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Realization of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna by
Probe Feeding Technique
PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
BACHE!R !F TECH"!!#$
IN
ECTR!"%C& A"' C!MM("%CAT%!" E"#%"EER%"#
BY
$)*E"+ATE&H ,-.(/--01234
*)"A#ARA5( ,-.(/-A012.4
*)&(BRAMA"$AM,-.(/-A01624
UNDER THE ESTEEMED GUIDENCE OF
B)*E"+ATE&H7AR R!A8
&r)Asst)Prof8 'epart9ent of ECE)
'EPARTME"T !F EECTR!"%C& : C!MM("%CAT%!" E"#%"EER%"#
*%#"A";& %"&T%T(TE !F TECH"!!#$ A"' AER!"A(T%CA
E"#%"EER%"#(Approved by AICTE !d A""#$#%ed %o 5"T(ni
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'EPARTME"T !F EECTR!"%C& : C!MM("%CAT%!"
E"#%"EER%"#
*%#"A";& %"&T%T(TE !F TECH"!!#$ : AER!"A(T%CA
E"#%"EER%"#DESHMU'HI (&) POCHAMPALLY (M&) NALGONDA * +,-.-/
CERT%F%CATE
T0#1 #1 %o 2er%#"y %0% %0e Pro=ect >or? e!%#%$ed Realization of
Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna by Probe Feeding Technique 01 bee! 2rr#ed o3% by
$)*E"+ATE&H -.(/-A0123
*)"A#ARA5( -.(/-A012.
*)&(BRAMA"$AM -.(/-A0162
U!der o3r G3#d!2e #! pr%#$ "3$"#$$4e!% o" %0e re53#re4e!%1 "or %0e A6rd o"
%0e De7ree o" B20e$or o" Te20!o$o7y #! E$e2%ro!#21 !d Co443!#2%#o! E!7#!eer#!7
o" J60r$$ Ne0r3 Te20!o$o7#2$ U!#ver1#%y Hyderbd) #1 re2ord o" bo!"#de 6or8
2rr#ed o3% 3!der o3r 73#d!2e !d 13perv#1#o!9T0e re13$%1 e4bod#ed #! %0#1 pro:e2% 6or8 0ve !o% bee! 13b4#%%ed %o !y o%0er
U!#ver1#%y or I!1%#%3%e "or %0e 6rd o" !y de7ree9
Signature of the Internal Guide Signature of theHead of the Department
B)*E"+ATE&H7AR RA! &)&)#)") &R%"%*A&A RA!
Sr9A11%9Pro") Depr%4e!% o" ECE Hed o" %0e Depr%4e!% o" ECE
S#7!%3re o" %0e E@ternal E@a9iner
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CONTENTS;
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Realization of Rectangular
Microstrip Patch Antenna by
Probe Feeding Technique
Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna :
A patch antenna is a narrowband, wide
beam antenna fabricated b! etching the antenna
element pattern in metal trace bonded to an
insulating dielectric substrate, such as a printed
circuit board, with a continuous metal la!er bonded
to the opposite side of the substrate which forms
a ground plane" #ommon microstrip antenna shapes
are s$uare, rectangular, circular and elliptical, but
an! continuous shape is possible" Some patch
antennas do not use a dielectric substrate and
instead are made of a metal patch mounted abo%e a
ground plane using dielectric spacers& the resulting
structure is less rugged but has a wider bandwidth"
'ecause such antennas ha%e a %er! low pro(le, are
mechanicall! rugged and can be shaped to conform
to the cur%ing s)in of a %ehicle, the! are often
mounted on the e*terior of aircraft and spacecraft,
or are incorporated in to mobile
radio communications de%ices"
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icrostrip -atch Antenna
Design Specications of a Rectangular
Microstrip Patch Antenna by probe feeding
technique
Softare Specications:
• .he software used here is the A!S"S #FSS
13"/ 0High re$uenc! Structural Simulator
de%eloped b! Ansoft"
• .he HSS Antenna Design )it is a standalone
GIbased utilit! which automates the geometr!creation, solution setup, and postprocessingreports for o%er +/ antenna elements "
• #hassis ull si5e des)top wor) station tower
• -rocessorIntel *enon 6+
• emor! 74 G' 8A
• Storage 2+7G'
• 9perating s!stemwindows :p;%ista;
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#ardare Specications:
.he 8ectangular icrostrip -atch Antenna b! probe
feed techni$ue is designed on substrate".he
parameter speci(cations of rectangular microstrip
patch antenna are mentioned as follows as ,
• Substrate selection .he four most commonl!
used substrate material are Hone!bee
0,Duroid0and
.hic)ness is about h>1"+mm"
• .he ?ength and width of substrate are 1@"@4mmand 24"@4mm"
• A copper plate dimension of ?g > 11//mm between patches"
$#APT%R &'
'( ' )ntroduction to Antennas:
In the 1=@/s, there were onl! a few antennas in the
world" .hese rudimentar! de%ices were primarl! a
part of e*periments that demonstrated the
transmission of electromagnetic wa%es" '! orldar II, antennas had become so ubi$uitous that their
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use had transformed the li%es of the a%erage person
%ia radio and tele%ision reception" .he number of
antennas in the nited States was on the order of
one per household, representing growth ri%aling the
auto industr! during the same period"
'! the earl! 21st centur!, than)s in large part to
mobile phones, the a%erage person now carries one
or more antennas on them where%er the! go 0cell
phones can ha%e multiple antennas, if G-S is used,
for instance" .his signi(cant rate of growth is not
li)el! to slow, as wireless communication s!stemsbecome a larger part of e%er!da! life" In addition,
the strong growth in 8ID de%ices suggests that the
number of antennas in use ma! increase to one
antenna per obCect in the world 0product, container,
pet, banana, to!, cd, etc"" .his number would dwarf
the number of antennas in use toda!" Hence,
learning a little 0or a large amount about of antennas couldnt hurt, and will contribute to ones
o%erall understanding of the modern world"
'(*(Types of Antenna+s and their #istory:
In the 1=@/s, there were onl! a few antennas in the
world" .hese rudimentar! de%ices were primarl! a
part of e*periments that demonstrated thetransmission of electromagnetic wa%es" '! orld
ar II, antennas had become so ubi$uitous that their
use had transformed the li%es of the a%erage person
%ia radio and tele%ision reception" .he number of
antennas in the nited States was on the order of
one per household, representing growth ri%aling the
auto industr! during the same period"
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'! the earl! 21st centur!, than)s in large part to
mobile phones, the a%erage person now carries one
or more antennas on them where%er the! go 0cell
phones can ha%e multiple antennas, if G-S is used,
for instance" .his signi(cant rate of growth is notli)el! to slow, as wireless communication s!stems
become a larger part of e%er!da! life" In addition,
the strong growth in 8ID de%ices suggests that the
number of antennas in use ma! increase to one
antenna per obCect in the world 0product, container,
pet, banana, to!, cd, etc"" .his number would dwarf
the number of antennas in use toda!" Hence,learning a little 0or a large amount about of
antennas couldnt hurt, and will contribute to ones
o%erall understanding of the modern world"
Heinrich Hert5 de%eloped a wireless communication
s!stem in which he forced an electrical spar) to
occur in the gap of a dipole antenna" He used a loopantenna as a recei%er, and obser%ed a similar
disturbance" .his was 1==7" '! 1@/1, arconi was
sending information across the atlantic" or a
transmit antenna, he used se%eral %ertical wires
attached to the ground" Across the Atlantic 9cean,
the recei%e antenna was a 2// meter wire held up
b! a )ite "In 1@/7, #olumbia ni%ersit! had an 6*perimental
ireless Station where the! used a transmitting
aerial cage" .his was a cage made up of wires and
suspended in the air, resembling a cage "
A rough outline of some maCor antennas and their
disco%er!;fabrication dates are listed
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1" Bagida Antenna, 1@2/s
2" Horn antennas, 1@3@" Interesting, the earl!
antenna literature discussed wa%eguides as Ehollow
metal pipesE
3" Antenna Arra!s, 1@4/s
4" -arabolic 8eFectors, late 1@4/s, earl! 1@+/s
+" -atch Antennas, 1@
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7" -IA, 1@=/s
#urrent research on antennas in%ol%es
metamaterials 0materials that ha%e engineered
dielectric and magnetic constants, that can be
simultaneousl! negati%e, allowing for interesting
properties li)e a negati%e inde* of refraction" 9ther
research focuses on ma)ing antennas smaller,
particularl! in communications for personal wireless
communication de%ices 0e"g" cell phones" A lot of
wor) is being performed on numerical modeling of
antennas, so that their properties can be predicted
before the! are built and tested"
'(,(Para-eters of Antenna:
In order to describe the performance of an antenna,
we use %arious, sometimes
interrelated, parameters"
8adiation pattern, beamwidth
-ower
Directi%it!, gain, aperture
8adiation resistance
Radiation Pattern:
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0Antenna 8adiation -attern" An antenna radiation
pattern or antenna pattern is de(ned as a
mathematical function or a graphical representation
of the radiation properties of the antenna as a
function of space coordinates"
De(ned for the far(eld"
As a function of directional coordinates"
.here can be feld patterns 0magnitude of the
electric or magnetic (eld
or power patterns 0s$uare of the magnitude of theelectric or magnetic(eld"
9ften normali5ed with respect to their
ma*imum%alue"
.he power pattern is usuall! plotted on a
logarithmic scale ormore commonl!
in decibels"
Radiation Pattern .obes:
A radiation lobe is a portion of the radiation pattern
bounded b! regions of
relati%el! wea) radiation intensit!"
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ain lobe
inor lobes
Side lobes
'ac) lobes
/ea-idth:
.he beamwidth of an antenna is a %er! important
(gure of merit and often is used as a tradeo
between it and the side lobe le%el& that is, as the
beamwidth decreases, the side lobe increases and
%ice %ersa"
.he beamwidth of the antenna is also used to
describe the resolution capabilities
of the antenna to distinguish between two adCacent
radiating sources or radar targets"
0Half-ower 'eam idth 0H-'0In a planecontaining the direction of the ma*imum of a beam,
the angle between the two directions in which the
radiation intensit! is onehalf %alue of the beam"
0irstJull 'eamwidth 0J'0 Angular separation
between the (rst nulls of the pattern"
Directi1ity:
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.he ratio of the radiation intensit! in a gi%en
directionfrom the antenna to the radiation intensit!
a%eraged o%er all directions"
.he a%erage radiation intensit! total power
radiated b! the antenna di%ided b! 4¼"
Stated more simpl!, the directi%it! of a
nonisotropic source is e$ual to the ratio of its
radiation intensit! in a gi%en direction o%er that of
an isotropic source"
D>D0> >
Antenna 2ain: .he parameter that measures the
degree of directi%it! of antennaKs radial pattern is
)nown as gain" An antenna with a higher gain is
more eecti%e in its radiation pattern" Antennas are
designed in such a wa! that power raises in wanted
direction and decreases in unwanted directions"
2 3 4poer radiated by an antenna564poer
radiated by refernce antenna5
Aperture: .his aperture is also )nown as the
eecti%e aperture of the antenna that acti%el!
participate in transmission and reception of
electromagnetic wa%es" .he power recei%ed b! the
antenna gets associated with collecti%e area" .hiscollected area of an antenna is )nown as eecti%e
aperture"
Pr3Pd7Aatts
A3pr6 pd -*
Directi1ity and /andidth: .he directi%e of an
antenna is de(ned as the measure of concentrated
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power radiation in a particular direction" It ma! be
considered as the capabilit! of an antenna to direct
radiated power in a gi%en direction" It can also be
noted as the ratio of the radiation intensit! in a
gi%en direction to the a%erage radiation intensit!"'andwidth is one of the desired parameters to
choose an antenna" It can be de(ned as the range of
fre$uencies o%er which an antenna can properl!
radiates energ! and recei%es energ!"
Polarization: An electromagnetic wa%e launched
from an antenna ma! be polari5ed %erticall! and
hori5ontall!" If the wa%e gets polari5ed in the %ertical
direction, then the 6 %ector is %ertical and it re$uires
a %ertical antenna" If %ector 6 is in hori5ontal wa!, it
needs a hori5ontal antenna to launch it" Sometimes,
circular polari5ation is used, it is a combination of
both hori5ontal and %ertical wa!s"
%8ecti1e .ength: .he eecti%e length is the
parameter of antennas that characteri5es the
eLcienc! of the antennas in transmitting and
recei%ing electromagnetic wa%es" 6ecti%e length
can be de(ned for both transmitting and recei%ing
antennas" .he ratio of 6 at the recei%er input to
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the intensit! of the electric (eld occurred on the
antenna is )nown as recei%ersK eecti%e length" .he
eecti%e length of the transmitter can be de(ned as
the length of the free space in conductor, and
current distribution across its length generates same(eld intensit! in an! direction of radiation"
%8ecti1e .ength 3 4Area under non&unifor-
current distrbution564Area under unifor-
current distribution5
Polar diagra-: .he most signi(cant propert! of an
antenna is its radiation pattern or polar diagram" Incase of a transmitting antenna, this is a plot that
discusses about the strength of the power (eld
radiated b! the antenna in %arious angular directions
as shown in the plot below" A plot can also be
obtained for both %ertical and hori5ontal planes M
and, it is also named as %ertical and hori5ontal
patterns, respecti%el!
'(9( M%T#D.2":
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.he words antenna 0plural antennas in S 6nglish,
although both EantennasE and EantennaeE are used
in International 6nglish and aerial are used
interchangeabl!" 9ccasionall! the term EaerialE is
used to mean a wire antenna" Howe%er, note theimportant international technical Cournal, the IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation" In
the nited Ningdom and other areas where 'ritish
6nglish is used, the term aerial is sometimes used
although antenna has been uni%ersal in
professional use for man! !ears"
.he origin of the word antenna relati%e to wireless
apparatus is attributed to Italian radio
pioneer Guglielmo arconi" In the summer of 1=@+,
arconi began testing his wireless s!stem outdoors
on his fathers estate near 'ologna and soon began
to e*periment with long wire EaerialsE" arconi
disco%ered that b! raising the EaerialE wire abo%ethe ground and connecting the other side of his
transmitter to ground, the transmission range was
increased" Soon he was able to transmit signals o%er
a hill, a distance of appro*imatel! 2"4 )ilometres
01"+ mi" In Italian a tent pole is )nown as l'antenna
centrale, and the pole with the wire was simpl!
called l'antenna. ntil then wireless radiatingtransmitting and recei%ing elements were )nown
simpl! as aerials or terminals"
'ecause of his prominence, arconis use of the
word antenna 0Italian for pole spread among
wireless researchers, and later to the general public"
In common usage, the word antenna ma! referbroadl! to an entire assembl! including support
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_journalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Transactions_on_Antennas_and_Propagationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Transactions_on_Antennas_and_Propagationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolognahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Transactions_on_Antennas_and_Propagationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Transactions_on_Antennas_and_Propagationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolognahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_journal
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structure, enclosure 0if an!, etc" in addition to the
actual functional components" 6speciall! at
microwa%e fre$uencies, a recei%ing antenna ma!
include not onl! the actual electrical antenna but an
integrated preampli(er or mi*er"
An antenna, in con%erting radio wa%es to electrical
signals or %ice %ersa, is a form of transducer"
Antennas are re$uired b! an! radio recei%er or
transmitter to couple its electrical connection to the
electromagnetic (eld" 8adio wa%es
areelectromagnetic wa%es which carr! signalsthrough the air 0or through space at the speed of
light with almost no transmission loss" 8adio
transmitters and recei%ers are used to con%e!
signals 0information in s!stems including broadcast
0audio radio, tele%ision, mobile telephones, i
i 0?AJ data networ)s, trun) lines and pointto
point communications lin)s 0telephone, datanetwor)s, satellite lin)s, man! remote
controlled de%ices such as garage door openers, and
wireless remote sensors, among man! others" 8adio
wa%es are also used directl! for measurements in
technologies including radar, G-S, and radio
astronom!" In each and e%er! case, the transmitters
and recei%ers in%ol%ed re$uire antennas, althoughthese are sometimes hidden 0such as the antenna
inside an A radio or inside a laptop computer
e$uipped with ii"
According to their applications and technolog!
a%ailable, antennas generall! fall in one of two
categories
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_mixerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(electrical_engineering)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(electrical_engineering)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_waveshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_lighthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_lighthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telephoneshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLANhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunkinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlledhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlledhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_door_openerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_astronomyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_astronomyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_mixerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(electrical_engineering)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(electrical_engineering)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_waveshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_lighthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_lighthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telephoneshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLANhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunkinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlledhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlledhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_door_openerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_astronomyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_astronomy
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1" 9mnidirectional or onl! wea)l! directional
antennas which recei%e or radiate more or less
in all directions" .hese are emplo!ed when the
relati%e position of the other station is un)nown
or arbitrar!" .he! are also used at lowerfre$uencies where a directional antenna would
be too large, or simpl! to cut costs in
applications where a directional antenna isnt
re$uired"
2" Directional or beam antennas which are
intended to preferentiall! radiate or recei%e in aparticular direction or directional pattern"
In common usage EomnidirectionalE usuall! refers to
all hori5ontal directions, t!picall! with reduced
performance in the direction of the s)! or the ground
0a trul! isotropic radiator is not e%en possible" A
EdirectionalE antenna usuall! is intended to
ma*imi5e its coupling to the electromagnetic (eld inthe direction of the other station, or sometimes to
co%er a particular sector such as a 12/O hori5ontal
fan pattern in the case of a panel antenna at a cell
site"
'oth the %ertical and dipole antennas are simple in
construction and relati%el! ine*pensi%e" .he dipoleantenna, which is the basis for most antenna
designs, is a balanced component, with e$ual but
opposite %oltages and currents applied at its two
terminals through a balanced transmission line 0or to
a coa*ial transmission line through a so
called balun" .he %ertical antenna, on the other
hand, is a monopole antenna" It is t!picall!connected to the inner conductor of a coa*ial
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnidirectional_antennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directional_antennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotropichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_sitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_sitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balancedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_linehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balunhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopole_antennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnidirectional_antennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directional_antennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotropichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_sitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_sitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balancedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_linehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balunhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopole_antennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cable
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transmission line 0or a matching networ)& the shield
of the transmission line is connected to ground" In
this wa!, the ground 0or an! large conducti%e
surface pla!s the role of the second conductor of a
dipole, thereb! forming a complete circuit" Sincemonopole antennas rel! on a conducti%e ground, a
socalled grounding structure ma! be emplo!ed to
pro%ide a better ground contact to the earth or
which itself acts as a ground plane to perform that
function regardless of 0or in absence of an actual
contact with the earth"
*()ntroduction of the Microstrip Antenna
*('()ntroduction
icrostrip antenna is a printed t!pe of antenna
consisting of a dielectric substrate with relati%e
permitti%it! and permeabilit! where sandwiched inbetween a ground plane and a metallic patch" .he
concept of microstrip antenna was (rst proposed in
1@+3, twent! !ears before the practical antennas
were produced "
Since the (rst practical antennas were de%eloped in
earl! 1@
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2/
strip antennas was held in Jew e*ico" .he
microstrip antenna is ph!sicall! %er! simple and Fat,
these are two of the reasons for the great interest in
this t!pe of antenna"
icrostrip antennas ha%e se%eral ad%antages
compared to other bul)! t!pe of antennas" Some of
the main ad%antages of micro strip antennas are
that it has low fabrication cost, its lightweight, low
%olume, and low pro(le con(gurations that it can be
made conformal, it can be easil! be mounted on
roc)ets, missiles and satellites without maCormodi(cations and arra!s of these antennas can
simpl! be produced "
Howe%er, micro strip antennas ha%e some
drawbac)s including narrow bandwidth, low power
handling capabilit! and low gain" 'ut with
technolog! ad%ancement and e*tensi%e research
into this area these problems are being graduall!o%ercome"
In man! practical designs, the ad%antages of
microstrip antennas far outweigh their
disad%antages" ith continuing research and
de%elopment it is e*pected that micro strip antennas
will replace con%entional antennas for mostapplications" Some of the notable applications for
microstrip antennas are in the areas of mobile
satellite
#ommunications, the Direct 'roadcast Satellite
0D'S s!stem and Global -ositioning S!stem 0G-S"
icrostrip antennas also found useful in nonsatellite
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based application such as remote sensing and
medical h!perthermia application"
2eneral Description
In its simplest form, micro strip antenna is a
dielectric substrate panel sandwiched in between
two conductors" .he lower conductor is called
ground plane and the upper conductor is )nown as
patch" icrostrip antenna is commonl! used at
fre$uencies from to 1// GH5 and at fre$uencies
below ultra high fre$uenc!, H micro strip patch
become e*ceptionall! large" .he radiating patch can
be design in %arious shapes according to the desired
characteristics" Illustrated in igure 1"1 is the
simplest structure of a rectangular microstrip patch
antenna"
$onducting .ayers : .he common materials used for conducting surfaces
are copper foil or copper foil plated with corrosion
resistant metals li)e gold, tin and nic)el" .hese
metals are the 3 main choice because of their low
resisti%it!, resistant to o*idation, solderable, and
adhere well to substrate"
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An alternati%e to metal for conducting surface is to
use conducti%e in)" It is easier to fabricate but ha%e
three disad%antages" irst, is that conducti%e in)s
cannot be soldered in the usual wa!, to o%ercome
this solder pastes are used" Secondl! is o*idation,but the eect is negligible since the o*ide is also
conducti%e" .he third is the problem of sil%er ion
migration" Sil%er ions tend to migrate under humid
conditions and this will cause a short across the
conducti%e in) lines"
Dielectric Substrate :
.he (rst step in designing micro strip antenna is tochoose the suitable substrate" .here are %arious
t!pes of substrate a%ailable in mar)et that pro%ides
considerable Fe*ibilit! in the choice of a substrate
for particular applications"
In most cases, considerations in substrate
characteristics in%ol%ed the dielectric constant and
loss tangent and their %ariation with temperature
and fre$uenc!, dimensional stabilit! with processing,
homogeneit! and isotropicit!" In order to pro%ide
support and protection for the patch elements, the
dielectric substrate must be strong and able to
endure high temperature during soldering process
and has high resistant towards chemicals that areused in fabrication process"
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.he surface of the substrate has to be smooth to
reduce losses and adhere well to the metal used"
Substrate thic)ness and permitti%it! determine the
electrical characteristics of the antenna" .hic)er
substrate will increase the bandwidth but it willcause the surface wa%es to propagate and spurious
coupling will happen" .his problem howe%er, can be
reduced or a%oided b! using a suitabl! low
permitti%it! substrate" 'elow are si* categories of
dielectric material that are used for substrates"
01#eramic Alumina 0 r > @"+, tan 0δ
> /"///3 .his t!pe of dielectric has low loss but brittle" It has
high fre$uenc! applications and also has e*cellent
resistance against chemicals" .he temperature
range for alumina is up to 17//o#"
02 S!nthetic materials .eFon 0 r > 2"/=, tan 0δ >
/"///4 .hese materials possess good electric properties but
ha%e a low melting point and ha%e poor adhesion"
.he dimensional stabilit! for this substrate is
relati%el! poor but reinforcement with glass or
ceramic will impro%e the dimensional stabilit! to
fairl! good"
03 #omposite materials M Duroid 0 r > 2"2 ;7"/; 1/"=,
tan 0δ > /"//1
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04 erromagnetic errite 0 r > @ 17, tan 0δ
>/"//1
.his t!pe of dielectric is biased b! an electrical (eld"
.he resonant fte$uenc! of the antenna depends
upon the biasing& hence magneticall! tuneable
antennas are possible"
0+ Semiconductor Silicon 0 r > 11"@, tan 0δ
>/"///4
.his t!pe of dielectric can be integrated into circuit,
but onl! small areas are a%ailable so it is not suitable
for antenna applications"
07 iberglass o%en (berglass 0 r > 4"==2, tan 0 >
/"//2
.his material is relati%el! low in cost for such low
loss tangent" Howe%er, wo%en (bers tend to be
anisotropic and this is undesirable in man! designs "
*(*( Microstrip Feeds :
atching is usuall! re$uired between the antenna
and the feed line, because antenna input
impedances dier from customar! +//hm line
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impedance" An appropriatel! 7 selected port location
will pro%ide matching between the antenna and its
feed line" And the location of the feed line also
aects the radiation characteristics" .here are three
common techni$ues for e*citing a particularmicrostrip antenna" .hese are coa*ial probe,
microstrip line and aperture coupling"
.he coa*ial probe is the most popular techni$ue and
is illustrated in igure 1"3" .he coa*ial connector is
attached to the ground plane and the coa*ial center
conductor e*tends through the substrate and isattached to the radiating patch" or coa*ial probe
the location of the feed is normall! located at one
third of the distance from the center of the patch to
the side" .he ad%antages of this method are that the
probe location can selecti%el! e*cite additional
modes and it can be use with plated %ias for multi
la!er circuits"
$oa;ial feed
In the second techni$ue, micro strip line is
connected directl! to the radiating patch& see igure
1"4" .he location of the feed line ma! aect a small
shift in resonant fre$uenc!, due to the change incoupling between the feed line and the antenna"
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.his techni$ue pro%ide good polari5ation howe%er, it
is %er! diLcult to minimi5e the spurious radiation
from the microstrip line" Spurious radiation will
increase sidelobes on the radiating pattern"
Microstrip .ine Feed
In the aperture coupling the feed line and the patch
are on dierent sides of the ground plane " A slot is
cut in the ground plane to couple the
electromagnetic to the radiating patch, thus no %ia
connectors needed" .his techni$ue is to a%oid
spurious radiation escapes from the feed line andcorrupt the sidelobes or polari5ation of the antenna"
Aperture coupling feed
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,()ntroduction of #FSS softare
HSS is a commercial (nite element method sol%er
for electromagnetic structures from Ans!s" .he
acron!m originall! stood for high fre$uenc!
structural simulator" It is one of se%eral commercial
tools used for antenna design, and the design of
comple* 8 electronic circuit elements including
(lters, transmission lines, and pac)aging" It was
originall! de%eloped b! -rofessor Poltan #endes and
his students at #arnegie ellon ni%ersit!" -rof"
#endes and his brother Jicholas #sendes founded
Ansoft and sold HSS standalone under a 1@=@
mar)eting relationship with Hewlett-ac)ard, and
bundled into Ansoft products"Q1R After %arious
business relationships o%er the period 1@@72//7,
H- 0which became Agilent 66sof 6DA di%ision and
Ansoft went their separate wa!sQ2R Agilent with the
criticall! acclaimedQ3R 6 6lement and Ansoft with
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_element_methodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansyshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFSS#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEsofhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFSS#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFSS#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FEM_Elementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_element_methodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansyshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFSS#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEsofhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFSS#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFSS#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FEM_Element
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their HSS products, respecti%el!" Ansoft was later
ac$uired b! Ans!s"
In this wor) a dual band rectangular microstrippatch antenna along with the inno%ati%e
metamaterial structure is proposed at a height of
3"2mm from the ground plane, which consists of a
rectangular geometr! incorporated with c shaped
structure" .his wor) is mainl! focused on increasing
the potential parameters of microstrip patch
antennas and anal!5ing the dual band operation of proposed antenna" .he proposed antenna is
designed to resonate at 2"4
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• -#' 'oard odelling M -ower; Ground planes,
esh Grid Grounds, 'ac)planes
• Silicon;GaAsSpiral Inductors, .ransformers
• 6#;6I M obile #ommunications M -atches,
Dipoles, Horns, #onformal #ell -hone Antennas,uadra(lar Heli*, Speci(c Absorption 8ate
0 SA8, In(nite Arra!s, 8adar Section 08#S,
re$uenc! Selecti%e Surface 0SS
• #onnectors M #oa*, S-;:-, 'ac)plane,
.ransitions
• a%eguide M ilters, 8esonators, .ransitions,
#ouplers• ilters M #a%it! ilters, icrostrip, Dielectric
• HSS is an interacti%e simulation s!stem whose
basic mesh element is a tetrahedron" .his
allows !ou to sol%e an! arbitrar! 3D geometr!,
especiall! those with comple* cur%es and
shapes, in a fraction of the time it would ta)e
using other techni$ues"• .he name HSS stands for High re$uenc!
Strucutre Simulator" Ansoft pioneered the use of
the inite 6lement ethod 06 for 6
simulation b! de%eloping ; implementing
technologies such as tangential %ector (nite
elements, adapti%e meshing, and Adapti%e
?anco5os pade Sweep 0A?-S" .oda!, HSScontinues to lead the industr! with inno%ations
such as odes to Jodes and ull wa%e Spice"
• Ansoft HSS has e%ol%ed o%er a period of !ears
with input from man! users and industries" In
industr!, Ansoft HSS is the tool of choice for
High producti%it! research, de%elopment, and
%irtual protot!ping"
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Analysis of Rectangular Microstrip Patch
Antenna and Meta-aterial Structure ith
Si-ulated Results :
.he 8ectangular icrostrip -atch Antenna is
designed on 84 0?oss! substrate" .he parameter
speci(cations of rectangular microstrip patch
antenna are mentioned " .hese are calculated from
the abo%e discussed formulae"
Probe Feed Patch Antenna )ntroduction:
Top1ie
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II M Getting Started
'! now, !ou can launch HSS, opening a proCect and name it
TprobeUeedU-atchUAntennaV"
.hen set the solution t!pe
select the menu item HSS W Solution .!pe
choose Dri%en .erminal
clic) 9) button
.o set the units
select the menu item ,D Modeler W
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))) > $reating the Probe Feed Patch Antenna
' > Substrate
.o draw the Substrate, clic) on the toolbar" .hen draw a
bo* b! (lling the following data as shown below"
* > Patch
.odrawthe-atch,clic)onthetoolbar".hendrawrectangleb!(llingthe following dataas shown below
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.henassignaperfect6boundar!tothepatch"SelectPatch0doubl
eclic)0select
Assign /oundary ? Perfect %@
#round Plane
Todr6%0eGro3!dP$!e)2$#28 o!%0e%oo$br9T0e!dr6re2%!7$eby"#$$#!7 %0e
"o$$o6#!7 d% 1 10o6! be$o69
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.henassignaperfect6boundar!tothepatch"Select2round0d
oubleclic)0and select Assign /oundary? Perfect %@
9 > $oa; $able
.he antenna is e*cited using a coa* cable port" .his port is
located under the
patch".odrawthecoa*cableport,westartb!drawingthein(nite
ground#ut9ut as shown below9
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.hen select the 2round
X$utut,rightclic),select%ditW/oolean WSubstract,
#reate the coa*"
Sotocreatethecoa*,selectthemenuite-DraW$ylinder0the
nenterthedataas described below
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#reate the #oa* -in
So Select the menu itemDraW$ylinder0 then enter the
data as described below
#reatethea%eport
.o create a circle thatrepresents the port
Select the menu itemDraW$ircle0 then enter the data as
shown below
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.o assign wa%e port e*citation, select Port ', then go to
menu item HSS W 6*citations W Assign W a%e port
#reate the -robe,
.ocreatetheprobe,selectthemenuitemDraW$ylinder0thenenterthedataas shown below
Assign Boundary
Todr6%0eA#rBo)2$#28 o!%0e%oo$br9T0e!dr6boby"#$$#!7%0e "o$$o6#!7 d% 1
10o6! be$o69
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Jow select 'o* 1, right clic)W Assign 'oundar! W radiation
B > Analysis Setup
inall!, !ou ha%e !our model read! to run" Jow !ou need toidentif! !our anal!sis setup" .o create ananal!sis setup,
select the menuitem #FSS W Analysis Setup W Add
Solution Setup" In the Solution Setup window, clic) the
general tab, Solution fre$uenc! is 2"++GH5 ,a*imum
Jumber of -asses Is 2/ and a*imum Delta Sper -ass is
/"/2"
C > ADD
Frequency Seep
.oaddafre$uenc!sweep,selectthemenuitem
#FSSWAnalysisSetup WAdd Seep( Select Solution
Setup Setup1"#lic)9N button".hen6ditSweepindow"
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Sweep .!pe ast, re$uenc! Setup .!pe?inear #ount,
Start1 GH5, Stop 3 GH5, #ount 2//" #lic) 9N button"
> Model Ealidation
.o%alidatethemodel,selectthemenu#FSSWEalidation
$hec= "#lic)the#lose button" .o %iew an! errors or warnings
messages, use the essage anager"
>
Analyz
e
.o start the solution process, select the menu
item #FSS WAnalyze" 9r clic) on the icon "
'G& Solution Data
Jote.heSolutionDatawindowcanbealsodispla!ed b!
rightclic) on the Setup1underanal!sisontheHSSdesigntree"Jotealso that
the default%iewis-ro(le"Select the #on%ergence tab
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.he simulation will stop as soon as the
results con%erge, which is at pass 1/"
$reateRepors
.o create a report,
select8esultsW#reate8eport"
Set8eport.!petoodalS-arameters,Displa!.!peto8ectangu
larthenclic)9N
button"
Inthe.racesindow,setSolutiontoSetup1Adapti%e1"IntheBt
ab,set#ategor! to S -arameter, uantit! to S 0wa%eport,
wa%eport, unction to d' and clic) Add .race button" #lic)
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Done button" Jote that !ou can create an! t!pe of report it
all depends on user
'*& RadiationPattern
.o create 2D polar far (eld plot go to 8esults W create
8eport" hen the new window pops up change the 8eport
.!pe to Far Field and Displa! t!pe to Radiation Pattern
then clic) 9N"
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,D P.AR P.T S&PARAM%T%R:
2R
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,(* Ad1antages of Microstrip antenna:
• icrostrip antennas are relati%el! ine*pensi%e to
manufacture and design because of the simple 2
dimensional ph!sical geometr!"• .he! are usuall! emplo!ed at H and higher
fre$uencies because the si5e of the antenna is directl!
tied to the wa%elength at the resonant fre$uenc!"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHFhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHFhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance
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• It is relati%el! eas! to print an arra! of patches on
a single 0large substrate using lithographic techni$ues"
• -atterns are somewhat hemispherical, with a
moderate directi%it! 0about 7= d' is t!pical"
Disad1antages of Microstrip antenna:
• ?ow bandwidth 0but can be impro%ed b! a %ariet! of
techni$ues" 'andwidths of a few percent are t!pical"
• 6Lcienc! ma! be lower than with other antennas "
6Lcienc! is limited b! conductor and dielectric
lossesY, and b! surfacewa%e loss"
• 6*tra radiation occurs from its feeds and Cunctions"
9(APP.)$AT)!S:
.he icrostrip patch antennas are well )nown for their
performance and their robust design, fabrication and their
e*tent usage" .he ad%antages of this icrostrip patch
antenna are to o%ercome their demerits such as eas! to
design, light weight etc", the applications are in the %arious
(elds such as in the medical applications, satellites and of course e%en in the militar! s!stems Cust li)e in the roc)ets,
aircrafts missiles etc" the usage of the icrostrip antennas
are spreading widel! in all the (elds and areas and now the!
are booming in the commercial aspects due to their low cost
of the substrate material and the fabrication" It is also
e*pected that due to the increasing usage of the patch
antennas in the wide range this could ta)e o%er the usage of
the con%entional antennas for the ma*imum applications"icrostrip patch antenna has se%eral applications"
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H(Future scope of Micro Strip antenna+s:
.he e*plosi%e growth in the demand for wirelesscommunication and information transfer usinghandsets and personal communications 0-#Sde%ices has created the need for maCorad%ancements of antenna designs as a fundamentalpart of an! wireless s!stem" 9ne t!pe of antennasthat ful(lls most of the wireless s!stemsre$uirements is the microstrip antennas" .heseantennas are widel! used on base stations as well ashandheld de%ices" icrostrip antennas ha%e a%ariet! of con(gurations and are currentl! the mostacti%e (eld in antenna research and de%elopment"
.he microstrip antennas, due to their greatad%antages, ha%e increasingl! wide range of applications in wireless communication s!stems ashandheld mobile de%ices, satellite communications!stems, and biomedical applications" In most -#S,the handheld antenna is placed on a smallplastic;shielding bo* that is in close pro*imit! tobiological tissue of user bod! hence its radiationma! cause health ha5ardous eects" Added to theoperational re$uirements, the users and ser%icepro%iders usuall! demand wireless units withantennas that are small and compact, cost eecti%efor manufacturabilit!, low pro(le, and eas! tointegrate with other wireless communication s!stemcomponents" .he antenna designer must consider allthese issues besides the electrical characteristics of the antenna performance which include antennatuning 0operating fre$uenc!, ZS8 and return loss0input impedance, bandwidth, gain and directi%it!,radiation pattern, di%ersit!, and si5e of the chassis0e*pressed as a function of wa%elengths andspeci(c absorption rate 0SA8 of the antenna" .hese
design considerations ha%e led antenna designers to
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consider a wide %ariet! of structures to meet theoften conFicting needs for dierent applications"
.his special issue contains dierent topics aboutmicrostrip antennas" Jew designs are in%estigated
for se%eral wireless communication applications"-apers are classi(ed from sur%e! about mostliterature publications in se%eral topics as 8 energ!har%esting to new designs in ' antennas,recon(gurable antennas, smart I9 s!stems, andso forth"
e hope the readers and researches of microstrip
antenna s!stems will (nd in this special issue notonl! new designs about dierent microstrip antennacharacteristics but also %aluable information aboutnumerical anal!sis and fabrications"
icrostrippatch elements on a conical surface are acon(guration of great potential interest" Howe%er, nomutual coupling data for this case ha%e been found
in the published literature" .his ma! be due to thecomple*it! of anal!5ing the near (elds on a coatedcone" .here are %er! few references in the literaturein which the radiation characteristics of microstrippatch antennas on cones ha%e been anal!5ed" .heresults found were obtained using a ca%it! model of the patch" Also, conformal spherical antennas ha%eattracted interest" A well)nown e*ample is the
dome radar antenna" .his antenna has a passi%etransmissiont!pe lens of hemispherical shape" hatdo radomes ha%e to do with conformal arra!antennas 8adomes are usuall! thought of asdielectric shell structures protecting an antennainstallation" If made of metal, a dense arra! of openings 0slots can pro%ide the necessar!transmission properties within a restricted range of
fre$uencies" .he result is a conformal fre$uenc!selecti%e structure 0SS" It is not an antenna, of
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course, but %iewed from the outside it e*hibits allthe radiating characteristics of a cur%ed antennaarra! of radiating elements, Cust li)e a conformalantenna" .he hemispherical surface pro%ides anacti%e area subtended b! a conical angle of 12/O bee*pected to be independent of the scan directionsince we are dealing with a spherical surface"Howe%er, for scan angles larger than a certain %alue,in our case 3/O from the 5enith, the eecti%e areadecreases and is hal%ed at the @/O scan limit basedon our assumed ma*imum scan angle 7/O" 9nealternati%e is to e*tend the sphere downward to
ma)e the eecti%e area constant with scan .he microstrip arra!s mounted on a sphericalsurface ha%e the ad%antages of wideangleco%erage" Such spherical microstrip arra!s areusuall! designed to ha%e radiation co%erage o%ernearl! a full hemisphere, which can (nd applicationsin ground stationtosatellite, aircrafttosatellite, andsatellitetosatellite communication lin)s"
.he conical microstrip arra! ma! be used to pro%idetrac)ing antennas for highspeed missiles, where thefront end of the missile ma)es a design usingcon%entional planar microstrip antennas impractical"9ther uses are in cur%ed bodies that ha%e conical ornearl! conical surfaces" As for the conical microstriparra! with t!pical geometr! reports of related
designs are relati%el! scant!"
8esults for 6 and Hplane mutual coupling forc!lindrical microstrip antennas and the cur%atureeects on the mutual coupling ha%e been presentedin the thesis" 9n the other hand, the cur%atureeects on the mutual coupling in the design andperformance of microstrip antennas mounted on a
spherical and the conical ground surface conformingto nose cone and canop! ma! be in%estigated"
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'! following a theoretical formulation similar to thatfor the wide c!lindrical microstrip line, the currentdensit! on the coupled lines ma! (rst be e*pandedin terms of combinations of )nown basis functionsfor modelling the surface current densit! on thecoupled microstrip lines for numerical con%ergence"Since discontinuities in microstrip lines, caused b!abrupt changes in the geometr! of the stripconductor ma! generate radiating and surfacewa%es, accurate characteri5ation of the discontinuit!characteristics of microstrip lines is desired"
B($onclusion:
uture aircraft s!stems must ha%e the abilit! toadapt to fend for itself from rapidl! changing threatsituations" .he aircraft s!stems need to be designedto tac)le d!namicall! threat in the form of 6lectronicAttac)" In order to thwart the detection of operatingfre$uenc! b! the enem! and pre%ent the Camming of signals, it is necessar! to design a fre$uenc! agile
microstrip patch antenna" Such a recon(gurablepatch antenna ma! be designed b! emplo!ingmultidielectric la!ers and a co%er la!ers, placeddirectl! on the surface of the aircraft" Impedancebandwidth, an important characteristic of microstrippatch antennas can be signi(cantl! impro%ed b!using multila!er dielectric con(guration" .heantenna thus, designed ma! be used for speci(c
highperformance airborne applications and suitabl!be utili5ed for reali5ation of fre$uenc! hopping" orlarge 0a5imuthal angular co%erage conformal arra!sof these antennas can be mounted on singl! cur%edc!lindrical surface with low pro(le" .he singl! cur%edsurface can also be used as an appro*imation of theshape of an aircraft wing, fuselage or e*ternal pods"Such a design is e*pected to facilitate the use of
antenna in defence applications in radar and
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communication s!stems to a%oid detection b!enem!" #hapter 1 of the thesis is de%oted tointroductor! o%er%iew" In subse$uent of the thesiseorts ha%e been made to design multidielectricmicrostrip patch antennas with a co%er la!er whichare fre$uenc! agile, suitable for speci(c highperformance airborne applications and areconformable for mounting on singl! cur%edc!lindrical surface of an aircraft" .he designperformance anal!sis of such microstrip patchantennas and scope of further wor) are presented inthe following sections of this chapter9
C(R%F%R%!$%:
Microstrip antennas: the anal!sis and design ofmicrostrip antennas and arra!s b! Da%id " -o5ar, D"Schaubert, I666 Antennas and -ropagation Societ!
Antennas and a%e -ropagationb! A" Harish and" Sachidananda,
https://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22David+M.+Pozar%22https://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22D.+Schaubert%22https://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22D.+Schaubert%22https://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22IEEE+Antennas+and+Propagation+Society%22https://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22David+M.+Pozar%22https://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22D.+Schaubert%22https://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22D.+Schaubert%22https://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22IEEE+Antennas+and+Propagation+Society%22
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