Prof Mark Reed Birmingham City University
Research Manager, IUCN UK Peatland Programme
Does the range of policy and funding mechanisms currently in place result in effective delivery of a
balance of ecosystem services?
An Talamh Briste “The Broken Ground” (2006) By Anne Campbell Oil on canvas of a summer moorland walk with observations in pencil
Introduction ! Working with Defra, DAs and their agencies to
develop Peatland Code ! Exploring integration of private/public PES in
RDPs ! Goal: effective delivery of upland ecosystem
services
Short answer ! Broadly, yes
" Need to continue on trajectory to design policy mechanisms that support a wider range of services
" WTO regulations prevent appropriate payment rates and limit engagement with higher-level scheme options
" Key question: continuing & improving funding
Policy options ! (Nationalisation of land) ! Information provision and capacity building ! Regulation ! Financial mechanisms ! Creation of new markets ! COMBINATION
Legisla(ve*targets**
Funding*
Peatland*carbon*markets*
Re8we:ng/conserva(on*
Climate*regula(on*
Co8benefits*
Voluntary*C*market*
Compliance*C*market*
Regional*Carbon*Market*
Government*Private*CAP*Rural*
Development*eg*Agri8environment*
Changes*to*EUETS*&*JI*
Peatland*CRUs*
Value*of*carbon*outweighs*accredita(on*
&*other*costs*
Accred8ita(on*
Peatland*VCUs*
UK*Peatland*Code*
GHG*Accoun(ng*Guidelines*integra(on*
Higher'uptake'if'carbon'accoun2ng'becomes'mandatory'across'all'sectors'
Peatland*projects*used*in*corporate*C*accoun(ng*
UK*climate*targets*
Targets*under**Habitats*&*Birds*Direc(ves*
Underpinned'by'robust'scien2fic'evidence'and'monitoring,'overseen'by'a'science'panel'
REDD*&*Art*3.4*
Corporate*Social*Responsibility*
GHG*change*from*peats*damaged/restored*since*1990*in*GHG*inventory*
UK*opt*into*WDR*Art*3.4*Kyoto*
Kyoto*targets*
Net*GHG*emission*reduc(ons*
Direction of travel ! Shrinking and greening CAP ! Public and private Payments for Ecosystem
Services ! Management of functional units e.g. catchment,
habitat, landscape ! Increasingly spatially targeted ! Increasing stakeholder participation ! Increasing recognition of cultural services
Direction of travel
“A ‘place-based’ approach to PES delivers more than one ecosystem service across more than one ecosystem, potentially including terrestrial, freshwater and/or marine, in a single area, in which several human uses, traditions, cultures and social norms, and tenure, institutional and governance arrangements typically co-exist.”
“ ”
Why place-based PES?
! Deliver ecosystem services at relevant scales
! Co-ordination to avoid trade-offs: " ES operate at multiple, linked spatial/temporal scales " Payments for one service may compromise others
! Multi-level governance with stakeholders
Why place-based PES? ! Combine private and public PES:
" Transaction costs of running multiple separate schemes in parallel
" Target buyers interested in particular locations " Resilience to changes in demand for particular
services or habitats
Barriers to place-based PES
Private PES schemes limited to
small number of habitats/services in
the UK
Limited scientific certainty &
verification metrics High perceived risks
among sellers
Diverse payment sources at varying
levels Complex property
rights Barriers to
collaboration across property boundaries
relu Rural Economy and
Land Use Programme
• Extensifica(on*of*land*use*&*management*in*uplands*
• Intensifica(on**(in'reality,'probably'a'patchwork'of'both)'
RELU*scenarios*
BESS scenarios ! Agricultural intensification ! Managed ecosystems
(extensification) ! Business as usual ! Abandonment
The new business as usual
Managed ecosystems via public/private PES is the new norm and has the potential to deliver an effective balance of ecosystem services
How can we build on this? ! Continue to develop collaborative options in
RDPs operating at functional scales ! Understand (social) barriers to collaboration at
these scales & build social capital ! Integrate private/public PES & target public
funds to most expensive sites (per tonne C) ! Overcome barriers to demand/investment ! Overcome barriers to supply ! Understand PES scheme effects on sheep/game
How can we build on this? ! Integrate private PES schemes to shift focus
from habitat to landscape ! Link with other policy areas e.g. e Zero Carbon
Homes Bill ! Improve accuracy and cost-effectiveness of
metrics including integration of metrics for biodiversity and water quality with carbon
! Social justice concerns: PES for commoners?
Contact Mark Reed [email protected] 07538082343 www.profmarkreed.com Twitter: @profmarkreed