DOE Hydrogen Program ReviewReviewing the first year of the President’s Hydrogen Fuel Initiative
Hydrogen from Fossil Fuels
C. Lowell MillerDirector, Office of Coal Fuels & Industrial Systems
U.S. Department of Energy
Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaMay 24, 2004
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Steps Taken on Path to Implementing Hydrogen Initiative
Organizationally combined Program Offices for Hydrogen from Coal and Carbon Capture and StorageRestructured and focused existing R&D Program to be responsive to new and existing coal R&D prioritiesCompleted series of workshops and discussions leading to the drafting of an R&D Program Plan —“Hydrogen from Coal”Distributed revised Sequestration Program Roadmap
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Observation by the National Research Council*
Fossil fuels will be one of the principal sources of hydrogen for the hydrogen economyCarbon capture and storage technologies will be required for successful utilization of fossil fuels in production of hydrogenCoupling between Hydrogen Program and Carbon Capture and Storage Program will be tightened
* Report — National Academy of Engineering, National Research Council, “The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs,” February 2004
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Hydrogen from Natural Gas and Coal Programs are Linked by Similar Technology
Novel and advanced technologies required to improve the efficiency of hydrogen production are similar or the same for both resources. These technologies include:– Development of ceramic membrane reactors, which would
supply oxygen or synthesis gas and would eliminate the need for costly cryogenic oxygen plants
– Membrane separation technology to separate hydrogen from synthesis gas
– Technology development from associated coal programs can be utilized in natural gas (e.g., sequestration of CO2)
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Why Coal?
NRC Study Recommendations*Recommendation 8-3. Coal should be a significant component of any domestic R&D program aimed at producing large quantities of hydrogen for a possible U.S. hydrogen economy
Recommendation 8-4. Because there are a number of similarities between the integrated gasification combined-cycle process and the coal-to-hydrogen process, the committee endorses the continuation of both programs in tandem at budget levels that are determined to be adequate to meet the programs goals
Recommendation 8-5. The committee commends the Department of Energy on its initiative in undertaking the FutureGen Project and recommends that the DOE move ahead with the project because of its promise of demonstrating coal-to-hydrogen production coupled with sequestration at a significant scale and its use as a large-scale testbed for related process improvements
* National Academy Of Engineering, National Research Council Report, “The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs,” February 2004
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Why Coal?
246
11.7 9.2
0
50
100
150
200
250
300Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
U.S. Fossil Fuel Reserves/Production Ratio
EIA-U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Reserves: 2001 Annual Report, November 2002;
Coal: BP Statistical Review, June 2002, World Energy Council
Abundant reservesLow and stable pricesTechnology improvements– Could enable near-
zero emissions of air pollutants/GHGs
Year
s of
Sup
ply
(res
erve
s/pr
oduc
tion
ratio
)
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Hydrogen is Cleanly Produced from Coal through Gasification
Gasification Process
Water-Gas Shift
F-T or MeOH Option
Co-Production Option
IGCC plants provide the option for efficient hydrogen production with the ability to co-produce electricity and clean liquid fuels.
Carbon Sequestration
Electric Power
H2
H2CO2
Synthesis Gas Production
Shift or Conversion
Process
FutureHydrogen
LiquidFuels
Synthesis Gas Cleaning
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The Hydrogen from Coal Program
Hydrogen & Natural Gas Mixtures
• Define feasible, low-cost delivery routes
Carbon Capture & Sequestration
Carbon Capture & Sequestration
Separations• Advanced Hydrogen
Separation• Advanced CO2 Separation• Absorption/Solvent
SystemsPolishing Filters
(for ultra-clean hydrogen production)
Advanced Concept• Combined WGS and H2
separation with gas cleanup
Shifting• Catalysts• ReactorsSynthesis Gas-
Derived Hydrogen-Rich Liquid Fuels
• Fuels Reforming Catalysts/Reactors
Delivery
Computational Science and Modeling – Supporting Sciences
Carbon Nanotubes
Other Storage
Engines• Hydrogen/Natural Gas
MixPolishing Filters (for
ultra-clean hydrogen production)
Hydrogen from Coal Program
Hydrogen from Coal Program
FutureGenFutureGen HydrogenFuel InitiativeHydrogen
Fuel Initiative
Gasification
Fuel Cells
Gasification
Fuel Cells
Production Storage Utilization
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Hydrogen from Coal Program Components and Product Areas
SOFC
HRSG/ST Power
HRSG/ST Power
HRSG
Gasification
Depleted Air
O2
H2O
Ash/Slag
O2
CO, CO2, H2, H2O, SO2
Sulfur
Particulates
H2O
H2CO2 Sequestration
Syngas Conversion
Reforming
F-T CH3OH
H2
CO/H2
H2 Storage
CO2
GasCleaning
AirSeparator
Water Gas Shift &
Membrane Separation
CombustionTurbine
Synthesis GasCoal(CH)
Key
Gasification
AirIEP/Coal Utilization
By-ProductsAirFuel Cells
ATS
CO2 Sequestration
Coal Fuels & Hydrogen
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Hydrogen from Coal Program Elements
Advanced water-gas shiftAdvanced separation systems– Hydrogen membrane separations
• Microporous membranes• Palladium metallic• Dense Ceramic
– Advanced CO2 Separation• CO2 separation membrane system• CO2 hydrate separation system• Other systems
– Absorption/solvent separation systemsUltra-clean hydrogen purificationAdvanced concepts– Integrated gas cleanup, water-gas shift, and hydrogen separation
systems
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Vision for Energy Plants of the Future
Remove environmental concerns associated with the use of fossil fuels for production of electricity, transportation fuels, and chemicals through technologyCharacteristics of future energy plants– “Near-zero” emissions (coal as clean as gas)– CO2 sequestration-ready– Flexible (feed stocks, co-products, siting) – Highly energy efficient– Affordable (competitive with other energy options)– Industrial Ecology (waste into by-products) – Reduced water requirements– Timely deployment of new technology– Sustainable
Electricity
Hydrogen
Chemicals
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FutureGen Systems
By-ProductsUtilization
Fuel Cell
Electricity
ProcessHeat/
Steam
Gasification
PowerH2/CO2 Separation
Gas Cleaning
Figure 2
EnhancedOil Recovery
CoalSeams
SalineReservoir
CO2 Sequestration
H2
CO2
Fuels and Chemicals
High EfficiencyTurbine
OxygenSeparation
Coal
Transportation(fuel cell vehicles)
O-2
e–
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FutureGen – Tomorrow’s Energy Plant
The World’s First Power Plant to:Pioneer advanced hydrogen production from coal
Emit virtually no air pollutants
Capture and permanently sequester carbon dioxide
Objective: An international test facility for breakthrough technologies that address 3 Presidential initiatives: (1) Hydrogen, (2) Clear Skies, (3) Climate Change Technology
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Carbon Sequestration Program Structure
Infrastructure7 Regional Partnerships
Engage regional, state, local governmentsDetermine regional sequestration benefitsBaseline region for sources and sinks Establish monitoring and verification protocolsAddress regulatory, environmental, & outreach issuesTest sequestration technology
at small scalePower/SequestrationComplex
• First-of-kind integrated project• Verify large-scale operation• Highlight best technology options• Verify performance & permanence• Develop accurate cost/
performance data• International showcase
IntegrationBreak-
throughConcepts
Measurement, Monitoring & Verification
Non-CO2GHG
Mitigation
Sequestration• Direct CO2
storage• Enhanced
natural sinks
Core R&D
Capture of CO2
Initiated FY 2003
Initiated FY 2004
Carbon Carbon SequestrationSequestrationLeadership Leadership
ForumForum
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Portfolio Overview – FY2004Separation & Capture From Power Plants Plays Key Role
Fiscal Year
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Bud
get (
Mill
ion
$)
BreakthroughConcepts
MMV
Non-CO2
Capture
Sequestration
Regional Partnerships
Diverse research portfolio
– 48 external projects– 16 focus area projects– BP & IEA consortia
Strong industry support
– ~ 36% cost share
Total portfolio ~ $140M
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Separation and Capture Overview
Outcomes• Efficient low-cost
electricity and hydrogen production with low GHG emissions
• Commercially viable options for retrofit of existing plants to reduce CO2 emissions
Outcomes• Efficient low-cost
electricity and hydrogen production with low GHG emissions
• Commercially viable options for retrofit of existing plants to reduce CO2 emissions
Commercialization
Open Category• Carnegie Mellon Univ.—
Modeling assessment tools• Princeton Univ.—Conceptual
CO2 capture designs• ANL—Evaluation of CO2
Capture Options
Open Category• Carnegie Mellon Univ.—
Modeling assessment tools• Princeton Univ.—Conceptual
CO2 capture designs• ANL—Evaluation of CO2
Capture Options
Technology Target• <10% increase in COE for new
plants by 2012• <20% increase in COE for
existing plants by 2012• >90% CO capture capability2• Safe and Effective
Technology Target• <10% increase in COE for new
plants by 2012• <20% increase in COE for
existing plants by 2012• >90% CO2 capture capability• Safe and Effective
Pre-Combustion• Decarbonization• Advanced Sorbents• Hybrid Sorbent/Membranes
Pre-Combustion• Decarbonization• Advanced Sorbents• Hybrid Sorbent/Membranes
Oxyfuel• O2 Selective Membranes• Advanced Cooling Cycles• Compact Boilers
Oxyfuel• O2 Selective Membranes• Advanced Cooling Cycles• Compact Boilers
Post Combustion• Chemical and Physical
Sorbents• Hybrid Sorbent/Membranes• Gas/Liquid Contactors
Post Combustion• Chemical and Physical
Sorbents• Hybrid Sorbent/Membranes• Gas/Liquid Contactors
• NEXANT—CO2 Hydrate• NETL—Dry Sorbents• MPTC—Ceramic Membranes• BP—CO2 Capture ProjectEltron—Membrane WGSAir Products—Enhanced WGS
• NEXANT—CO2 Hydrate• NETL—Dry Sorbents• MPTC—Ceramic Membranes• BP—CO2 Capture ProjectEltron—Membrane WGSAir Products—Enhanced WGS
• Praxair—Oxyfuel boilers and process heaters
• Alstom Power—O2 Fired CFB• Foster-Wheeler—Technical/
economic viability of O2 enriched PC-fired system
• Praxair—Oxyfuel boilers and process heaters
• Alstom Power—O2 Fired CFB• Foster-Wheeler—Technical/
economic viability of O2 enriched PC-fired system
• RTI—Dry Regenerable Sorbents• NETL—Regenerable Sorbents• NETL—Amine Enriched Sorbents• UT Austin—K2CO2/Piperazine
adsorption• INEEL, LANL—High-temperature
polymer membrane
• RTI—Dry Regenerable Sorbents• NETL—Regenerable Sorbents• NETL—Amine Enriched Sorbents• UT Austin—K2CO2/Piperazine
adsorption• INEEL, LANL—High-temperature
polymer membrane
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Seven Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships
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Geologic Sequestration Field Tests Supported by the Sequestration Program
