By By AniesAnies BaswedanBaswedanPresident of Paramadina UniversityPresident of Paramadina UniversityJakarta, IndonesiaJakarta, Indonesia
2011 FSI-‐Humani@es Center Int2011 FSI-‐Humani@es Center Int’’l Visitorl Visitor
Does Democratization Does Democratization Imply Imply IslamizationIslamization ? ?Lessons from Democratic Indonesia,the World’s Largest Majority-Muslim Country
For Presentation only. Do not cite and circulate
• Popula@on of + 237 million people. Popula@on aged under 30 is126 million . Eligible voters (aged 17 & over) is 165 million people.
• More than 300 ethnic groups, more than 700 spoken languages. Na@onalLanguage is Bahasa Indonesia. It was agreed & adopted as commonlanguage in 1928, 17 years prior to independence.
• 17,508 islands, about 5,000 of which are inhabited (5 of 10 world’s largestislands are in Indonesia)
• Unitary State with 33 Provinces, 497 Districts/[email protected]@za@on and Decentraliza@on Program begin in 1998/1999.
• General Elec@on (concurrent) to elect member of the House ofRepresenta@ves at three level: na@onal, provincial and district. All serve a5-‐year term.
• Direct presiden@al elec@on begin in 2004 and direct localmajor/gubernatorial elec@on begin in 2005. All serve a 5-‐year term.
Brief BackgroundBrief Background
2
Pancasila
• Pancasila is the philosophical founda@on of theIndonesian State.
• It comprises of 5 principles held to be inseparable andinterrelated.
Pancasila1. Belief in the one and only God.
2. Just and civilized humanity
3. The unity of Indonesia
4. Democracy guided by the inner wisdom in theunanimity arising out of delibera@ons amongstrepresenta@ves.
5. Social Jus@ce for all of the people of Indonesia
4
Size, location, its natural resources, its population, its political development, and itsunique history, Indonesia has a potential to play strategic role in the world. It is anemerging player in the global stage
Promoter ofDemocracy
Economic(Market)
EnergySupply
Food Supply
CommoditiesSupply
Environment(Forest &
Biodiversity)
Brain powerand
Workforce
GlobalSecurityIndonesia
A Na1on to be WatchedA Na1on to be Watched
GDP: $540 Billion (current US$), 1,3 Trillion(PPP) (largest in Southeast Asia)
GDP by sector: Agriculture 16,5%; Industry46,4% and Service 37,1%
GDP Growth 6%.
GDP per capita $2,050 (Current US$)or $4,300 (PPP)
Popula@on by Religious Affilia@on
Population Place of Worship % Population Ratio*
Islam 210,950,000 109,094 88.8% 51.7
Christian 13,540,000 25,877 5.7% 191.1
Catholic 7,130,000 6,355 3.0% 89.1
Hindus 4,040,000 24,441 1.7% 605.0
Buddhist 1,430,000 2,943 0.6% 205.8
Confusius 240,000 150 0.1% 62.5
Others 240,000 50 0.1% 20.8
237,570,000
* Ratio: Number of worship place per 100,000 population for each religious group
Classical View about Muslim in IndonesiaClassical View about Muslim in IndonesiaFor analytical purposeFor analytical purpose
During the post independent period un@l early 1980s, this classifica@on was powerful toexplain paeern of Muslim in Indonesia, especially in Java. Today, the difference between eachcluster is less clear. Convergence between these clusters has been taking place.
Indonesian Muslim
Santri(Devout/ Prac1cing)
Abangan(Syncre1st/ non-‐prac1cing)
Tradi1onalist Non-‐tradi1onalist
1945
1949
1955
1959
1965
1998
4
6
13
32
Democracy (post-‐reform)
Poli1cal MilestonesPoli1cal Milestones
1945-‐1949: Independence War
1949-‐1955: State Forma@on /Government Consolida@on
Democracy
Guided “Democracy”
New Order (Authoritarian)
• Pancasila was the only ideology for all.
•View about Secular State & itsrelationship with freedom to practicereligion.
• Economic Development – Formation ofNew Middle Class (Muslim, apolitical &modern life style)
• Islamic Media and Programs• Literatures• Life Style
•Muslims Aspirations were accommodatedby secular political parties (government’sparty).
• Recruitment of previously leaders ofIslamic Organization into secular parties.
19551955 19991999 2004-20092004-2009
Islamic Parties[Masyumi, NU, PSII]
Islamist[PBB, PPP, PK]
Islam-Inclusive[PAN, PKB]
Secular-Inclusive[Golkar]
Islamist[PBB,PPP, PKS, PBR]
Islam-Inclusive[PAN, PKB]
Secular-Inclusive[Golkar, PD, Gerindra,
Hanura]Ideological reason
(differences in viewing therelationship between the Stateand Islam) PDIP
PDK
PKPB
PNBK
PDS
Secular-Exclusive[PDIP, PKPI]
Secular-Nationalist[PNI, PKI]
Non-ideological reason
Parties thathave
unconditionalsupporttoward
non-religiousbased
state is thelargest block,
obviouslyand the
strongest
Transformation of Indonesian Muslim Voters Behavior
Transformation of Political IslamTransformation of Political Islamin 1955, 1999, 2004 and 2009 Electionsin 1955, 1999, 2004 and 2009 Elections
Challenges:
• Can Islamiza@on of the society lead into Islamiza@on of the State?
• Can the Islamist -‐advoca@ng for a Syariah based State-‐ win the support ofIndonesian Muslim?
• Can district laws based on Syariah be the new avenue for Islamiza@on ofthe State?
• What is the future of a Pancasila State in Indonesia?
• What is the future of democracy in Indonesia?
• Recent communal conflicts of inter-‐religious groups?
Some Lessons Learned:
• Experience in the prac@ce of democracy is necessary.
• Democracy must deliver.
• Presence of Freedom of Expression .
• Civil Society has been highly exposed to the new idea of asecular state.
• Law enforcement must accompany democra@za@on.
Religion-‐influenced Local Regula@ons Issued Each Year(1999-‐2007)
Source: Understanding Islam in Indoneia, Robert Pringle, 2010
Reasons for Elec@ng Leader at the local Elec@on
Agree with the view: … (%)
Islam, Pancasila and Democracy
Agree with the view: … (%)
Islam, Pancasila and Democracy
