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VERIFICATION OF PROJECT SUPERVISOR
We hereby declare that this project paper has been read and we have the opinion that the
project is appropriate in terms of scope coverage and quality for awarding industrial Diploma
Electronics.
Signature : Name Supervisor : Mr. Fazli bin Mohamad
Date : .
Signature :
Name of Head of Section : Mr.Jasmi bin Mohd Saat
Date : .
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, our group would like to take this opportunity to those who were involved in all
stage especially to all Technical Training Officers (TTOs) who had given their full support,
guidance and help since the first day we stepped here, in German-Malaysian Institute to gain
this precious knowledge and practical skills. Without them, our project wouldnt have
successfully done.
To our supervisor, Mr. Fazli who gives his all in helping us in this project, we would like
to say a lot of thank you who had provided us a neat, consistent and filly pledge throughout the
entire project. Not to be forgotten, Our Head of Section of Process Instrumentation and Control,
Mr. Jasmi bin Saat who provided us a better idea and guide us in this project. An appreciation
goes to the technicians as well for giving the full commitment to help us when we are having
issues regarding to the instruments.
Last but not least, a million thanks to our family who are being supportive and willing to
help in financial aspect.
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Table of Contents
Contents
VERIFICATION OF PROJECT SUPERVISOR .......................................................................... 1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................ 2
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ 6
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 7
1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND ............................................................................................. 7
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT ..................................................................................................... 8
1.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVE ........................................................................................................ 8
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW AND PROJECT DESCRIPTION ..................................... 9
2.1 PROJECT SPECIFICATION ........................................................................................... 9
2.2 PROJECT FEATURES .......................................................................................................11
2.2.1 Electrical Features ....................................................................................................11
2.2.2 Instrument / control Features ....................................................................................12
2.2.3 Physical Features .....................................................................................................13
2.3 Safety Features ...................................................................................................................14
2.3.1 Electrical Safety ........................................................................................................14
2.3.2 Mechanical Safety ....................................................................................................14
2.3.3 Plant Safety ......................................................................................................................17
2.4 Principle of Operation ..........................................................................................................17
2.4.1 Piping and Instrumentation Diagram .........................................................................17
2.4.2 Machine Layout ........................................................................................................18
2.5 Electrical Wiring Diagram ....................................................................................................23
2.5.1 Control Circuit ...........................................................................................................23
2.5.2 Control Circuit 240VAC ............................................................................................24
2.5.3 Main Circuit ..............................................................................................................24
2.5.4 Programmable Logic Control (PLC) ..........................................................................252.5.4 PLC Wiring Diagram .................................................................................................26
2.6 CONTROL STRATEGIES / THE SIGNAL FLOW DIAGRAM...............................................27
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Chapter 33.1 Feasibility Studies ...............................................................................................................30
3.1.1 Result of Interview ...............................................................................................30
3.1.2 Process Parameter and Instrumentations .................................................................30
3.1.3 Experiment of Making Lemongrass Lotion manually .................................................31
3.2 Secondary Sources .............................................................................................................33
3.3 Project Schedule .................................................................................................................37
3.3.1 Gantt Chart ...............................................................................................................37
3.4 Safety ..................................................................................................................................37
Chapter 44.1 Process Plan .......................................................................................................................38
4.1.1 Block Diagram ..........................................................................................................38
4.1.2 Flow Chart ................................................................................................................39
4.1.3 Machine Sequences .................................................................................................40
4.2 Quality Plan .........................................................................................................................40
4.2.1 Quality Checking ......................................................................................................40
4.3 SAFETY .........................................................................................................................41
4.4 Standard Operating Procedure............................................................................................46
4.5 Project Schedule .................................................................................................................47
4.5.1 Task Content ............................................................................................................47
4.5.2 Task Sequence ........................................................................................................49
4.5.3 Group Member Task Distribution ..............................................................................51
4.5.4 Time Allocation .........................................................................................................51
4.6 Instrumentation, Equipment and Engineering Cost ..............................................................52
4.61 Electrical Cost ...................................................................................................................52
4.6.2 Mechanical Components ..................................................................................................53
4.6.3 Instruments Components .................................................................................................54
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CHAPTER 5 ..............................................................................................................................55
FINDING AND ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................55
5.1 Result and Finding ..............................................................................................................55
5.1.1 Procedure .................................................................................................................55
5.1.2 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................57
5.1.3 Calculation of Tuning Method (CHR) Without Overshoot .......................................58
5.2 Checklist Test for All Electrical Equipment ..........................................................................60
5.3 Problem Encountered and Countermeasure .......................................................................61
5.4 Recommendation ................................................................................................................62
CHAPTER 6 ..............................................................................................................................63Conclusion ................................................................................................................................63
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List of Tables
Table 2.1: Properties of Essential Oil ........................................................................................36
List of Figures
Figure 2.2.1: Warning................................................................................................................15
Figure 2.2.2: Caution.................................................................................................................15
Figure 2.2.3: Danger High Electricity .........................................................................................15
Figure 2.2.4: Danger Hot Surface..............................................................................................16
Figure 2.2.5: Danger Corrosive .................................................................................................16
Figure 2.3.1: Piping and Instrument Diagram............................................................................. 14
Figure 2.3.2: Illustration of Assembly Drawing...........................................................................19
Figure 2.3.3: Illustration of Front View .......................................................................................20
Figure 2.3.4: Illustration of Side View ........................................................................................21
Figure 2.3.5: Illustration of Top View .........................................................................................22
Figure 2.4.1: Wiring Diagram of Control Circuit .........................................................................23
Figure 2.4.2: Wiring Diagram for 24V Control Circuit ................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 2.4.3: Wiring Diagram of 240VAC Control Circuit ...........................................................24
Figure 2.4.4: Wiring Diagram of Main Circuit .............................................................................25
Figure 2.4.5: PLC Wiring Diagram.............................................................................................26
Figure 4.1.1: Block Diagram...29
Figure 4.1.2: Flow Chart Stage 1..30
Figure 4.1.3: Flow Chart Stage 2..31
Figure 4.1.4: Flow Chart Stage 3..32
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND
. As part of the three years (6 semesters) training program conducted in German-Malaysian
Institute, students in 5th semester are required to do an industry based project related to their
specialization. After we did some researches, we made up our mind to create an industrial
based project that is Lemongrass Lotion Process Machine.
A lotion is a low- to medium-viscosity, topical preparation intended for application to
unbroken skin. By contrast, creams and gels have higher viscosity. Lotions are applied to
external skin with bare hands, a clean cloth, cotton wool or gauze. Many lotions, especially hand
lotions and body lotions are formulated not as a medicine delivery system, but simply to smooth,
re-hydrate, and soften the skin. These are particularly popular with the aging and aged
demographic groups, and in the case of face usage, can also be classified as a cosmetic in
many cases, and may contain fragrances.
Lemongrass is an herb with a mild citrus flavour. Its commonly used in Asian cuisine to
flavour soups, seafood, curries. According to Gourmet Sleuth, lemon grass works well when
combined with garlic and cilantro. It also can be used to brew tea. Lemon grass belongs to
citronella family, and can be planted in the garden to ward off insects, or used to make soaps
and candles.
So, to create another form of product, we came out with an idea to create lemongrass
lotion. It has value in clearing cellulite as well as toning the skin, opening blocked pores and
helping with acne. The antiseptic properties are useful in treating athletes foot and any other
fungal infections. People may have allergic reaction to lemongrass oil but mostly it is less
possibility of irritation or allergy when it is used in concentration lower than 3%. Lemongrass oil
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also becomes more benefit when it is combined with any other herbs such as tea tree, lavender,
jasmine and many more.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Lemongrasses have some benefits as a traditional medicines to cure fungal infections and
as insect repellent. Based on the researches, lemongrass are seldom used as lotion. Mostly, it
is available in essential oil. So we came out with an idea to produce a lotion which have
lemongrass essential oil in it. In our project, we had decided to make lemongrass lotion process
in a small plant.
1.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVE
In order to make our project is successfully done; the several objectives that we should
achieve have been finding out in our project. The objectives of our project are to achieve set
point of temperature which are 0c - 90c. In this range of temperature, the glycerine, emulsifying
wax, cocoa butter and essential oil can bind together into one solution as they have different
density.
Furthermore, we also have an objective to achieve the set point of pH value which are 5.4
5.6. This range of pH value has been stated that it is the most suitable pH value for human skin.
Last but not least, of course we want to be able to produce lemongrass lotion in semi-automated
plant.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW AND PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 PROJECT SPECIFICATION
We have 3 major processes which are mixing, heating and also neutralization. For
mixing, emulsifying wax, glycerine, cocoa butter and lemongrass essential oil were added into
mixing tank with agitator. The ratio of the materials is 1:2:2. During this process, the pH of the
mixture might be too acidic or too alkali which are not good to our skin.
Next process is heating to ensure that the mixture is completely dissolved so it will
create a smooth texture of lotion. This process occurs when the mixing process are on
progress. The suitable temperature for this process is 0C - 90C. The most important process
in this project is pH manipulation. This is to ensure that the mixture will not cause any irritation
to human skin. During this process, balancing and maintaining the pH value are needed. The
suitable value for human skin is pH 5.5. To complete all this process, we use Programmable
Logic Control to monitor and control the process. Behind is our project specifications.
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Project Title Lemongrass Lotion Processing Plant
Main Process To control the pH value of the lotion in the
mixing tank
Voltage Supply 24VDC, 240VAC, 415VAC
Type of Process Batch process
Operation Mode Automatic and manual
Inflow Emulsifying wax
Vegetables glycerine
Cocoa butter
Lemongrass essential oil
Outflow Lotion
Total Process Mixing
Heating
Neutralization
Piping Stainless steel
Sensor and Instrument RTD PT100
Temperature controller
pH analyzer
Other equipment Solenoid valve
Ball valve
Manual valve
PLC Siemens S700
Pump
Agitator motor
Clamp heater
Tank Raw material tank
Mixing tank
Product tank
Table 2.1: Project Specification
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2.2 PROJECT FEATURES
In order to complete the produce the product and process system, this project consists of
several major features that are very important. Few standard features are to be set when
implementing this project. Below are the features of some instruments that are being applied in
most process plants. There are 3 elements in project features which are:
1. Electrical
2. Instrument/ Control
3. Physical
2.2.1 Electrical Features
Type of voltage Features
AC Supply (1 phase and 3 Phase ) To supply voltage to the system and equipment
DC Supply (24V) To supply voltage to the system and equipment
Table 2.2.1: Electrical Features
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2.2.2 Instrument / control Features
Type of Instrument Features
Temperature Controller (TC)To control the temperature in mixing tank so that it canachieve the set point and activate the agitator
Ball Valve (BV)To execute the raw materials from the respectivetanks
Temperature Transmitter (TT)To transmit the temperature signal inside the mixing
tank
Agitator (AG)To stir the materials inside the mixing tank at desiredspeed
SCADA To monitor and control the process
Table 2.2.2: Instrument/control Features
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2.2.3 Physical Features
Type of Instrument Features
Emulsifying wax Tank To store the emulsifying wax
Cocoa butter and Glycerin Tank To store the cocoa butter and glycerin
Essential oil Tank To store the lemongrass essential oil
Mixing tank To heat and mix all the raw materials with agitator
Table 2.2.3: Physical Features
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2.3 Safety Features
Safety is the most important thing that should be considered in designing a system.
There is wide range of main safety available to meet with different applications and performance
aspects by different field.
2.3.1 Electrical Safety
In every process plant that operates, safety is important to avoid any accident or hazards from
occurring. For lemongrass lotion processing plant, the electrical safety has been installed to
avoid any accidents when the process occurs. The table below shows the safety precautions in
this plant;
Main supply protection Main Circuit Breaker (MCB)
Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB)
Grounding
Switching and indicator Emergency switch
ON-OFF push button
Safety and Faulty indicator and buzzerCurrent protection Fuse
Wiring and terminations Installation tapes
Plastic partition housing
Cable labelling
Table 2.3.1: Safety Precautions for Electrical
2.3.2 Mechanical Safety
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In this plant, there are few moving and hot object which need more attention for safety concern.
Injuries or fatal incidents could happen if these safety precautions are ignored. In this case, the
safety signs must be put at the piping and also tanks where people can easily see it.
Figure 2.3.1: Warning
Warning indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in
death or serious injury.
Figure 2.3.2: Caution
Caution indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, may result
minor or moderate injury. This category also includes potential equipment damage.
Figure 2.3.3: Danger High Electricity
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Danger electricity indicates a potentially dangerous voltage which, if not avoided, could
result in shocked or short circuit.
Figure 2.3.4: Danger Hot Surface
Caution (hot surface) indicates a hazard situation which, if not avoided, could become
serious injury or skin burned.
Figure 2.3.5: Danger Corrosive
All these signs we put on control panel, tanks and also the pipings to make sure people
will notice the safety sign.
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2.3.3 Plant Safety
This project is implementing a heating, mixing and neutralization process which involves hot
operating temperature which is at 60C. At this point of operating temperature, burned-skin
could happen if the operator did not carefully follow the plant safety operating procedure.
1. Please ensure all electrical cables are fully insulated
2. Please ensure that all hot surfaces are fully insulated
3. Please ensure hands are dried before operating electrical devices
4. Please obey all the hazard signs placed at hazardous area at plant
5. Please ensure that pressure supply to plant instruments is according to the instruments
specifications
6. Please use the emergency stop button at control panel in case of any breakdown while
operating plant
2.4 Principle of Operation
2.4.1 Piping and Instrumentation Diagram
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Figure 2.4.1: Illustration of Piping & Instrument Diagram
This is our Piping and Instrument Diagram. We used Microsoft Visio to sketch this diagram.
It takes about a month to complete this diagram since the approval of this diagram is not
lenient. Our P&ID diagram needs approval of our supervisor, Mr. Fazli bin Mohamad, Senior
Technical Training Officers, Head of Section PIC, Mr. Jasmi bin Saat.
2.4.2 Machine Layout
2.4.2.1 Assembly Layout
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Figure 2.4.2.1: Illustration of Assembly Drawing
Tower lamp
Control
panel
Dosing
pump
Alkali tank
Raw material
tanks
Motor
Mixingtank
Container
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2.4.2.2 Front View
Figure 2.4.2.2: Illustration of Front View
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2.4.2.3 Side View
Figure 2.4.2.3: Illustration of Side View
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2.4.2.4 Top View
Figure 2.4.2.5: Illustration of Top View
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2.5 Electrical Wiring Diagram
2.5.1 Control Circuit
K2 K3 BV1 BV2 BV3 DP BV OUT
1
A1
1 1 1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3 33
A1
A2 A2
HEATER
AGITATOR
BALLVALVE
1
BALLVALVE
2
BALLVALVE
3
DOSING
PUMP
BALLVALVE
OUT
MCB
6A
3
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7
240VAC
N
L
0VAC
Figure 2.5.1: Wiring Diagram of Control Circuit
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2.5.2 Control Circuit 240VAC
8
6
88 88 8 8 8 8 8 8 88 8
6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 55
GREEN
RED
GREEN
RED
GREEN
GREEN
RED
GREEN
RED
GREEN
GREEN
RED
RED
RED
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7
MCB
6A
240VAC
N
HEATER
ON
HEATER
OFF
BALLVALVE
1ON
AGITATOR
OFF
AGITATOR
ON
BALLVALVE
21OFF
BALLVALVE2
OFF
BALLVALVE
2ON
BVOUTON
DOSING
PUMPOFF
BVOUTOFF
BALLVALVE
3ON
DOSING
PUMPON
BALLVALVE
3OFF
Figure 2.5.2: Wiring Diagram of 240VAC Control Circuit
2.5.3 Main Circuit
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ELCB
K1
K1
PLC
POWER
SUPPLY
24VDC
TEMPERATURE
CONTROLLER
DOSING
PUMP
L N
G
PE
L N
G
24V 0
L N
G
G
NL
AC
REGULATOR
HEATER
K2
L N
NL
FREQUENCY
INVERTER
K3
L N
U
V
W
G
G
MCB 1
6A
EPB
START
STOP
K1 K1
RED
GREEN
MCB 2
6A
MCB 3
6A
MCB 4
6A
MCB 5
6A
MCB 8
6AMCB 6
20A
L1
N
43
44
31
32
RTD
+ -
Figure 2.5.3: Wiring Diagram of Main Circuit
2.5.4 Programmable Logic Control (PLC)
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Q4.0 Q4.1 Q4.2 Q4.3 Q4.4 Q4.6 Q4.7 Q5.0 Q5.1 Q5.2
I0.0 I0.1PIW
288
PIW
292
PLC S7
24VDC
0VDCBV 1
R1
BV 2 BV 3
R2 R3 R4 R5
DP BV OUT R Y G
S TA RT S TO P
R6
HT BUZZER
R7
AGI
Q5.3
TEMP.
CONTpH
CONT
Figure 2.5.3: PLC Wiring Diagram
2.5.4 PLC Wiring Diagram
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R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6
24VDC/PLC
HEATER
AGITATOR
BALLVALVE
2
BALLVALVE
3
DOSING
PUMP
BALLVALVE
10V
Q4.0
Q4.1
Q4.2
Q4.3
Q4.4
Q4.6
2
7
2
7
222 2
7777
R7
2
7
Q4.7
BALLVALVE
OUT
GREEN
YELLOW
RED
Q5.0
Q5.1
Q5.2
BUZZER
Q5.3
Figure 1.5.4: PLC Wiring Diagram
2.6 CONTROL STRATEGIES / THE SIGNAL FLOW DIAGRAM
For our project, we used continuous closed loop for heating and pH manipulation.
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Heating Process
Controller Temperature Controller(TZN4H Autonics)Range: -40 - 5c
Set Point 0c - 90c
Final Control Element (FCE) Clamp Heater
Process Heating
Sensor PT 100
Type of Control Continuous
pH Controller
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Controller pH Controller(Rosemount Analytical 1056)
Set Point 5.4-5.6
Final Control Element (FCE) Dosing pump
Process pH level
Sensor pH Transmitter
Type of Control Continuous
CHAPTER 3
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METHODOLOGY
3.1 Feasibility Studies
MARDI is the one of my main researches on making this project more successful. To get
more information from them, we conducted an interview with the Chief Unit for Essential Oil
Research of Mardi, Khalisanni Khalid ([email protected]). As a result for this interview, we
managed to find out the suitable essential oil and how to produce lotion includes the process
flow, temperature needed in the process, the ratios of raw material, and slightly help us about
the P&ID.
3.1.1 Result of Interview
From the result of the interview, Mr. Khalisanni, our respondent gives us two type of
essential oil as suggestion which is tea tree oil and lemongrass essential oil. But we
choose lemongrass essential oil because of its properties and less production of
lemongrass essential oil. We also have been provided with information on how to
produce the lotion. Mr. Khalisanni gives us the process sequence, suitable temperature
and also suitable pH value. He also gives the ratio of the raw material which is 1:2:2
represents, lemongrass, cocoa butter and glycerin and emulsifying wax respectively.
Besides, he give us an idea to design our Piping and Instrument Diagram (P&ID) with
our desired specifications.
3.1.2 Process Parameter and Instrumentations
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After conducting the Market Research at MARDI, we had clasify the feasibility study in two type
which are process parameter and instrumentation. Table below shown the detailed of the
process parameter:
Process Parameter Instrumentation / Electrical
Heating
The temperature required in the
making of lemongrass lotion is
0 c - 90 c
The measuring element that we used to measure
temperature is PT 100 and the controller that
control the temperature is Temperature Controller
model TZN4H Autonics.
Apart from that, we are also use the close loop
which is PID control and tuning. The source for
heating that we used in our project is clamp
heater. The reasons we used clamp heater
compare than other sources because Only
involve a temperature range between 80C - 90C
Mixing
To blend the mixture and
produce a smooth texture for
lotion
The voltage supply for agitator is three phase and
the frequency used is 50Hz. The controller that
we use is Frequency Inverter to control the
speed. The control method use is PLC Sequence
Initiated.
Measuring pH of Lemongrass Lotion
The optimum pH to give a lotion in good
for human skin is between pH 5.4 5.6
The measuring element to measure the pH value
is pH sensor and the controller that we used to
control and set the value of pH is pH controller
model Rosemount Analytical 1056.
3.1.3 Experiment of Making Lemongrass Lotion manually
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We did the experiment of making lemongrass lotion in manually. The ingredients that we
prepare to make is according to ratio that we have mentioned earlier but in small scale. We did
this experiment at laboratory and all apparatus we use is thermometer, beaker, Bunsen burner
and stirrer.
The ingredients of making lemongrass lotion
During heating process
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During our experiment, firstly we mix all the raw materials and start heating process.
First temperature reading is 60c but the mixture is not completely dissolve. So we heat it
again until it reaches the desired concentration of lemongrass lotion. After 5c, then only
we achieve our desired mixture and pH value.
3.2 Secondary Sources
4 Most lotions are oil-in-water emulsions using a substance such as cetearyl alcohol to keep
the emulsion together, but water-in-oil lotions are also formulated. The key components of
a skin care lotion, cream or gel emulsion (that is mixtures of oil and water) are
the aqueous and oily phases, an emulgent to prevent separation of these two phases,
and, if used, the drug substance or substances.
5 A wide variety of other ingredients such as fragrances, glycerol, petroleum
jelly, dyes, preservatives, proteins and stabilizing agents are commonly added to lotions.
Lotions can be used for the delivery to the skin of medications such as antibiotics,
antiseptics, antifungal, corticosteroids, anti-acne agents, soothing, smoothing,
moisturizing or protective agents (such as calamine).
6 Studies had been done on how to the essential oil and the process of making lotion. We
have done some researches on internet. The health benefits of Lemongrass Essential Oil
can be attributed to its properties like analgesic, anti-depressant, anti-microbial, anti-
pyretic, anti-septic, astringent, bactericidal, carminative, deodorant, diuretic, febrifuge,
fungicidal, galactogogue, insecticidal, nervine, sedative and tonic.
7 One of the research state that to produce a smooth texture of lotion, we must add
emulsifying wax to bind together the mixture between the water and oil solution.
Furthermore, the addition of cocoa butter and vegetables glycerin are for moisturizing
skin.
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8 The ingredients for Emulsifying Wax NF are: Cetearyl Alcohol, Polysorbate 60, PEG-150
Stearate, and Steareth-20. It has the characteristics of cetyl alcohol combined with the
viscosity building effect of stearyl alcohol as an effective thickener and helps form stable
emulsions
9 The most common form of cocoa butter has a melting point of around 3438 C (93100
F), rendering chocolate a solid at room temperature that readily melts once inside
the mouth. Cocoa butter displays polymorphism, having , , ', and crystals, with
melting points of 17, 23, 26, and 3537 C respectively. The production of chocolate
typically uses only the crystal for its high melting point. A uniform crystal structure will
result in smooth texture, sheen, and snap.
10 Overheating cocoa butter converts the structure to a less stable form that melts below
room temperature. Given time, it will naturally return to the most stable crystal form. This
phenomenon is taken advantage of in the polymorphic transformation theory of chocolate
bloom. It is based on the fact that bloomed chocolates are always found to contain the
most stable polymorph of cocoa butter. According to this theory, bloom occurs through the
uncontrolled polymorphic transformation of cocoa butter from a less stable form to the
most stable form.
11 Vegetable glycerin is also known as vegetable glycerol. It is a carbohydrate that is usually
derived from plant oils. It is used as a sweetener and as an ingredient in a number of
cosmetic products. Vegetable glycerin is also used in place of alcohol to extract
botanicals.
12 Glycerin is an organic compound composed of three carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms, and
three OH groups. These OH groups form hydrogen bonds with water, slowing down its
movement and giving liquid glycerin the property of syrup. It is also resistant to freezing, a
property used in storing sensitive liquids, such as enzymes, in laboratory freezers.
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13 Vegetable glycerin is also used as a substitute for alcohol, in making botanical extracts.
The advantage of this is that people who do not want to be exposed to alcohol can still
have access to the botanical products. The disadvantage is that the resulting products
have a much shorter shelf life.
14 Its solubility in alcohol and water had led to great utility in the manufacturing of products.
Glycerin is used in a large number of cosmetic and household products, such as
toothpastes and shampoo. It is also a component of glycerin soap, which is often used by
people with sensitive skin. This soap acts as moisturizer to prevent the skin from drying
out. For this reason, glycerin lotion is also popular.
15 Thickness and consistency are key factors in lotions and creams, it is important to
understand the manufacturing process that determines viscosity.
16 Manufacturing lotions can be completed in two cycles which are, emollients and lubricants
are dispersed in oil with blending and thickening agents or perfume, color and
preservatives are dispersed in the water cycle.
17 Active ingredients are broken up in both cycles depending on the raw materials involved
and the desired properties of the lotion or cream.
18 The pH of a substance is measured on a scale of 0 to 14, with 0 being the most acidic and
14 being the most alkaline. 7 is neutral, the pH of pure water. Each number on the scale is
10 times as strong as the number preceding it. Normal adult skin is somewhat acidic,
having an approximate pH range of 4 to 6. This low pH is caused by carbon dioxide in the
air.
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19 Alkaline substances with a pH higher than 8 can be very irritating to the skin, as can acids
with pH levels of 3 or below. Exposing your skin to an alkaline substance can make it
more vulnerable to irritation and infection, including acne.
20 At pH or 9 to 11, it can remove your acid mantle and extract protective lipids from your
skin. If you have naturally dry skin or suffer from eczema, your skin has a more alkaline
pH, in which case these soaps can increase your levels of irritation. In fact, a 2002 study
published in the International Journal of Dermatology found that "most products
recommended for sensitive skin have a considerable irritation effect, which is related to
the pH of the product."
21 Careful note should be taken in choosing the right mixing equipment for lotion
manufacturing to avoid agglomerates and long processing times. It can make all the
difference in manufacturing time and costs. Conventional agitators can present a number
of problems including agglomerates and longer processing times. On the other hand, high
shear in-line mixers can produce quality lotions and creams without many of the
complications encountered with conventional mixers.
22 We also refer to our senior and interview them about the process should be more
concentrated on while running the process. Other than that, we also asked them about the
equipment required and material used and making project running smoothly.
23 From our survey, there are few reasons why we choose lemongrass as our essential oil.
Source Cost Access Storage Long lasting
Lemongrass RM29.90 Easy Easy Medium
Jasmine RM49.90 Hard Easy Long
Ylang Ylang RM49.90 Hard Easy Long
Table 1.1: Properties of Essential Oil
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3.3 Project Schedule
3.3.1 Gantt Chart
In our Gantt chart show the process planning from the beginning of the project till end of project.
We start with proposal stagein Semester 5 which is brainstorming, researches and proposal
project. For implementation stage which is in semester 6, we start to design our structures,
electrical wiring, PLC programming and many more as you can see in our Gantt chart in
Appendix A.
3.4 Safety
Safety is the state of being safe the condition of being protected against physical,
social, spiritual, financial, political, emotional, occupational, psychological, educational or other
types or consequences of failure, damage, error, accidents, harm, or any other event which
could be considered as non-desirable. This can take the form of being protected, from the event
or from exposure to something that causes health or economic losses. It can include protection
of people or profession.
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CHAPTER 4
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
4.1 Process Plan
4.1.1 Block Diagram
Balancing the pH value
Cocoa butter, glycerin,
emulsifying wax ( rawmaterial)
Flow the product into the
output tank.
Heating processMixing process
Figure 4.1.1: Block Diagram
Figure above shows the block diagram. Firstly, all the raw materials were added into mixing tank
for mixing process. After that, heating process will take place which involve 60c of temperature.
Next, in order to achieve 5.5pH, manipulating is needed to ensure the mixture is not too acidic
or alkali. After all the set points achieve, the mixture will flow to product tank.
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4.1.2 Flow Chart
Figure above shows the stage 1 of our process. Firstly, the ball valve in respective tank
will open to flow the raw material into mixer. After all materials put into the tank, the mixer tank
will heat up the material until the temperature reach 85C by using clamp heater. After heating,
the agitator starts to blend the material to make sure the mixture blends well. The pH controller
will maintain the value of pH at 5.4 5.6. If the pH value achieves the set point then the agitator
and the heater will turn off. The mixture is now ready to flow into the product tank.
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4.1.3 Machine Sequences
Step 1: Adding the raw materials into raw material tanks
Emulsifying wax, cocoa butter, glycerin and essential oil will be fill into the tanks. After the entire
ingredient has been added, the machine is start operated by push the start button at controlpanel and the ball valve will open and flow all the raw materials into mixing tank.
Step 2: Heating
After all the raw materials are filled into the tanks, the heater will turn on until 60c to activate the
agitator.
Step 3: Mixing
After the temperature reach 60c, the agitator will activate and start the mixing process until thetimer that have been set by programmer stop.
Step 4: Dosing
Dosing pump will on only after when the desired pH value did not reach the set point.
4.2 Quality Plan
4.2.1 Quality Checking
Quality checking is important while doing a project this is because, we must make sure all the
equipment was in a good working condition. This stage will avoid a problem when doing a
project. This is a brief about how we do the quality checking:
i. After get the recycled equipment we need to test all the equipment to make sure the
equipment is in good condition.
ii. Check the equipment by using a multi meter or other suitable equipment
iii. Test the equipment based on the manual book that was provided by the manufactures.
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4.3 Safety
No one can argue with the fact that safety is very important. Safety can be described as
Relative freedom from danger, risk, or threat of harm, injury or loss to personnel and property,
whether caused deliberately or by accident. In order to implement our project which isAutomated Watermelon Jam Machine without any accident and injury occur, we have to
ensure all the group members must be alert with safety precaution.
There has three major section of safety that were observed in our project which are safety at
control panel, plant safety and safety in workplace
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1. Safety at Control Panel
No Safety Features
1 MCB
This device provides protection for the wholeprocess, in the case of short circuit or current
leakage via its magnetic trip element which is to
prevent any overload current from electrical power
or control circuit.
2 Rotary FanRotary fan has a function to flow heat temperature
in panel to go outside.
3 Emergency pushbuttonThis pushbutton has a function to stop or cut off the
power supply when emergency occurs.
4 Tower lampThis tower lamp has a function to indicate the
status during the operation of project.
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Table 3.3 : List of Safety at Control Panel
Terminal BlockThis terminal block has a function as a connector
wire for neutral and grounding wire.
Lableling wireThe purpose of labelling wire is to make easier for
troubleshoot the plant. Each of wire that connected
with electrical items has been label.
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2. Plant Safety
No Illustrator / features / items Description
1Safety signs This signs are located at the plant area and
warning to the people that machine is
hazardous during operation. It can cause injury
if anybody touches it
3 Mixing tank All the ingredients should be added into this
tank before mixing process start operates.
Table 3.4 : List of Plant Safety
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3. Safety in workplace
No Features /Illustration Description
Use proper safety wearWhen doing work in the workplace, all group
members required to wear proper safety wear such
as safety boot, goggles and gloves.
Clean work place
Workplace must be clean all time to avoid any causeinjury occur.
Tools must be in goodcondition
All tools that have been used must be in good
condition to avoid any injury occurring to the user. If
the tools are occur, it must immediately send to the
technician to repair.
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Table 3.5 : List of Safety in Workplace
4.4 Standard Operating Procedure
Before Start-Up Machine
1. Check all the switches and make sure in OFF condition
2. Check the setting at PC
3. Fill up the raw materials in the tanks
Start-Up Machine
1. Switch on the main switch
Clean and arrange toolsTools must be clean, arrange and place at the
proper place after used.
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2. Press PLC start button, buzzer delay in 3 seconds
3. Green tower lamp blinking means the process are on the run.
4. All ball valves will on and raw materials will fill into the mixing tank.
5. Heater on until reach 80 degree Celsius.
6. Agitator starts running according to the timer.
7. Agitator stop and pH value will be measured.
8. After pH value reached 5.5, heater will turn off.
9. Ball valve out will on and flow out the output product into storage.
Shut Down Machine
1. Press PLC stop button, then the red tower lamp blinking.
2. Press the stop button on control panel.
3. Switch off the main switch.
4.5 Project Schedule
Project schedule consists of a list of a project's terminal elements with intended start and
finish dates. Terminal elements are the lowest element in a schedule, which is not further
subdivided. Those items are often estimated in terms of resource
requirements, budget and duration, linked by dependencies and scheduled events. To makesure the project is run smoothly, we need to do project schedules that involve the entire task
that we need to complete before deadline that was provided by GMI.
4.5.1 Task Content
While doing a Final year project there have three stages that we need to do.
Stage 1
Individual proposal
Brainstorming
Feasibility study
Stage 2 Proposal documentation
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Proposal presentation
Stage 3
Project implementation
Mechanical construction
Electrical installation
Instrument wiring
Troubleshooting
Final presentation & documentation
Table 4.3.1: Stages of Final Year Project
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4.5.2 Task Sequence
This part is about the step by step of work had taken. After we get into a group, there is a
brainstorming where everyone contributes ideas. Secondly is feasibility study to ensure that this
project is feasible to be done. Thirdly is project analysis involving the criteria needed in themachine for correct process and to produce quality product. As some of important information
gained, we are in the making of this project. Everyone got own task to do with the time duration.
We make the process flow of the machine, mechanical and electrical design. Lastly, we
compiled all of the information and work that have been done and finish our documentation.
After that, get prepared for presentation of proposal. The task sequence we show in our Gantt
chart in appendix.
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Conceptual and
Feasibility Study
Project Planning
and Scheduling
Project Analysis
Mechanical and
electrical Design
Documentation
Presentation
Brainstorming
Process flow
Figure 4.3.2: Stages of Final Year Project
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4.5.3 Group Member Task Distribution
4.5.4 Time Allocation
The Gantt chart at the appendix shows the work and time done by us. All of works are
done on time. The chart helps us to manage our time on completing all the works. Everyone got
own task and together doing group documentation, industrial visit, implement the pilot plant and
project analysis.
Mohd.
Shariffudin(Leader)
Wiring (Leader)
Programming
Mechanical
Documentation
Fateen Emira
Documentation
(Leader)
Wiring
Programming
Mechanical
Mohd. Izzuddin
Programming
(Leader)
Wiring
Mechanical
Documentation
Mohd. Nashruddin
Mechanical
(Leader)
Wiring
Programming
Documentation
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4.6 Instrumentation, Equipment and Engineering Cost
List of the material is very important before we finished the project. It is because we can
see clearly the total material have been used. By this method, it easier to calculate the project
cost. Many items had to be purchased in order to accomplish our project and solve the problem
encounter.
4.61 Electrical Cost
Item Quantity Price/unit (RM) Price (RM)
ELCB 1 35.50 35.50
MCB 11 5.00 55.00
Emergency Push Button 1 18.00 18.00Push button 1 2.00 2.00
Stop button 1 2.00 2.00
Thermal overload relay 2 5.00 10.00
Indicator lamp 5 1.50 7.50
Relay 10 3.50 35.00
Contact 4 5.00 20.00
Power Supply 1 100.00 100.00
Cable 1.5mm (Red) 1 50.00 50.00
Cable 1.5mm (black) 1 50.00 50.00
Cable 1.5mm (Green) 1 50.00 50.00
Cable 1.5mm (yellow) 1 50.00 50.00
Cable 1.5mm (blue) 1 50.00 50.00
Agitator Motor 1 400.00 400.00Air Service Unit +
Connector Pneumatic1 35.00 35.00
Frequency Inverter 1 600.00 600.00
Total 1620Table 4.4.1: Electrical cost
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4.6.2 Mechanical Components
em Quantity Price/unit (RM) Price (RM)
Mixer tank 1 1600.00 1600.00
Acid Tank 1 625.00 625.00
Alkaline Tank 1 625.00 625.00
Control Panel 1 750.00 750.00
latform 1 280.00 280.00
mulsifying fire wax tank 1 625.00 625.00
Cocoa butter tank 1 625.00 625.00
Glycerine tank 1 900.00 900.00
otal 6030.00
Table 4.4.2: Mechanical Cost
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4.6.3 Instruments Components
Item Quantity Price/Unit(RM)
Price (RM)
PLC 1 5500.00 5500.00
RTD (Temperature Transmitter) 1 250.00 250.00
Temperature Controller 2 700.00 1400.00
Solenoid valve 2 95.00 190.00
Dosing Pump 3 55.00 165.00
Total 7505.00
Table 4.4.3: Instruments cost
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CHAPTER 5
FINDING AND ANALYSIS
5.1 Resu lt and Findin g
5.1.1 Procedure
i. Mechanical construction
a. Piping connection
b. Controlling panel and design
c. Design plant and structure
ii. Programming
a. Programming logic control (PLC)
i. PLC SIEMEN Simatic 300
ii. Ladder Diagram
iii. Wiring analog input
iii. Electrical and instrument wiring
a. Control panel design
b. Motor Pump
c. Instrument wiring
i. Solenoid Valve
ii. RTD PT 100
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iv. Commissioning
a. Calibration and troubleshooting
b. Tuning the PLC controller
c. Test the process system and identified the function and do the troubleshooting if
have any problem
d. Observe the project while project is running
e. Record and collect the data end product
v. Documentation
a. Prepare all the information of the project.
b. Do a documentation based on the final year project documentation handbook.
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5.1.2 Results and Discussion
Below are the Process respond curve (Open Loop) graph that we get during tuning the
temperature.
Process Respond Curve ( Open Loop)
TU,
3m
TG,
38m
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5.1.3 Calculation of Tuning Method (CHR) Without Overshoot
Max temperature = 91.9C
Min temperature = 24.6CDelay time, Tu = 3 min
Respond time, Tg = 41 3 = 38min
Ratio =
=
= 12.67
= Easy to control
Table of Controllable:
Tg/Tu>10 Easy to conntrol
>6 Still Controllable
>3 Difficult to control
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Constant speed, KS
= ()
= 0.73
Constant proportional, KP
= 0.59 ( ) ()
= 10.24
Proportional band, PB
= ( ) 100
= 9.77
Integral = Tg
= 38
Derivative
= 0.5 Tu
= 0.5(3)
= 1.5
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5.2 Checklist Test for All Electrical Equipment
i. Mechanical construction
At this stage, before we do a structure we need to do a drawing, after we comfirmed the
drawing we need to measure all the parts, state the sze of the plant base and structure is
stated. Arrange the structure for all equipment and tanks.
ii. Testing and calibration
Testing and calibration is most important step to make sure the electrical equpment is in
good condition. Testing and calibration also can avoid any problem that will be encuntered
after wiring is done.
iii. Electrical and instrument wiring installation
While doing the electrical wiring and testing, we also design a electrical wiring diagram. The
diagram should be reffered to the PLC program and make sure that the process function
according to the sequence.
iv. Programming installation
In this stage we installed the PLC program to the computer and download to the PLC
SIEMEN is created.
v. Commissioning
This stage finished after completing this entire task. The stages that involved are :-
i. Mechanical construction
ii. Testing and calibration
iii. Electrical and instrument wiring installation
iv. Programming installation
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5.3 Problem Encountered and Countermeasure
While doing the implementation stage of final year project, a lot of problems that we
need to fix. After we get know the problem the best way to solve the problem is take the
immediate action to make sure this project can be completed and function well according to plan
that have we design. The first step that we need to do is identify the critical part that can cause
the problem, we must make sure the problem before starting commissioning the plant is
identified. This is because if we can identify earlier we can avoid the problem before it occurred.
The table that show the examples of the problem that we found and we take the best action to
solve our problem. The entire problem has been divided into several sections depending on its
particular field of implementation. All the problems and solution are listed on the table below:
Problem Finding Countermasure
Ph Controller is not functioningpH sensor board is
brokenReplace the sensor board
Manual HMI cannot integratewith PLC Wrong tagging Check link between PLC and HMI
Dosing pump cannot dose thealkali solution The tube is leaking Replace the tube
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5.4 Recommendation
Weaknesses Recommendations
Still in semi-automated process plant Upgrade to fully automated plant
The quality of the product is low Upgrade hygiene and the product is
dermatology tested
Do not have cooling process Add chiller to achieve the cooling down
temperature 25 c
Do not have tank cleaning process Add tank cleaning process to maintain the
hygiene of the tank
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CHAPTER 6
Conclusion
This project had achieved the main objective, goals and the rational of this project can
be implementing. We apply all the theories and practical knowledge to this project. We have
done the preparation together from designing, troubleshooting, measuring and also counter
measured the problems with self-esteem and team works spirits. The plan and schedule are
perfectly on time. Besides, it also exposes and equips us with clear pictures of the real industrial
process when we finish up this project.
This proposal helps us attain precious knowledge ranging from technical to management
aspect. For instance it gives the opportunity of polishing the knowledge attained from GMI
modules and put it into practical use. Valuable additional knowledge can be gained with
materialization of this project proposal. If this project is going to be approving, it will be a new
revolution to the industry. We propose that this project to be a final year project of the group.
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Appendix A pH Variables
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Appendix B
Gantt chart
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Appendix C
Data from Tuning
Ch. CH001Tag TEMP01
Unit C
Days Time sec MIN MAX
000 01:35:20 0.000 85.2 85.2
000 01:35:22 0.000 85.2 85.2
000 01:35:24 0.000 85.2 85.2
000 01:35:26 0.000 85.2 85.2
000 01:35:28 0.000 85.2 85.2
000 01:35:30 0.000 85.2 85.2
000 01:35:32 0.000 85.2 85.2
000 01:35:34 0.000 85.2 85.3
000 01:35:36 0.000 85.2 85.3000 01:35:38 0.000 85.2 85.3
000 01:35:40 0.000 85.1 85.2
000 01:35:42 0.000 85.1 85.1
000 01:35:44 0.000 85.1 85.1
000 01:35:46 0.000 85.1 85.2
000 01:35:48 0.000 85.1 85.2
000 01:35:50 0.000 85.2 85.2
000 01:35:52 0.000 85.2 85.2
000 01:35:54 0.000 85.1 85.2
000 01:35:56 0.000 85.1 85.1
000 01:35:58 0.000 85.1 85.2
000 01:36:00 0.000 85.1 85.2
000 01:36:02 0.000 85.1 85.2
000 01:36:04 0.000 85.2 85.2
000 01:36:06 0.000 85.2 85.2
000 01:36:08 0.000 85.2 85.2
000 01:36:10 0.000 85.2 85.2
000 01:36:12 0.000 85.2 85.2
000 01:36:14 0.000 85.2 85.2
000 01:36:16 0.000 85.2 85.2
000 01:36:18 0.000 85.2 85.2
000 01:36:20 0.000 85.2 85.2
000 01:36:22 0.000 85.2 85.2000 01:36:24 0.000 85.2 85.2
000 01:36:26 0.000 85.2 85.2
000 01:36:28 0.000 85.2 85.3
000 01:36:30 0.000 85.2 85.2
000 01:36:32 0.000 85.2 85.2
000 01:36:34 0.000 85.2 85.3
000 01:36:36 0.000 85.2 85.3
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000 01:36:38 0.000 85.2 85.3
000 01:36:40 0.000 85.2 85.3
000 01:36:42 0.000 85.2 85.3
000 01:36:44 0.000 85.2 85.3
000 01:36:46 0.000 85.2 85.3
000 01:36:48 0.000 85.2 85.3
000 01:36:50 0.000 85.2 85.3
000 01:36:52 0.000 85.3 85.3
000 01:36:54 0.000 85.3 85.3
000 01:36:56 0.000 85.3 85.3
000 01:36:58 0.000 85.3 85.3
000 01:37:00 0.000 85.3 85.3
000 01:37:02 0.000 85.3 85.3
000 01:37:04 0.000 85.3 85.3
000 01:37:06 0.000 85.3 85.3
000 01:37:08 0.000 85.3 85.3
000 01:37:10 0.000 85.3 85.3
000 01:37:12 0.000 85.3 85.3000 01:37:14 0.000 85.3 85.3
000 01:37:16 0.000 85.3 85.3
000 01:37:18 0.000 85.3 85.3
000 01:37:20 0.000 85.3 85.3
000 01:37:22 0.000 85.3 85.3
000 01:37:24 0.000 85.3 85.3
000 01:37:26 0.000 85.3 85.4
000 01:37:28 0.000 85.3 85.4
000 01:37:30 0.000 85.3 85.4
000 01:37:32 0.000 85.3 85.4
000 01:37:34 0.000 85.4 85.4
000 01:37:36 0.000 85.4 85.4
000 01:37:38 0.000 85.4 85.4
000 01:37:40 0.000 85.4 85.4
000 01:37:42 0.000 85.4 85.4
000 01:37:44 0.000 85.4 85.4
000 01:37:46 0.000 85.4 85.4
000 01:37:48 0.000 85.4 85.4
000 01:37:50 0.000 85.4 85.4
000 01:37:52 0.000 85.4 85.4
000 01:37:54 0.000 85.4 85.4
000 01:37:56 0.000 85.4 85.4
000 01:37:58 0.000 85.4 85.4000 01:38:00 0.000 85.4 85.5
000 01:38:02 0.000 85.4 85.4
000 01:38:04 0.000 85.4 85.5
000 01:38:06 0.000 85.4 85.5
000 01:38:08 0.000 85.5 85.5
000 01:38:10 0.000 85.5 85.5
000 01:38:12 0.000 85.5 85.5
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000 01:38:16 0.000 85.5 85.5
000 01:38:18 0.000 85.5 85.5
000 01:38:20 0.000 85.5 85.5
000 01:38:22 0.000 85.5 85.6
000 01:38:24 0.000 85.5 85.6
000 01:38:26 0.000 85.6 85.6
000 01:38:28 0.000 85.6 85.6
000 01:38:30 0.000 85.6 85.6
000 01:38:32 0.000 85.5 85.6
000 01:38:34 0.000 85.4 85.5
000 01:38:36 0.000 85.4 85.5
000 01:38:38 0.000 85.4 85.4
000 01:38:40 0.000 85.4 85.4
000 01:38:42 0.000 85.4 85.4
000 01:38:44 0.000 85.4 85.4
000 01:38:46 0.000 85.4 85.5
000 01:38:48 0.000 85.4 85.5000 01:38:50 0.000 85.5 85.5
000 01:38:52 0.000 85.5 85.5
000 01:38:54 0.000 85.5 85.6
000 01:38:56 0.000 85.6 85.6
000 01:38:58 0.000 85.6 85.6
000 01:39:00 0.000 85.6 85.6
000 01:39:02 0.000 85.6 85.6
000 01:39:04 0.000 85.6 85.6
000 01:39:06 0.000 85.6 85.6
000 01:39:08 0.000 85.6 85.6
000 01:39:10 0.000 85.6 85.6
000 01:39:12 0.000 85.6 85.6
000 01:39:14 0.000 85.6 85.6
000 01:39:16 0.000 85.6 85.6
000 01:39:18 0.000 85.6 85.6
000 01:39:20 0.000 85.6 85.7
000 01:39:22 0.000 85.6 85.7
000 01:39:24 0.000 85.6 85.7
000 01:39:26 0.000 85.7 85.7
000 01:39:28 0.000 85.7 85.7
000 01:39:30 0.000 85.7 85.7
000 01:39:32 0.000 85.7 85.7
000 01:39:34 0.000 85.7 85.7000 01:39:36 0.000 85.7 85.7
000 01:39:38 0.000 85.7 85.8
000 01:39:40 0.000 85.7 85.8
000 01:39:42 0.000 85.8 85.8
000 01:39:44 0.000 85.8 85.8
000 01:39:46 0.000 85.8 85.8
000 01:39:48 0.000 85.8 85.8
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000 01:39:54 0.000 85.8 85.8
000 01:39:56 0.000 85.8 85.8
000 01:39:58 0.000 85.8 85.8
000 01:40:00 0.000 85.8 85.8
000 01:40:02 0.000 85.8 85.8
000 01:40:04 0.000 85.8 85.9
000 01:40:06 0.000 85.8 85.9
000 01:40:08 0.000 85.9 85.9
000 01:40:10 0.000 85.9 85.9
000 01:40:12 0.000 85.9 85.9
000 01:40:14 0.000 85.9 85.9
000 01:40:16 0.000 85.9 85.9
000 01:40:18 0.000 85.9 85.9
000 01:40:20 0.000 85.9 85.9
000 01:40:22 0.000 85.9 85.9
000 01:40:24 0.000 85.9 85.9000 01:40:26 0.000 85.9 86.0
000 01:40:28 0.000 85.9 86.0
000 01:40:30 0.000 86.0 86.0
000 01:40:32 0.000 86.0 86.0
000 01:40:34 0.000 86.0 86.0
000 01:40:36 0.000 86.0 86.0
000 01:40:38 0.000 86.0 86.0
000 01:40:40 0.000 86.0 86.0
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http://www.ravenmoonsoap.com/blog/2013/03/09/Home-Made-Lotion-Recipes.aspx ,
2013.
What is lotion?,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotion , 2013
Functions of emulsifying wax,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsifying_wax , 2013
Suitable essential oil for lotion,http://www.essentialoils.co.za/dilutions-creams-
lotions.htm, 2013
Suitable pH transmitter for cosmetics manufacturing,
http://www.alliancets.com/site/files/408/29497/109873/159912/Guide_to_pH_Measurem
ent.pdf, 2013
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