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Statement on the EMEP Emission Factors for Mineral Fertilizers from the Applied Research Perspective in Germany Helmut Döhler

TFEIP A & N Panel Meeting Milan, 11th-12th Mai 2015

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1. EMEP Guidebook 2013 and consequences for the German Inventory

2. Statement by H. Döhler in May 2014

3. German research in brief - Theoretical ammonia loss potential from urea -Previous applied research -Recent work

4. Conclusions & Statement

Table of content

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Statement 13 05 2014

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N Fertilizer

EMEP Emission Factor

kg NH3/kg N

yearly applied

N [kt] (estimated)

NH3-Emissions from mineral. N-

Fertilizers kt

2009 2013 2009 2013

CAN 0,0089 0,022 680 6 15

Urea 0,1382 0,243 310 43 76

UAN 0,0706 0,125 170 12 22

other-N-Fertilizers 0,0089 0,037 330 3 12

NP 0,0161 0,113 70 1 8

NK, NPK 0,0089 0,037 70 0,6 3

Total 66 136

Calculated Ammonia Emissions from Mineral Fertilizers in Germany (EMEP 2009 /2013; Stat. Bundesamt)

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Ammonia Emissions in Germany 2012 and 2013 (NIR 2015)

NH3 kt

NEC Target

Haenel et al. 2015

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NH3 kt

NEC Target

Ammonia Emissions in Germany 2012 and 2013 (NIR 2015)

Haenel et al. 2015

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Specific ammonia emission potential of German soils (laboratory volatilisation model test)

SKW Schuster 2014

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Weihenstephan – 1988 – uL, pH 6,3Wind tunnel method

N applied 100 kg N ha-1

5

44 43

5911

14

0

19

0,50,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

Jan/Feb March April July AugustAusbringtermin

Urea I

Urea II

CAN

%fertilizer-N

Ø-Temperature

Amberger 1990

relative humidity

58 - 95 %

1 – 7 °C 10 – 24 °C

70 - 90 %

3 – 13 °C 5 – 14 °C

56 - 69 %

NH3-Emissions from surface applied mineral fertilizer (Urea and CAN) in Winter Wheat

Growth curve winterwheat

Wasserüberschuss zu Vegetationsbeginn

Starkregen- risiko

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Jan Feb

Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug

Timing of N applicationAmberger 1990

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Urea prills and granulates

Prills Granulates

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Weihenstephan – 1988 – uL, pH 6,3Wind tunnel method

N applied 100 kg N ha-1

5

44 43

5911

14

0

19

0,50,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

Jan/Feb March April July AugustAusbringtermin

Urea I

Urea II

CAN

%fertilizer-N

Ø-Temperature

Amberger 1990

relative humidity

58 - 95 %

1 – 7 °C 10 – 24 °C

70 - 90 %

3 – 13 °C 5 – 14 °C

56 - 69 %

NH3-Emissions from surface applied mineral fertilizer (Urea and CAN) in Winter Wheat

Upper end of losses (overestimation by wind

tunnel method)

Timing of application not reasonable in

practice, but demonstrating

well loss potentials 50 % reduction

by using 4mm granulates (Urea II)

instead of 1-2 mm prills

Releveant for the Inventory GB ?

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NH3-Emissions from surface applied mineral fertilizer in Winter Wheat

Weihenstephan – 1999 – uL, pH 6,3

dynamic chamber method Exp. Period 10 days

N applied: 80 kg N ha-1

0,20,4

0,90,6 0,5

2,6

0,1 0,1 0,2 <0,1<0,10,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

End of March Beginning ofApril

Ende April End of May Mid of June

Ausbringtermin

UAN

Urea

CAN

% of N applied

Ø-Temperature

7,7 7,7 13,3 19,1 12,4

Gutser et al. 2004, Weber et al. (2000)

Rainfall (mm)1.-5. Tag

0 22,6 0,3 1,2 22,1

Application timing

Low losses below 5% , even under warm

conditions. Rainfall reduces losses

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Soil texture

use pHCorg

% DM

Urease activityµg NH4-N(g DS soil)-1

(2h) -1

NH3 Emission without UI

% of fertilizer-N

Reduction of NH3-Emissions with UI [%]

Ss tillage 5,1 0,50 14,4 2,7 66

SI3 tillage 5,5 1,30 54,0 4,1 28

Lu tillage 5,7 1,43 40,3 3,3 23

Lu tillage 5,8 1,24 52,7 2,0 40

Lugrassla

nd6,2 1,64 108,5 4,8 51

Tu4 tillage 6,5 1,72 71,6 3,4 37

Tu2 tillage 7,3 4,83 90,5 1,3 35

Ø Reduction ofNH3-Emissionen by adding UI

around 40%

Ammonia losses from Urea N and effect of an urease inhibitor (UI) on ammonia losses

Schraml & Schmidhalter 2009

Previous German research on ammonia losses from Mineral Fertilizers

Publication

Ammonia-EmissionsNH3-N, % of applied N

MethodologyUrea CAN

Förster & Lippold (1975) 5 – 10 - 15N-Balance

BASF ( - 1939) 6 - ?

Amberger (1990) 5 – 14 (44) 0,5 (9-19) Wind tunnel

Ladewig (1993) 5 – 15 (…) -Labor. test /modelling

Zerulla et al (2012) 2 - 55Laborat. test on loss-potentials

Weber et al. (2001) < 5,5 0…1,5

Dynamic Chamber

Weber et al. (2004) < 3,5 -

Khalil et al. (2006) < 2 -

Khalil et al. (2009) < 2 -

Schraml et al. (2009) 8,3 -

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Ammonia losses following CAN and Urea application at various winter wheat growth stages on three sites (1)DöhlerAgrar

NH

3-E

mis

sion

s

[kg

NH

3/k

g N

]

Field trials; Winterwheat (180 - 220 kg Fertilizer N ha-1)Sites: Hohenschulen, Weihenstephan, Cunnersdorf - 2011, 2012, 2013

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Ammonia losses following CAN and Urea application at various winter wheat growth stages on three sites (2)

NH

3-E

mis

sion

s

[kg

NH

3/k

g N

]

Reduction of Ammonia losses from Urea (and CAN) by adding urease and nitrification inhibitors DöhlerAgrar

NH

3-E

mis

sion

s

[kg

NH

3/k

g N

]

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1. CAN, Urea and UAN are the most relevant N fertilizers in Germany.

2. Few but increasingly information available on NH3 losses for those fertilizers, almost no information on others (NP, AS, AC, etc.)

Conclusions and Statement (1)

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3. Previous and recent applied research on ammonia losses from Urea, CAN and UAN fertilizers clearly show:

- N efficiency and yields on the same level - Losses from spring applied Urea fertilizers are low (below 5 %) - CAN show significantly lower losses (50 – 90%), but also high losses at high temperatures- type of Urea granulates (prills/granul.) seem to influence losses. - Even at higher temperatures (late spring, early summer) losses

from urea are not higher than 20 % - NI and UI are relevant options for reducing urea losses

4. Since soils, climate conditions and arable farming are similar, those findings seem to be hihgly relevant also for other mid European countries.

Conclusions and Statement (2)

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5. German findings do not at all comply with the EMEP Emission factors 2013

6. EMEP 2009 factors seem to much better meet emission situation than 2013 factors

7. Review of the 2013 Emission factors indicated ! (see statement 2014) -Carefully review of the statistical population -Carefully look at representative data -how to deal with one/two season research ? -Frequencies / abundancies of fertil izing reasonably taken into account ?

•

Wurde die richtige Methode eingesetzt ? Ist die fachliche Grundlage ausreichend Haben bei der begrenzten Anzahl der Versuche die E Faktoren 2009 nicht besser gepasst Wurde die Grundgesamtheit ausrecihend Careful review of the statistical population

•Future research - not any more on loss potentials- focussing on field tria ls under practica l conditions

- jo int project on international level with comparable and consistent approaches and topics

10. Revision of relevant Paragraphs in the Inv. Guidebook indicated: Critivcal

Conclusions and Statement (3)

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8. Stakeholder meeting ? Nat. and internat. Expert Group including applied research …

9. Future research - not any more on loss potentials- focussing on field trials under practical conditions- joint applied research (agronomy/environmental)

project on international level with comparable and consistent approaches and topics

Conclusions and Statement (4)

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Thank you for your attention !

Helmut Döhler

Email: helmut.doehler@doehler-agrar.de

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Soil texture

use pHCorg

% DM

Urease activityµg NH4-N(g DS soil)-1

(2h) -1

NH3 Emission without UI

% of fertilizer-N

Ss tillage 5,1 0,50 14,4 2,7

SI3 tillage 5,5 1,30 54,0 4,1

Lu tillage 5,7 1,43 40,3 3,3

Lu tillage 5,8 1,24 52,7 2,0

Lugrassla

nd6,2 1,64 108,5 4,8

Tu4 tillage 6,5 1,72 71,6 3,4

Tu2 tillage 7,3 4,83 90,5 1,3

Ammonia losses from Urea N and effect of an urease inhibitor (UI) on ammonia losses

Schraml & Schmidhalter 2009

low NH3 emission despite of high pH and high urease activity, but high CEC