4-66 years and > 8 years was 0.847+ 0.355;
0.939± 0.05: U25± 0.182 and 1.035± 0.07 kg in Bikaneri. 0.542± 0.068; 0.666±
0.04; 0.637+ 0.034. and 0.891± 0.498 kg in Jaisalmeri, and 0.545± 0.046; 0.564±
0.048; 0.717+ 0.051. and 0.896± 0.44 kg in Kachlii camels, respectively. Effects of
age and breed were significant. Annual hair yield was higher in the Bikaneri breed
compared with the Jaisalmeri and the Kachhi.
!!
PLAN OF WORK
The survey will be conducted in different ecological zones of the four provinces
of Pakistan. The information will be collected from camel breeders possessing herd of
different sizes. The information will be collected on a pre-tested questionnaires and the
data thus collected will be analyzed by the standard methods of analysis of statistics.
PEACE OF WORK
The whole Pakistan.
NAME OF RESEARCH LABORATORY
Department of Livestock Management.Faculty of Animal Husbandry and VeterinarySciences, Sindh Agriculture University. Tando Jam.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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1990Herre.V.2. ;
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1987Hussain. M.A.3.
;
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1989Khanna, NT).. S.N.Tandon and A. k. Rai
4.
Breeding parameters of Indian camels.Indian Journal of Animal Science 60:11,
1347-1354.
19905. Khanna N.P., S.N.Tandon and A.K. Rai
The Malavi camel breed an importantgenetic resource. Journal of camel-practice and research 2:1. 13-16.
Kohler-Rollefson. 1..and H.S. Rathore
19956.
The Malavi camel a newly discoveredbreed from India. Animal geneticresources information No.18. 31-42.
Kohler-Rollefson. I..and H.S. Rathore
19967.
8. Mebrotra-V. and M.L.Gupta
1990 Seasonal variation in the growth rate ofIndian camel (Camelus Dromedrius) Ind.Vet. J. 67:2. 185-186.
Sahani. M.S.. N.Sherma. and NT).
Khanna
Hair production in Indian camel (CamelusDromedarius) managed under farmconditions. Indian Veterinary Journal73:5. 531-533.
19969.
Yousif, O.K. and S.A.Babikker
198910. The desert camel as a meat animal. Meatscience 26:4. 245-254.
Name ofNAME&ADDRESSOFStudent:SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE
MUHAMMAD NAWAZ BALOCHPh.D.. Student
Supervisor
DR.GHOUS BAKHSH ISANIProfessor(Meritorious)Department of Livestock Management
L’o-Supervisor-I
DR. BASHIR AHMEDSHEIKHProfessor(Meritorious)Department of Veterinary Physiology
C'o-Snpervisor-H
DR.GUL MUHAMMAD BALOCHProfessorDepartment of Animal Nutrition
