DOJ "Rule 41 Changes" requesting greater hacking ability

8/12/2019 DOJ "Rule 41 Changes" requesting greater hacking ability

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ZFBIH ME CMOZHOZS

FLHOJF ...................................................................................................................................... <

ZFB 6 MPHOGOL BXSGOHSS

F. FCZGMO GZHK> Fpprmvh Kgouths me Fprgi 2063

Crgkgofi Ruihs Khhtgol ....................................................................... 26

B. Jrfet Kgouths me Nfoufry 206: Stfojgol Cmkkgtthh Khhtgol ......... 37

ZFB 2 PRMPMSHJ FKHOJKHOZS ZM ZDH CRGKGOFI RXIHS FPPRMUHJ BW

ZDH NXJGCGFI CMOEHRHOCH & ZRFOSKGZZHJ ZM ZDH SXPRHKH

CMXRZ

F. Ruih 8. Gogtgfi Fpphfrfoch .................................................................. <8

B. Ruih 5. Zdh Lrfoj Nury ...................................................................... 46

C. Ruih 62. Pihfjgols & Prhtrgfi Kmtgmos .............................................. 4<

J. Ruih 3:. Frrhstgol Nujlkhot .............................................................. 77

H. Ruih 84. Phtty Meehoshs & Mtdhr Kgsjhkhfomrs ............................ 603

ZFB 3 RXIH :

F. Rhpmrthrs‗ Khkmrfojuk Rhlfrjgol Ruih :

(Shpthkbhr 20, 2063) .......................................................................... 666

B. Prmpmshj Fkhojhj Ruih : (wgtd styih cdfolhs) ............................... 623

C. Prmpmshj Fkhojhj Ruih : (wgtdmut styih cdfolhs) ......................... 627

J. Sullhstgmo 62-CR-B (Fssgstfot Fttmrohy Lhohrfi Brhuhr,

Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch) ....................................................................... 633

H. Khkmrfojuk tm Nujlh Jfvgj K. Ifwsmo ermk

Nmoftdfo N. \rmbihwsag, Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch, Rhlfrjgol

Prmpmshj Fkhojkhots tm Ruih : (Fulust 23, 2063) ........................ 6:8

ZFB : RXIH :6

F. Rhpmrthrs‗ Khkmrfojuk Rhlfrjgol Ruih :6

(Kfrcd 6<, 206:) ................................................................................. 688

B. Prmpmshj Fkhojhj Ruih :6 ............................................................... 658

Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh 3 me :02



C. Sullhstgmo 63-CR-B (Fctgol Fssgstfot Fttmrohy Lhohrfi

Rfkfo, Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch) ......................................................... 6<6

J. Khkmrfojuk wgtd Fttfcdkhots tm Nujlh Nmdo E. Ahhofo ermk

Nmoftdfo N. \rmbihwsag, Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch

(Nfoufry 6<, 206:)............................................................................... 6<7

Fttfcdkhots (\frrfot Hxfkpihs) .................................................... 646

H. Khkmrfojuk tm Ruih :6 Subcmkkgtthh ermk Prmehssmr

Mrgo Ahrr (Ehbrufry 3, 206:) ............................................................ 237

E. Khkmrfojuk tm Nujlh Nmdo E. Ahhofo ermk Nmoftdfo N.

\rmbihwsag. Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch (Ehbrufry <, 206:) ................. 2:8

L. Khkmrfojuk tm Ruih :6 Subcmkkgtthh ermk Prmehssmr

Mrgo Ahrr (Ehbrufry 4, 206:) ............................................................ 286

D. Khkmrfojuk tm Nujlh Nmdo E. Ahhofo ermk Nmoftdfo N.

\rmbihwsag, Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch JMN (Kfrcd 8, 206:) ............. 287

ZFB 8 RXIH 83

F. Rhpmrthrs‗ Khkmrfojuk Rhlfrjgol Ruih 83 & Zwgtthr

ermk tdh Cmurtrmmk (63-CR-F) (Kfrcd 60, 206:) .......................... 2<6

B. Sullhstgmo 63-CR-F (Dmo. Cify J. Ifoj) ........................................ 246

ZFB 5 RXIH :8

Rhpmrthr‗s Khkmrfojuk & Fttfcdkhot Rhlfrjgol Prmpmshj

Fkhojkhot tm Ruih :8 (Kfrcd 60, 206:) ...................................................... 248

ZFB < RXIHS 66 & 32

F. Rhpmrthrs‗ Khkmrfojuk Rhlfrjgol Ruihs 66 & 32 (63-CR-C)

(Ehbrufry 24, 206:)............................................................................. 273

B. Sullhstgmo 63-CR-C (Prmehssmr Lfbrghi N. Cdgo) ............................ 306

ZFB 4 RXIH 82

F. Rhpmrthrs‗ Khkmrfojuk Rhlfrjgol Ruih 82 (6:-CR-F)

(Kfrcd 2, 206:) ................................................................................... 333

B. Sullhstgmo 6:-CR-F (Dmo. Nmo M. Ohwkfo) ................................... 33<

Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh : me :02



ZFB 7 RXIH 27

F. Rhpmrthrs‗ Khkmrfojuk Rhlfrjgol Ruih 27 (6:-CR-B)

(Kfrcd 60, 206:) ................................................................................. 3:3

B.

Sullhstgmo 6:-CR-B (Nfrhj Aohgthi, Hsq.) ........................................ 3:<

ZFB 60 SZFZXS ME PHOJGOL PRMNHCZS

Rhpmrthrs‗ Khkmrfojuk Rhlfrjgol Pmssgbih Fkhojkhots tm tdh

Ehjhrfi Ruihs me Crgkgofi Prmchjurh tm Fccmkkmjfth CK/HCE

(Nuiy 8, 2063) .................................................................................................... 346

Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh 8 me :02



ZDGS PFLH GOZHOZGMOFIIW BIFOA

Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh 5 me :02Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh 5 me :02



FLHOJF

CRGKGOFI RXIHS CMKKGZZHH KHHZGOL

FPRGI <, 206:

OH\ MRIHFOS, IMXGSGFOF

G. PRHIGKGOFRW KFZZHRS

F. Cdfgr‗s Rhkfras foj Fjkgogstrftgvh Foomuochkhots

B. Rhvghw foj Fpprmvfi me Kgouths me Fprgi 2063 khhtgol go Jurdfk

C. Stftus me Crgkgofi Ruihs> Rhpmrt me tdh Ruihs Cmkkgtthh Suppmrt Meegch

GG. CRGKGOFI RXIHS XOJHR CMOSGJHRFZGMO (goemrkftgmo gthk)

F. Prmpmshj Fkhojkhots Fpprmvhj by tdh Nujgcgfi Cmoehrhoch foj emrwfrjhj tm tdh

Suprhkh Cmurt

6. Ruih 62. Pihfjgols foj Prhtrgfi Kmtgmos. Prmpmshj fkhojkhot cifrgeghs wdft

kmtgmos kust bh kfjh bhemrh trgfi foj fjjrhsshs cmoshquhochs me efgiurh tm egih

tgkhiy kmtgmo.

2. Ruih 3:. Frrhstgol Nujlkhot. Prmpmshj fkhojkhot kfahs cmoemrkgol cdfolhs tm

gkpihkhot fkhojkhot tm Ruih 62.

3. Ruih 8. Gogtgfi Fpphfrfoch. Prmpmshj fkhojkhot prmvgjhs tdft omo-cgtgzho

jhehojfots go X.S. custmjy sdfii bh goemrkhj tdft upmo rhquhst f cmosuifr meegcgfi

ermk tdh jhehojfot‗s cmuotry me oftgmofigty wgii bh omtgeghj, foj tdft tdh lmvhrokhot

wgii kfah foy mtdhr cmosuifr omtgegcftgmo rhqugrhj by gts gothroftgmofi mbiglftgmos.

:. Ruih 84. Gogtgfi Fpphfrfoch. Prmpmshj fkhojkhot prmvgjhs tdft go phtty meehosh foj

kgsjhkhfomr cfshs omo-cgtgzho jhehojfots go X.S. custmjy sdfii bh goemrkhj tdft

upmo rhquhst f cmosuifr meegcgfi ermk tdh jhehojfot‗s cmuotry me oftgmofigty wgii bh

omtgeghj, foj tdft tdh lmvhrokhot wgii kfah foy mtdhr cmosuifr omtgegcftgmo rhqugrhj

by gts gothroftgmofi mbiglftgmos.

8. Ruih 5. Lrfoj Nury. Zhcdogcfi foj cmoemrkgol fkhojkhot tm cmrrhct stftutmry crmss

rhehrhoch feehcthj by rhcmjgegcftgmo.

Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh < me :02Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh < me :02



GGG. SXBCMKKGZZHH RHPMRZS

F. Ruih :. Shrvgch mo Emrhglo Cmrpmrftgmos (62-CR-B) (Khkm)

B. Ruih :6. \frrfot tm Xsh Rhkmth Fcchss tm Shfrcd Hihctrmogc Stmrflh Khjgf foj

Shgzh Hihctrmogcfiiy Stmrhj Goemrkftgmo (63-CR-B) (Khkm)

C. Ruih 83. Zwgtthr Ermk tdh Cmurtrmmk (63-CR-F) (Khkm)

J. Ruih :8. 3 Jfy Ruih emr Hihctrmogc Shrvgch (Khkm)

GG. OH\ CRGKGOFI RXIHS SXLLHSZGMOS

F. Ruihs 66 foj 32 (Prh-pihf PSRs) (63-CR-C)

B. Ruih 82. Dfrkihss Hrrmr (6:–CR–F)

C. Ruih 27. Kmtgmo emr Nujlkhot me Fcqugttfi go Bhocd Zrgfi (6:-CR-B)

U. RXIHS FOJ PRMNHCZS PHOJGOL BHEMRH CMOLRHSS, SZFOJGOL

CMKKGZZHH, NXJGCGFI CMOEHRHOCH, FOJ MZDHR CMKKGZZHHS.

F. Stftus Rhpmrt mo Ihlgsiftgmo Feehctgol Ehjhrfi Ruihs me Crgkgofi Prmchjurh

B. CK/HCE Subcmkkgtthh (Rhpmrthrs‗ Khkm tm CK/HCE Subcmkkgtthh)

C. Mtdhr

UGG. JHSGLOFZGMO ME ZGKHS FOJ PIFCHS EMR EXZXRH KHHZGOLS

F. Efii khhtgol








Heehctgvh> Mctmbhr 6, 2063

Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh mo Crgkgofi Ruihs Pflh 3

Rhvgshj> Mctmbhr 66, 2063

Khkbhrs, Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh

mo Crgkgofi Ruihs (cmot‗j.) Nmdo S. Sgeehrt, Hsq. Ifoaihr, Sgeehrt & \mdi IIP

800 Egetd Fvhouh, 33rj Eimmr

Ohw Wmra, OW 60660

Cihra me Cmurt Rhprhshotftgvh,

Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh mo Crgkgofi Ruihs

Nfkhs O. Dfttho

CihraXogthj Stfths Jgstrgct Cmurt

Rgcdfrj B. Russhii Ehjhrfi Bugijgol

foj Xogthj Stfths Cmurtdmush

<8 Sprgol Strhht, S. \., Rmmk 226<

Ftifotf, LF 30303-3307

Shcrhtfry, Stfojgol Cmkkgtthh

foj Ruihs Cmkkgtthh Meegchr Nmoftdfo C. Rmsh

Shcrhtfry, Cmkkgtthh mo Ruihs me Prfctgch &

Prmchjurh foj Ruihs Cmkkgtthh MeegchrZdurlmmj Kfrsdfii Ehjhrfi Nujgcgfry Bugijgol

Moh Cmiukbus Cgrcih, O.H., Rmmk <-2:0

\fsdgoltmo, JC 208::Pdmoh 202-802-6420

Efx 202-802-6<88Nmoftdfo][email protected]

Cdghe Cmuoshi Fojrhf I. Auphrkfo Cdghe Cmuoshi tm tdh Ruihs Cmkkgtthhs

66838 Bmb Cfshy X.S. Cmurtdmush

868 Rusa Fvh.

Dmustmo, ZT <<002-2500

Pdmoh <63-280-8740

Efx <63-280-8263

Fojrhf][email protected]

Jhputy Ruihs Cmkkgtthh Meegchr

foj Cmuoshi Bhonfkgo N. Rmbgosmo

Jhputy Ruihs Cmkkgtthh Meegchr foj Cmuoshi tm

tdh Ruihs Cmkkgtthhs

Zdurlmmj Kfrsdfii Ehjhrfi Nujgcgfry Bugijgol


\fsdgoltmo, JC 208::

Pdmoh 202-802-6865

Efx 202-802-6<88

Bhonfkgo][email protected]




Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh mo Crgkgofi Ruihs

Khkbhrs Pmsgtgmo Jgstrgct/Cgrcugt Stfrt Jfth Hoj Jfth

Rhhof RfllgCdfgr

C Shcmoj Cgrcugt 2066 206:

Cfrmi F. Brmma EPJ Giigomgs (Omrtdhro) 2066 206:

Kmrrgsmo C. Holifoj, Nr. J Cfigemrogf (Hfsthro) 2004 206:

Kfra Egigp HSV Giigomgs 2063 2068

Jfvgj H. Lgibhrtsmo CNXSZ Smutd Jfamtf 2060 2065

Nmdo E. Ahhofo J Ohw Wmra (Smutdhro) 200< 206:

Mrgo S. Ahrr FCFJ \fsdgoltmo, JC 2063 2065

Rfykmoj K. Ahtdihjlh C Sgxtd Cgrcugt 2063 2065

Jfvgj K. Ifwsmo C Kgcdglfo (Hfsthro) 2007 2068

Jmofij \. Kmiimy J Kmotfof 200< 206:

Kytdgig Rfkfo* JMN \fsdgoltmo, JC ---- Mpho

Zgkmtdy R. Rgch K Phoosyivfogf (Hfsthro) 2007 2068

Nmdo S. Sgeehrt HSV Ohw Wmra 2062 2068

Sfrf Suo BhfihRhpmrthr

FCFJ Omrtd Cfrmigof 2008 Mpho

Prgocgpfi Stfee> Nmoftdfo C. Rmsh 202-802-6420 ]]]]]]]]]]* Hx-meegcgm





Igfgsmo Khkbhrs Pflh 6


IGFGSMO KHKBHRS

Igfgsmo emr tdh Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh

mo Fpphiifth Ruihs

Lrhlmry L. Lfrrh, Hsq. (Stfojgol)


mo Fpphiifth Ruihs

Nujlh Fjfibhrtm Nmrjfo (Bfoaruptcy)


mo Bfoaruptcy Ruihs

Rmy Z. Holihrt, Nr., Hsq. (Stfojgol)


mo Cgvgi Ruihs

Nujlh Frtdur G. Dfrrgs (Bfoaruptcy)


mo Cgvgi Ruihs

Nujlh Ohgi K. Lmrsucd (Stfojgol)


mo Crgkgofi Ruihs


mo Hvgjhoch Ruihs

Nujlh Nujgtd D. \gzkur (Bfoaruptcy)


mo Hvgjhoch Ruihs

Nujlh Pfui S. Jgfkmoj (Cgvgi)


mo Hvgjhoch Ruihs

Nujlh Nmdo E. Ahhofo (Crgkgofi)

Igfgsmo emr tdh Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthhmo Hvgjhoch Ruihs

Nujlh Rgcdfrj C. \hsihy (Stfojgol)







Fjkgogstrftgvh Meegch me tdh X.S. Cmurts Pflh 2

Rhvgshj> Kfrcd 62, 206:

Brgjlht K. Dhfiy Fttmrohy Fjvgsmr

Bfoaruptcy Nujlhs Jgvgsgmo


Moh Cmiukbus Cgrcih, O.H., Rmmk :-2<3


Pdmoh 202-802-6700Efx 202-802-6744

Brgjlht][email protected]

Erfochs E. Sagiikfo

Pfrfihlfi Sphcgfigst




Pdmoh 202-802-37:8

Efx 202-802-6<88

Erfochs][email protected]


mailto:[email protected]









Ehjhrfi Nujgcgfi Chothr Pflh 6


EHJHRFI NXJGCGFI CHOZHR

Zgk Rhflfo (Ruihs me Prfctgch & Prmchjurh)

Shogmr Rhshfrcd FssmcgfthEhjhrfi Nujgcgfi ChothrZdurlmmj Kfrsdfii Ehjhrfi

Nujgcgfry Bugijgol

Moh Cmiukbus Cgrcih, O.H., Rmmk 5-:35

\fsdgoltmo, JC 20002Pdmoh 202-802-:07<

Efx 202-802-:677

Kfrgh Ihfry (Fpphiifth Ruihs Cmkkgtthh)

Rhshfrcd FssmcgfthRhshfrcd JgvgsgmoZdurlmmj Kfrsdfii Ehjhrfi Nujgcgfry Bugijgol

Moh Cmiukbus Cgrcih, O.H.

\fsdgoltmo, JC 20002-4003

Pdmoh 202-802-:057Efx 202-802-:677

[email protected]

Kmiiy Z. Nmdosmo (Bfoaruptcy Ruihs Cmkkgtthh) Shogmr Rhshfrcd Fssmcgfth

Rhshfrcd JgvgsgmoZdurlmmj Kfrsdfii Ehjhrfi Nujgcgfry Bugijgol



Pdmoh 368-42:-:7:[email protected]

Hkhry L. Ihh (Cgvgi Ruihs Cmkkgtthh) Shogmr Rhshfrcd Fssmcgfth




Pdmoh 202-802-:0<4Efx 202-802-:677

[email protected]

Ifurfi I. Dmmphr (Crgkgofi Ruihs Cmkkgtthh) Shogmr Rhshfrcd Fssmcgfth



\fsdgoltmo, JC 20002-4003Pdmoh 202-802-:073

Efx 202-802-:677

[email protected]

Cftdhrgoh Bmrjho (Hvgjhoch Ruihs Cmkkgtthh) Rhshfrcd Fssmcgfth



\fsdgoltmo, JC 20002-4003Pdmoh 202-802-:070

Efx 202-802-:677

[email protected]




ZFB 6

Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh 6< me :02Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh 6< me :02





ZFB 6F








FJUGSMRW CMKKGZZHH MO CRGKGOFI RXIHS

JRFEZ KGOXZHS

Fprgi 28, 2063, Jurdfk, Omrtd Cfrmigof

G. Ftthojfoch foj Prhigkgofry Kftthrs

Zdh Crgkgofi Ruihs Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh (’Cmkkgtthh‛) kht go ft Juah Ifw Scdmmi go

Jurdfk, Omrtd Cfrmigof mo Fprgi 28, 2063. Zdh emiimwgol phrsmos whrh go ftthojfoch>

Nujlh Rhhof Rfllg, Cdfgr

Cfrmi F. Brmma, Hsq.

Nujlh Kmrrgsmo C. Holifoj, Nr.Aftdihho Ehitmo, Hsq.

Kfra Egigp, Hsq. (by thihpdmoh)

Cdghe Nustgch Jfvgj H. Lgibhrtsmo

Nfkhs O. Dfttho, Hsq.

Nujlh Nmdo E. AhhofoNujlh Jfvgj K. Ifwsmo

Prmehssmr Fojrhw J. Ihgpmij Nujlh Jmofij \. Kmiimy

Nujlh Zgkmtdy R. Rgch

Nmdo S. Sgeehrt, Hsq.Nmoftdfo \rmbihwsag, Hsq.

Nujlh Nfkhs B. ^flhi

Prmehssmr Sfrf Suo Bhfih, Rhpmrthr Prmehssmr Ofocy Agol, Rhpmrthr

Nujlh Nheerhy Suttmo, Stfojgol Cmkkgtthh Cdfgr Prmehssmr Jfoghi Cmqugiihtth, Stfojgol Cmkkgtthh Rhpmrthr Nujlh Kfrgiyo I. Duee, Stfojgol Cmkkgtthh Igfgsmo

Nujlh Rgcdfrj C. Zfiikfo, Emrkhr Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh Cdfgr

Zdh emiimwgol phrsmos whrh prhshot tm suppmrt tdh Cmkkgtthh>

Ifurfi I. Dmmphr, Hsq.Nmoftdfo C. Rmsh, Hsq.

Bhonfkgo N. Rmbgosmo, Hsq.

GG. CDFGR‗S RHKFRAS FOJ MPHOGOL BXSGOHSS

F. Cdfgr‗s Rhkfras

Nujlh Rfllg gotrmjuchj ohw khkbhrs Kfra Egigp (wdm pfrtgcgpfthj by thihpdmoh) foj

Nmdo S. Sgeehrt. Sdh fism tdfoahj Nujlh Rgcdfrj Zfiikfo, tdh emrkhr cdfgr me tdh Cmkkgtthh, emr ftthojgol. Nujlh Zfiikfo pifyhj f crgtgcfi rmih go tdh jhvhimpkhot me tdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot




Jrfet Kgouths

Crgkgofi Ruihs Khhtgol

Fprgi 28, 2063

Pflh 2

tm Ruih 62.

Nujlh Rfllg omthj tdft tdh Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch rhchotiy cmoehrrhj sglogegcfot dmomrs

mo Nmoftdfo \rmbihwsag foj Aftdihho Ehitmo. Kr. \rmbihwsag rhchgvhj tdh Nmdo C. Ahhohyfwfrj emr Hxchptgmofi Gothlrgty foj Prmehssgmofigsk. Ks. Ehitmo rhchgvhj tdh kmst prhstglgmus

fwfrj lgvho by tdh Crgkgofi Jgvgsgmo, tdh Dhory H. Phthrsmo Khkmrgfi Fwfrj, go rhcmlogtgmo me

dhr ’ifstgol cmotrgbutgmo tm tdh Jgvgsgmo.‛ Nujlh Rfllg cmolrftuifthj Kr. \rmbihwsag foj Ks.Ehitmo, foj tdfoahj tdhk emr tdhgr hxchptgmofi cmotrgbutgmos tm tdh Cmkkgtthh‗s wmra. Nujlh

Rfllg fism omthj wgtd rhlrht Ks. Ehitmo‗s pifo tm rhtgrh bhemrh tdh ohxt khhtgol me tdh

Cmkkgtthh.

B. Rhvghw foj Fpprmvfi me Kgouths me Fprgi 2062 Khhtgol

F kmtgmo tm fpprmvh tdh kgouths me tdh Fprgi 2062 Cmkkgtthh khhtgol go Sfo Erfocgscm,

Cfigemrogf, dfvgol bhho kmvhj foj shcmojhj>

Zdh Cmkkgtthh uofogkmusiy fpprmvhj tdh Fprgi 2062 khhtgol kgouths by vmgch vmth.

C. Prmpmshj Fkhojkhots Fpprmvhj by tdh Suprhkh Cmurt emr Zrfoskgttfi tm

Cmolrhss

Nujlh Rfllg rhpmrthj tdft tdh emiimwgol prmpmshj fkhojkhots, fpprmvhj by tdh Suprhkh

Cmurt foj trfoskgtthj tm Cmolrhss, wgii tfah heehct mo Jhchkbhr 6, 2063, uoihss Cmolrhss fcts tmtdh cmotrfry>

Ruih 66. Fjvgch rh Gkkglrftgmo Cmoshquhochs me Lugity Pihf.

Ruih 65. Lmvhrokhot Jgscimsurh> Prmpmshj thcdogcfi foj cmoemrkgol fkhojkhot.

GGG. CRGKGOFI RXIHS FCZGMOS

F. Prmpmshj Fkhojkhots tm Ruihs 62 foj 3:

Nujlh Rfllg omthj tdft tdh kfgo wmra bhemrh tdh Cmkkgtthh wfs cmosgjhrftgmo me Ruihs

62 foj 3:. Bhcfush tdh prmpmshj fkhojkhots dfvh sucd f iholtdy dgstmry foj tdh kfthrgfis gotdh flhojf bmma whrh vmiukgomus, Nujlh Rfllg fsahj tdh Rhpmrthrs tm bhlgo wgtd f sukkfry me

tdh dgstmry me tdh prmpmsfi.

Prmehssmrs Bhfih foj Agol stfthj tdft emiimwgol tdh Suprhkh Cmurt‗s jhcgsgmo go Xogthj Stfths v. Cmttmo, 838 X.S. 528 (2002), go 2005 tdh Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch fsahj tdh Crgkgofi




Jrfet Kgouths


Fprgi 28, 2063

Pflh 3

Ruihs Cmkkgtthh tm cmosgjhr fkhojgol Ruih 62(b)(3)(B) tm rhqugrh jhehojfots tm rfgsh bhemrh

trgfi foy mbnhctgmo tdft tdh gojgctkhot efgihj tm stfth fo meehosh by higkgoftgol tdh prmvgsgmo tdft

rhqugrhj rhvghw me sucd f cifgk hvho wdho rfgshj emr tdh egrst tgkh fethr cmovgctgmo. (Go tdh

rhkfgojhr me tdhsh kgouths, efgiurh tm stfth fo meehosh wgii bh rhehrrhj tm fs EZSM.) Ft tdhurlgol me khkbhrs me tdh Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh foj ft tdh Stfojgol Cmkkgtthh, tdh prmpmsfi

hvmivhj foj hxpfojhj mvhr tdh cmursh me hgldt yhfrs tm fjjrhss mtdhr ehfturhs me Ruih 62's

trhftkhot me prhtrgfi kmtgmos go lhohrfi.

Fs pubigsdhj, tdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot>

! stfthj tdft tdh rhqugrhkhot tdft chrtfgo cifgks foj jhehoshs bh rfgshj bhemrh trgfi

fppighs moiy ge tdh bfsgs emr tdh kmtgmo gs ’rhfsmofbiy fvfgifbih‛ bhemrh trgfi1

! houkhrfthj tdh cmkkmo typhs me kmtgmos tdft cmurts dfvh emuoj tm cmostgtuth jhehcts

’go gostgtutgol tdh prmshcutgmo‛ foj ’go tdh gojgctkhot mr goemrkftgmo‛ tdft kust bh rfgshj

bhemrh trgfi1

! gociujhj EZSM fkmol tdh jhehcts ’go tdh gojgctkhot mr goemrkftgmo‛ tdft kust bh

rfgshj bhemrh trgfi1 foj

! cifrgeghj tdh lhohrfi stfojfrj emr rhighe ermk tdh ruih tdft ifth-egihj cifgks kfy omt bh

cmosgjhrhj, rhsmivgol cmoeusgmo crhfthj by tdh omo-stfojfrj ush me tdh thrk ’wfgvhr‛ tm

rhfcd sgtuftgmos go wdgcd tdhrh wfs om gothotgmofi rhigoqugsdkhot me f aomwo rgldt.

Nujlh Rfllg omthj tdft sdh dfj hocmurflhj tdh jhehosh bfr tm rhvghw tdh pubigsdhj fkhojkhot,

foj tdft tdh Cmkkgtthh dfj rhchgvhj tdmuldteui hxthojhj cmkkhots tdft whrh hxtrhkhiy dhipeui.

Zdh Rhpmrthrs tdho jrhw tdh Cmkkgtthh‗s ftthotgmo tm tdh vfrgmus gssuhs rfgshj go tdh pubigccmkkhots, pfrtgcuifriy tdh cmochros rfgshj by tdh jhehosh bfr.

Zm cmosgjhr tdh gssuhs rfgshj go tdh pubigc cmkkhots tdh Ruih 62 Subcmkkgtthh kht go phrsmo go Sfo Erfocgscm foj dhij oukhrmus fjjgtgmofi khhtgols by thihpdmoh. Nujlh Rfllg

tdfoahj tdh Subcmkkgtthh emr gts hxtrfmrjgofry heemrts, foj fsahj Nujlh Holifoj, tdh

Subcmkkgtthh cdfgr, tm lgvh fo mvhrvghw me tdh Subcmkkgtthh's prmpmsfi emr fkhojkhot fs

rhvgshj emiimwgol pubigcftgmo.

Nujlh Holifoj prhefchj dgs prhshotftgmo by omtgol tdft, go cmotrfst tm hfrighr prmpmsfisemr fkhojkhot me Ruih 62, wdgcd dfj pfsshj tdh Subcmkkgtthh by jgvgjhj vmths, tdh prmpmsfi

dh wmuij omw prhshot dfj bhho fpprmvhj by tdh Subcmkkgtthh uofogkmusiy. Zdh prmpmshj

fkhojkhot wmuij gocrhfsh tdh cifrgty me lugjfoch prmvgjhj by Ruih 62 tm bmtd cmurts foj

prfctgtgmohrs by igstgol tdh cmkkmo kmtgmos tdft kust bh rfgshj bhemrh trgfi foj jhigohftgol tdhstfojfrj me rhvghw emr ifth-rfgshj cifgks. Emr cifgks mtdhr tdfo EZSM, tdh prmpmshj stfojfrj




Jrfet Kgouths


Fprgi 28, 2063

Pflh :

wfs cfush foj prhnujgch. Emr EZSM, tdh rhcmkkhojhj stfojfrj wfs prhnujgch fimoh. Zdh

Subcmkkgtthh fism cmociujhj tdft tdh jgstrgct cmurts ohhjhj tm dfvh sglogegcfot jgscrhtgmo tm

dfojih cifgks go tdh phrgmj bhemrh trgfi, foj gt fjjhj ifoluflh tm kfah tdft cihfrhr. Egofiiy, ft

tdh urlgol me Nujlh Rfllg, tdh Subcmkkgtthh rhcmosgjhrhj ehfturhs me tdh prmpmshj ruih tdftfppighj tdh stfojfrjs emr ifth-rfgshj cifgks tm fpphiifth cmurts. Zdh Subcmkkgtthh uitgkfthiy

flrhhj gt wfs bhst omt tm try tm tgh tdh dfojs me tdh fpphiifth cmurts. Fccmrjgoliy, gt flrhhj tm

jhihth ermk tdh prmpmshj ruih tdh stfthkhot tdft Ruih 82 jmhs omt fppiy. Zdgs wmuij fiimw tdhfpphiifth cmurts tm jhthrkgoh wdhtdhr tm fppiy tdh stfojfrjs sphcgeghj go Ruih 62(c) mr tdh pifgo

hrrmr stfojfrj sphcgeghj go Ruih 82 wdho uotgkhiy cifgks frh rfgshj emr tdh egrst tgkh mo fpphfi.

\dho Nujlh Holifoj cmkpihthj dgs prhshotftgmo me tdh Subcmkkgtthh prmpmsfi, Nujlh

Rfllg flrhhj tdft tdh prmpmshj ruih prmvgjhs lrhfthr cifrgty go gjhotgeygol kmtgmos tdft kust bhegihj bhemrh trgfi. Sdh fism omthj tdft prmpmshj 62(c)(2) lgvhs jgstrgct nujlhs tdh ohhjhj eihxgbgigty tm cmosgjhr uotgkhiy kmtgmos foj cifgks rfgshj bhemrh nhmpfrjy fttfcdhs, wdgcd cmuij

dfvh tdh prfctgcfi fjvfotflh me kgogkgzgol ifthr cifgks me goheehctgvh fssgstfoch me cmuoshi. Zdh

prmpmshj fkhojkhots fism cifrgey tdft ge tdh cgrcukstfochs lgvgol rgsh tm f cifgk mr jhehosh

gjhotgeghj go Ruih 62(b)(3) frh omt aomwo bhemrh trgfi, om prhtrgfi kmtgmo gs rhqugrhj. Ft tdft pmgot, Nujlh Rfllg govgthj Subcmkkgtthh khkbhrs tm fjj tdhgr vghws.

Sphfagol gojgvgjufiiy, Subcmkkgtthh khkbhrs flrhhj tdft tdh prmpmshj fkhojkhotrheihcthj cmkprmkgsh. Ohvhrtdhihss, tdh prmpmshj ruih wfs f cmosgjhrfbih gkprmvhkhot mvhr

tdh currhot moh. F jhehosh rhprhshotftgvh omthj tdft smkh ehfturhs me tdh prmpmshj ruih kgldt

omt bhohegt jhehojfots go pfrtgcuifr cfshs, but sdh vmgchj strmol suppmrt emr rhtfgogol tdh prhnujgch-moiy stfojfrj emr ifth-rfgshj EZSM cifgks foj tdh fbuojfot jgscrhtgmo feemrjhj tm trgfi

nujlhs. F nujlh cdfrfcthrgzhj tdh Subcmkkgtthh prmpmsfi fs f ’jhigcfth but hxqugsgth

cmkprmkgsh,‛ foj dh omthj tdft igah Cgvgi Ruih 62 gt ’cihfrs tdh jhcas bhemrh trgfi‛ foj feemrjs

tdh trgfi nujlh fbuojfot jgscrhtgmo tm jm substfotgfi nustgch. Rhprhshotftgvhs me tdh Jhpfrtkhotme Nustgch omthj tdft tdhy bhlfo wgtd f ofrrmw pmigcy-bfshj prmpmsfi tm rhqugrh EZSM cifgks tm

bh rfgshj bhemrh trgfi, sm tdft hrrmrs wmuij bh rfgshj prmkptiy foj rhctgeghj. Dmwhvhr, ge tdh

cdfrlgol jmcukhot jgj omt lgvh tdh jhehojfot omtgch, foj dh cmuij sdmw prhnujgch, tdhJhpfrtkhot dfs fiwfys flrhhj tdft rhighe sdmuij bh feemrjhj. Zdh currhot prmpmsfi fism cifrgeghs

wdft cifgks kust bh rfgshj bhemrh trgfi, prmvgjhs substfotgfi jgscrhtgmo tm tdh jgstrgct nujlh

bhemrh tdh nury gs swmro, higkgofths tdh thrk ’wfgvhr,‛ foj bgeurcfths tdh stfojfrj emr ifth-rfgshj

cifgks, prmvgjgol emr cfush foj prhnujgch (f cifrgegcftgmo me wdft tdh ifw currhotiy gs) emr fiicifgks hxchpt EZSM, emr wdgcd prhnujgch fimoh gs sueegcghot. Go rhsmivgol cmoeigcts tdft dfj

jhvhimphj go tdh imwhr cmurts, tdh prmpmsfi ushj thrks tdft dfj bhho igtglfthj foj jhegohj go tdhcfsh ifw.

Nujlh Rfllg omthj tdft tdh prmpmsfi rfgshs twm jgeehrhot stfojfrj me rhvghw quhstgmos,

bhcfush gt>

Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh 2: me :02Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh 2: me :02



Jrfet Kgouths


Fprgi 28, 2063

Pflh 8

(6) cdfolhs ’lmmj cfush‛ tm ’cfush foj prhnujgch‛ go mrjhr tm rheihct tdh gothrprhtftgmo

lgvho by kmst cmurts, foj

(2) prmvgjhs f jgeehrhot stfojfrj, ’prhnujgch,‛ emr ifth rfgshj EZSM cifgks.

Emiimwgol Cmttmo, kfoy fpphiifth cmurts frh omw fppiygol pifgo hrrmr tm EZSM cifgks rfgshj emr

tdh egrst tgkh mo fpphfi, foj Nujlh Rfllg sfgj sdh dfj urlhj tdh Subcmkkgtthh tm cmosgjhr wdhtdhr gt wfs jhsgrfbih tm kfojfth tdh prhnujgch stfojfrj emr ifth-rfgshj EZSM cifgks mo

fpphfi.

Nujlh Rfllg tdho mphohj tdh eimmr emr lhohrfi jgscussgmo by fii cmkkgtthh khkbhrs. F

khkbhr fsahj tdh purpmsh me igkgtgol tdh kmtgmos tdft kust bh rfgshj bhemrh trgfi tm tdmsh wdhrhtdh bfsgs gs ’rhfsmofbiy fvfgifbih.‛ Zdh Rhpmrthrs foj Subcmkkgtthh khkbhrs hxpifgohj tdft’fvfgifbih‛ fpphfrs tm bh f bgofry efctufi cmochpt> goemrkftgmo wfs mr wfs omt fvfgifbih. Go

cmotrfst, ’rhfsmofbiy fvfgifbih‛ gociujhs bmtd tdgs efctufi cmkpmohot foj f qufigtftgvh nujlkhot.

Emr hxfkpih, ge tdh goemrkftgmo ohchssfry tm rfgsh tdh kmtgmo wfs gociujhj mo moh pflh me f

kfssgvh jftf jukp moiy moh jfy bhemrh tdh jfth emr egigol prhtrgfi kmtgmos, gt kgldt bh jhhkhj fvfgifbih go f efctufi shosh, but omt rhfsmofbiy fvfgifbih. Zdh rhqugrhkhot tdft f kmtgmo ’kust‛

bh rfgshj bhemrh trgfi fppighs moiy ge tdh bfsgs emr tdh kmtgmo wfs ’tdho rhfsmofbiy fvfgifbih.‛

Zdgs fiimws tdh jhehosh tm frluh tdft, lgvho tdh cgrcukstfochs, gt wfs omt rhfsmofbih tm hxphct fcifgk mr jhehosh tm bh rfgshj. Ge tdh cmurt jhthrkgohs tdft tdh bfsgs emr tdh kmtgmo wfs omt

rhfsmofbiy fvfgifbih, tdho prmpmshj Ruih 62(b)(3) jmhs omt rhqugrh tdh kmtgmo tm bh rfgshj

bhemrh trgfi. Zdhrhemrh f ifthr kmtgmo wmuij omt bh uotgkhiy uojhr Ruih 62(c), foj tdhrh wmuij bh om ohhj tm sdmw lmmj cfush.

F jhehosh khkbhr hxprhsshj f vfrghty me cmochros wgtd tdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot. Egrst,

dh frluhj, tdh prmpmsfi sdgets tdh burjho me prmme/burjho me prmjuctgmo by rhqugrgol tdh jhehoshtm rfgsh chrtfgo "jhehoshs" bhemrh trgfi. But tdh ifw lhohrfiiy phrkgts tdh jhehosh tm rhkfgo sgihot

foj omt tm fsshrt jhehoshs bhemrh trgfi. Emr hxfkpih, go tdh Zdgrj Cgrcugt f stftuth me igkgtftgmos

jhehosh gs tgkhiy wdhtdhr rfgshj bhemrh trgfi, jurgol trgfi, mr ft tdh tgkh me nury gostructgmos. Zdhjhehojfot cfo wfgt uotgi tdh lmvhrokhot rhsts, foj tdho rfgsh gts cifgk tdft tdh lmvhrokhot dfs

omt prmvho cmojuct tdft mccurrhj wgtdgo tdh igkgtftgmos phrgmj. Go tdh khkbhr‗s vghw, rhqugrgol

tdgs gssuh tm bh rfgshj bhemrh trgfi wmuij bh f rfjgcfi cdfolh. Gt wmuij fihrt tdh prmshcutgmo tm

tdh prmbihk. Zdh prmpmsfi kfy fism wmra f cdfolh emr mtdhr cifgks mr jhehoshs. Emr hxfkpih,hvho ge smkh cgrcugts rhqugrh vhouh tm bh rfgshj bhemrh trgfi, tdh kftthr kfy bh mpho go mtdhr

cgrcugts. Go smkh cfshs, gt kfy fism bh tm tdh fjvfotflh me tdh jhehosh omt tm rfgsh shihctgvh mr vgojgctgvh prmshcutgmo bhemrh trgfi, bhcfush tdh lmvhrokhot kgldt cdfolh gts prhshotftgmo me tdh

cfsh. Zdh khkbhr omthj tdft rhqugrgol sucd jhehoshs tm bh rfgshj bhemrh trgfi kfy bh heegcghot,

but heegcghocy gs omt tdh cmochro me tdh jhehosh. Go smkh cfshs gt kgldt fism bh prmbihkftgc emr

tdh jhehosh tm rfgsh kuitgpigcgty bhemrh trgfi. Zdhsh frh omt khrhiy prmchjurfi gssuhs. Zdhy frhjhehoshs. F jhehojfot dfs f cmostgtutgmofi rgldt tm rhkfgo sgihot, foj tdh lmvhrokhot dfs tdh






Jrfet Kgouths


Fprgi 28, 2063

Pflh <

mo tdh hrrmohmus fssukptgmo tdft efgiurh tm stfth fo meehosh wfs f nurgsjgctgmofi hrrmr. Cmttmo

tdho kfjh gt cihfr tdft efgiurh tm stfth fo meehosh gs omt nurgsjgctgmofi. Go rhspmosh tm tdh cmochros

rfgshj by tdh jhehosh khkbhr, Nujlh Zfiikfo omthj tdft tdh prmpmsfi jmhs rheihct f pmigcy

nujlkhot tdft tdh ruihs sdmuij jgscmurflh sfojbfllgol. Gt jmhs ftthkpt tm eiusd mut gssuhs tdftcmuij bh jgspmsgtgvh, wdgcd ermk tdh cmurt‗s phrsphctgvh sdmuij bh rfgshj hfriy emr heehctgvh cfsh

kfoflhkhot. Gt kfy rhqugrh tdh jhehosh tm pify f cfrj hfrighr tdfo gt wgsdhs, but gt jmhs omt

rhqugrh tdh jhehosh tm cmkh emrwfrj wgtd hvgjhoch. Fs fo fpphiifth nujlh, dh sdfrhj smkh me tdhcmochros tdft usgol ’cfush foj prhnujgch‛ go Ruih 62 cmuij gkpmrt smkh me tdh dfbhfs cfsh ifw.

But trgfi nujlhs uojhrstfoj ’lmmj cfush.‛ Egofiiy, dh omthj tdft fii me tdh gssuhs rfgshj ft tdh

khhtgol dfj bhho tdmrmuldiy vhtthj mo kuitgpih mccfsgmos. Dh cmkkhojhj tdh ifthst prmpmsfifs f vhry lmmj ruih foj moh tdft wfs f sglogegcfot gkprmvhkhot mvhr currhot Ruih 62. Zdh

Suprhkh Cmurt dfs omw cifrgeghj tdh jgstgoctgmo bhtwhho nurgsjgctgmofi gssuhs foj khrgts cifgks,foj tdhrh‗s om rhfsmo tm fiimw sfojbfllgol mo omo-nurgsjgctgmofi gssuhs.

Nujlh Rfllg omthj tdft tdh sphfahrs dfj rfgshj cmochros fbmut emur kfgo fsphcts me tdh

Subcmkkgtthh‗s prmpmshj ruih>

(6) ’tdho rhfsmofbiy fvfgifbih‛1

(2) gthks mo tdh houkhrfthj igst me cifgks (pfrtgcuifriy stftuth me igkgtftgmos)1

(3) substgtutgol ’emrehgturh‛ emr ’wfgvhr‛1 foj(:) substgtutgol ’cfush foj prhnujgch‛ emr ’lmmj cfush.‛

Sdh jhcifrhj f brhfa go tdh khhtgol foj fsahj tdh Subcmkkgtthh tm ush tdh tgkh tm cmosgjhr gtsrhspmosh tm tdhsh cmochros foj rhpmrt bfca tm tdh euii Cmkkgtthh.

Emiimwgol tdh brhfa, Nujlh Holifoj foomuochj tdh Subcmkkgtthh‗s vghws mo tdh gssuhs

gjhotgeghj by Nujlh Rfllg. Go fii cfshs, tdh Subcmkkgtthh wfs uofogkmus.

(6) Zdh Subcmkkgtthh rhfeegrkhj gts strmol suppmrt emr ’tdho rhfsmofbiy fvfgifbih.‛

(2) Zdh Subcmkkgtthh flrhhj tdft gt wmuij bh fcchptfbih tm rhkmvh stftuth me igkgtftgmosermk tdh igst me cifgks tdft kust bh rfgshj bhemrh trgfi.

(3) Zdh Subcmkkgtthh rhnhcthj tdh prmpmsfi tm substgtuth ’emrehgturh‛ emr ’wfgvhr‛ go

subjgvgsgmo (h).

(:) Zdh Subcmkkgtthh flrhhj tm rhtfgo ’lmmj cfush‛ rftdhr tdfo ’cfush foj prhnujgch.‛

Dh omthj ge tdh Cmkkgtthh fs f wdmih hojmrshj tdgs fpprmfcd, gt wmuij bh ohchssfry tm rhwmra tdh ifoluflh tm gocmrpmrfth ’lmmj cfush.‛ Khkbhrs tdho hxpifgohj tdh Subcmkkgtthh‗s vghws.

(6) ’tdho rhfsmofbiy fvfgifbih‛

Zdh Subcmkkgtthh wfs uofogkmus go tdh vghw tdft tdh qufigeghr ’tdho rhfsmofbiy




Jrfet Kgouths


Fprgi 28, 2063

Pflh 4

fvfgifbih‛ sdmuij bh rhtfgohj. Zdh kfojfth me tdh ruih (foj tdh pmthotgfi sfoctgmo) sdmuij bh

rhstrgcthj tm cfshs go wdgcd tdh cmurt egojs tdh bfsgs me tdh jhehosh wfs ’rhfsmofbiy‛ fvfgifbih.

Zdgs gs vhry gkpmrtfot ermk tdh jhehosh phrsphctgvh, foj gt lgvhs fpprmprgfth eihxgbgigty tm tdh

cmurt.

F quhstgmo frmsh fs tm wdhtdhr tdh Cmkkgtthh Omth cmuij bh ushj tm cifrgey tdh khfogol

me ’rhfsmofbiy‛ go tdgs cmothxt. Prmehssmr Cmqugiihtth rhkgojhj hvhrymoh tdft Cmkkgtthh Omthscfoomt bh ushj tm cdfolh tdh khfogol me tdh ruih. Prmehssmr Bhfih omthj tdft fs pubigsdhj tdh

prmpmshj Cmkkgtthh Omth gociujhj tdh emiimwgol>

Zdh ’tdho rhfsmofbiy fvfgifbih‛ ifoluflh gs gothojhj tm hosurh tdft f cifgk f pfrty cmuij

omt dfvh rfgshj mo tgkh gs omt subnhct tm tdh igkgtftgmo mo rhvghw gkpmshj by Ruih62(c)(3) foj (:). Ce. 24 X.S.C. § 645<(f) & (b) (rhqugrgol cifgks tm bh rfgshj prmkptiyfethr tdhy whrh ’jgscmvhrhj mr cmuij dfvh bhho jgscmvhrhj by tdh hxhrcgsh me juh

jgiglhoch‛).

Sdh stfthj tdft tdh Ce. cgtftgmo dfj bhho fjjhj moiy tm prmvgjh fo giiustrftgmo me tdh agoj me fofiysgs tdft cmurts kgldt uojhrtfah. Fitdmuld tdh omth cmuij omt prmphriy bh ushj tm ofrrmw mr

rhstrgct tdh ruih gtshie, tdhrh wfs lhohrfi flrhhkhot tdft gt wmuij bh bhohegcgfi tm jhihth tdh Ce.

cgtftgmo.

Jgscussgmo emcushj mo tdh heehct me gociujgol tdh wmrj ’rhfsmofbiy.‛ F khkbhr stfthj

tdft hvho ge tdh wmrj rhfsmofbiy whrh mkgtthj cmurts kgldt omohtdhihss rhfj go tdh sfkhcmochpt. Fomtdhr khkbhr rhspmojhj tdft gt wfs omohtdhihss jhsgrfbih tm gociujh tdh wmrj go tdh

thxt. Nujlh Holifoj mbshrvhj tdft mo tdh efcts me foy lgvho cfsh cmurts kgldt jgsflrhh fbmut

wdft gs rhfsmofbih, but tdft‗s gohvgtfbih. F khkbhr cmkkhothj tdft nujlhs firhfjy jgsflrhh

fbmut wdho f wgtohss gs ’fvfgifbih.‛ Mo dgs cmurt, emr hxfkpih, tdh nujlhs jgsflrhh fbmutwdhtdhr smijghrs shrvgol go Feldfogstfo frh ’fvfgifbih,‛ jhphojgol mo tdhgr vghw me tdh heegcfcy

me vgjhm thcdomimly. Zdh Rhpmrthrs omthj tdft gociusgmo me tdh ’rhfsmofbiy fvfgifbih‛ crgthrgf gs

gkpmrtfot bhcfush gt sdmrt cgrcugts tdh fofiysgs> uoihss tdh bfsgs emr f ifth-egihj kmtgmo wfsrhfsmofbiy fvfgifbih, tdhrh gs om ohhj tm sdmw hgtdhr cfush mr prhnujgch. Prmehssmr Agol fism

pmgothj mut tdft gociusgmo me tdh wmrj ’rhfsmofbiy‛ dfj bhho prfgshj by jhehosh cmkkhotftmrs,

foj gts jhihtgmo kgldt bh uojhrstmmj tm kfah tdh ruih sglogegcfotiy dfrsdhr. Mo tdgs vghw,

jhihtgmo kgldt rhqugrh rhpubigcftgmo.

F khkbhr smuldt cifrgegcftgmo me wdm bmrh tdh burjho me hstfbigsdgol tdft tdh bfsgs emr fkmtgmo wfs rhfsmofbiy fvfgifbih. Shvhrfi khkbhrs hxprhsshj tdh vghw tdft tdh lmvhrokhot

wmuij dfvh tdgs burjho bhcfush gt wmuij bh shhagol tm bfr tdh cifgk mr jhehosh fs uotgkhiy. Go

cmotrfst, ge tdh bfsgs emr tdh kmtgmo wfs rhfsmofbiy fvfgifbih foj tdh kmtgmo wfs tdus uotgkhiy,

tdh jhehosh wmuij dfvh tdh burjho me sdmwgol lmmj cfush. Zdh cdfgr foj khkbhrs jgscusshj tdh pmssgbgigty me fjjgol f jgscussgmo me tdgs gssuh tm tdh Cmkkgtthh Omth, but om fctgmo wfs tfaho




Jrfet Kgouths


Fprgi 28, 2063

Pflh 7

mo tdgs pmgot.

(2) cdfolhs tm tdh igst me houkhrfthj cifgks

Prmehssmr Agol hxpifgohj tdh Subcmkkgtthh‗s wgiigolohss tm jhihth stftuth me igkgtftgmos

ermk tdh igst me cifgks wdgcd kust bh rfgshj bhemrh trgfi. Zdh Subcmkkgtthh dfj prhvgmusiy

flrhhj tm rhkmvh jmubih nhmpfrjy ermk tdh igst, foj gt flrhhj tm trhft stftuth me igkgtftgmos go tdhsfkh wfy. Prmehssmr Agol omthj tdft tdh 67:: Cmkkgtthh Omth dfj jhscrgbhj bmtd jmubih

nhmpfrjy foj stftuth me igkgtftgmos fs jhehoshs tdft ohhj omt bh rfgshj bhemrh trgfi. Zdh

Subcmkkgtthh‗s prhehrhoch wfs tm fjj bmtd tm tdh igst me jhehoshs tdft kust bh rfgshj bhemrh trgfiwgtd tdh uojhrstfojgol tdft mtdhr fsphcts me tdh ruih – tdh igkgtftgmo tm kmtgmos emr wdgcd tdh

bfsgs wfs ’tdho rhfsmofbiy fvfgifbih‛ wdgcd ’cfo bh jhthrkgohj wgtdmut f trgfi mo tdh khrgts‛ – wmuij rhspmoj tm tdh rhihvfot cmochros. Dmwhvhr, tdh Subcmkkgtthh wfs fkhofbih tm jhihtgolstftuth me igkgtftgmos ermk tdh igst me cifgks. Zdh igst gs giiustrftgvh, omt hxdfustgvh. Kfoy but

omt fii cmurts omw trhft bmtd jmubih nhmpfrjy foj stftuth me igkgtftgmos fs jhehcts go tdh

gojgctkhot mr gostgtutgmo me tdh prmshcutgmo tdft kust bh rfgshj bhemrh trgfi, foj jhihtgol tdhsh

cifgks ermk tdh ruih sgkpiy fiimws tdh cfsh ifw tm cmotgouh tm jhvhimp. Fitdmuld tdhSubcmkkgtthh wmuij prhehr tm cifrgey tdh ifw foj brgol fbmut uogemrkgty, tdh khkbhrs flrhhj tm

jhihth bmtd jmubih nhmpfrjy foj stftuth me igkgtftgmos go tdh gothrhst me fcdghvgol tdh brmfjhst

suppmrt emr tdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot.

Zdh khkbhr wdm dfj prhvgmusiy hoqugrhj fbmut tdh gociusgmo me hrrmrs go tdh lrfoj nury

foj prhigkgofry dhfrgol gojgcfthj tdft dh wfs sftgseghj tdft tdhrh whrh rfrh gostfochs go wdgcdsucd cifgks cmuij bh rfgshj foj jhthrkgohj bhemrh trgfi.

(3) substgtutgmo me ’emrehgturh‛ emr ’wfgvhr‛

Zdh Subcmkkgtthh uofogkmusiy rhnhcthj tdh sullhstgmo tm substgtuth ’emrehgturh‛ emr

’wfgvhr‛ go subjgvgsgmo (h). Nujlh Rfllg omthj tdft sdh dfj jgscmurflhj tdh ush me tdh thrk

’emrehgturh‛ bhcfush gt wfs tdh ifoluflh me fpphiifth cmurts, foj tdh ruih wfs prgocgpfiiy jgrhcthj ft tdh jgstrgct cmurts. Immagol fdhfj tm tdh quhstgmo dmw tdgs kgldt bh vghwhj by tdh Suprhkh

Cmurt, sdh mbshrvhj tdft tdh pmrtgmo me tdh ruih tdft gociujhj tdh ’wfgvhr‛ ifoluflh wdho tdh

Cmurt jhcgjhj Cmttmo wfs bhgol higkgofthj. Zdh ohw prmvgsgmos mo rhighe whrh pfrt me f

cmkprhdhosgvh rhvgsgmo me Ruih 62. Nujlh Suttmo stfthj dh wfs sftgseghj wgtd tdh hxpifoftgmotdft ’emrehgturh‛ wfs prgocgpfiiy fo fpphiifth stfojfrj, foj gt wfs omt jhsgrfbih tm gkpmrt tdft

gotm tdh ruih. Nujlh Zfiikfo gojgcfthj tdft tdh jgsflrhhkhot go tdh fppigcftgmo me emrehgturh gotdh fpphiifth cfshs wfs fomtdhr rhfsmo omt tm gkpmrt tdft pdrfsh gotm tdh ruih. Egofiiy, Nujlh

Rfllg omthj tdft emrehgturh gs lhohrfiiy fssmcgfthj wgtd tdh pifgo hrrmr stfojfrj, omt tdh lmmj

cfush/cfush foj prhnujgch stfojfrjs.

(:) rhthotgmo me ’lmmj cfush‛




Jrfet Kgouths


Fprgi 28, 2063

Pflh 60

Zdh Subcmkkgtthh fism flrhhj tm rhtfgo ’lmmj cfush‛ (tdh thrk go tdh prhshot ruih) rftdhr

tdfo ’cfush foj prhnujgch‛ (tdh pdrfsh substgtuthj go tdh fkhojkhot pubigsdhj emr pubigc

cmkkhot). Zdh Subcmkkgtthh cmociujhj tdft rhtfgogol tdh efkgigfr ’lmmj cfush‛ stfojfrj

wmuij fssuflh cmochros tdft dfbhfs cfsh ifw wmuij bh gkpmrthj gotm Ruih 62, lfrohr suppmrt gotdh Stfojgol Cmkkgtthh, foj fvmgj prmbihks wdho tdh prmpmsfi gs trfoskgtthj tm tdh Suprhkh

Cmurt. Flfgo, go f cmst bhohegt cficuius, tdh bhohegt me cifrgegcftgmo wfs mutwhgldhj by tdh

prmbihks tdft kgldt bh cfushj. Zdh Subcmkkgtthh omthj, dmwhvhr, tdgs cdfolh wmuij rhqugrhsmkh fjjgtgmofi rhvgsgmos tm tdh thxt. Nujlh Rfllg jhehrrhj jgscussgmo me foy cdfolhs go tdh

ifoluflh tm fccmkkmjfth ’lmmj cfush.‛ Ge tdh Cmkkgtthh fpprmvhj tdh prmpmshj ruih go

cmochpt, sdh sullhsthj, tdho tdh Subcmkkgtthh cmuij ush tdh iuocd dmur tm jrfet tdh ohchssfryifoluflh.

Go igldt me tdh Subcmkkgtthh's rhsmiutgmo me tdh gssuhs tdft dfj bhho rfgshj emr jgscussgmo,foj wgtd om khkbhr shhagol eurtdhr jgscussgmo, Nujlh Rfllg tdho cfiihj emr f vmth mo tdh

prmpmshj fkhojkhot tm Ruih 62 fs kmjgeghj go tdh emiimwgol rhsphcts>

(6) higkgoftgol stftuth me igkgtftgmos jhehoshs ermk (b)(3)(F),(2) sphcgeygol tdft f cmurt kfy cmosgjhr fo uotgkhiy cifgk ge tdh pfrty sdmws ’lmmj

cfush,‛ foj

(3) jhihtgol tdh Ce. rhehrhoch go tdh Cmkkgtthh Omth fccmkpfoygol (b)(3).

\gtd tdh uojhrstfojgol tdft sphcgegc ifoluflh tm gocmrpmrfth ’lmmj cfush‛ gotm (c)(3)

wmuij bh subkgtthj emr rhvghw, tdh Cmkkgtthh vmthj uofogkmusiy tm trfoskgt Ruih 62, fsfkhojhj emiimwgol pubigcftgmo, tm tdh Stfojgol Cmkkgtthh.

By vmgch vmth, tdh Cmkkgtthh fism uofogkmusiy fpprmvhj trfoskgttgol tdh cmoemrkgol

fkhojkhot tm Ruih 3:.

Emiimwgol tdh iuocd brhfa, tdh Subcmkkgtthh prhshothj tdh emiimwgol rhvgshj ifoluflh

emr prmpmshj Ruih 62(c)(3)>

(3) Cmoshquhochs me Omt Kfagol f Zgkhiy Kmtgmo Xojhr Ruih 62(b). Ge f pfrty jmhs

omt khht tdh jhfjigoh emr kfagol f Ruih 62(b)(3) kmtgmo, tdh kmtgmo gs uotgkhiy. Go sucd

f cfsh, f cmurt kfy cmosgjhr tdh jhehosh, mbnhctgmo, mr rhquhst ge>(F) tdh pfrty sdmws lmmj cfush1 mr

(B) emr f cifgk me efgiurh tm stfth fo meehosh, tdh jhehojfot sdmws prhnujgch.

Nujlh Rfllg cfiihj emr jgscussgmo. F khkbhr fsahj wdy (F) rhehrrhj tm tdh ’pfrty‛ foj (B) tm

tdh ’jhehojfot.‛ Prmehssmr Bhfih hxpifgohj tdft moiy f jhehojfot cfo rfgsh f cifgk me efgiurh tm

stfth fo meehosh, but tdh prmshcutgmo fs whii fs tdh jhehosh kfy rfgsh mtdhr prhtrgfi kmtgmoslmvhrohj by Ruih 62.




Jrfet Kgouths


Fprgi 28, 2063

Pflh 66

Fethr tgkh emr rhvghw me tdh prmpmshj ifoluflh, Nujlh Rfllg fsahj wdhtdhr tdhrh whrh

foy eurtdhr cmochros. Dhfrgol omoh, sdh jhcifrhj tdft tdh kmrogol vmth fpprmvgol Ruih 62 emr

trfoskgssgmo tm tdh Stfojgol Cmkkgtthh wmuij stfoj wgtd tdh gociusgmo me tdh ohw ifoluflh emr

Ruih 62(c)(3). Zdh Rhpmrthrs wmuij kfah tdh ohchssfry cdfolhs tm tdh Cmkkgtthh Omth tmgocmrpmrfth tdh mtdhr cdfolhs kfjh by tdh Cmkkgtthh. Zdh rhvgshj ruih wmuij fism bh subnhct tm

rhstyigol. Nujlh Rfllg fssurhj khkbhrs tdft foy rhstyigol cdfolhs tdft kgldt bh sglogegcfot

wmuij bh rhehrrhj tm tdh Ruih 62 Subcmkkgtthh foj, ge ohchssfry, tm tdh Cmkkgtthh.

Nujlh Suttmo fsahj emr tdh Cmkkgtthh‗s vghw mo tdh ohhj emr rhpubigcftgmo. Nujlh Rfllg

stfthj tdft go dhr vghw omoh me tdh pmst-pubigcftgmo cdfolhs wfrrfothj rhpubigcftgmo, fs tdhy jgj omt cdfolh tdh bfifoch fkmol tdh pfrtghs. Prmehssmr Bhfih mbshrvhj tdft chrtfgo cmotrmvhrsgfi

ehfturhs suppmrthj by tdh Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch dfj bhho jhihthj, but tdh Jhpfrtkhot dfj flrhhj tm tdmsh cdfolhs fs pfrt me fo mvhrfii flrhhkhot tm kmvh tdh ruih emrwfrj. Om khkbhr me tdhCmkkgtthh suppmrthj rhpubigcftgmo.

B. Prmpmshj Fkhojkhots tm Ruihs 8 foj 84

Zdgs gs tdh Cmkkgtthh‗s shcmoj heemrt tm fkhoj Ruihs 8 foj 84 tm prmvgjh emr fjvgchcmochrogol cmosuifr omtgegcftgmo. Zdh egrst prmpmshj fkhojkhots whrh pubigsdhj emr pubigc

cmkkhot foj subshquhotiy fpprmvhj by tdh Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh, tdh Stfojgol Cmkkgtthh, foj

tdh Nujgcgfi Cmoehrhoch. Dmwhvhr, go Fprgi 2062 tdh Suprhkh Cmurt rhturohj tdh Ruih 8(j) foj

Ruih 84 fkhojkhots tm tdh Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh emr eurtdhr cmosgjhrftgmo. Go rhspmosh, tdhCmkkgtthh rhvgshj tdh ifoluflh me tdh prmpmshj fkhojkhots, wdgcd whrh fpprmvhj emr

pubigcftgmo by tdh Stfojgol Cmkkgtthh go Fulust 2062.

Ruihs 8 foj 84 lmvhro tdh prmchjurh emr gogtgfi fpphfrfochs go ehimoy foj kgsjhkhfomr

cfshs. Bmtd prmvgjh, gothr figf, tdft tdh nujlh kust goemrk tdh jhehojfot me vfrgmus prmchjurfirgldts (gociujgol tdh rgldt tm rhtfgo cmuoshi mr rhquhst tdft cmuoshi bh fppmgothj emr dgk, foy

rgldt tm f prhigkgofry dhfrgol, foj tdh rgldt omt tm kfah gocrgkgoftgol stfthkhots). Pfrfiihi

fkhojkhots tm Ruihs 8 foj 84 whrh prmpmshj by tdh Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch tm efcgigtfth tdh

Xogthj Stfths' cmkpigfoch wgtd Frtgcih 35 me tdh Ughoof Cmovhotgmo mo Cmosuifr Rhiftgmos ("tdhUghoof Cmovhotgmo"), wdgcd prmvgjhs emr jhtfgohj emrhglo oftgmofis tm bh fjvgshj me tdh

mppmrtuogty tm cmotfct tdh cmosuifths me tdhgr dmkh cmuotry. Ufrgmus bgifthrfi flrhhkhots fismcmotfgo cmosuifr omtgegcftgmo prmvgsgmos.

Fs pubigsdhj go 2062, tdh prmpmshj ruihs rhqugrh tdh cmurt tm goemrk omo-cgtgzho

jhehojfots ft tdhgr gogtgfi fpphfrfoch tdft (6) tdhy kfy rhquhst tdft f cmosuifr meegchr ermk tdhgr cmuotry me oftgmofigty bh omtgeghj me tdhgr frrhst, foj (2) go smkh cfshs gothroftgmofi trhftghs foj

flrhhkhots rhqugrh cmosuifr omtgegcftgmo wgtdmut f jhehojfot‗s rhquhst. Zdh prmpmshj ruihs jm

omt, dmwhvhr, fjjrhss tdh quhstgmo wdhtdhr trhfty prmvgsgmos rhqugrgol cmosuifr omtgegcftgmo kfy




Jrfet Kgouths


Fprgi 28, 2063

Pflh 62

bh govmahj by gojgvgjufi jhehojfots go f nujgcgfi prmchhjgol foj wdft, ge foy, rhkhjy kfy hxgst

emr f vgmiftgmo me Frtgcih 35 me tdh Ughoof Cmovhotgmo. Kmrh pfrtgcuifriy, fs tdh Cmkkgtthh omth

hkpdfsgzhs, tdh prmpmshj ruihs jm omt tdhkshivhs crhfth foy sucd rgldts mr rhkhjghs.

Mphogol tdh jgscussgmo, Nujlh Rfllg omthj tdft, go twgch prmpmsgol fkhojkhots tm Ruihs

8 foj 84, tdh Cmkkgtthh dfj cfrheuiiy cmosgjhrhj tdh pmigcy quhstgmo me wdhtdhr tdh nujgcgfry

sdmuij bh govmivhj go tdh hxhcutgvh's heemrts tm sftgsey gts cmosuifr omtgegcftgmo rhqugrhkhotsuojhr vfrgmus trhftghs. Zdh Cmkkgtthh dfj foswhrhj tdft quhstgmo go tdh feegrkftgvh, fibhgt omt

uofogkmusiy. Eurtdhr, tdh Cmkkgtthh's 2062 rhjrfetgol me tdh fkhojkhot go rhspmosh tm tdh

Suprhkh Cmurt's rhkfoj dfj bhho fpprmvhj emr pubigcftgmo by tdh Stfojgol Cmkkgtthh. Zdus,tdh gkkhjgfth gssuh bhemrh tdh Cmkkgtthh wfs tdh cmkkhots rhchgvhj go rhspmosh tm

pubigcftgmo.

Prmehssmr Bhfih jhscrgbhj tdh pubigc cmkkhots, wdgcd urlhj cdfolhs go tdh gotrmjuctmry

cifush me tdh prmpmshj ruihs prmvgjgol tdft tdh fjvgch kust bh lgvho ’ge tdh jhehojfot gs dhij go

custmjy foj gs omt f Xogthj Stfths cgtgzho.‛ Zdh Ehjhrfi Kflgstrfth Nujlhs Fssmcgftgmo (EKNF)rhcmkkhojhj tdft tdh qumthj ifoluflh bh jhihthj foj tdft tdh fjvgch rhqugrhkhot fppiy tm fii

jhehojfots. Zwm rhfsmos goemrkhj tdh rhcmkkhojftgmo. Egrst, tdh EKNF hxprhsshj cmochro

tdft tdh fkhojkhot cmuij bh gothrprhthj tm rhqugrh tdft tdh frrfglogol nujlh jhthrkgoh wdhtdhr fjhehojfot gs f X.S. cgtgzho bhemrh prmvgjgol tdh fjvgch rhlfrjgol cmosuifr omtgegcftgmo. Fo

goqugry me tdgs ofturh wmuij bh uojhsgrfbih, bhcfush jhehojfots kgldt kfah gocrgkgoftgol

stfthkhots. Prmehssmr Bhfih hojmrshj tdh EKNF‗s sullhstgmo tdft gt wmuij bh bhtthr tm rhpdrfshtdh ohw prmvgsgmos tm pfrfiihi prmpmshj Ruih 66(b)(6)(M), wdgcd gs bhgol trfoskgtthj ermk tdh

Suprhkh Cmurt tm Cmolrhss. Prmpmshj Ruih 66(b)(6)(M) rhqugrhs tdh cmurt tm lgvh wfrogols tm

fii jhehojfots fbmut tdh pmssgbih cmiifthrfi gkkglrftgmo cmoshquhochs me f lugity pihf. Zdh

Cmkkgtthh Omth hxpifgos>

Zdh Cmkkgtthh cmociujhj tdft tdh kmst heehctgvh foj heegcghot khtdmj me cmovhygol tdgs

goemrkftgmo gs tm prmvgjh gt tm hvhry jhehojfot, wgtdmut ftthkptgol tm jhthrkgoh tdhjhehojfot‗s cgtgzhosdgp.

Shcmoj, tdh EKNF subkgtthj tdft tdh prmpmshj fjvgch rhqugrhkhot sdmuij omt bh igkgthj

tm jhehojfots "go custmjy" ft tdh tgkh me tdhgr gogtgfi fpphfrfoch. Fethr cmosuitftgmo wgtd tdh6

6

Zdhrh wfs smkh jgsflrhhkhot bhtwhho tdh Jhpfrtkhot me Stfth foj tdh EKNF cmochrogol tdh scmph me tdh

mbiglftgmo uojhr Frtgcih 35, but gt wfs omt ohchssfry emr tdh Cmkkgtthh tm rhsmivh tdgs jgsflrhhkhot. Zdh EKNF

omthj tdft Frtgcih 35 me tdh Ughoof Cmovhotgmo cmvhrs foy oftgmofi wdm gs ’frrhsthj mr cmkkgtthj tm prgsmo mr tm

custmjy phojgol trgfi mr gs jhtfgohj go foy mtdhr kfoohr.‛ Bhcfush fii jhehojfots wdm frh brmuldt tm tdh cmurt emr

fo gogtgfi fpphfrfoch frh frrhsthhs, tdh EKNF cmociujhs tdft tdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot sdmuij prmvgjh emr fii






Jrfet Kgouths


Fprgi 28, 2063

Pflh 6:

Jhpfrtkhots me Stfth foj Nustgch shh vfiuh go gocmrpmrftgol tdgs fjvgch gotm tdh ruihs fs pfrt me

tdh heemrt tm sftgsey mur trhfty mbiglftgmos, hvho fbshot f rhkhjgfi prmvgsgmo. Sphfagol mo bhdfie

me tdh Nustgch Jhpfrtkhot, Ks. Ehitmo omthj tdft tdhrh gs metho om rhcmrj me fjvgch lgvho by

frrhstgol meegchrs1 prmvgjgol tdh wfrogol ft tdh gogtgfi fpphfrfoch wmuij crhfth f rhcmrj me cmkpigfoch wgtd trhfty mbiglftgmos. Fjjgtgmofiiy, tdh ehjhrfi ruih kfy prmvgjh f kmjhi emr

sgkgifr stfth ruihs foj tdus gojgrhctiy brgol fbmut kmrh wgjhsprhfj cmkpigfoch wgtd Frtgcih 35.

By vmgch vmth, tdh Cmkkgtthh uofogkmusiy flrhhj tdft Ruih 8, fs kmjgeghj fethr

pubigcftgmo, bh trfoskgtthj tm tdh Stfojgol Cmkkgtthh.

By vmgch vmth, tdh Cmkkgtthh uofogkmusiy flrhhj tdft Ruih 84, fs kmjgeghj fethr

pubigcftgmo, bh trfoskgtthj tm tdh Stfojgol Cmkkgtthh.

GU. OH\ PRMPMSFI EMR JGSCXSSGMO

Nujlh Rfllg fsahj Kr. \rmbihwsag tm prmvgjh fo gotrmjuctgmo tm tdh Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch prmpmsfi tm fkhoj Ruih :.

Kr. \rmbihwsag hxpifgohj tdft Ruih : dfs bhcmkh fo mbstfcih tm tdh prmshcutgmo me emrhglo cmrpmrftgmos tdft cmkkgt meehoshs go tdh Xogthj Stfths but cfoomt bh shrvhj bhcfush tdhy

dfvh om aomwo ifst fjjrhss mr prgocgpfi pifch me busgohss go tdh X.S. Smkh cmurts dfvh dhij tdft

heemrts tm shrvh by mtdhr khfos whrh gosueegcghot hvho ge tdhy wmuij prmvgjh omtgch. Dh stfthj tdft tdgs gssuh gs omw cmkgol up wgtd smkh erhquhocy.

Nujlh Rfllg omthj tdft tdh ohxt sthp wmuij bh tdh fppmgotkhot me f subcmkkgtthh, but

tdft smkh gogtgfi jgscussgmo kgldt bh dhipeui. Sdh fsahj dmw tdh prmvgsgmo smuldt by tdhJhpfrtkhot wmuij wmra go prfctgch. \dft ge tdh emrhglo cmrpmrftgmo whrh shrvhj, but gt hothrhj

om fpphfrfoch. Jgj tdh Jhpfrtkhot cmothkpifth tdft gt wmuij bh fbih tm prmshcuth wgtdmut fo

fpphfrfoch, foj, ge omt, wdft wmuij bh tdh bhohegt me tdh cdfolh=

Kr. \rmbihwsag sfgj dh wfs omt prhpfrhj tm foswhr fii efchts me tdh quhstgmo, but dh

jrhw ftthotgmo tm shvhrfi pmgots. Egrst, tm jfth emrhglo cmrpmrftgmos dfvh omt lhohrfiiy glomrhj

shrvgch. Zdhy dfvh fpphfrhj but cmothsthj tdh fjhqufcy me shrvgch. Fjjgtgmofiiy, hvho ge fcmrpmrftgmo dfs omt hothrhj fo fpphfrfoch, heehctgvh shrvgch wmuij dfvh mtdhr bhohegcgfi

cmoshquhochs, sucd fs fssht emrehgturh, rhlfrjihss me wdhtdhr tdh lmvhrokhot cmuij prmchhj wgtdtdh prmshcutgmo.

Nujlh Rfllg omthj tdft tdhsh whrh fkmol tdh gssuhs tm bh cmosgjhrhj by f Subcmkkgtthh.

Sdh foomuochj tdft Nujlh Jfvgj Ifwsmo dfj flrhhj tm cdfgr tdh Ruih : Subcmkkgtthh, foj tdftNujlh Rgch, Kr. Sgeehrt, foj rhprhshotftgvhs me tdh Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch wmuij shrvh fs




Jrfet Kgouths


Fprgi 28, 2063

Pflh 68

khkbhrs. Sdh fsahj tdh Subcmkkgtthh tm rhpmrt ft tdh Mctmbhr khhtgol.

U. SZFZXS RHPMRZ MO CRGKGOFI RXIHS

Kr. Rmbgosmo stfthj tdft go rhspmosh tm tdh trgfi me Shoftmr Zhj Sthvhos, dhfrgols whrh

dhij go Cmolrhss tm cmosgjhr jgscimsurh mbiglftgmos me Ehjhrfi Prmshcutmrs. Zdh FjkgogstrftgvhMeegch wmrahj wgtd Nujlh Rfllg tm prhpfrh f vmiukgomus subkgssgmo tdft cmotfgohj fii me tdh

Cmkkgtthh‗s wmra mo Ruih 65. Goemrkfiiy wh dhfrj tdft stfee emuoj mur kfthrgfis vhry dhipeui.

Ks. Brmma stfthj tdft sdh dfj thstgeghj ft tdh dhfrgol fs f Ehjhrfi Jhehojhr, omt fs f

khkbhr me tdh Cmkkgtthh. Sdh prmvgjhj wrgttho thstgkmoy, wfs quhstgmohj hxthosgvhiy, foj tdho prmvgjhj wrgttho cmkkhots.

UG. GOEMRKFZGMO GZHKS

Nujlh Rfllg rhpmrthj tm tdh Cmkkgtthh tdft tdh ENC's Bhocdbmma Cmkkgtthh dfj fcthj

mo tdh Crgkgofi Ruihs Cmkkgtthh's sullhstgmo tdft f jgscussgmo me Brfjy/Lgligm mbiglftgmos bh

gociujhj go tdh ohxt hjgtgmo me tdh Bhocdbmma. F cmpy me tdh ohw Bhocdbmma's jhtfgihj foj cmkprhdhosgvh shctgmo mo Brfjy/Lgligm wfs gociujhj go tdh Cmkkgtthh's flhojf bmma. Nujlh

Rfllg hxprhsshj dhr lrftgtujh tm tdh Bhocdbmma Cmkkgtthh emr fiimwgol dhr tm pfrtgcgpfth go gts

jgscussgmos ihfjgol tm tdh prhpfrftgmo me tdgs ohw shctgmo.

Nujlh Ifwsmo, wdm shrvhj fs f igfgsmo tm tdh Syomoyk Subcmkkgtthh, wfs fsahj tm

cmkkhot mo tdh Subcmkkgtthh, wdmsh rhpmrt wfs gociujhj go tdh Flhojf Bmma. Dh omthj tdft

tdh Subcmkkgtthh rhpmrt gociujhs f cdfrt jhtfgigol f vhry ifrlh oukbhr me wmrjs foj pdrfshs tdftfpphfr go kmrh tdfo moh sht me ruihs. Ft tdgs pmgot, om fctgmo tm stfojfrjgzh tdhsh kfoy thrks gs

cmothkpifthj.

Nujlh Rfllg foomuochj tdft tdh Cmkkgtthh‗s ohxt khhtgol wmuij bh dhij Mctmbhr 6<-64,

2063, go Sfit Ifah Cgty, wdhrh tdh Cmkkgtthh wgii bh dmsthj by tdh Xogvhrsgty me Xtfd Scdmmi me

Ifw.








ZFB 6B








CMKKGZZHH MO RXIHS ME PRFCZGCH FOJ PRMCHJXRH

Khhtgol me Nfoufry 7-60, 206:

Pdmhogx, Frgzmof

Jrfet Kgouths fs me Kfrcd 63, 206:

ZFBIH ME CMOZHOZS

Ftthojfoch.............................................................. 6

Gotrmjuctmry Rhkfras............................................. 3

Fpprmvfi me tdh Kgouths me tdh Ifst Khhtgol........ 3

Rhpmrt me tdh Fjkgogstrftgvh Meegch...................... 3

Rhpmrts me tdh Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthhs>

Fpphiifth Ruihs......................................... :

Bfoaruptcy Ruihs...................................... <

Cgvgi Ruihs................................................ 6:

Crgkgofi Ruihs.......................................... 67

Hvgjhoch Ruihs......................................... 2<

Pfohi Jgscussgmo mo tdh Pmigtgcfi foj Prmehssgmofi

Cmothxt me Ruihkfagol.................................. 2<

Rhpmrt me tdh CK/HCE Subcmkkgtthh.................. 27

Ohxt Cmkkgtthh Khhtgol...................................... 36

FZZHOJFOCH

Zdh wgothr khhtgol me tdh Nujgcgfi Cmoehrhoch Cmkkgtthh mo Ruihs me Prfctgch

foj Prmchjurh wfs dhij go Pdmhogx, Frgzmof, mo Zdursjfy foj Ergjfy, Nfoufry 7 foj 60,

206:. Zdh emiimwgol khkbhrs whrh prhshot>

Nujlh Nheerhy S. Suttmo, Cdfgr

Jhfo C. Cmismo, Hsqugrh

Rmy Z. Holihrt, Nr., Hsqugrh

Lrhlmry L. Lfrrh, Hsqugrh

Nujlh Ohgi K. Lmrsucd

Nujlh Susfo P. Lrfbhr Cdghe Nustgch \fiifch B. Nheehrsmo

Jhfo Jfvgj E. Ihvg

Nujlh Pftrgca N. Scdgitz

Nujlh Fky N. St. Hvh

Ifrry J. Zdmkpsmo, Hsqugrh

Nujlh Rgcdfrj C. \hsihy

Nujlh Nfca ^mudfry




Nfoufry 206: Stfojgol Cmkkgtthh - Jrfet Kgouths Pflh 2

Jhputy Fttmrohy Lhohrfi Nfkhs K. Cmih wfs uofbih tm ftthoj. Higzfbhtd N.

Sdfpgrm, Hsq., rhprhshothj tdh Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch.

Prmehssmr Lhmeerhy C. Dfzfrj, Nr., cmosuitfot tm tdh cmkkgtthh, foj Prmehssmr R.

Nmshpd Agkbih, tdh cmkkgtthh‗s styih cmosuitfot, pfrtgcgpfthj. Nujlh Nhrhky J. Emlhi,

Jgrhctmr me tdh Ehjhrfi Nujgcgfi Chothr, fism pfrtgcgpfthj.

Prmehssmr Jfoghi R. Cmqugiihtth, tdh cmkkgtthh‗s rhpmrthr, cdfgrhj f pfohi

jgscussgmo mo tdh pmigtgcfi foj prmehssgmofi cmothxt me ruihkfagol wgtd tdh emiimwgol

pfohigsts> Nujlh Ihh D. Rmshotdfi, emrkhr cdfgr me tdh cmkkgtthh1 Nujlh Jgfoh P. \mmj,

emrkhr khkbhr me tdh cmkkgtthh1 Nujlh Kfrgiyo I. Duee, emrkhr khkbhr me tdh

cmkkgtthh1 Nujlh Fotdmoy N. Scgrgcf (by thihpdmoh), emrkhr cdfgr me tdh cmkkgtthh1 Phthr

L. KcCfbh, Hsq., emrkhr shcrhtfry tm tdh cmkkgtthh.

Prmvgjgol suppmrt tm tdh cmkkgtthh whrh>

Prmehssmr Jfoghi R. Cmqugiihtth Zdh cmkkgtthh‗s rhpmrthr

Nmoftdfo C. Rmsh Zdh cmkkgtthh‗s shcrhtfry foj Ruihs

Cmkkgtthh Meegchr

Bhonfkgo N. Rmbgosmo Jhputy Ruihs Meegchr

Nuigh \gismo Ruihs Meegch Fttmrohy

Fojrhf I. Auphrkfo Cdghe Cmuoshi tm tdh Ruihs Cmkkgtthhs

Zgk Rhflfo Shogmr Rhshfrcd Fssmcgfth, Ehjhrfi Nujgcgfi

Chothr Erfochs E. Sagiikfo Ruihs Meegch Pfrfihlfi Sphcgfigst

Zmog Imetgo Ruihs Meegch Fjkgogstrftgvh Sphcgfigst

Rhprhshotgol tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthhs whrh>

Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh mo Fpphiifth Ruihs ‚

Nujlh Sthvho K. Cmiimtmo, Cdfgr

Prmehssmr Cftdhrgoh Z. Struvh, Rhpmrthr (by thihpdmoh)

Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh mo Bfoaruptcy Ruihs ‚

Nujlh Hulhoh R. \hjmee, Cdfgr

Prmehssmr S. Higzfbhtd Lgbsmo, Rhpmrthr (by thihpdmoh)

Prmehssmr Zrmy F. KcAhozgh, Fssmcgfth Rhpmrthr

Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh mo Cgvgi Ruihs ‚

Nujlh Jfvgj L. Cfkpbhii, Cdfgr

Prmehssmr Hjwfrj D. Cmmphr, Rhpmrthr

Prmehssmr Rgcdfrj I. Kfrcus, Fssmcgfth Rhpmrthr

Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh mo Crgkgofi Ruihs ‚

Nujlh Rhhof Rfllg, Cdfgr

Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh :0 me :02Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh :0 me :02





Nfoufry 206: Stfojgol Cmkkgtthh - Jrfet Kgouths Pflh :

prhhkpt tdh Ruihs Hofbigol Fct prmchss. Dh rhpmrthj tdft dh foj Nujlh Cfkpbhii dfj

kht shvhrfi tgkhs wgtd cmolrhssgmofi stfeehrs, tdft tdh mrglgofi jrfet ihlgsiftgmo dfj bhho

kmjgeghj, tdft tdhrh whrh shvhrfi bgiis uojhr cmosgjhrftgmo, foj tdft jgscussgmos frhcmotgougol.

RHPMRZ ME ZDH FJUGSMRW CMKKGZZHH MO FPPHIIFZH RXIHS

Nujlh Cmiimtmo foj Prmehssmr Struvh prhshothj tdh rhpmrt me tdh fjvgsmry

cmkkgtthh, fs sht mut go Nujlh Cmiimtmo‗s khkmrfojuk foj fttfcdkhots me Jhchkbhr 65,

2063 (Flhojf Gthk 3). Nujlh Cmiimtmo rhpmrthj tdft tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh‗s efii

khhtgol dfj bhho cfochiihj juh tm tdh ifpsh go fpprmprgftgmos jurgol tdh lmvhrokhot

sdutjmwo foj tdft gt dfj om fctgmo gthks tm prhshot.

Goemrkftgmofi Gthks

Nujlh Cmiimtmo dgldigldthj f ehw gthks tdft tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh currhotiy dfs

mo gts flhojf.

EHJ. R. FPP. P. :(f)(:)

Nujlh Cmiimtmo rhpmrthj tdft f impsgjhj cgrcugt spigt dfs jhvhimphj cmochrogol

wdhtdhr f kmtgmo egihj wgtdgo f purpmrthj hxthosgmo me f omo-hxthojfbih jhfjigoh uojhr

Cgvgi Ruihs 80, 82, mr 87 cmuots fs ’tgkhiy‛ uojhr Fpphiifth Ruih :(f)(:), wdgcd prmvgjhs

tdft tdh ’tgkhiy‛ egigol me chrtfgo kmtgmos tmiis tdh tgkh tm fpphfi. Zdh fjvgsmry

cmkkgtthh gs cmosgjhrgol wdhtdhr foj dmw tm fkhoj tdh ruih tm foswhr tdgs quhstgmo.Cgvgi Ruih 5(b) prmvgjhs tdft f jgstrgct cmurt kfy omt hxthoj tdh tgkh emr egigol kmtgmos

uojhr Cgvgi Ruihs 80, 82, mr 87. Omohtdhihss, jgstrgct cmurts smkhtgkhs hxthoj tdh tgkh tm

egih sucd kmtgmos hvho tdmuld Cgvgi Ruih 5(b) jmhs omt fiimw gt. Go mtdhr gostfochs, f

pfrty egihs f kmtgmo ifth, tdh mppmsgol pfrty jmhs omt mbnhct, foj tdh jgstrgct cmurt ruihs mo

gt mo tdh khrgts. Zdus, tdh quhstgmo dfs frgsho wdhtdhr f kmtgmo gs ’tgkhiy‛ uojhr

Fpphiifth Ruih :(f)(:) ge gt gs omt wgtdgo tdh tgkh sht go tdh Cgvgi Ruihs but gs omohtdhihss

cmosgjhrhj mo tdh khrgts by tdh jgstrgct cmurt hgtdhr bhcfush me fo hrrmohmus hxthosgmo mr

tdh efgiurh me tdh mppmsgol pfrty tm mbnhct.

Zdh Sgxtd Cgrcugt dfs dhij tdft wdhrh tdh omo-kmvfot emrehgts gts mbnhctgmo tm tdh

kmtgmo‗s uotgkhigohss, tdh kmtgmo gs tgkhiy emr purpmshs me Ruih :(f)(:). Dmwhvhr, tdh

Zdgrj, Shvhotd, Ogotd, foj Hihvhotd Cgrcugts dfvh dhij tm tdh cmotrfry. Zdh cmurts

dmijgol tdft sucd kmtgmos frh omt tgkhiy rhfsmo tdft Ruih :(f)(:) wfs jhsglohj tm prmvgjh

f uogemrk jhfjigoh emr tdh ofkhj kmtgmos go mrjhr tm sht f jhegogth pmgot go tgkh wdho

igtglftgmo wmuij cmkh tm fo hoj. Kfagol tdh tgkh emr egigol tdhsh kmtgmos jhphoj mo

jhvhimpkhots go tdh jgstrgct cmurt gotrmjuchs f jgspfrgty tdft Ruih :(f)(:) wfs jhsglohj tm

higkgofth. Nujlh Cmiimtmo omthj tdft tdh Shvhotd Cgrcugt dfs cmkkhothj tdft tdh Sgxtd





Cgrcugt‗s fpprmfcd wfs uocmkemrtfbiy cimsh tm tdh ’uogquh cgrcukstfochs‛ jmctrgoh tdft

wfs mvhrruihj go Bmwihs v. Russhii , 886 X.S. 208 (200<). Dh fjjhj tdft tdh fjvgsmry

cmkkgtthh wgii fjjrhss tdhsh gssuhs ft gts sprgol khhtgol.

F khkbhr stfthj tdft dh suppmrthj tdh kgomrgty vghw tdft wmuij emrlgvh f ifth

egigol ge gt wfs jmoh go rhigfoch mo f cmurt mrjhr. Nujlh Suttmo quhstgmohj wdhtdhr jmgol

sm wmuij mvhrruih Bmwihs. Zdh khkbhr rhspmojhj tdft gt wmuij omt1 tdh ruihs cmuij

prmvgjh tdft ge tdh jhfjigoh gs sht by ruih foj tdh nujlh purpmrts tm hxthoj gt go hrrmr, tdho

f igtglfot wdm dfs rhighj mo tdh hrrmohmus hxthosgmo gs hxcushj ermk tdh cmoshquhochs me

ifth egigol. Fomtdhr khkbhr omthj gt gs jgeehrhot ge tdh jhfjigoh gs sht by stftuth.

Fomtdhr khkbhr sullhsthj f wmrjgol cdfolh tm moh me tdh thotftgvh sahtcdhs me

pmssgbih fkhojkhots tm fjjrhss tdgs gssuh, fsagol ge tdhrh wfs f kmrh shosgtgvh wfy tm

rhehrhoch tdh igkgts mo nujgcgfi futdmrgty go tdh pdrfsh> ’f cmurt mrjhr tdft hxchhjs tdhcmurt‗s futdmrgty (ge foy) tm hxthoj tdh jhfjigoh . . . .‛ Zdh rhpmrthr rhspmojhj tdft sdh

uojhrstmmj tdh cmochro, but sdh jgj omt wfot tdh ruih ifoluflh tm gkpiy tdft f cmurt dfj

futdmrgty tm hxthoj jhfjigohs mutsgjh tdh tgkh fiimwhj go tdh ruihs, fs nujlhs hxchhjgol

tdhgr futdmrgty go tdgs rhlfrj gs tdh rmmt me tdh prmbihk. Sdh sfgj tdft fii sullhstgmos mo

wmrjgol frh whicmkh. Fomtdhr khkbhr sullhsthj gosthfj usgol ifoluflh fimol tdh igohs

me> ’f cmurt mrjhr tdft hxthojs tdh jhfjigoh bhymoj tdft mtdhrwgsh phrkgtthj by tdh ruihs

. . . .‛

EHJ. R. FPP. P. :(c)

Nujlh Cmiimtmo rhpmrthj tdft tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh dfs fism bhluo f prmnhct tmhxfkgoh Ruih :(c)(6)‗s gokfth-egigol prmvgsgmo emr omtgchs me fpphfi. Zdh fjvgsmry

cmkkgtthh gs cmosgjhrgol fkhojkhots tm tdh ruih tdft kgldt fjjrhss, fkmol mtdhr tdgols,

wdhtdhr fo gokfth kust prhpfy pmstflh go mrjhr tm bhohegt ermk tdh gokfth-egigol ruih1

wdhtdhr foj wdho fo gokfth kust prmvgjh f jhcifrftgmo ftthstgol tm tdh cgrcukstfochs me

tdh egigol1 wdhtdhr tdh gokfth kust ush f ihlfi kfgi systhk wdho moh hxgsts go tdh

rhihvfot gostgtutgmo1 foj wdhtdhr f rhprhshothj gokfth cfo bhohegt ermk tdh gokfth-egigol

ruih. Zdh prmnhct lrhw mut me f 200< sullhstgmo by Nujlh Jgfoh \mmj, sullhstgol tdft

tdh cmkkgtthh cmosgjhr cifrgeygol wdhtdhr Ruih :(c)(6)‗s gokfth-egigol ruih rhqugrhs

prhpfykhot me pmstflh. Nujlh Cmiimtmo rhpmrthj tdft tdhrh gs fkbglugty go tdh cfsh ifw

mo wdhtdhr prhpfykhot me pmstflh gs rhqugrhj1 wdhtdhr gokfths kust egih f jhcifrftgmo1

foj tdh khfogol me tdh shothoch go tdh ruih tdft sfys tdft ge f ihlfi kfgi systhk hxgsts, tdh

gokfth kust ush tdh systhk. Dh sfgj tdft f subcmkkgtthh gs wmragol mo tdhsh foj rhifthj

gssuhs.

IHOLZD IGKGZS

Nujlh Cmiimtmo rhpmrthj tdft tdh Fpphiifth Ruihs dfvh smkh iholtd igkgts sht mut

go typh-vmiukh thrks foj smkh sht mut go pflhs. Dh sfgj tdft tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh gs

cmosgjhrgol wdhtdhr fii tdh igkgts sdmuij bh khfsurhj by typh-vmiukh lgvho tdh





ubgqugtmus ush me cmkputhrs, foj ge sm, tdh bhst khfos me fpprmprgfthiy cmovhrtgol currhot

igkgts tdft frh sht go pflhs tm typh-vmiukh igkgts. Dh omthj tdft wdho tdh ruihs lmvhrogol

tdh iholtd me brghes whrh cdfolhj tm cmovhrt tm typh-vmiukh igkgts, tdh ruihs sht f typh-vmiukh igkgt tdft fpprmxgkfthj tdh cmovhrsgmo ermk f pflh igkgt foj prmvgjhj f sdmrthr

sfeh dfrbmr sht go pflhs. Zdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh gs cmosgjhrgol tdh mptgmo me tfagol f

sgkgifr fpprmfcd emr mtdhr igkgts tdft frh currhotiy sht go pflhs.

Nujlh Cmiimtmo stfthj tdft f sfeh dfrbmr sht go pflhs kust bh sdmrthr tdfo tdh typh-

vmiukh igkgt tm prhvhot ifwyhrs ermk usgol tdh sfeh dfrbmr tm lht frmuoj tdh typh-vmiukh

igkgt, but tdh sdmrthr pflh igkgt cfo crhfth f dfrjsdgp emr prm sh igtglfots. Fs f rhsuit,

fomtdhr mptgmo tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh gs cmosgjhrgol wmuij jgeehrhotgfth bhtwhho pfphrs

prhpfrhj mo f cmkputhr foj pfphrs prhpfrhj wgtdmut tdh fgj me f cmkputhr. Nujlh

Cmiimtmo omthj tdft gt wfs uoigahiy tdft ifwyhrs wmuij swgtcd tm usgol typhwrgthrs go

mrjhr tm lht frmuoj tdh typh-vmiukh igkgts. Fomtdhr gssuh gs tdft tdhrh gs hvgjhoch tdftwdho tdh brghe pflh igkgt wfs cmovhrthj ermk 80 pflhs tm f typh-vmiukh igkgt me 6:,000

wmrjs, gt rhsuithj go fo gocrhfsh go tdh phrkgtthj iholtd me f brghe. Zdh fjvgsmry

cmkkgtthh gs cmosgjhrgol wdhtdhr tm fjnust tdft igkgt tm 62,800 mr 63,000 wmrjs fs pfrt me

tdh iholtd-igkgt prmnhct.

FKGCXS BRGHES MO R HDHFRGOL

Nujlh Cmiimtmo rhpmrthj tdft tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh gs fism cmosgjhrgol tdh

pmssgbgigty me fjjrhssgol fkgcus egigols go cmoohctgmo wgtd phtgtgmos emr pfohi rhdhfrgol

foj/mr rhdhfrgol ho bfoc. Dh stfthj tdft tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh dfj dhfrj tdft ifwyhrs

frh erustrfthj tdft tdhrh gs om ruih wgtd rhsphct tm rhdhfrgol tdft shts mut wdho fo fkgcus brghe kust bh egihj mr dmw imol gt kust bh. Zdh cmkkgtthh gs cmosgjhrgol wdhtdhr tdhrh

sdmuij bh f oftgmofi ruih mo tdhsh tmpgcs. Nujlh Cmiimtmo omthj tdft smkh cgrcugts dfvh om

imcfi ruih mo tdhsh kftthrs. Dmwhvhr, tdhrh gs f cmochro tdft foy ruih tdft fjjrhsshs

fkgcus brghes mo phtgtgmos emr rhdhfrgol kgldt stgkuifth kmrh sucd fkgcus brghes, wdgcd

smkh cmurts jm omt jhsgrh. Nujlh Cmiimtmo omthj tdft smkh cmurts hvho dfvh ruihs tdft

lhohrfiiy prmdgbgt fkgcus egigols mo rhdhfrgol, mr tdft moiy fiimw tdhk wgtd ihfvh me

cmurt. Kftthrs tdft cmuij bh fjjrhsshj by f prmpmshj ruih gociujh iholtd, tgkgol, foj

mtdhr tmpgcs tdft Ruih 27 fjjrhsshs wgtd rhsphct tm fkgcus egigols ft tdh khrgts-brghegol

stflh.

F nujlh khkbhr omthj tdft fkgcus brghes frh usufiiy dhipeui mo rhdhfrgol. Sdh

stfthj tdft smkhtgkhs tdhrh frh sihhphr gssuhs tdft tdh fpphiifth cmurt kfy omt bh fwfrh me

foj tdft sdh efvmrhj hxpigcgtiy cifrgeygol tdft sucd fkgcus brghes frh phrkgssgbih. Nujlh

Cmiimtmo omthj tdft tdh sullhstgmo, ge gkpihkhothj, wmuij omt rhqugrh fiimwgol fkgcus

brghes mo rhdhfrgol, but gosthfj wmuij sht mut tdh prmchjurh tm bh emiimwhj ge tdh cgrcugt

fiimwhj sucd fkgcus brghes.

Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh :: me :02Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh :: me :02



Nfoufry 206: Stfojgol Cmkkgtthh - Jrfet Kgouths Pflh <

RHPMRZ ME ZDH FJUGSMRW CMKKGZZHH MO BFOARXPZCW RXIHS

Nujlh \hjmee foj Prmehssmrs Lgbsmo foj KcAhozgh prhshothj tdh rhpmrt me tdhfjvgsmry cmkkgtthh, fs sht mut go Nujlh \hjmee‗s khkmrfojuk foj fttfcdkhots me

Jhchkbhr 62, 2063 (Flhojf Gthk :).

Fkhojkhot emr Egofi Fpprmvfi

EHJ. R. BFOAR . P. 600<(f)

Nujlh \hjmee rhpmrthj tdft tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh wfs shhagol fpprmvfi tm kfah

f thcdogcfi foj cmoemrkgol fkhojkhot tm Ruih 600<(f). Subjgvgsgmos (f)(6) foj (f)(2)

me Ruih 600< rhqugrh tdh egigol ft tdh mutsht me f cfsh me tdh ofkhs foj fjjrhsshs me fii

hotgtghs gociujhj mo ’Scdhjuihs J, H, E, L, foj D.‛ Zdh rhstyihj scdhjuihs emr gojgvgjuficfshs tdft whrh pubigsdhj emr cmkkhot go Fulust 2063 ush sigldtiy jgeehrhot jhsgloftgmos.

Xojhr tdh ohw oukbhrgol foj ihtthrgol prmtmcmi me tdh prmpmshj emrks, tdh scdhjuihs

rhehrrhj tm go Ruih 600<(f)(6) foj (f)(2) wgii bhcmkh Meegcgfi Emrks 605 J, H/E, L, foj

D‚rheihctgol f cmkbgoftgmo me wdft dfj bhho shpfrfth Scdhjuihs H foj E gotm f sgolih

Scdhjuih H/E. Nujlh \hjmee stfthj tdft go mrjhr tm kfah Ruih 600<(f) cmosgsthot wgtd

tdh ohw emrk jhsgloftgmos, tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh wfs prmpmsgol f cmoemrkgol

fkhojkhot tm subjgvgsgmos (f)(6) foj (f)(2) me tdft ruih. Nujlh \hjmee rhpmrthj tdft tdh

rhvgshj scdhjuihs wmuij omt lm gotm heehct uotgi Jhchkbhr 6, 2068, sm dh fsahj tdft tdh

cmoemrkgol ruih cdfolh bh dhij bfca tm lm gotm heehct mo tdh sfkh jfth.

Zdh cmkkgtthh, wgtdmut mbnhctgmo foj by vmgch vmth, fpprmvhj tdh prmpmshjfkhojkhot tm Ruih 600<(f) emr trfoskgssgmo tm tdh Nujgcgfi Cmoehrhoch emr egofi

fpprmvfi wgtdmut pubigcftgmo.

Goemrkftgmofi Gthks

CDFPZHR 63 PIFO EMRK

Prmehssmr KcAhozgh rhpmrthj mo cmkkhots rhchgvhj mo tdh pubigsdhj prmpmshj

cdfpthr 63 pifo emrk foj rhifthj ruih fkhojkhots. Zdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh dfj jrfethj

fo meegcgfi emrk emr pifos go cdfpthr 63 cfshs foj dfj prmpmshj rhifthj fkhojkhots tm

ogoh me tdh Bfoaruptcy Ruihs. Prmehssmr KcAhozgh rhpmrthj tdft tdh emrk foj ruih

fkhojkhots whrh pubigsdhj go Fulust 2063 foj dfvh jrfwo mvhr 30 cmkkhots sm efr.

Dh sfgj tdft vhry ehw cmkkhots hxprhsshj mppmsgtgmo tm tdh emrk, but kfoy whrh imol

foj jhtfgihj. Prmehssmr KcAhozgh rhpmrthj tdft sgoch sm kfoy cmkkhots dfj firhfjy

cmkh go, tdh wmragol lrmup dfj firhfjy bhluo cfthlmrgzgol foj rhvghwgol tdh cmkkhots,

fitdmuld me cmursh gts wmra cmuij omt bh cmkpihthj uotgi tdh cmkkhot phrgmj cimshj go

Ehbrufry foj fii tdh cmkkhots whrh rhchgvhj.





Prmehssmr KcAhozgh sfgj tdft moh cmkkmo tdhkh tdft dfj hkhrlhj wfs wdft tm

jm wdho tdh emrk prmvgjhs f oukbhr me cdmgchs tm tdh jhbtmr hvho tdmuld smkh cdmgchs

kfy omt bh fvfgifbih go tdh jhbtmr‗s jgstrgct. Zdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh jgj omt tfah f pmsgtgmo mo tdh jgeehrhochs go tdhsh cdmgchs bhtwhho jgstrgcts, but moh cmochro gs tdft

prmvgjgol tdh cdmgch me vfrgmus mptgmos mo tdh emrk kgldt gojgcfth tdft tdh cmkkgtthh

wfs stftgol tdft bmtd cdmgchs frh fvfgifbih tm f jhbtmr. Prmehssmr KcAhozgh omthj tdft tdh

cmochro gs tdft tdgs kgldt ihfj tm cmoeusgmo foj gocrhfshj igtglftgmo. Nujlh \hjmee

prmvgjhj fo hxfkpih. Dh sfgj moh mpho quhstgmo gs, ge tdh jhbtmr wfots tm pfy f

kmrtlflh, wdhtdhr dh cfo pfy tdh kmrtlflhh jgrhctiy mr gosthfj kust pfy tdh trusthh. Ge

tdh pfykhot gs tm tdh trusthh, tdhrh gs f ehh fsshsshj mo tdh pfykhot, khfogol tdft kmrh

dfs tm bh pfgj mo tdh kmrtlflh cifgk. Smkh nurgsjgctgmos rhqugrh gt tm bh pfgj tdrmuld tdh

trusthh, wdgih mtdhrs fiimw tdh jhbtmr tm bh tdh pfykhot kfoflhr. Nujlh \hjmee omthj

tdft prmvgjgol bmtd mptgmos mo tdh emrk kgldt gkpiy tdft bmtd mptgmos frh fvfgifbih go fii

nurgsjgctgmos. Prmehssmr KcAhozgh fjjhj tdft moh wfy tm rhspmoj tm tdh cmkkhots wmuij bh tm gociujh f wfrogol mo tdh emrk tdft tdh prmvgsgmo me fo mptgmo jmhs omt khfo gt gs

fvfgifbih go tdh jhbtmr‗s jgstrgct. Zdh wmragol lrmup wgii rhpmrt tm tdh fjvgsmry

cmkkgtthh ft tdh sprgol khhtgol.

F pfrtgcgpfot fsahj wdhtdhr tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh dfj lmttho ehhjbfca tdft tdh

emrk wgii bh cmoeusgol tm prm sh jhbtmrs. Prmehssmr KcAhozgh rhspmojhj tdft sm efr tdhrh

dfj moiy bhho f cmupih me cmkkhots mo dmw tdh emrk kgldt gkpfct prm sh igtglfots. Moh

cmkkhot dfj sfgj gt kgldt fttrfct fjjgtgmofi prm sh igtglfots, foj tdh mtdhr dfj sfgj gt

wmuij bh cmoeusgol tm prm sh igtglfots. Zdh pfrtgcgpfot fsahj dmw tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh

cmuij lht kmrh goput ermk prm sh igtglfots, sgoch sucd igtglfots jm omt metho cmkkhot mo

pubigsdhj prmpmsfis. Prmehssmr KcAhozgh stfthj tdft tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh dmphs tm lhtcmkkhots ermk cmosukhr bfoaruptcy lrmups, wdm metho tdgoa fbmut tdh ofturh me prm sh

igtglftgmo, foj dh omthj tdft gt gs vhry jgeegcuit emr prm sh igtglfots tm lht tdrmuld cdfpthr 63

bfoaruptcghs succhsseuiiy. Dh sfgj tdft moh tdgol tdh wmragol lrmup gs cmosgjhrgol gs

kmrh prmkgohot ifoluflh fbmut tdft jgeegcuity. Nujlh \hjmee omthj tdft prmvgjgol f pifo

emrk kgldt dhip prm sh igtglfots bhcfush gt wmuij sht mut wdft ohhjs tm bh jmoh foj kgldt

fiimw smkh jhbtmrs tm jm gt mo tdhgr mwo wgtdmut fo fttmrohy.

Nujlh \hjmee omthj tdft fs pfrt me gts Emrks Kmjhrogzftgmo Prmnhct, tdh fjvgsmry

cmkkgtthh dfj bhho immagol cimshiy ft wdhtdhr tdh emrks cfo bh ushj by prm sh jhbtmrs.

Dh sfgj moh me tdh lmfis me tdft prmnhct gs tm kfah tdh emrks kmrh ushr-erghojiy. Fomtdhr

pfrtgcgpfot omthj tdft ifw stujhots ush tdh emrks wdho tdhy rhprhshot cighots go

bfoaruptcy cigogcs, foj dh sullhsthj tdft tdh fjvgsmrs emr sucd cigogcs kgldt bh f lmmj

smurch me goemrkftgmo mo dmw tdh emrks kgldt bh ushj by ifw stujhots, wdgcd cfo bh

fofimlgzhj tm tdh prm sh cmothxt. Nujlh \hjmee omthj tdft tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh, wgtd

tdh dhip me tdh Ehjhrfi Nujgcgfi Chothr, dfj bhho vhttgol tdh prmpmshj emrks wgtd f lrmup

me ifw stujhots.





HIHCZRMOGC SGLOFZXRHS

Nujlh \hjmee rhpmrthj mo tdh cmkkhots rhchgvhj mo prmpmshj fkhojkhots tmRuih 8008 mo egigol foj trfoskgttfi me pfphrs, wdgcd gs jhsglohj tm fjjrhss tdh quhstgmo

me dmw tm jhfi wgtd hihctrmogc sglofturhs by smkhmoh mtdhr tdfo tdh fttmrohy wdm gs egigol

f jmcukhot go f bfoaruptcy cfsh. Dh omthj tdft tdhrh gs om prmbihk wgtd sglofturhs me

fttmrohys wdm egih jmcukhots bhcfush tdhy dfvh tm dfvh f imlgo foj pfsswmrj, wdgcd

cmostgtuths tdhgr sglofturh. Zm jfth, tdh ruihs dfvh omt fjjrhsshj tdh sglofturhs me

omoegihrs, wdgcd go bfoaruptcy gs prgkfrgiy tdh jhbtmr. Nujlh \hjmee omthj tdft tdh

typgcfi prfctgch dfs bhho emr imcfi ruihs tm rhqugrh tdh egigol fttmrohy tm rhtfgo tdh mrglgofi

jmcukhot sglohj by tdh omoegihr emr f phrgmj me tgkh, usufiiy egvh yhfrs. Fttmrohys dfvh

pmgothj mut tdft tdgs bhcmkhs f prmbihk go thrks me stmrflh spfch. Smkh bfoaruptcy

egrks kfy lhohrfth tdmusfojs me cfsh egigols f yhfr, kfagol tdh vmiukh me mrglgofi

jmcukhots tm rhtfgo substfotgfi. Go fjjgtgmo, smkh ifwyhrs dfvh rhpmrthj tdft tdhy frhuocmkemrtfbih rhtfgogol jmcukhots tdft kgldt ifthr bh ushj tm prmshcuth f crgkh flfgost

tdhgr cighots. Eurtdhr, tdh prmshcutmr go f euturh crgkgofi prmshcutgmo wgii bh rhiygol mo

tdh fttmrohy‗s lmmj efgtd go rhtfgogol jmcukhots wgtd tdh mrglgofi sglofturhs.

Zdh prmpmsfi pubigsdhj emr cmkkhot prmvgjhs tdft, gosthfj me rhqugrgol tdh

rhthotgmo me f ’wht‛ sglohj cmpy, tdh mrglgofi sglofturh cmuij bh scfoohj gotm f cmkputhr

rhfjfbih jmcukhot foj tdh scfoohj sglofturh wmuij bh usfbih go ighu me tdh mrglgofi emr

fii purpmshs. Nujlh \hjmee omthj tdft tdh pubigsdhj prmpmsfi fsahj emr cmkkhot mo twm

fithroftgvhs. Moh wmuij dfvh f omtfry chrtgey tdft gt gs tdh jhbtmr sglogol foj tdft gt gs tdh

cmkpihth jmcukhot. Zdh mtdhr wmuij jhhk egigol by f rhlgsthrhj phrsmo hqugvfihot tm tdh

phrsmo‗s chrtgegcftgmo tdft tdh scfoohj sglofturh wfs pfrt me tdh mrglgofi jmcukhot.

Prmehssmr Lgbsmo sfgj tdft moiy emur cmkkhots dfj bhho rhchgvhj sm efr. Moh

hxprhsshj cmoeusgmo fbmut wdho mrglgofi jmcukhots kust bh rhtfgohj uojhr tdh prmpmshj

ruih. Fomtdhr hrrmohmusiy rhfj tdh prmpmsfi tm rhqugrh tdh hotgrh jmcukhot, omt nust tdh

sglofturh pflh, tm bh scfoohj, wdgcd wmuij rhqugrh kucd kmrh hihctrmogc stmrflh spfch.

Sdh sfgj tdft twm rhchot cmkkhots suppmrt tdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot foj urlh fjmptgmo

wgtdmut rhqugrgol f omtfry‗s chrtgegcftgmo.

Zdh rhprhshotftgvh emr tdh Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch omthj tdft tdh Hvgjhoch Ruihs

Cmkkgtthh dfj bhho pifoogol tm dmst f sykpmsguk mo hihctrmogc hvgjhoch tdgs pfst efii,

wdgcd wmuij dfvh gociujhj f jgscussgmo me tdgs gssuh me hihctrmogc sglofturhs, but tdft tdh

sykpmsguk wfs cfochiihj juh tm tdh lmvhrokhot sdutjmwo. Sdh omthj tdft tdh

scdhjuigol me tdh sykpmsguk dfj omohtdhihss prmkpthj tdh Jhpfrtkhot tm cmkh tm smkh

thotftgvh cmociusgmos mo tdgs gssuh. \dgih tdh Jhpfrtkhot wgii bh subkgttgol emrkfi

cmkkhots, tdh rhprhshotftgvh prhvghwhj tdh gogtgfi vghws me tdh Jhpfrtkhot. Sdh

rhpmrthj tdft tdhrh wfs rhsgsthoch go tdh Jhpfrtkhot tm rhkmvgol tdh rhthotgmo me mrglgofi

sglofturhs. Sdh omthj tdft tdhrh wfs f lrhft fkmuot me wmra jmoh wgtdgo tdh Jhpfrtkhot

Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh :< me :02Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh :< me :02




go hxfkgogol tdgs gssuh. Zdhrh wfs f wmragol lrmup tdft cut fcrmss jgscgpigohs foj tdhrh

wfs f survhy cmojucthj me X.S. Fttmrohy‗s meegchs. Sdh sfgj tdft prmshcutmrs

mvhrwdhikgoliy tdmuldt tdhrh wfs om prmbihk wgtd tdh currhot systhk. Zdhy fismrhpmrthj tdft tfagol fwfy tdh rhqugrhkhot me rhtfgogol mrglgofis wmuij ihfj tm kmrh cfshs

wdhrh sglofturhs whrh rhpujgfthj. Zdh vfst kfnmrgty me survhy rhspmojhots tdmuldt tdh

prmpmshj ruih wmuij kfah gt kucd dfrjhr tm prmvh futdhotgcgty go sgtuftgmos wdhrh tdh

sglofturhs whrh rhpujgfthj. Sdh omthj tdft tdh EBG dfs f pmigcy tdft gt wgii omt prmvgjh

jhegogtgvh thstgkmoy tm futdhotgcfth f sglofturh wgtdmut tdh mrglgofi jmcukhot. \gtd fo

hihctrmogc sglofturh, tdh EBG cfoomt jhthrkgoh chrtfgo cdfrfcthrgstgcs tdft tdhy wmuij imma

ft go cmkpfrgol sglofturhs, igah prhssurh pmgots foj wdhtdhr tdhrh whrh trhkmrs. \gtdmut

dfvgol fo EBG hxphrt, prmshcutmrs wmuij dfvh tm rhsmrt tm cgrcukstfotgfi hvgjhoch tm

prmvh futdhotgcgty, wdgcd wmuij metho govmivh khfsurhs sucd fs lhttgol wfrrfots tm

shfrcd cmkputhrs tm sdmw tdft f jmcukhot wfs lhohrfthj ermk tdft cmkputhr, cmojuctgol

emrhosgc fofiysgs, trfcgol GP fjjrhsshs, foj sgkgifr fctgmos tdft wmuij fjj burjho foj hxphosh.

Zdh Jhpfrtkhot‗s rhprhshotftgvh hxpifgohj tdft tdh Jhpfrtkhot fism immahj ft tdh

tfx hxphrghoch bhcfush Hvgjhoch Ruih 702(60) kfahs chrtfgo typhs me jmcukhots shie-

futdhotgcftgol wdho f stftuth prmvgjhs emr prgkf efcgh prhsukptgmo me futdhotgcgty. Zdh

fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh omth stfths tdft tdh tfx stftuth gs moh hxfkpih. Dmwhvhr, go immagol

gotm tdh pmssgbgigty me crhftgol f stftutmry prhsukptgmo, tdh Jhpfrtkhot emuoj tdft gt

wmuij dfvh tm bh hgtdhr f lhohrgc stftuth tdft fjjrhsshj tdgs subnhct dmigstgcfiiy mr f

bfoaruptcy-sphcgegc stftuth. Zdh prmbihk wgtd f bfoaruptcy-sphcgegc stftuth, sdh sfgj,

wfs tdft tdh Jhpfrtkhot dfj emuoj ft ihfst 606 jgeehrhot crgkhs tdft rhqugrh tdh

futdhotgcgty me tdh sglofturh tm bh prmvho fs fo hihkhot me tdh crgkh. Ge f bfoaruptcy-sphcgegc stftuth whrh gkpihkhothj, sdh sfgj, tdhrh wfs tdh pmssgbgigty me ohhjgol tm jm

shrgftgk stftuths bhcfush bfoaruptcy kgldt nust bh tdh egrst frhf tm stfrt jmgol hvhrytdgol

hihctrmogcfiiy. Sdh sfgj hvhotufiiy tdhrh kgldt ohhj tm bh jmzhos me stftuths. Wht, tdh

fithroftgvh me crfetgol f lhohrgc stftuth omw tm fjjrhss tdh subnhct dmigstgcfiiy crhfthj tdh

cmochro tdft gt wmuij dfvh uogothojhj cmoshquhochs ge fii tdh pmssgbiy feehcthj crgkgofi

stftuths whrh omt egrst hxfkgohj. Zdus, sdh omthj, gt wfs prhkfturh tm stfrt trygol tm lht f

stftuth wgtdmut aomwgol fii me tdh rfkgegcftgmos. Sdh fism stfthj tdft survhy rhspmojhots

ehit tdh tfx stftuth wfs smkhwdft uogquh go tdft tfxpfyhrs frh rhqugrhj by ifw tm sglo f

rhturo foj ge tdhy rhpujgfth tdhgr sglofturh mo tdh rhturo tdft khfos tdhy dfvh vgmifthj tdh

ifw by omt egigol f tfx rhturo ge tdhrh gs om mtdhr vfigj tfx rhturo wgtd tdhgr sglofturh. Sdh

omthj tdft Nujlh \hjmee dfs hxpifgohj tdft tdhrh frh smkh pfrfiihis go bfoaruptcy.

Zdh Jhpfrtkhot pfrtgcgpfot fism stfthj tdft tdh wmragol lrmup jgj omt egoj

phrsufsgvh tdh cmochros tdft dfvh bhho rfgshj fbmut wdy tdh ruih sdmuij bh cdfolhj. Sdh

stfthj tdft pubigciy-egihj jmcukhots frh omt prgvgihlhj, sm fo fttmrohy sdmuij omt bh

cmochrohj fbmut bhgol cfiihj upmo tm prmjuch f cighot‗s jmcukhots. Eurtdhr, prmehssgmofi

rhspmosgbgigty ruihs prmdgbgt fo fttmrohy ermk fssgstgol wgtd f crgkh mr erfuj. Sdh sfgj





tdft wdgih stmrflh cfo bh burjhosmkh, tdhrh frh rhthotgmo phrgmjs, sm tdhrh sdmuij bh

rhcycigol me tdh jmcukhots foj omt fo hvhr-gocrhfsgol fkmuot me jmcukhots ohhjgol tm

bh rhtfgohj. Sdh omthj tdft moh pmssgbgigty rfgshj by Nujlh \hjmee wfs tdft phrdfps tdhwdmih jmcukhot cmuij bh scfoohj foj sfvhj hihctrmogcfiiy foj moiy tdh sglofturh pflh

wmuij ohhj tm bh ahpt go gts mrglgofi emrkft, foj sdh omthj tdft tdgs mptgmo wfs smkhtdgol

tm tdgoa fbmut. Egofiiy, tdh wmragol lrmup wfs omt phrsufjhj by tdh rftgmofih tdft tdhrh

frh vfrygol rhthotgmo phrgmjs fcrmss tdh cmuotry. Zdh lrmup ehit tdft ge tdft wfs f cmochro,

tdho gt cmuij bh egxhj sgkpiy by crhftgol f uogemrk rhthotgmo phrgmj. Zdh prmshcutmrs

tdmuldt tdft tdh vfrygol phrgmjs fctufiiy durt tdhk tdh kmst bhcfush tdh rhthotgmo phrgmjs

frh metho sdmrthr tdfo tdh stftuth me igkgtftgmos emr tdh crgkhs bhgol prmshcuthj. Go suk,

sdh sfgj, tdh Jhpfrtkhot ehhis tdft gt gs prhkfturh tm rhkmvh tdh rhthotgmo rhqugrhkhots.

Zdhrh wfs f ehhigol go tdh Jhpfrtkhot, sdh sfgj, tdft thcdomimly gs cmotgougol tm kmvh

emrwfrj. Gt kgldt bh tdft go tdh ohfr euturh tdgols igah tdukb prgots foj bgmkhtrgcs wgii

shrvh fs sglofturhs, wdgcd wmuij smivh tdh prmbihk me futdhotgcftgol wgtdmut tdh ohhj tmstmrh imts me jmcukhots. Zdh pfrtgcgpfot stfthj tdft tdh Jhpfrtkhot wmuij dfvh prhshothj

tdgs sukkfry me gts vghws go lrhfthr jhtfgi ft tdh sykpmsguk, foj tdft tdh Jhpfrtkhot gs

cmkkgtthj tm wmragol wgtd tdh cmkkgtthh mo tdgs gssuh.

Nujlh \hjmee sfgj tdft tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh wgii fwfgt tdh emrkfi cmkkhot

ermk tdh Jhpfrtkhot foj hxprhsshj lrftgtujh emr dhfrgol tdhgr gogtgfi vghws go tdh gothrgk.

Dh omthj tdft tdh prmshcutgol cmkkuogty dfs omt dfj tdh hxphrghoch me dfvgol tm ush

scfoohj sglofturhs go ighu me dfvgol fo EBG hxphrt thstgey tm tdh vfigjgty me f wht

sglofturh. \dhtdhr scfoohj sglofturhs wmuij prhshot f prmbihk go phrsufjgol tdh trghr me

efct gs omt yht cihfr. Bfoaruptcy prhshots f sphcgfi cgrcukstfoch, dh sfgj. Hvho wgtdmut

tdh cdfolh tm Ruih 8008, dh sfgj, hvhry jmcukhot egihj by f jhbtmr‗s fttmrohy gs egihj uojhr Cgvgi Ruih 66, wdgcd rhqugrhs chrtgeygol tdft tdh egigol gs futdhotgc. Ruih 8008

wmuij moiy uojhrigoh tdh Ruih 66 rhqugrhkhot tdft tdh sglofturh gs futdhotgc. Sm, tdh

jhbtmr wdm fsshrts tdft f sglofturh mo f egihj jmcukhot gs omt dgs mwo wgii dfvh tm

mvhrcmkh tdh efct tdft tdh sglofturh fpphfrs tm bh dgs mwo foj wgii dfvh tm fsshrt tdft dgs

fttmrohy ighj wdho tdh jmcukhot wfs egihj. Gt kfy bh tdft gt gs omt tdft jgeegcuit tm

phrsufjh f trghr me efct me tdh ihlgtgkfcy me f jhbtmr‗s sglofturh mo f bfoaruptcy

jmcukhot. Dh fism omthj tdft, go tdgs rhlfrj, tdhrh kfy bh smkh smurch me hkpgrgcfi

hvgjhoch fs tm tdh jgeegcuity me omt dfvgol wht sglofturhs bhcfush tdhrh gs ft ihfst moh

nurgsjgctgmo go tdh cmuotry‚Cdgcflm‚tdft jmhs omt dfvh f rhqugrhkhot emr rhtfgogol wht

sglofturhs emr jhbtmrs‗ egigols emr shvhrfi yhfrs. Foy prmshcutgmos tdft dfvh tfaho pifch go

tdft jgstrgct wmuij dfvh tfaho pifch mo tdh bfsgs me tdh jhbtmr‗s scfoohj cmpy. Dh stfthj

tdft tdhrh frh omt f imt me tdhsh typhs me prmshcutgmos tdft cmkh up foj tdft wdho tdhy jm

cmkh up, jhbtmrs jm omt cmothst tdh ihlgtgkfcy me tdhgr sglofturh. Dh omthj tdft dh dfj

hocmuothrhj sgtuftgmos wdhrh f Xogthj Stfths Zrusthh dfj egihj f kmtgmo tm jhoy tdh

jhbtmr f jgscdfrlh bhcfush tdh jhbtmr suppighj jhigbhrfthiy efish goemrkftgmo mo tdh

jhbtmr‗s scdhjuihs. Zdh jhbtmrs jhehoj flfgost tdmsh frlukhots omt mo tdh bfsgs tdft tdhy

jgj omt sglo tdh scdhjuihs, but by frlugol tdgols igah tdhy tmij tdhgr fttmrohy fbmut tdh





kftthr ft gssuh foj tdh fttmrohy jgj omt put gt go tdh scdhjuih mr tdhy jgj omt rhfigzh gt wfs

rhqugrhj tm bh put mo tdh scdhjuih. Dh stfthj tdft dh dfj ohvhr hocmuothrhj f cfsh wdhrh

tdh jhbtmr jhoghj dgs mwo sglofturh. Nujlh \hjmee rhpmrthj tdft tdh Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch rhprhshotftgvh dfj flrhhj tm imma gotm tdh Jhpfrtkhot‗s survhy rhsuits tdft dfj

cmkh ermk Cdgcflm.

F khkbhr quhstgmohj wdhtdhr tdh cmochro wfs wgtd hosurgol tdh gothlrgty me tdh

nujgcgfi prmchss mr cmiifthrfi cmoshquhochs foj hofbigol euturh prmshcutgmos. Nujlh

\hjmee rhspmojhj tdft tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh‗s gogtgfi fpprmfcd wfs jhsglohj tm hosurh

tdh gothlrgty me tdh nujgcgfi prmchss. \h wfot tm kfah surh, dh sfgj, tdft tdh jmcukhots

bhgol egihj frh ihlgtgkfthiy sglohj by tdh jhbtmr. Zdh goemrkfi ehhjbfca ermk tdh

Jhpfrtkhot dfs tm jm wgtd cmiifthrfi cmoshquhochs, foj tdh cmochro gs tdh pmthotgfi

jgeegcuity go prmvgol kfiehfsfoch by tdh jhbtmr. Zdh khkbhr rhspmojhj tdft f sgkgifr

cmochro kfy bh truh go kfoy frhfs me tdh ifw foj dh wmojhrhj wdhtdhr tdh ruihscmkkgtthhs‗ emcus muldt tm bh mo tdh nujgcgfi prmchss, omt ohchssfrgiy tm kfah gt hfsghr mr

dfrjhr emr tdh Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch tm prmshcuth crgkhs yhfrs ifthr.

Nujlh Suttmo hkpdfsgzhj tdft tdgs gs nust omw mut emr pubigcftgmo foj tdh fjvgsmry

cmkkgtthh gs fwfgtgol tdh emrkfi rhspmosh ermk tdh Jhpfrtkhot. Dh fsahj wdhtdhr tdh

rhscdhjuihj Hvgjhoch Ruihs thcdomimly sykpmsguk wgii gociujh tdgs gssuh. Prmehssmr

Cfprf rhspmojhj tdft gt wmuij omt bhcfush tdh mrglgofi gjhf dfj bhho tm lht fdhfj me tdh

pubigc cmkkhot foj tm lht tdh Jhpfrtkhot‗s vghws mo tdgs gssuh, wdgcd dfs firhfjy bhho

fccmkpigsdhj. \dgih mtdhrs whrh lmgol tm pfrtgcgpfth, tdhy omw dfj tdh fbgigty tm

cmkkhot jurgol tdh pubigc cmkkhot prmchss, wdgcd wmuij bh mvhr by tdh tgkh f ohw

sykpmsguk cmuij bh scdhjuihj. Prmehssmr Cfprf omthj tdft moh tdgol tdft cfkh up go puttgol tdh mrglgofi sykpmsguk tmlhtdhr gs tdft tdh gssuh gs omt emrlhry, but tdft tdh truh

sglofturh kgldt bh gkprmphriy fttfcdhj tm tdh jmcukhot. Dh sfgj tdft gs tdh gssuh tdft

cmochrohj tdh CK/HCE Subcmkkgtthh‚smkhmoh cmuij nust scfo f sglofturh foj put gt

mo foy jmcukhot. Nujlh \hjmee sfgj tdft tdgs gs wdy tdh twm fithroftgvh khfos me

fssurgol tdft tdh sglofturh wfs futdhotgc foj wfs fttfcdhj tm tdh prmphr jmcukhot whrh

pubigsdhj emr pubigc cmkkhot. Zdh Jhpfrtkhot‗s rhprhshotftgvh omthj tdft tdh

Jhpfrtkhot jgj omt tdgoa tdft tdh mptgmo me rhqugrgol f omtfry‗s sglofturh wfs f lmmj moh.

Nujlh \hjmee omthj tdft gt kgldt bh tdft bfoaruptcy cmuij shrvh fs fo hxphrgkhot

emr thstgol tdgs. Zdhrh frh hxtrf prmthctgmos go bfoaruptcy, dh sfgj, igah tdh fttmrohy

chrtgegcftgmo, tdft wmuij omt ohchssfrgiy hxgst go mtdhr frhfs. Dh sfgj tdft tdh fjvgsmry

cmkkgtthh wmuij dfvh f bhtthr gjhf me wdft tm jm ohxt fethr tdh cmkkhot phrgmj hojs.

Zdh Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch‗s rhprhshotftgvh omthj tdft fs f kftthr me hvgjhoch, tdh

fttmrohy‗s chrtgegcftgmo cmuij omt bh gotrmjuchj bhcfush gt wmuij bh dhfrsfy, sm tdhrh

wmuij stgii bh tdh ohhj emr f wgtohss tm thstgey tm tdh phrsmo‗s sglofturh, wdgcd kgldt ihfj

tm cfiigol ifwyhrs tm thstgey.





F khkbhr omthj tdft tdh Jhpfrtkhot‗s cmochros whrh fbmut cmiifthrfi

prmshcutgmos yhfrs jmwo tdh rmfj, foj tdft dh wfs omt surh tdh nujgcgfry sdmuij bh tmm

cmochrohj fbmut tdft. Dh sfgj tdh rhqugrhkhots tm futdhotgcfth tdh sglofturh kgldtgkpmsh f burjho go currhot prmchhjgols emr tdh bhohegt me pmssgbih ifthr cmiifthrfi

prmchhjgols. Dh fjjhj tdft tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh‗s cmochros sdmuij bh tdft tdgs

jmcukhot go tdgs igtglftgmo gs wdft gt purpmrts tm bh. F chrtgegcftgmo by tdh fttmrohy, fs fo

meegchr me tdh cmurt, sdmuij omrkfiiy bh sueegcghot emr tdft purpmsh, dh sfgj. Dh sfgj dh

wfs mpho tm tdh pmssgbgigty me tdh ohhj emr eurtdhr fssurfochs, but tdft tdh quhstgmo sdmuij

bh emcushj mo fssurgol tdft tdh jmcukhot gs futdhotgc emr tdh currhot igtglftgmo, omt mo

fssurgol gts futdhotgcgty emr ush go pmssgbih ifthr cmiifthrfi prmchhjgols.

Prmehssmr Cmqugiihtth cmkkhothj tdft tdh ruihs cmkkgtthhs dfvh f lmfi me

trfossubstfotgvh ruihkfagol, but bfoaruptcy gs rhfiiy jgeehrhot go tdgs frhf bhcfush me tdh

efctmrs khotgmohj by Nujlh \hjmee, sucd fs fttmrohy chrtgegcftgmo.

F khkbhr fsahj wdhtdhr tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh gs stujygol wdft gs lmgol mo go

Cdgcflm, wdhrh tdhrh gs om rhqugrhkhot tm rhtfgo wht sglofturhs. Nujlh \hjmee rhpmrthj

tdft tdh Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch dfj jmoh f survhy foj wfs lmgol tm shh ge gt cmuij puii mut

jftf mo prmshcutgmos go Cdgcflm. Nujlh \hjmee sfgj tdft dh wmuij tfia tm tdh imcfi

Xogthj Stfths Zrusthh‗s meegch tm egoj mut tdhgr hxphrghoch. Dh omthj tdft dh gs omt fwfrh

me foy crgkgofi prmshcutgmos emr bfoaruptcy erfuj go Cdgcflm tdft rfgshj f quhstgmo me

vfigjgty me tdh jhbtmr‗s sglofturh. Zdh oukbhr me prmshcutgmos emr bfoaruptcy erfuj gs

vhry skfii tm bhlgo wgtd, dh sfgj, foj tdho gt wmuij bh f vhry skfii subsht me tdft skfii

subsht tdft wmuij govmivh tdh vfigjgty me tdh jhbtmr‗s sglofturh. Sm, dh sfgj, tdhrh wmuij

omt bh f dulh fkmuot me hkpgrgcfi jftf tm lftdhr mo tdgs.

Nujlh Suttmo tdfoahj Nujlh \hjmee emr tdh sukkfry me tdh gssuhs foj tdfoahj

tdh Jhpfrtkhot‗s rhprhshotftgvh emr prhvghwgol tdh rhsuits me tdh Jhpfrtkhot‗s wmra mo

tdgs gssuh.

EMRKS KMJHROG^FZGMO PRMNHCZ

Nujlh \hjmee prmvgjhj fo upjfth mo tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh‗s Emrks

Kmjhrogzftgmo Prmnhct, f kuitg-yhfr prmnhct tm rhvgsh kfoy me tdh meegcgfi bfoaruptcy

emrks. Zdh wmra bhlfo go 2004 foj gs bhgol cfrrghj mut by fo fj dmc lrmup cmkpmshj me

khkbhrs me tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh‗s subcmkkgtthh mo emrks, wmragol wgtd

rhprhshotftgvhs me mtdhr rhihvfot Nujgcgfi Cmoehrhoch cmkkgtthhs. Zdh lmfis me tdh

prmnhct frh tm gkprmvh tdh meegcgfi bfoaruptcy emrks by prmvgjgol f uogemrk emrkft foj

usgol omo-ihlfi thrkgomimly, foj tm kfah tdh emrks kmrh fcchssgbih emr jftf cmiihctgmo

foj rhpmrtgol. Zdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh jhcgjhj tm gkpihkhot tdh kmjhrogzhj emrks go

stflhs go mrjhr tm fiimw emr euiihr thstgol me tdh thcdomimlgcfi ehfturhs foj tm efcgigtfth f

skmmtdhr trfosgtgmo. Nujlh \hjmee sfgj tdft tdh egrst twm pdfshs me tdh prmnhct whrh







kfrgtgkh fctgmos. Gt prmvgjhs tdft fo fjkgrfity mr kfrgtgkh cifgk uojhr Ruih 7(d) gs omt f

cgvgi fctgmo emr purpmshs me 24 X.S.C. §§ 6376–6372. Ruih 7(d) prmvgjhs tdft fo fctgmo

cmlogzfbih moiy go tdh fjkgrfity mr kfrgtgkh nurgsjgctgmo gs fo fjkgrfity mr kfrgtgkhcifgk emr purpmshs me Ruih 42. Gt eurtdhr prmvgjhs tdft ge f cifgk emr rhighe gs wgtdgo tdh

fjkgrfity mr kfrgtgkh nurgsjgctgmo but fism gs wgtdgo tdh cmurt‗s subnhct-kftthr nurgsjgctgmo

mo smkh mtdhr lrmuoj, tdh pihfjgol kfy jhsglofth tdh cifgk fs fo fjkgrfity mr kfrgtgkh

cifgk.

Prmehssmr Cmmphr rhpmrthj tdft ihlgsiftgmo dfj fjjhj f ohw § 6370 tm tdh vhouh

stftuths foj rhphfihj tdh emrkhr § 6372. Zdh rhehrhoch tm § 6372 go currhot Ruih 42

cihfriy ohhjs tm bh jhihthj fs f thcdogcfi fkhojkhot, dh sfgj. Zdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh

fism tdmuldt gt wfs fpprmprgfth tm fjj f rhehrhoch tm § 6370, but tdh rhfsmo wfs f igttih

kmrh cmkpigcfthj.

Prmehssmr Cmmphr hxpifgohj tdft ohw § 6370(b) prmvgjhs tdft tdh wdmih cdfpthr mo

vhouh, fpfrt ermk tdh trfosehr prmvgsgmos, jmhs omt fppiy go f cgvgi fctgmo wdho tdh jgstrgct

cmurt hxhrcgshs nurgsjgctgmo cmoehrrhj by § 6333. Shctgmo 6333 prmvgjhs nurgsjgctgmo emr

fjkgrfity foj kfrgtgkh cfshs, ’sfvgol tm sugtmrs go fii cfshs fii mtdhr rhkhjghs tm wdgcd

tdhy frh mtdhrwgsh hotgtihj.‛ By rhehrrgol tm § 6333, § 6370(b) rhkmvhs fppigcftgmo me tdh

lhohrfi vhouh stftuths emr cfshs tdft cfo bh brmuldt moiy go tdh fjkgrfity mr kfrgtgkh

nurgsjgctgmo foj emr cfshs tdft kgldt dfvh bhho brmuldt go smkh mtdhr lrfot me subnhct-

kftthr nurgsjgctgmo but tdft dfvh bhho jhsglofthj fs fjkgrfity mr kfrgtgkh cifgks uojhr

Ruih 7(d). Sgoch tdh lhohrfi vhouh prmvgsgmos jm omt fppiy wdho tdh cmurt gs hxhrcgsgol

fjkgrfity mr kfrgtgkh nurgsjgctgmo, gt shhks wgsh tm fjj § 6370 tm Ruih 42. Jmgol sm

wmuij kfah cifgks jhsglofthj fs fjkgrfity mr kfrgtgkh cifgks uojhr Ruih 7(d) hxhkptermk tdh lhohrfi vhouh prmvgsgmos nust fs tdmsh tdft lht fjkgrfity mr kfrgtgkh nurgsjgctgmo

uojhr § 6333 frh sm hxhkpt. Prmehssmr Cmmphr omthj tdft tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh dfj

shot tdh prmpmshj rhvgsgmo tm tdh Kfrgtgkh Ifw Fssmcgftgmo, wdgcd dfj fpprmvhj me tdh

prmpmsfi. Omohtdhihss, tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh rhcmkkhojhj tdh prmpmsfi emr

pubigcftgmo, omt emr fpprmvfi fs f thcdogcfi fkhojkhot, bhcfush me tdh cmkpihxgty me tdh

subnhct kftthr.

Zdh cmkkgtthh, wgtdmut mbnhctgmo foj by vmgch vmth, fpprmvhj tdh prmpmshj

fkhojkhot tm Cgvgi Ruih 42 emr pubigcftgmo.

EHJ. R. CGU. P. 5(j)

Nujlh Cfkpbhii rhpmrthj tdft tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh rhcmkkhojhj emr

pubigcftgmo ft f sugtfbih tgkh fo fkhojkhot tm Ruih 5(j), wdgcd currhotiy prmvgjhs tdrhh

hxtrf jfys emr rhspmojgol tm chrtfgo typhs me shrvgch, gociujgol shrvgch by hihctrmogc

khfos. Zdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot wmuij strgah tdh rhehrhoch go Ruih 5(j) tm Ruih

8(b)(2)(H), wdgcd rhehrhochs hihctrmogc shrvgch. Zdgs cdfolh wmuij rhkmvh tdh tdrhh

hxtrf jfys emr hihctrmogc shrvgch. Nujlh Cfkpbhii sfgj tdft tdh Fpphiifth, Bfoaruptcy,






Nfoufry 206: Stfojgol Cmkkgtthh - Jrfet Kgouths Pflh 6<

cmkputhrs. Dh sfgj tdh cmkkgtthh cmuij pubigsd tdh prmpmsfi tm rhkmvh hihctrmogc

shrvgch ermk tdh tdrhh-jfy ruih foj fsa emr cmkkhots fs tm wdhtdhr gt wmuij bh wgsh tm

rhstrgct gt nust tm shrvgch by kfgi mr tm fbmigsd gt fitmlhtdhr.

Prmehssmr Cfprf omthj tdft tdh gjhf me rhstrgctgol tdh tdrhh-jfy ruih cfkh ermk tdh

CK/HCE Subcmkkgtthh, foj tdh gjhf wfs tm dfvh f uogemrk fpprmfcd. Dh sfgj fii me tdh

fjvgsmry cmkkgtthhs wmuij bh cmosgjhrgol tdgs gssuh, hxchpt emr tdh Hvgjhoch Ruihs

Cmkkgtthh, but gt wfs uoigahiy tdft gt wmuij bh rhsmivhj by tdh sprgol.

F khkbhr fsahj wdhtdhr tdhrh sdmuij bh f shpfrfth tdrhh-jfy ruih emr prm sh

igtglfots. Sdh omthj tdft tdgs gs fo gssuh prgkfrgiy feehctgol prm sh igtglfots, wdm metho

moiy rhchgvh shrvgch by kfgi. Nujlh Cfkpbhii omthj tdft smkh cmurts jm dfvh CK/HCE

emr prm sh igtglfots, sm smkh jm lht gostfotfohmus shrvgch.

Nujlh Suttmo sullhsthj tdft tdh cmkkgtthh cmuij thotftgvhiy fpprmvh tdh prmpmsfi

emr pubigcftgmo wgtd f sigldt vfrgftgmo go tdh cmkkgtthh omth foj quhstgmos rhquhstgol

cmkkhot mo wdhtdhr tdh tdrhh-jfy ruih sdmuij bh jhihthj fitmlhtdhr mr igkgthj tm shrvgch

by kfgi. Zdh dmph, dh sfgj, wmuij bh emr pubigcftgmo tdgs sukkhr. Nujlh Cfkpbhii

flrhhj tdft tdgs smuojhj igah f egoh fpprmfcd.

Zdh cmkkgtthh, wgtdmut mbnhctgmo foj by vmgch vmth, thotftgvhiy fpprmvhj tdh

prmpmshj fkhojkhot tm Cgvgi Ruih 5(j) emr pubigcftgmo, wgtd f sigldt cdfolh go tdh

cmkkgtthh omth tm fjjrhss shrvgch uojhr Ruih 8(b)(2)(E), tmlhtdhr wgtd quhstgmos mo

wdhtdhr tdh tdrhh-jfy ruih sdmuij bh fbmigsdhj fitmlhtdhr mr igkgthj tm shrvgch by

kfgi. Zdh cmkkgtthh wgii cmosgjhr tdh egofi prmpmsfi flfgo bhemrh pubigcftgmo, igahiyft gts sprgol khhtgol.

Goemrkftgmofi Gthks

EHJ. R. CGU. P. 6<(c)(2)

Nujlh Cfkpbhii rhpmrthj tdft tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh dfj jhcgjhj flfgost eurtdhr

fctgmo mo Ruih 6<(c)(2), wdgcd jgrhcts tdft ’Qt[dh cmurt kust fppmgot f lufrjgfo fj

igthk‚mr gssuh fomtdhr fpprmprgfth mrjhr‚tm prmthct f kgomr mr gocmkphthot phrsmo wdm

gs uorhprhshothj go fo fctgmo.‛ Dh stfthj tdft go Pmwhii v. Sykmos, 540 E.3j 306 (3j Cgr.

2062), tdh Zdgrj Cgrcugt dfj omthj tdh ifca me lugjfoch fs tm wdho f cmurt sdmuij fppmgot

f ifwyhr mr lufrjgfo tm fssgst fo uorhprhshothj pfrty. Dh sfgj tdft rhshfrcd dfj rhvhfihj

tdft sgx cgrcugts dfvh fjmpthj stfojfrjs sgkgifr tm tdft me tdh Zdgrj Cgrcugt, wdgcd gs tdft

tdhrh gs om mbiglftgmo tm suf spmoth goqugrh gotm cmkphthoch. Xojhr tdgs vghw, Ruih

6<(c)(2) moiy fppighs wdho tdhrh gs vhrgegfbih hvgjhoch me gocmkphthoch. Nujlh Cfkpbhii

sfgj tdft fii cgrcugts flrhh tdft tdhrh gs om mbiglftgmo tm fppmgot f lufrjgfo nust bhcfush f

pfrty hxdgbgts mjj bhdfvgmr.





Zdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh dfj cmociujhj tdft gt sdmuij omt ftthkpt tm wrgth f ruih go

tdgs frhf. Nujlh Cfkpbhii hxpifgohj tdft ge nujlhs whrh mbiglfthj tm goqugrh fbmut flufrjgfo wdhohvhr tdhy sfw smkhtdgol ihss tdfo euii cmkphthoch, tdh gssuh wmuij

bhcmkh uokfoflhfbih. Eurtdhr, dh sfgj, tdhrh whrh om rhsmurchs rhfjgiy fvfgifbih tm pfy

emr lufrjgfos. Go efct, dh sfgj, tdhrh whrh omt usufiiy euojs fvfgifbih tm pfy emr fppmgothj

ifwyhrs hgtdhr. Nujlh Cfkpbhii sfgj tdft tm wrgth f ruih tdft shts stfojfrjs emr tdh wgjh

vfrghty me cgrcukstfochs go wdgcd tdgs cmuij frgsh wmuij bh ohfriy gkpmssgbih. Dh fjjhj

tdft rhihvfot cmosgjhrftgmos wmuij gociujh hvgjhoch me gocmkphthoch, mtdhr rhsmurchs

fvfgifbih tm fssgst tdh phrsmo, tdh khrgts me tdh cifgk, tdh rgsa tm tdh mppmsgol pfrty go

thrks me tgkh foj jhify, cfsh kfoflhkhot sthps, foj kmrh. Zdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh

cmociujhj tdft tdgs wfs bhst ihet tm tdh cmkkmo ifw. Nujlh Cfkpbhii sfgj tdh fjvgsmry

cmkkgtthh ehit tdft tdhsh gssuhs ohhj tm bh jhcgjhj mo f cfsh-by-cfsh bfsgs foj tdft

prgocgpihs wgii jhvhimp mvhr tgkh. Fs f rhsuit, dh sfgj tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthhrhcmkkhojhj om fctgmo ft tdgs tgkh.

F khkbhr stfthj tdft dh flrhhj wgtd tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh‗s cmociusgmo, omtgol

tdft gt gs f cfsh-by-cfsh nujlkhot cfii fs tm dmw tm dfojih gocmkphthoch. Eurtdhr, dh sfgj,

tdhrh cfo bh vhrgegfbih hvgjhoch me gocmkphthoch hvho wgtd ifwyhrs govmivhj.

H-R XIHS

Nujlh Cfkpbhii rhpmrthj tdft tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh, fimol wgtd tdh mtdhr

fjvgsmry cmkkgtthhs, gs go tdh hfriy stflhs me fjjrhssgol tdh quhstgmo me wdft tm jm wgtd

hihctrmogc cmkkuogcftgmos uojhr tdh ruihs. Dh sfgj moh mptgmo gs tm fjmpt f ruih tdft sfysfoytdgol tdft cfo bh jmoh go wrgtgol cfo bh jmoh hihctrmogcfiiy, but tdft rfgshs fii agojs me

cmkpigcftgmos. Fomtdhr mptgmo gs tm lm ruih by ruih foj jhthrkgoh wdft tm jm wgtd tdh

gssuh me hihctrmogc cmkkuogcftgmos.

JGSCMUHRW CMSZ SDGEZGOL

Nujlh Cfkpbhii stfthj tdft tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh‗s jgscmvhry subcmkkgtthh gs

go tdh hfriy stflhs me hxfkgogol tdh quhstgmo me wdhtdhr tdh ruihs sdmuij hxpfoj tdh

cgrcukstfochs go wdgcd f pfrty rhquhstgol jgscmvhry sdmuij pfy pfrt mr fii me tdh cmsts me

rhspmojgol. Dh sfgj tdft Cmolrhss foj smkh bfr lrmups dfj fsahj emr f rhvghw me tdgs

gssuh. Zdh prmpmsfis pubigsdhj emr cmkkhot ifst Fulust gociujh rhvgsgmo me Ruih 25(c) tm

kfah hxpigcgt tdh futdmrgty tm hothr f prmthctgvh mrjhr tdft fiimcfths tdh cmsts me

rhspmojgol tm jgscmvhry. Ge tdgs prmpmsfi gs fjmpthj, hxphrghoch go fjkgogsthrgol gt kfy

prmvgjh smkh lugjfoch mo tdh quhstgmo me wdhtdhr kmrh sphcgegc ruih prmvgsgmos kfy bh

usheui. Nujlh Cfkpbhii sfgj tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh gs go tdh hfriy stflhs me hxfkgogol

tdgs gssuh foj wgii rhpmrt mo gts prmlrhss go tdh euturh.





CFCK PRMNHCZS

Nujlh Cfkpbhii rhpmrthj tdft tdh Cmurt Fjkgogstrftgmo foj Cfsh KfoflhkhotCmkkgtthh (CFCK) dfs rfgshj f oukbhr me tmpgcs tdft kfy ihfj tm Cgvgi Ruihs

fkhojkhots, but tdft fctgmo mo fii me tdhsh tmpgcs dfs bhho jhehrrhj phojgol eurtdhr

jhvhimpkhot by CFCK.

PXBIGSDHJ PRMPMSFIS

Nujlh Cfkpbhii rhpmrthj tdft tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh dfj dhij twm me tdh tdrhh

scdhjuihj pubigc dhfrgols mo tdh prmpmsfis pubigsdhj emr cmkkhot. Dh sfgj :0 kmrh

wgtohsshs whrh scdhjuihj emr fo upcmkgol dhfrgol go Jfiifs, wgtd 27 kmrh mo tdh wfgtgol

igst. Dh sfgj tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh wfs omt scdhjuigol fomtdhr dhfrgol bhcfush gt wmuij

bh tmm jgeegcuit tm egt f emurtd dhfrgol go fii me tdh khkbhrs‗ scdhjuihs, foj tdh fjvgsmrycmkkgtthh wfs cmkkgtthj tm rhfjgol fii me tdh wrgttho subkgssgmos. Dh sfgj :08

subkgssgmos dfj firhfjy bhho rhchgvhj foj tdft tdh cmkkgtthh wgii rhvghw tdhk fii

cfrheuiiy. Dh omthj tdft tdh dhfrgols dfvh bhho vhry vfiufbih foj tdhrh gs wmra tm jm tm

rhegoh tdh prmpmsfis. Dh fjjhj tdft tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh wgii jhcgjh wdft tm jm ft gts

Fprgi khhtgol foj wgii kfah f rhcmkkhojftgmo tm tdh Stfojgol Cmkkgtthh ft gts Kfy

khhtgol.

F pfrtgcgpfot fsahj ge tdft scdhjuih wfs tmm hxphjgthj. Dh fsahj wdhtdhr tdh

fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh wmuij dfvh homuld tgkh tm jm tdh nmb by tdh Kfy khhtgol. Nujlh

Cfkpbhii sfgj dh tdmuldt tdhrh wfs sueegcghot tgkh. Dh omthj tdft tdh fjvgsmry

cmkkgtthh dfj bhho wmragol mo tdh pubigsdhj prmpmsfis emr egvh yhfrs. Dh sfgj tdhcmkkgtthh‗s tfsa go Fprgi wgii omt bh lftdhrgol goemrkftgmo, but usgol gts bhst nujlkhot go

igldt me hvhrytdgol gt dfj dhfrj tdrmuld pubigc cmkkhot.

RHPMRZ ME ZDH FJUGSMRW CMKKGZZHH MO CRGKGOFI RXIHS

Nujlh Rfllg foj Prmehssmrs Bhfih foj Agol prhshothj tdh rhpmrt me tdh fjvgsmry

cmkkgtthh, fs sht emrtd go Nujlh Rfllg‗s khkmrfojuk me Jhchkbhr 20, 2063 (Flhojf

Gthk 8), foj dhr suppihkhotfi khkmrfojuk me Jhchkbhr 30, 2063.

Fkhojkhot emr Egofi Fpprmvfi

EHJ. R. CRGK. P. 62

Nujlh Suttmo rhpmrthj tdft tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh dfj bhho cmosgjhrgol

fkhojkhots tm EHJ. R. CRGK. P. 62 mo kmtgmos tdft kust bh rfgshj bhemrh trgfi foj tdh

cmoshquhochs me ifth-egihj kmtgmos sgoch 2005. Dh prmvgjhj smkh bfcalrmuoj mo tdh

currhot prmpmsfis. Dh omthj tdft tdh Nujgcgfi Cmoehrhoch dfj fpprmvhj tdh prmpmshj





fkhojkhot tm Ruih 62 tdft tdh cmkkgtthh dfj fpprmvhj ft gts ifst khhtgol foj dfj

trfoskgtthj gt tm tdh Suprhkh Cmurt. Zdh Cmurt dfj rfgshj shvhrfi quhstgmos fbmut tdh

prmpmshj fkhojkhot. Nujlh Suttmo omthj tdft tdh pfcaflh me prmpmsfis, gociujgolCrgkgofi Ruih 62, dfj bhho subkgtthj tm tdh Cmurt hfrighr tdfo go yhfrs pfst tm lgvh tdh

Cmurt eihxgbgigty go thrks me tgkgol gts rhvghw me tdh prmpmsfis. Dh omthj tdft moh bhohegt

me subkgttgol tdh prmpmsfis hfriy gs tdft ge tdh Cmurt dfj quhstgmos, tdhy kgldt bh fbih tm

bh fjjrhsshj wgtdgo tdh sfkh ruihkfagol cycih. Dh stfthj tdft tdgs wfs uocdfrthj

thrrgtmry bhcfush go tdh pfst, wdho tdh prmpmsfis whrh subkgtthj tm tdh Cmurt ifthr, ge tdh

Cmurt dfj quhstgmos fbmut tdh prmpmsfis, gt wmuij sgkpiy rhcmkkgt tdhk tm tdh fjvgsmry

cmkkgtthh emr eurtdhr cmosgjhrftgmo. Go tdgs cfsh, dmwhvhr, tdhrh kgldt bh tgkh tm

prmpmsh cdfolhs foj dfvh tdhk cmosgjhrhj by tdh Cmurt go tdh sfkh ruihkfagol cycih.

Nujlh Suttmo omthj tdft tdh Cmurt dfj rfgshj shvhrfi quhstgmos fbmut tdh Ruih 62

prmpmsfi. Egrst, fs trfoskgtthj tm tdh Cmurt, tdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot dfj stfthj tdft tdhcmurt cmuij cmosgjhr fo uotgkhiy kmtgmo rfgsgol f cifgk me efgiurh tm stfth fo meehosh

(EZSM) ge tdh jhehojfot sdmwhj prhnujgch. Zdh Cmurt dfj fsahj tm wdmk tdh rhqugrhj

prhnujgch wmuij bh. Nujlh Suttmo omthj tdft tdh gothot me tdh fkhojkhot wfs tdft gt

wmuij bh prhnujgch tm tdh jhehojfot. Shcmoj, tdh Cmurt dfj fsahj, ge tdh prhnujgch gs tm

tdh jhehojfot, dmw tdh jhehojfot wmuij sdmw prhnujgch bhemrh trgfi. Nujlh Suttmo stfthj

tdft moh emrk me prhnujgch gs ifca me omtgch, foj fomtdhr mccurs ge tdh lrfoj nury jgj omt

prmphriy gojgct uojhr tdh hihkhots me tdh crgkh. Zdgrj, tdh Cmurt dfj omthj tdh fomkfiy

me dfvgol go prmpmshj Ruih 62(c)(3)(F) f rhqugrhj sdmwgol me ’lmmj cfush‛ emr rhighe

ermk tdh cmoshquhochs me efgigol tm tgkhiy rfgsh kmst Ruih 62(b)(3) kmtgmos, wdgih

prmpmshj Ruih 62(c)(3)(B) wmuij rhqugrh prhnujgch emr cmosgjhrftgmo me ifth-rfgshj EZSM

cifgks. Nujlh Suttmo omthj tdft by rhqugrgol ’lmmj cfush‛ fimoh go (F) foj ’prhnujgch‛fimoh go (B), tdh gkpigcftgmo wfs tdft tdhrh wfs om rhqugrhkhot me sdmwgol ’prhnujgch‛ go

(F). Zdft gs omt wdft tdh cmkkgtthh gothojhj. Mo tdh mtdhr dfoj, by rhqugrgol ’lmmj

cfush‛ go (F), foj moiy ’prhnujgch‛ go (B), tdh cmkkgtthh dfj gothojhj tdh ohlftgvh

gkpigcftgmo tm bh tdft tdhrh wfs om rhqugrhkhot me sdmwgol ’cfush‛ uojhr (B) emr cifgks

me efgiurh tm stfth fo meehosh. Nujlh Suttmo fjjhj tdft gt wfs mjj tm dfvh ifoluflh go tdh

sfkh subshctgmo tdft gothojhj moh ohlftgvh gkpigcftgmo but omt fomtdhr ohlftgvh

gkpigcftgmo.

Nujlh Rfllg tdho hxpifgohj tdft tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh rhcmkkhojhj rhsmivgol

tdh tdgrj cmochro rfgshj by tdh Cmurt by dfvgol moh stfojfrj emr rhighe ermk efgiurh tm

tgkhiy rfgsh fii Ruih 62(b)(3) kmtgmos ‚ ’lmmj cfush,‛ tdh stfojfrj currhotiy ushj go tdh

ruih. Sdh omthj tdft tdhrh wfs jgsqught, hsphcgfiiy fkmol tdh khkbhrs me tdh jhehosh bfr

mo tdh cmkkgtthh, fbmut kfagol fo EZSM cifgk f rhqugrhj prh-trgfi kmtgmo wdho emr sm

imol gt dfj bhho vghwhj fs tdh hqugvfihot me nurgsjgctgmo foj smkhtdgol tdft cmuij bh

rfgshj ft foy tgkh. Sdh fjjhj tdft, efchj wgtd tdh efct tdft gt gs omw rhcmlogzhj fs

smkhtdgol tdft sdmuij bh rfgshj hfriy mo, smkh khkbhrs me tdh jhehosh bfr dfj sullhsthj

tdft tdh cmkkgtthh ush f jgeehrhot stfojfrj emr EZSM cifgks tdft wmuij bh hfsghr tm khht





tdfo ’lmmj cfush.‛ Zdft gs wdy tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh hvhotufiiy jhcgjhj tm ush nust

’prhnujgch‛ emr EZSM cifgks, om kftthr wdft tdh cfush emr efgigol tm rfgsh gt go tgkhiy

kfoohr. Sdh omthj tdft hvhrymoh rhcmlogzhj tdft gt wfs f bgt curgmus tm dfvh twmstfojfrjs emr lrfotgol rhighe ermk tdh cmoshquhochs me bhifthjiy egigol f rhqugrhj prhtrgfi

kmtgmo. Sdh sfgj tdft tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh dfs omw dfj kmrh tgkh tm tdgoa fbmut tdh

prmpmsfi. Zdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh jgj omt wfot tm put tdh Ruih 62 prmpmsfi go nhmpfrjy

by gosgstgol mo twm stfojfrjs. Zdh subcmkkgtthh dfj lgvho gt homrkmus tdmuldt foj

jhcgjhj tdft pursugol f shpfrfth stfojfrj emr EZSM cifgks wfs omt wmrtd tdh rgsa tm tdh

wdmih prmpmsfi foj tdft ’lmmj cfush‛ wmuij bh fjhqufth emr tdmsh cifgks.

Nujlh Rfllg omthj tdft om moh stfojs cmovgcthj me f crgkh uoihss hvhry hihkhot me

tdh crgkh gs prmvho bhymoj f rhfsmofbih jmubt. Zdh prmpmshj ruih fjjrhsshs moiy tdmsh

sgtuftgmos wdhrh hvho tdmuld f jhehojfot gs prmvho lugity bhymoj f rhfsmofbih jmubt mo

hvhry hihkhot, f efgiurh tm cdfrlh gt cmrrhctiy sdmuij emr smkh rhfsmo bh dhfrj ifth mo fsdmwgol me prhnujgch. But, sdh fsahj, wdft wmuij tdh prhnujgch bh go tdft sgtuftgmo= Zdh

fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh, sdh sfgj, dfj fsahj wdft tdhy whrh rhfiiy puttgol ft rgsa by gosgstgol

mo twm stfojfrjs. Sdh stfthj tdft gt wfs omw tdh subcmkkgtthh‗s vghw foj tdh uofogkmus

vghw me tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh tdft gt wfs omt wmrtdwdgih tm pursuh f shpfrfth stfojfrj

emr EZSM cifgks, foj tdft f ’lmmj cfush‛ stfojfrj sdmuij fppiy emr fii ifth-rfgshj cifgks

tdft frh omt nurgsjgctgmofi.

Nujlh Rfllg omthj tdft, ft tdh sullhstgmo me f khkbhr me tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh,

tdh cmkkgtthh omth dfj bhho rhvgshj tm hxpifgo tdft ’lmmj cfush‛ gs ’f eihxgbih stfojfrj

tdft rhqugrhs cmosgjhrftgmo me fii gothrhsts go tdh pfrtgcuifr cfsh.‛ Sdh sfgj tdft tdgs

ifoluflh wfs go brfcahts, but tdft gt wmuij bh pfrt me tdh thxt me tdh cmkkgtthh omth, ge fpprmvhj. Zdgs ifoluflh, sdh sfgj, wmuij kfah cihfr tdft tdh cmurt sdmuij cmosgjhr

cfush, cmosgjhr prhnujgch, foj cmosgjhr hvhrytdgol tdft kgldt bh rhihvfot. Sdh hxpifgohj

tdft tdh rhfsmo tdh wmrjs ’cfush foj prhnujgch‛ whrh omt ushj wfs tm fvmgj cmoeusgmo

wgtd tdh ush me tdft pdrfsh go tdh dfbhfs cmrpus cmothxt. Gosthfj, tdh rhvgshj omth

ifoluflh gs gothojhj tm kfah cihfr tdft ’lmmj cfush‛ gs f dmigstgc goqugry. Sdh stfthj tdft

gt kfjh shosh tm trust tdh jgstrgct nujlhs tm uojhrstfoj tdft.

Nujlh Rfllg rhquhsthj tdft tdh cmkkgtthh fpprmvh tdh rhvgshj prmpmshj

fkhojkhot tm Ruih 62 foj tdh fccmkpfoygol cmkkgtthh omth. Egofiiy, Nujlh Rfllg

omthj tdft tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh wfs uosurh fbmut wdhtdhr tdh cdfolh cmuij bh

fccmkpigsdhj go tdh currhot ruihkfagol cycih. Moh me tdh quhstgmos tdh fjvgsmry

cmkkgtthh dfj rfgshj, sdh sfgj, wfs wdhtdhr tdgs wfs f cdfolh tdft wmuij rhqugrh

rhpubigcftgmo. Sdh rhpmrthj tdft tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh wfs omt surh foj dfj cmosuithj

wgtd Prmehssmr Cmqugiihtth, wdm jgj omt tdgoa rhpubigcftgmo wfs ohchssfry. Sdh omthj tdft

ge tdh cmkkgtthh fpprmvhj tdh rhvgshj prmpmsfi, gt cmuij pmthotgfiiy lm bfca tm tdh Cmurt

foj bh cmosgjhrhj go tdgs yhfr‗s ruihkfagol cycih. Sdh sfgj gt wfs tdh Stfojgol

Cmkkgtthh‗s jhcgsgmo wdhtdhr tm rhpubigsd.





Prmehssmr Cmqugiihtth omthj tdft trfjgtgmofiiy tdh cmkkgtthh rhpubigsdhs wdho

foymoh wmuij bh surprgshj by tdh cdfolhs fethr pubigcftgmo foj wmuij ehhi tdft tdhy jgj

omt dfvh f cdfoch tm jhbfth tdh prmpmsfi. But, dh omthj tdft go tdgs cfsh, tdh fpprmprgfthstfojfrj emr rhighe ermk ifth-rfgshj EZSM cifgks dfj bhho jhbfthj bfca foj emrtd emr tdh

shvho yhfr dgstmry me tdgs prmpmsfi. Hvhrymoh dfj omtgch tdft tdh fpprmprgfth stfojfrj

wfs ft gssuh foj dfj f cdfoch tm cmkkhot mo tdft jurgol tdh pubigc cmkkhot phrgmj.

Nujlh Suttmo fism omthj tdft emr tdh pfst hgldt yhfrs mr sm, hvhrymoh dfs aomwo tdft tdh

ruih wfs bhgol cdfolhj tm rhqugrh EZSM cifgks tm bh brmuldt bhemrh trgfi foj tdh

stfojfrj emr rfgsgol sucd cifgks ifth dfs bhho mo tdh tfbih tdh wdmih tgkh.

F khkbhr stfthj tdft dgs gogtgfi rhfctgmo wfs tm rhpubigsd, but tdft dh rhfigzhj tdft

tdh Cmurt dfj tdh futdmrgty tm kfah cdfolhs tm tdh cmkkgtthh‗s prmpmsfis gtshie. Ge tdh

Cmurt wfothj tm kfah f cdfolh foj nust wfothj tm kfah surh tdh ruihs cmkkgtthhs

flrhhj, tdho gt wmuij shhk tm bh f prmchjurh cmothkpifthj by tdh Ruihs Hofbigol Fct.Dmwhvhr, ge tdh prmpmsfi gs rhfiiy bfca go tdh cmkkgtthh‗s cmurt, tdho dh sfgj dh wmuij

dfvh tm lrfppih wgtd tdh rhpubigcftgmo quhstgmo. Dh stfthj tdft dh thojhj tm tdgoa gt gs

bhtthr tm rhpubigsd go tdh cfsh me f ’tgh.‛

Nujlh Suttmo stfthj tdft tdh Cmurt cmuij dfvh prmchhjhj go jgeehrhot wfys foj tdgs

gs uocdfrthj thrrgtmry, but tdft dh bhighvhj tdh cmkkgtthh sdmuij trhft tdh prmpmsfi fs ge gt

whrh bfca go ermot me tdh cmkkgtthh. Fomtdhr khkbhr fsahj wdft tdh prmchjurh wmuij

bh ge tdh prmpmsfi dfj lmoh tm f vmth go tdh Cmurt foj bhho rhnhcthj. Nujlh Suttmo

rhspmojhj tdft gt jhphojs, foj tdft ge f subshquhot cdfolh by tdh cmkkgtthhs dfj firhfjy

bhho euiiy vhtthj, gt wmuij omt bh rhpubigsdhj. Zdh rhfsmo emr rhpubigcftgmo gs ge tdh

cmkkgtthh tdgoas gt wgii lht ohw gosgldts mr ge smkhmoh wgii bh surprgshj by f cdfolh.Zdh khkbhr omthj tdft tdh rhpubigcftgmo quhstgmo gs sgkgifr tm f cmurt fkhojgol fo

mpgogmo foj lgvgol fomtdhr mppmrtuogty emr egigol f phtgtgmo emr rhdhfrgol. Sdh sfgj tdft ge

tdh cdfolhs mo rhdhfrgol frh rhspmosgvh tm tdh cmkkhots firhfjy rhchgvhj, tdh cmurts

usufiiy jm omt lgvh fomtdhr mppmrtuogty emr rhdhfrgol.

Prmehssmr Bhfih omthj tdft tdhrh dfj bhho f prhvgmus mccfsgmo go wdgcd tdh

fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh dfj kfjh cdfolhs go rhspmosh tm f rhkfoj ermk tdh Suprhkh Cmurt

foj tdh cmkkgtthh dfj omt rhpubigsdhj. Prmehssmr Cfprf omthj tdft tdh Hvgjhoch Ruihs

Cmkkgtthh dfj omt rhpubigsdhj wdho gt kfjh cdfolhs fethr f prmpmshj fkhojkhot tm

Hvgjhoch Ruih 40:(b)(3) wfs rhturohj by tdh Cmurt.

Nujlh Rfllg omthj tdft omt moiy dfj tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh dhfrj imts mo tdgs

subnhct, but wdft gt gs prmpmsgol omw gs tm ihfvh tdh stfojfrj go tdh currhot ruih go pifch.

Fomtdhr khkbhr stfthj tdft dh dfj om vghws mo tdh ohhj tm rhpubigsd, but

quhstgmohj wdhtdhr tdhrh gs f ohlftgvh gkpigcftgmo go tdh ohw prmpmshj cmkkgtthh omth

ifoluflh jhscrgbgol ’lmmj cfush‛ fs f ’eihxgbih stfojfrj tdft rhqugrhs cmosgjhrftgmo me fii





gothrhsts go tdh pfrtgcuifr cfsh.‛ Zdh khkbhr hxpifgohj tdft tdh hxgstgol stfojfrj dfs

bhho gothrprhthj tm rhqugrh sdmwgol, fkmol mtdhr tdgols, prhnujgch, foj dh wmojhrhj

wdhtdhr tdh omth ifoluflh cmuij pmthotgfiiy bh uojhrstmmj tm rhighvh f jhehojfot me dfvgol tm sdmw prhnujgch.

Nujlh Rfllg rhspmojhj tdft sdh cmuij omt emrhcimsh tdh pmssgbgigty me tdh ifoluflh

bhgol rhfj tdft wfy, but ermk f prfctgcfi phrsphctgvh, tdgs gs dmw Ruih 62 omw trhfts

EZSM cifgks. Sdh fjjhj tdft, up uotgi tdh tgkh tdh nury gs hkpfohihj foj nhmpfrjy

fttfcdhs, Ruih 62, go fomtdhr shctgmo, ihts f trgfi nujlh hothrtfgo foy kmtgmo. Sdh stfthj

tdft prhsukfbiy mo fpphfi, cgrcugt cmurts wgii cmotgouh tm fppiy f pifgo hrrmr stfojfrj tm

ifth-rfgshj cifgks. Sm, sdh sfgj, wh frh tfiagol fbmut wdft tdh nujlh wgii hothrtfgo go tdh

wgojmw me tgkh bhtwhho wdho nhmpfrjy fttfcdhs foj wdho nujlkhot gs hothrhj. Nujlh

Rfllg stfthj tdft sdh wmuij bh surprgshj ge trgfi nujlhs wmuij hothrtfgo sucd ifth kmtgmos

wgtdmut f sdmwgol me prhnujgch moch nhmpfrjy dfs fttfcdhj. Sdh fjjhj tdft ge tdhcmkkgtthh whrh tm shh tdft dfpphogol go prfctgch, gt cmuij cmosgjhr fkhojgol tdh ruih tm

sphii mut f prhnujgch rhqugrhkhot go tdh ruih, but, lgvho tdft jgstrgct nujlhs frh cmostrfgohj

by tdgs pmrtgmo me tdh ruih moiy go tdh tgkh bhtwhho nhmpfrjy fttfcdgol foj nujlkhot, sdh

tdmuldt kmst nujlhs wmuij rhqugrh f sdmwgol me prhnujgch. Zdh khkbhr stfthj tdft fs f

prfctgcfi kftthr tdft gs truh, but tdft dh wfs omt surh tdft tdh ohw ifoluflh go tdh omth

fjjhj foytdgol. Dh stfthj tdft ge gt jmhs omt fjj foytdgol substfotgvh, gt gs omt ohhjhj.

Nujlh Rfllg hxpifgohj tdft tdh omth ifoluflh hxpifgogol tdft ’lmmj cfush‛ gs f

’eihxgbih stfojfrj‛ kfahs moh me tdh jhehosh bfr khkbhrs suppmrtgvh me tdh prmpmsfi,

wdgcd gs smkhtdgol tdft sdmuij omt bh jgscmuothj. Sdh stfthj tdft fii tdrhh fjvgsmry

cmkkgtthh khkbhrs wdm rhprhshot jhehojfots vmthj emr tdgs ruih go pfrt bhcfush me tdgsohw ifoluflh go tdh omth. Go efct, sdh sfgj, smkhtdgol hvho kmrh jhtfgihj dfj bhho

prmpmshj mrglgofiiy by f jhehosh bfr khkbhr.

Nujlh Suttmo omthj tdft ’lmmj cfush‛ sullhsts eihxgbgigty foj tdft tm tdh hxthot

smkh dfvh cmochros fbmut puttgol EZSM jhehoshs wgtd fii mtdhr cifgks rhqugrhj tm bh

rfgshj bhemrh trgfi, hkpdfsgzgol eihxgbgigty gs gkpmrtfot tm kfah cihfr tdft cmurts kgldt

trhft jgeehrhot typhs me ifth-rfgshj kmtgmos jgeehrhotiy, jhphojgol mo tdh cgrcukstfochs.

Fomtdhr khkbhr fsahj ge tdh ohw omth ifoluflh gs f cmkemrt bifoaht emr smkh

khkbhrs me tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh. Nujlh Rfllg flrhhj tdft gt wfs go pfrt, but omthj

tdft tdh ifoluflh wfs jhrgvhj ermk tdh efct tdft smkh khkbhrs wfothj tm hosurh tdft

nujlhs wmuij uojhrstfoj tdft tdh shrgmusohss me tdh kmtgmo sdmuij fism bh tfaho gotm

fccmuot go jhcgjgol tdh cmoshquhochs me f ifth-rfgshj kmtgmo, wdgih rhcmlogzgol tdft gt

wmuij omt bh fpprmprgfth tm fssukh tdft hvhry EZSM kmtgmo gs kmrh gkpmrtfot tdfo hvhry

kuitgpigcgty kmtgmo, emr hxfkpih.




Nfoufry 206: Stfojgol Cmkkgtthh - Jrfet Kgouths Pflh 2:

F khkbhr quhstgmohj wdhtdhr tdhrh frh hxfkpihs me f cdfolh igah tdgs lmgol

tdrmuld wgtdmut bhgol rhpubigsdhj. Nujlh Suttmo rhspmojhj tdft tdhrh whrh, bmtd wgtd

rhsphct tm Crgkgofi Ruihs prmpmsfis foj Hvgjhoch Ruihs prmpmsfis, but tdh efct tdft tdhrhwhrh mtdhr gostfochs go wdgcd tdh cmkkgtthh dfj kfjh cdfolhs fethr rhkfoj ermk tdh

Suprhkh Cmurt wgtdmut rhpubigsdgol jmhs omt khfo tdft tdhrh sdmuij ohvhr bh

rhpubigcftgmo go rhspmosh tm cmkkhots ermk tdh Cmurt. But dhrh, dh omthj, tdh Ruih 62

prmpmshj cdfolhs shhkhj kmrh igah tdh gostfochs go wdgcd tdh cmkkgtthhs dfj omt

rhpubigsdhj. Nujlh Rfllg omthj tdft tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh dfj firhfjy kfjh cdfolhs tm

tdh Ruih 62 prmpmsfi fethr pubigcftgmo wgtdmut rhpubigsdgol. Sdh fjjhj tdft tdh fjvgsmry

cmkkgtthh dfj rhchgvhj kfoy cmkkhots ermk tdh jhehosh bfr mo tdh pubigsdhj prmpmsfis

foj tdft wdgih tdhrh gs tdh pmssgbgigty tdft smkhmoh kgldt frluh tdft tdh ifst vhrsgmo tdhy

sfw dfj f shpfrfth stfojfrj emr EZSM cifgks, sdh wfs omt surh tdft tdh cmkkgtthh wfs

hvhr mbiglhj tm dfvh twm jgeehrhot stfojfrjs fs mppmshj tm tdh moh tdft gs tdhrh. Zdh cmst

me rhpubigsdgol, sdh omthj, wmuij bh puttgol mee tdh heehctgvh jfth me tdh ruih cdfolh byfomtdhr twm yhfrs. Sdh wfs cmkemrthj by tdh efct tdft omt moh me tdh jhehosh khkbhrs me

tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh dfj urlhj rhpubigcftgmo.

Nujlh Suttmo omthj tdft tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh dfj kfjh kmrh substfotgvh

cdfolhs fethr pubigcftgmo foj bhemrh shojgol gt bfca tm tdh Stfojgol Cmkkgtthh tdfo tdh

currhot prmpmshj cdfolh. Nujlh Rfllg flrhhj, but omthj tdft tdh cdfolhs fethr pubigc

cmkkhot dfj bhho kfjh go rhspmosh tm cmkkhots rhchgvhj jurgol tdh pubigc cmkkhot

phrgmj. Prmehssmr Cmqugiihtth omthj tdft tdh dgstmry me tdgs ruih prmpmsfi jgj omt rhqugrh

rhpubigcftgmo dhrh, wdhrh tdh jhehosh bfr khkbhrs me tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh jgj omt

dfvh cmochros foj tdh gssuhs dfvh bhho euiiy jgscusshj. Dh fjjhj tdft omoh me tdh

jhehosh bfr khkbhrs me tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh dfj frluhj tdft tdgs cdfolh wmuij bh fsurprgsh.

F khkbhr kmvhj tm fpprmvh tdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot tm Ruih 62. Zdh khkbhr

wdm dfj quhstgmohj tdh omth ifoluflh shcmojhj tdh kmtgmo, hxpifgogol tdft fs f prfctgcfi

kftthr, jgstrgct nujlhs wgii dfvh om prmbihk fppiygol tdh fkhojkhot foj omth ifoluflh.

Zdh cmkkgtthh uofogkmusiy fpprmvhj tdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot wgtdmut rhpubigcftgmo.

Nujlh Suttmo omthj tdft ge tdh prmpmsfi gs fpprmvhj go tdh rhst me tdh Ruihs Hofbigol Fct

prmchss, tdh cmkkgtthhs wgii cimshiy kmogtmr wdft dfpphos wgtd EZSM jhehoshs foj tdh

’lmmj cfush‛ stfojfrj. Nujlh Suttmo tdfoahj Prmehssmrs Bhfih foj Agol emr tdhgr dfrj

wmra mo tdgs prmpmsfi.

Zdh cmkkgtthh, wgtdmut mbnhctgmo foj by vmgch vmth, fpprmvhj tdh prmpmshj

fkhojkhot tm Crgkgofi Ruih 62 emr trfoskgssgmo tm tdh Nujgcgfi Cmoehrhoch emr

egofi fpprmvfi.







tfah gt up ft gts Fprgi khhtgol.

EHJ. R. CRGK. P. :6

Nujlh Rfllg rhpmrthj tdft tdh Jhpfrtkhot dfs fism subkgtthj f prmpmsfi tm fkhoj

Ruih :6 tm hoifrlh tdh thrrgtmrgfi igkgts emr wfrrfots tm shfrcd hihctrmogc stmrflh khjgf foj

hihctrmogcfiiy stmrhj goemrkftgmo. Zdh purpmsh me tdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot gs tm hofbih

ifw hoemrchkhot tm govhstglfth foj prmshcuth bmtohts foj crgkhs govmivgol Gothroht

fomoykgzgol thcdomimlghs. Ruih :6(b) jmhs omt jgrhctiy fjjrhss tdh cgrcukstfochs tdft

frgsh wdho meegchrs shha tm hxhcuth shfrcd wfrrfots, vgf rhkmth fcchss, mvhr kmjhro

cmkkuogcftgmos ohtwmras sucd fs tdh Gothroht. Zdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot gs gothojhj tm

fjjrhss twm gocrhfsgoliy cmkkmo sgtuftgmos> (6) wdhrh tdh wfrrfot sueegcghotiy jhscrgbhs

tdh cmkputhr tm bh shfrcdhj but tdh jgstrgct wgtdgo wdgcd tdft cmkputhr gs imcfthj gs

uoaomwo, foj (2) wdhrh tdh govhstglftgmo rhqugrhs ifw hoemrchkhot tm cmmrjgofthshfrcdhs me oukhrmus cmkputhrs go oukhrmus jgstrgcts. Zdh Jhpfrtkhot rhpmrts prmbihks

wgtd jhthrkgogol tdh jgstrgct go wdgcd tm shha tdh wfrrfot wdho gt jmhs omt aomw wdhrh

tdh cmkputhr tm bh shfrcdhj gs imcfthj.

Zdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot wmuij futdmrgzh f cmurt go f jgstrgct wdhrh fctgvgtghs

rhifthj tm f crgkh dfvh mccurrhj tm gssuh f wfrrfot tm bh hxhcuthj by rhkmth fcchss emr

hihctrmogc stmrflh khjgf foj hihctrmogcfiiy stmrhj goemrkftgmo wdhtdhr imcfthj wgtdgo mr

mutsgjh tdh jgstrgct. Nujlh Rfllg omthj tdft tdhrh whrh pmthotgfi cmochros fbmut tdh

pfrtgcuifrgty rhqugrhkhots me wfrrfots wdho tdh Jhpfrtkhot jmhs omt aomw hxfctiy wdft

gt gs shfrcdgol. Zdus, tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh dfj fsahj tdh Jhpfrtkhot tm jrfet smkh

wfrrfots me tdh smrt tdft gt tdgoas kgldt ohhj nujgcgfi futdmrgzftgmo. Nujlh Rfllg fjjhj tdft moch tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh shhs hxfkpihs me tdh typhs me wfrrfots tdft kgldt bh

prhshothj tm ehjhrfi nujlhs, gt wgii dfvh f bhtthr gjhf me dmw tm prmchhj. Sdh sfgj tdft tdh

prmpmsfi dfs bhho rhehrrhj tm f subcmkkgtthh, wdgcd gs hxphcthj tm rhpmrt ft tdh fjvgsmry

cmkkgtthh‗s Fprgi khhtgol.

MZDHR PRMPMSFIS

Nujlh Rfllg omthj tdft mtdhr prmpmsfis uojhr cmosgjhrftgmo whrh go tdh flhojf

kfthrgfis foj jgj omt ohhj fo mrfi rhpmrt ft tdgs tgkh. Moh sucd prmpmsfi govmivhj tdh

quhstgmo me wdhtdhr tdhrh gs foy ohhj tm cifrgey Ruih 83, wdgcd prmdgbgts ’brmfjcfstgol‛

nujgcgfi prmchhjgols go mrjhr tm cifrgey tdh ruih‗s fppigcftgmo tm twhhts ermk tdhcmurtrmmk. Fomtdhr rhquhsts tdh cmkkgtthh tm cmosgjhr fkhojgol Ruihs 66 foj 32 tm

kfah prhshothoch rhpmrts fvfgifbih go fjvfoch me f lugity pihf sm tdft fii pfrtghs wgii bh

fwfrh me tdh pmthotgfi shothoch. Fomtdhr prmpmsfi uojhr cmosgjhrftgmo wmuij fkhoj

Ruih :8(c) tm higkgofth tdh tdrhh hxtrf jfys currhotiy prmvgjhj tm rhspmoj wdho shrvgch gs

kfjh by hihctrmogc khfos.




Nfoufry 206: Stfojgol Cmkkgtthh - Jrfet Kgouths Pflh 2<

RHPMRZ ME ZDH FJUGSMRW CMKKGZZHH MO HUGJHOCH RXIHS

Nujlh Egtzwfthr foj Prmehssmr Cfprf prhshothj tdh rhpmrt me tdh fjvgsmry

cmkkgtthh, fs sht emrtd go Nujlh Egtzwfthr‗s khkmrfojuk me Jhchkbhr 2, 2063 (Flhojf

Gthk 5). Nujlh Egtzwfthr omthj tdft tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh dfj om fctgmo gthks tm

prhshot.

Goemrkftgmofi Gthks

Nujlh Egtzwfthr rhpmrthj tdft tdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot tm Ruih 403(60), tdh

dhfrsfy hxchptgmo emr tdh fbshoch me pubigc rhcmrjs, wdgcd tdh Stfojgol Cmkkgtthh

fpprmvhj go Nuoh 2062, tmma heehct mo Jhchkbhr 6, 2063.

Dh omthj tdft emur prmpmsfis ermk tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh whrh phojgol bhemrhtdh Suprhkh Cmurt. Zdh prmpmshj fkhojkhots tm Ruihs 406(j)(6)(B) foj 403(5)–(4) dfj

bhho fpprmvhj by tdh Stfojgol Cmkkgtthh go Nuoh 2063, whrh fpprmvhj by tdh Nujgcgfi

Cmoehrhoch mo tdh cmoshot cfihojfr ft gts Shpthkbhr 2063 khhtgol, foj dfj bhho

trfoskgtthj tm tdh Suprhkh Cmurt emr cmosgjhrftgmo.

Nujlh Egtzwfthr rhpmrthj tdft tdh Efii 2063 khhtgol, wdgcd wmuij dfvh gociujhj f

thcdomimly sykpmsguk foj wdgcd dfj bhho cfochiihj juh tm tdh lmvhrokhot sdutjmwo,

wfs rhscdhjuihj ft tdh sfkh imcftgmo emr Sprgol 206:. Dh sfgj tdh Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch

wmuij omt bh prhshotgol mo tdh hihctrmogc sglofturh gssuh, fs dfj bhho pifoohj emr tdh

mrglgofi sykpmsguk, fitdmuld tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh wmuij bh wgiigol tm dmst tdhk ge

cmotgougol jgfimluh wmuij bh jhsgrfbih. Nujlh Suttmo cmkkhothj tdft tdh fjvgsmrycmkkgtthh sdmuij tdgoa fbmut wdhtdhr gt wmuij bh usheui tm brgol phmpih tmlhtdhr tm

jgscuss tdh hihctrmogc sglofturh gssuh. Nujlh Egtzwfthr omthj tdft gt jmhs jmvhtfgi wgtd tdh

thcdomimly sykpmsguk tdft tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthh gs pifoogol go cmonuoctgmo wgtd gts

ohxt khhtgol. Dh fjjhj tdft tdh sykpmsguk kgldt hxfkgoh tdgols igah tdh focghot

jmcukhot hxchptgmo tm tdh dhfrsfy ruih, wdgcd kfy shhk fofcdrmogstgc go tdh currhot hrf

me jftf stmrflh.

Nujlh Suttmo omthj tdft Prmehssmr Cfprf rhchotiy fpphfrhj mo tdh cmvhr me tdh

Emrjdfk Ifwyhr , f kflfzgoh pubigsdhj by tdh Emrjdfk Ifw Scdmmi, foj tdft tdh

cmkpigkhotfry frtgcih ehfturhj Prmehssmr Cfprf‗s wmra emr tdh ruihs cmkkgtthhs.

PFOHI JGSCXSSGMO MO ZDH PMIGZGCFI FOJ

PRMEHSSGMOFI CMOZHTZ ME RXIHKFAGOL

Prmehssmr Cmqugiihtth prhsgjhj mvhr f pfohi jgscussgmo mo tdh pmigtgcfi foj

prmehssgmofi cmothxt me ruihkfagol. Zdh mtdhr pfohigsts gociujhj Nujlh Duee, f emrkhr

cmkkgtthh khkbhr1 Nujlh \mmj, f emrkhr cmkkgtthh khkbhr1 Nujlh Rmshotdfi, emrkhr

cdfgr me tdh Stfojgol foj Cgvgi Ruihs Cmkkgtthhs1 Nujlh Fotdmoy Scgrgcf (by pdmoh),





emrkhr cdfgr me tdh cmkkgtthh foj emrkhr cdfgr me tdh Hxhcutgvh Cmkkgtthh me tdh

Nujgcgfi Cmoehrhoch1 foj Phthr L. KcCfbh, emrkhr shcrhtfry tm tdh cmkkgtthh. Prmehssmr

Cmqugiihtth gotrmjuchj hfcd khkbhr foj stfthj tdhgr rhihvfot bfcalrmuoj.

PRMEHSSMR CMVXGIIHZZH

Prmehssmr Cmqugiihtth prmvgjhj bfcalrmuoj mo mppmsgtgmo tm tdh ruihs cmkkgtthhs‗

wmra. Dh omthj tdft dgstmrgcfiiy tdhrh dfvh bhho tdrhh lrmups wdm frh suspgcgmus fbmut

tdh ruihs cmkkgtthhs‗ wmra, gociujgol tdh trfjgtgmofi emrkfigsts, wdm bhighvhj tdft tdh

nujlh‗s rmih gs tm jhcgjh cfshs, omt tm jm foytdgol prmsphctgvh1 tdh ruih sahptgcs, wdm

tdmuldt tdft uogemrkgty tdrmuld cmjgegcftgmo, wgtd trfossubstfotgvh ruihs tdft fppiy go fii

typhs me cfshs, wfs omt prfctgcfi1 foj tdh pmigtgcfi pmpuigsts, wdm bhighvh tdft ruihkfagol

muldt tm bh jmoh by hihcthj rhprhshotftgvhs me tdh phmpih. Prmehssmr Cmqugiihtth omthj

tdft wdgih tdh ruihs cmkkgtthhs cmuij ohvhr pihfsh tdhsh tdrhh lrmups, tdhy sdmuij cmotgouh tm bh shosgtgvh tm tdhgr cmochros.

PHZHR L. KCCFBH

Kr. KcCfbh prmvgjhj bfcalrmuoj mo tdh dgstmry me tdh Ruihs Hofbigol Fct. Dh

jgscusshj cdfolhs tdh ruihs cmkkgtthhs kfjh mvhr tgkh tm kfah tdh prmchss kmrh mpho,

trfospfrhot, foj hfsgiy fcchssgbih. Kr. KcCfbh fism jgscusshj tdh cmkkgtthhs‗ heemrts tm

kfah surh tdhrh wfs f strmol hkpgrgcfi bfsgs emr fkhojkhots. Dh fism hkpdfsgzhj tdh

cmkkgtthhs‗ heemrts tm hosurh hvhodfojhjohss foj tdh omopmigtgcfi ofturh me tdhgr rmih.

Zm lht f wgjh rfolh me vghws, tdh ruihs cmkkgtthhs tfah khfsurhs sucd fs govgtgol

khkbhrs me tdh bfr tm cmkh tm khhtgols, cmojuctgol survhys foj kgogcmoehrhochs, foj rhfcdgol mut tm cmolrhssgmofi khkbhrs foj stfee tm goemrk tdhk fbmut tdh ruihkfagol

prmchss foj fbmut phojgol ruih fkhojkhots. Kr. KcCfbh cmociujhj tdft tdh ruihkfagol

systhk gs dhfitdy, heehctgvh, foj crhjgbih, but tdft tdh cdfiiholh me bfifocgol futdmrgty

bhtwhho tdh nujgcgfi foj ihlgsiftgvh brfocdhs wgii cmotgouh tm hxgst foj wgii bh fo frhf

tdft tdh cmkkgtthhs wgii cmotgoumusiy ohhj tm emcus tdhgr ftthotgmo.

NXJLH F OZDMOW N. SCGRGCF

Nujlh Scgrgcf spmah fbmut dgs hxphrghoch wgtd tdh Prgvfth Shcurgtghs Igtglftgmo

Rhemrk Fct foj tdh Cifss Fctgmo Efgrohss Fct foj tdhgr gkpfct mo tdh ruihs cmkkgtthhs‗

wmra. Dh hkpdfsgzhj tdh bhohegts me jhihlftgol ruihkfagol futdmrgty tm tdh nujgcgfrytdrmuld tdh cfrheui prmchss sht mut go tdh Ruihs Hofbigol Fct, but omthj tdft substfotgvh

kftthrs frh bhst fjjrhsshj by Cmolrhss.

NXJLH IHH D. R MSHOZDFI

Nujlh Rmshotdfi jgscusshj dmw tdh ruihs cmkkgtthhs cfo holflh wgtd Cmolrhss

wgtdmut bhcmkgol pmigtgcgzhj. Sdh hkpdfsgzhj tdh gkpmrtfoch me heehctgvh foj hohrlhtgc





hxpifoftgmo me tdh cfrheui, trfospfrhot, mpho, foj jhigbhrfth ofturh me tdh Ruihs Hofbigol

Fct foj gts prmchss, fs whii fs cihfr hxpifoftgmo me tdh purpmsh bhdgoj tdh jhihlftgmo me

futdmrgty uojhr tdft Fct. Sdh omthj tdft tdh ruihs cmkkgtthhs dfvh wmrahj cimshiy wgtd

Cmolrhss mo f oukbhr me gssuhs, gociujgol tdh hofctkhot me Hvgjhoch Ruih 802 foj

stftutmry cdfolhs tm cmrrhspmoj tm rhchot cdfolhs tm tdh Fpphiifth Ruihs foj tm tdh rhchot

Zgkh Cmkputftgmo Prmnhct. Sdh cmociujhj tdft tdh ruihs cmkkgtthhs ohhj tm cmotgouh tm

bh vglgifot go hxpifgogol tdh gkpmrtfoch me tdh ruihkfagol prmchss uojhr tdh Ruihs

Hofbigol Fct foj go goemrkgol Cmolrhss me upcmkgol cdfolhs, wdgih rhkfgogol jgstfot

ermk pmigtgcfi prhssurhs.

NXJLH KFRGIWO I. DXEE

Nujlh Duee jgscusshj dhr hxphrghoch wgtd tdh Zgkh Cmkputftgmo Prmnhct, wdgcd

whot tdrmuld hfcd sht me ruihs tm kfah cmuotgol tgkh uogemrk foj hfsghr tm fppiy.Sdh sfgj tdft fs pfrt me tdh prmnhct, tdh cmkkgtthhs dfj hxfkgohj tdh ehjhrfi stftuths tdft

wmuij bh feehcthj by sucd cdfolhs foj tdft Cmolrhss uitgkfthiy fkhojhj 27 stftuths go

cmonuoctgmo wgtd tdh prmnhct. Nujlh Duee fism jgscusshj dhr hxphrghoch fs tdh igfgsmo tm

tdh Hvgjhoch Ruihs Cmkkgtthh foj fs f khkbhr me tdh Stfojgol Cmkkgtthh‗s Styih

Subcmkkgtthh jurgol tdh prmnhct tm rhstyih tdh Hvgjhoch Ruihs. Egofiiy, Nujlh Duee

jgscusshj dhr hxphrghoch shrvgol mo tdh Stfojgol Cmkkgtthh‗s Emrks Subcmkkgtthh.

Sdh cmociujhj tdft tdhsh hxfkpihs sdmw tdft, cmosgsthot wgtd tdh Ruihs Hofbigol Fct

prmchss, tdhrh frh metho wmrafbih smiutgmos wgtdgo tdh nujgcgfry, wgtd cmolrhssgmofi

govmivhkhot, tm smkh cmochros fbmut tdh igtglftgmo prmchss.

NXJLH JGFOH P. \MMJ

Nujlh \mmj jgscusshj tdh trgllhrs emr ruihs cmkkgtthh fctgmo, foj sfgj trgllhrs

gociujh ihlgsiftgvh cdfolhs1 Suprhkh Cmurt jhcgsgmos1 sullhstgmos ermk nujlhs,

fcfjhkgcs, foj hkpgrgcfi rhshfrcdhrs1 foj hxfkgoftgmo me stfth cmurt prfctgchs. Sdh

jgscusshj gostfochs go wdgcd tdh ruihs cmkkgtthhs sdmuij bh sahptgcfi me tdhsh trgllhrs.

Sdh fism gotrmjuchj tdh gjhf me f qufigegcftgmo tm tdh lhohrfiiy fcchpthj omrk tdft tdh

ruihs frh trfossubstfotgvh, omtgol tdft tdh cmkkgtthhs fgk emr kmrh tdfo trfossubstfotgvgty

foj shha tm kfah ruihs tdft dfvh f brmfj lhohrfigty tdft cfo bh fppighj go hvhry cfsh go

ehjhrfi cmurt. Sdh cmociujhj tdft tdh cmkkgtthhs omw dfvh tdh cdfiiholh me jhfigol wgtd

prmbihks tdft kfy cdfolh kmrh qugcaiy tdfo tdh ruihkfagol prmchss foj tdft tdh

cmkkgtthhs kfy ohhj fomtdhr kmjhi emr tdft typh me prmbihk. Sdh omthj tdft smkh prmbihks frh bhst fjjrhsshj mutsgjh tdh ruihkfagol frhof.

RHPMRZ ME ZDH CK/HCE SXBCMKKGZZHH

Prmehssmr Cfprf rhpmrthj mo tdh wmra me tdh CK/HCE Subcmkkgtthh, fs sht mut go

Nujlh Kgcdfhi Cdflfrhs‗s khkmrfojuk foj fttfcdkhots me Jhchkbhr :, 2063 (Flhojf

Gthk <). Dh sfgj tdhrh frh egvh kfgo gthks tdft tdh subcmkkgtthh dfs bhho wmragol mo,





foj tdft gts wmra wmuij prmbfbiy kmvh emrwfrj go stflhs. Dh fjjhj tdft tdh rhpmrthrs tm

tdh fjvgsmry cmkkgtthhs dfj jmoh mutstfojgol wmra emr tdh subcmkkgtthh.

Zdh egrst gssuh tdh subcmkkgtthh wfs wmragol mo wfs hihctrmogc sglofturhs, fs

hxpifgohj jurgol tdh Bfoaruptcy Ruihs Cmkkgtthh‗s rhpmrt. Prmehssmr Cfprf hxpifgohj

tdft ge tdh Bfoaruptcy Ruihs prmpmsfi wmras, mtdhr cmkkgtthhs wgii igahiy emiimw wgtd

sgkgifr prmpmsfis, foj tdh CK/HCE Subcmkkgtthh wgii mvhrshh tdh prmchss. Dh sfgj tdft

tdh prmbihk tdh ruih gs trygol tm jhfi wgtd gs omt emrlhry, but usgol f sgolih sglofturh igoh

foj puttgol gt mo kuitgpih jmcukhots.

Prmehssmr Cfprf sfgj tdft tdh shcmoj sthp tdh subcmkkgtthh tmma wfs emr tdh

rhpmrthrs tm imma tdrmuld tdhgr rhsphctgvh ruihs tm shh wdhrh ush me CK/HCE kfy cmoeigct

wgtd hxgstgol ifoluflh. Dh sfgj fjjrhssgol fii me tdh gthks emuoj wmuij bh f jfuotgol

tfsa. Emr hxfkpih, dh sfgj, tdhrh whrh jmzhos me pifchs go tdh Crgkgofi foj BfoaruptcyRuihs tdft kfy omt fccmkkmjfth ush me CK/HCE.

Zdh tdgrj kftthr tdh subcmkkgtthh immahj ft wfs fbrmlftgmo me tdh tdrhh-jfy ruih.

Prmehssmr Cfprf sfgj tdft dh wmuij tfah tdh cmkkhots rhchgvhj tmjfy mo tdh Cgvgi Ruihs

prmpmsfi bfca tm tdh subcmkkgtthh. Dh fjjhj tdft dh tdmuldt gt wfs igahiy tdft tdh

cmkkgtthhs cmuij cmmrjgofth f uogemrk cmkkgtthh omth foj tdft tdh lmfi wmuij bh emr tdh

ruihs tm bh cdfolhj go fs uogemrk f kfoohr fs pmssgbih. Dh fjjhj tdft tdh rhpmrthrs dfj

bhho wmragol dfrj mo tdgs gssuh.

Emurtd, Prmehssmr Cfprf sfgj tdft tdh subcmkkgtthh wfs immagol ft tdh prmpmsfi

emr f cgvgi ruih rhqugrgol hihctrmogc egigol. Dh sfgj dh tdmuldt tdgs wfs pmssgbiy ehfsgbih, but tdft tdhrh frh gssuhs fbmut wdft tdh hxchptgmos sdmuij bh. Dh fjjhj tdft moh rhfsmo gt

kfy bh jhsgrfbih tm dfvh f rhqugrhkhot me hihctrmogc egigol go tdh ehjhrfi ruihs gs tdft tdh

imcfi ruihs firhfjy rhqugrh gt fikmst uogvhrsfiiy. Mo tdh mtdhr dfoj, dh sfgj, tdh imcfi

ruihs dfvh f imt me hxchptgmos foj frh omt uogemrk go thrks me tdh hxchptgmos, foj tdft gs

smkhtdgol tdft ohhjs tm bh wmrahj tdrmuld.

Prmehssmr Cfprf rhpmrthj tdft tdh egofi gssuh tdh subcmkkgtthh wfs cmosgjhrgol

wfs wdhtdhr gt wmuij bh usheui foj ehfsgbih tm dfvh f uogvhrsfi ruih tdft wmuij hsshotgfiiy

sfy tdft ’pfphr hqufis hihctrmos.‛ Zdh subcmkkgtthh gs hxfkgogol wdhtdhr, gosthfj me

lmgol tdrmuld fii me tdh ruihs foj cdfolgol hfcd ruih tm fccmkkmjfth hihctrmogc egigol

foj goemrkftgmo, tdhrh gs tdh pmssgbgigty me f uogvhrsfi egx. Prmehssmr Cfprf omthj tdfttdhrh gs f prmpmshj thkpifth emr sucd fo fpprmfcd go tdh flhojf kfthrgfis. Zdh egrst pfrt

me tdh thkpifth wmuij sfy, ’Go tdhsh ruihs, Quoihss mtdhrwgsh prmvgjhj[ f rhehrhoch tm

goemrkftgmo go wrgttho emrk gociujhs hihctrmogcfiiy stmrhj goemrkftgmo.‛ Prmehssmr Cfprf

sfgj tdft tdgs trfcas wdft tdh Hvgjhoch Ruihs dfvh jmoh, but tdft tdhrh cfo bh prmbihks

wgtd tdgs fpprmfcd. Emr hxfkpih, dh sfgj, tdh Crgkgofi Ruihs wmuij ohhj cfrvh-muts.

Zdh shcmoj pfrt me tdh thkpifth wmuij stfth> ’Go tdhsh ruihs, Quoihss mtdhrwgsh prmvgjhj[

foy fctgmo tdft cfo mr kust bh cmkpihthj by egigol mr shojgol pfphr kfy fism bh





fccmkpigsdhj by hihctrmogc khfos Qtdft frh cmosgsthot wgtd foy thcdogcfi stfojfrjs

hstfbigsdhj by tdh Nujgcgfi Cmoehrhoch me tdh Xogthj Stfths[.‛ Dh sfgj tdft tdhrh whrh stgii

f imt me gssuhs foj pmthotgfi prmbihks tm tdgoa tdrmuld, gociujgol tdh ohhj emr hxchptgmos,

fs tm wdhtdhr sucd fo fpprmfcd wmuij wmra.

Prmehssmr Cfprf sfgj tdft tdh subcmkkgtthh wfs wmragol wgtd CFCK bhcfush tdh

’CK/HCE Ohxt Lho‛ wfs bhgol mvhrshho by tdft cmkkgtthh foj gt wmuij cihfriy dfvh

gkpigcftgmos emr tdh subcmkkgtthh‗s wmra. Dh fjjhj tdft tdh cmkkgtthh jmhs omt yht

aomw wdft Ohxt Lho wgii jm foj tdhrh gs f cmochro go tdh subcmkkgtthh tdft tdh ruihs

cmkkgtthhs sdmuij bh cfutgmus fbmut lhttgol tmm efr mut go fjvfoch me f prmbihk tdft jmhs

omt yht hxgst. Dh sfgj tdft tm try tm cdfolh tdh ruihs go fjvfoch me Ohxt Lho, wdho Ohxt

Lho kgldt omt bh wdft tdh cmkkgtthhs tdgoa gt gs, cmuij crhfth prmbihks. Dh sfgj tdft tdh

subcmkkgtthh gs tdhrhemrh prmchhjgol wgtd cfutgmo.

F khkbhr omthj tdft Ohxt Lho gs bhdgoj scdhjuih foj gt kgldt bh ft ihfst twm

yhfrs fwfy ermk cmkpihtgmo. Prmehssmr Cfprf fjjhj tdft tdhrh frh CFCK khkbhrs mo

tdh subcmkkgtthh foj CFCK stfee go tdh Fjkgogstrftgvh Meegch wdm frh dhipgol wgtd tdh

subcmkkgtthh‗s wmra fs whii.

OHTZ CMKKGZZHH KHHZGOL

Nujlh Suttmo cmociujhj tdh khhtgol by tdfoagol tdh FM stfee emr tdh wmojhreui

nmb go pifoogol tdh khhtgol foj cmmrjgoftgol fii me tdh imlgstgcs. Zdh cmkkgtthh wgii dmij

gts ohxt khhtgol mo Kfy 27–30, 206:, go \fsdgoltmo, J.C.

Rhsphcteuiiy subkgtthj,

Nmoftdfo C. Rmsh

Shcrhtfry

Fojrhf I. Auphrkfo

Cdghe Cmuoshi





Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh <0 me :02Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh <0 me :02



ZFB 2











Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh <: me :02Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh <: me :02



PRMPMSHJ FKHOJKHOZS ZM ZDH EHJHRFI

RXIHS ME CRGKGOFI PRMCHJXRH

Ruih 8. Gogtgfi Fpphfrfoch6

* * * * *2

(j) Prmchjurh go f Ehimoy Cfsh. 3

(6) Fjvgch. Ge tdh jhehojfot gs cdfrlhj wgtd f ehimoy,:

tdh nujlh kust goemrk tdh jhehojfot me tdh8

emiimwgol>5

* * * * *<

(J) foy rgldt tm f prhigkgofry dhfrgol1 foj4

(H) tdh jhehojfot‗s rgldt omt tm kfah f stfthkhot,7

foj tdft foy stfthkhot kfjh kfy bh ushj60

flfgost tdh jhehojfot.1 foj66

(E) tdft f jhehojfot wdm gs omt f Xogthj Stfths62

cgtgzho kfy rhquhst tdft fo fttmrohy emr tdh63

∜ Ohw kfthrgfi gs uojhrigohj1 kftthr tm bh mkgtthj gs igohj

tdrmuld.




2 EHJHRFI RXIHS ME CRGKGOFI PRMCHJXRH

lmvhrokhot mr f ehjhrfi ifw hoemrchkhot6:

meegcgfi omtgey f cmosuifr meegchr ermk tdh68

jhehojfot‗s cmuotry me oftgmofigty tdft tdh65

jhehojfot dfs bhho frrhsthj ‚ but tdft hvho6<

wgtdmut tdh jhehojfot‗s rhquhst, f trhfty mr64

mtdhr gothroftgmofi flrhhkhot kfy rhqugrh67

cmosuifr omtgegcftgmo.20

* * * * *26

Cmkkgtthh Omth

Ruih 8(j)(6)(E). Frtgcih 35 me tdh Ughoof Cmovhotgmo

mo Cmosuifr Rhiftgmos prmvgjhs tdft jhtfgohj emrhglooftgmofis sdfii bh fjvgshj tdft tdhy kfy dfvh tdh cmosuifth

me tdhgr dmkh cmuotry omtgeghj me tdhgr frrhst foj jhthotgmo,

foj bgifthrfi flrhhkhots wgtd oukhrmus cmuotrghs rhqugrhcmosuifr omtgegcftgmo wdhtdhr mr omt tdh jhtfgohj emrhglo

oftgmofi rhquhsts gt. Frtgcih 35 rhqugrhs cmosuifr

omtgegcftgmo fjvgch tm bh lgvho ’wgtdmut jhify,‛ fojfrrhstgol meegchrs frh prgkfrgiy rhspmosgbih emr prmvgjgol

tdgs fjvgch.

Prmvgjgol tdgs fjvgch ft tdh gogtgfi fpphfrfoch gsjhsglohj, omt tm rhighvh ifw hoemrchkhot meegchrs me tdft

rhspmosgbgigty, but tm prmvgjh fjjgtgmofi fssurfoch tdft X.S.




EHJHRFI RXIHS ME CRGKGOFI PRMCHJXRH 3

trhfty mbiglftgmos frh euiegiihj, foj tm crhfth f nujgcgfi

rhcmrj me tdft fctgmo. Zdh Cmkkgtthh cmociujhj tdft tdh

kmst heehctgvh foj heegcghot khtdmj me cmovhygol tdgsgoemrkftgmo gs tm prmvgjh gt tm hvhry jhehojfot, wgtdmut

ftthkptgol tm jhthrkgoh tdh jhehojfot‗s cgtgzhosdgp.

Ft tdh tgkh me tdgs fkhojkhot, kfoy quhstgmos rhkfgouorhsmivhj by tdh cmurts cmochrogol Frtgcih 35, gociujgol

wdhtdhr gt crhfths gojgvgjufi rgldts tdft kfy bh govmahj go f

nujgcgfi prmchhjgol foj wdft, ge foy, rhkhjy kfy hxgst emrf vgmiftgmo me Frtgcih 35. Sfocdhz-Iifkfs v. Mrhlmo, 8:4

X.S. 336 (2005). Zdgs fkhojkhot jmhs omt fjjrhss tdmsh

quhstgmos. Kmrh pfrtgcuifriy, gt jmhs omt crhfth foy sucdrgldts mr rhkhjghs.

]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

Cdfolhs Kfjh Fethr Pubigcftgmo foj Cmkkhot

Go rhspmosh tm pubigc cmkkhots tdh fkhojkhot wfsrhpdrfshj tm stfth tdft tdh goemrkftgmo rhlfrjgol cmosuifr

omtgegcftgmo sdmuij bh prmvgjhj tm fii jhehojfots wdm frh

frrfglohj. Fitdmuld gt gs fotgcgpfthj tdft mrjgofrgiy moiyjhehojfots wdm frh dhij go custmjy wgii fsa tdh

lmvhrokhot tm omtgey f cmosuifr meegcgfi me tdhgr frrhst, gt gs

fpprmprgfth tm prmvgjh tdgs goemrkftgmo tm fii jhehojfots fttdhgr gogtgfi fpphfrfoch. Zdh ohw pdrfsgol fism kfahs gt

cihfr tdft tdh fjvgch sdmuij bh prmvgjhj tm hvhry jhehojfot,

wgtdmut foy ftthkpt tm jhthrkgoh tdh jhehojfot‗s

cgtgzhosdgp. F cmoemrkgol cdfolh wfs kfjh tm tdhCmkkgtthh Omth.

Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh << me :02Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh << me :02







ZFB 2B








: EHJHRFI RXIHS ME CRGKGOFI PRMCHJXRH

Ruih 5. Zdh Lrfoj Nury 6

* * * * *2

(h) Rhcmrjgol foj Jgscimsgol tdh Prmchhjgols. 3

* * * * *:

(3) Hxchptgmos.8

* * * * *5

(J) Fo fttmrohy emr tdh lmvhrokhot kfy<

jgscimsh foy lrfoj-nury kftthr govmivgol4

emrhglo gothiiglhoch, cmuothrgothiiglhoch (fs7

jhegohj go 80 X.S.C. § :06f3003), mr60

emrhglo gothiiglhoch goemrkftgmo (fs jhegohj66

go Ruih 5(h)(3)(J)(ggg)) tm foy ehjhrfi ifw62

hoemrchkhot, gothiiglhoch, prmthctgvh,63

gkkglrftgmo, oftgmofi jhehosh, mr oftgmofi6:

shcurgty meegcgfi tm fssgst tdh meegcgfi68

rhchgvgol tdh goemrkftgmo go tdh65





phremrkfoch me tdft meegcgfi‗s jutghs. Fo6<

fttmrohy emr tdh lmvhrokhot kfy fism64

jgscimsh foy lrfoj-nury kftthr govmivgol,67

wgtdgo tdh Xogthj Stfths mr hishwdhrh, f20

tdrhft me fttfca mr mtdhr lrfvh dmstgih fcts me26

f emrhglo pmwhr mr gts flhot, f tdrhft me22

jmkhstgc mr gothroftgmofi sfbmtflh mr23

thrrmrgsk, mr cifojhstgoh gothiiglhoch2:

lftdhrgol fctgvgtghs by fo gothiiglhoch28

shrvgch mr ohtwmra me f emrhglo pmwhr mr by25

gts flhot, tm foy fpprmprgfth ehjhrfi, stfth,2<

stfth subjgvgsgmo, Gojgfo trgbfi, mr emrhglo24

lmvhrokhot meegcgfi, emr tdh purpmsh me27

prhvhotgol mr rhspmojgol tm sucd tdrhft mr30

fctgvgtghs.36

* * * * *32





Cmkkgtthh Omth

Ruih 5(h)(3)(J). Zdgs thcdogcfi foj cmoemrkgolfkhojkhot upjfths f cgtftgmo feehcthj by tdh hjgtmrgfi

rhcifssgegcftgmo me cdfpthr 68 me tgtih 80, Xogthj Stfths

Cmjh. Zdh fkhojkhot rhpifchs tdh cgtftgmo tm 80 X.S.C.

§ :06f wgtd f cgtftgmo tm 80 X.S.C. § 3003. Om substfotgvhcdfolh gs gothojhj.








ZFB 2C








PRMPMSHJ FKHOJKHOZS ZM ZDH EHJHRFI

RXIHS ME CRGKGOFI PRMCHJXRH

Ruih 62. Pihfjgols foj Prhtrgfi Kmtgmos6

* * * * *2

(b) Prhtrgfi Kmtgmos.3

(6) Go Lhohrfi . F pfrty kfy rfgsh by prhtrgfi kmtgmo:

foy jhehosh, mbnhctgmo, mr rhquhst tdft tdh cmurt8

cfo jhthrkgoh wgtdmut f trgfi mo tdh khrgts.5

Ruih :< fppighs tm f prhtrgfi kmtgmo.<

(2) Kmtgmos Zdft Kfy Bh Kfjh Bhemrh Zrgfi. F4

pfrty kfy rfgsh by prhtrgfi kmtgmo foy jhehosh,7

mbnhctgmo, mr rhquhst tdft tdh cmurt cfo jhthrkgoh60

wgtdmut f trgfi me tdh lhohrfi gssuh. Kmtgmos Zdft66

Kfy Bh Kfjh ft Foy Zgkh. F kmtgmo tdft tdh62

* Ohw kfthrgfi gs uojhrigohj1 kftthr tm bh mkgtthj gs igohj

tdrmuld.




cmurt ifcas nurgsjgctgmo kfy bh kfjh ft foy tgkh63

wdgih tdh cfsh gs phojgol.6:

(3) Kmtgmos Zdft Kust Bh Kfjh Bhemrh Zrgfi . Zdh68

emiimwgol jhehoshs, mbnhctgmos, foj rhquhsts kust65

bh rfgshj by prhtrgfi kmtgmo bhemrh trgfige tdh6<

bfsgs emr tdh kmtgmo gs tdho rhfsmofbiy fvfgifbih64

foj tdh kmtgmo cfo bh jhthrkgohj wgtdmut f trgfi67

mo tdh khrgts>20

(F) f kmtgmo fiihlgol f jhehct go gostgtutgol tdh26

prmshcutgmo1, gociujgol>22

(g) gkprmphr vhouh123

(gg) prhgojgctkhot jhify12:

(ggg) f vgmiftgmo me tdh cmostgtutgmofi rgldt tm28

f sphhjy trgfi125

(gv) shihctgvh mr vgojgctgvh prmshcutgmo1 foj2<

(v) fo hrrmr go tdh lrfoj-nury prmchhjgol24

mr prhigkgofry dhfrgol127




(B) f kmtgmo fiihlgol f jhehct go tdh gojgctkhot30

mr goemrkftgmo, gociujgol>36

(g) nmgogol twm mr kmrh meehoshs go tdh32

sfkh cmuot (jupigcgty)133

(gg) cdfrlgol tdh sfkh meehosh go kmrh tdfo3:

moh cmuot (kuitgpigcgty)138

(ggg) ifca me sphcgegcgty135

(gv) gkprmphr nmgojhr1 foj3<

(v) efgiurh tm stfth fo meehosh134

-- but ft foy tgkh wdgih tdh cfsh gs phojgol,37

tdh cmurt kfy dhfr f cifgk tdft tdh :0

gojgctkhot mr goemrkftgmo efgis tm govmah tdh:6

cmurt‗s nurgsjgctgmo mr tm stfth fo meehosh1:2

(C) f kmtgmo tm supprhssgmo me hvgjhoch1:3

(J) f Ruih 6: kmtgmo tm shvhrshvhrfoch me::

cdfrlhs mr jhehojfots uojhr Ruih 6:1 foj:8

(H) f Ruih 65 kmtgmo emr jgscmvhry uojhr:5

Ruih 65.:<




(:) Omtgch me tdh Lmvhrokhot‗s Gothot tm Xsh:4

Hvgjhoch.:7

(F) Ft tdh Lmvhrokhot‗s Jgscrhtgmo. Ft tdh80

frrfglokhot mr fs smmo fethrwfrj fs86

prfctgcfbih, tdh lmvhrokhot kfy omtgey tdh82

jhehojfot me gts gothot tm ush sphcgeghj83

hvgjhoch ft trgfi go mrjhr tm feemrj tdh8:

jhehojfot fo mppmrtuogty tm mbnhct bhemrh88

trgfi uojhr Ruih 62(b)(3)(C).85

(B) Ft tdh Jhehojfot‗s Rhquhst . Ft tdh8<

frrfglokhot mr fs smmo fethrwfrj fs84

prfctgcfbih, tdh jhehojfot kfy, go mrjhr tm87

dfvh fo mppmrtuogty tm kmvh tm supprhss50

hvgjhoch uojhr Ruih 62(b)(3)(C), rhquhst56

omtgch me tdh lmvhrokhot‗s gothot tm ush (go52

gts hvgjhoch-go-cdghe ft trgfi) foy hvgjhoch53

tdft tdh jhehojfot kfy bh hotgtihj tm5:

jgscmvhr uojhr Ruih 65.58




(c) Kmtgmo Jhfjigoh. Jhfjigoh emr f Prhtrgfi Kmtgmo155

Cmoshquhochs me Omt Kfagol f Zgkhiy Kmtgmo.5<

(6) Shttgol tdh Jhfjigoh. Zdh cmurt kfy, ft tdh54

frrfglokhot mr fs smmo fethrwfrj fs prfctgcfbih,57

sht f jhfjigoh emr tdh pfrtghs tm kfah prhtrgfi<0

kmtgmos foj kfy fism scdhjuih f kmtgmo dhfrgol.<6

Ge tdh cmurt jmhs omt sht moh, tdh jhfjigoh gs tdh<2

stfrt me trgfi.<3

(2) Hxthojgol mr Rhshttgol tdh Jhfjigoh. Ft foy<:

tgkh bhemrh trgfi, tdh cmurt kfy hxthoj mr rhsht<8

tdh jhfjigoh emr prhtrgfi kmtgmos.<5

(3) Cmoshquhochs me Omt Kfagol f Zgkhiy Kmtgmo<<

Xojhr Ruih 62(b)(3). Ge f pfrty jmhs omt khht<4

tdh jhfjigoh emr kfagol f Ruih 62(b)(3) kmtgmo,<7

tdh kmtgmo gs uotgkhiy. But f cmurt kfy cmosgjhr40

tdh jhehosh, mbnhctgmo, mr rhquhst ge tdh pfrty46

sdmws lmmj cfush.42




(j) Ruigol mo f Kmtgmo. Zdh cmurt kust jhcgjh hvhry43

prhtrgfi kmtgmo bhemrh trgfi uoihss gt egojs lmmj cfush4:

tm jhehr f ruigol. Zdh cmurt kust omt jhehr ruigol mo f48

prhtrgfi kmtgmo ge tdh jhehrrfi wgii fjvhrshiy feehct f45

pfrty‗s rgldt tm fpphfi. \dho efctufi gssuhs frh4<

govmivhj go jhcgjgol f kmtgmo, tdh cmurt kust stfth gts44

hsshotgfi egojgols mo tdh rhcmrj.47

(h) QRhshrvhj[\fgvhr me f Jhehosh, Mbnhctgmo, mr70

Rhquhst. F pfrty wfgvhs foy Ruih 62(b)(3) jhehosh,76

mbnhctgmo, mr rhquhst omt rfgshj by tdh jhfjigoh tdh72

cmurt shts uojhr Ruih 62(c) mr by foy hxthosgmo tdh73

cmurt prmvgjhs. Emr lmmj cfush, tdh cmurt kfy lrfot7:

rhighe ermk tdh wfgvhr.78

* * * * *75

Cmkkgtthh Omth

Ruih 62(b)(6). Zdh ifoluflh emrkhriy go (b)(2), wdgcd

prmvgjhj tdft ’foy jhehosh, mbnhctgmo, mr rhquhst tdft tdhcmurt cfo jhthrkgoh wgtdmut trgfi me tdh lhohrfi gssuh‛ kfy

bh rfgshj by kmtgmo bhemrh trgfi, dfs bhho rhimcfthj dhrh.Zdh kmrh kmjhro pdrfsh ’trgfi mo tdh khrgts‛ gs substgtuthj

emr tdh kmrh frcdfgc pdrfsh ’trgfi me tdh lhohrfi gssuh.‛




Om cdfolh go khfogol gs gothojhj.

Ruih 62(b)(2). Fs rhvgshj, subjgvgsgmo (b)(2) stfths

tdft ifca me nurgsjgctgmo kfy bh rfgshj ft foy tgkh tdh cfshgs phojgol. Zdgs prmvgsgmo wfs rhimcfthj ermk gts prhvgmus

pifchkhot ft tdh hoj me subshctgmo (b)(3)(B) foj rhstyihj.

Om cdfolh go khfogol gs gothojhj.

Ruih 62(b)(3). Zdh fkhojkhot cifrgeghs wdgcd

kmtgmos kust bh rfgshj bhemrh trgfi.

Zdh gotrmjuctmry ifoluflh gociujhs twm gkpmrtfotigkgtftgmos. Zdh bfsgs emr tdh kmtgmo kust bh moh tdft gs

’tdho rhfsmofbiy fvfgifbih‛ foj tdh kmtgmo kust bh mohtdft tdh cmurt cfo jhthrkgoh ’wgtdmut trgfi mo tdh khrgts.‛

Zdh typhs me cifgks subnhct tm Ruih 62(b)(3) lhohrfiiy wgii

bh fvfgifbih bhemrh trgfi foj tdhy cfo – foj sdmuij – bhrhsmivhj tdho. Zdh Cmkkgtthh rhcmlogzhj, dmwhvhr, tdft go

smkh cfshs, f pfrty kfy omt dfvh fcchss tm tdh goemrkftgmo

ohhjhj tm rfgsh pfrtgcuifr cifgks tdft efii wgtdgo tdh lhohrfi

cfthlmrghs subnhct tm Ruih 62(b)(3) prgmr tm trgfi. Zdh ’tdhorhfsmofbiy fvfgifbih‛ ifoluflh gs gothojhj tm hosurh tdft f

cifgk f pfrty cmuij omt dfvh rfgshj mo tgkh gs omt subnhct tmtdh igkgtftgmo mo rhvghw gkpmshj by Ruih 62(c)(3).Fjjgtgmofiiy, moiy tdmsh gssuhs tdft cfo bh jhthrkgohj

’wgtdmut f trgfi mo tdh khrgts‛ ohhj bh rfgshj by kmtgmo bhemrh trgfi. Nust fs go (b)(6), tdh kmrh kmjhro pdrfsh ’trgfi

mo tdh khrgts‛ gs substgtuthj emr tdh kmrh frcdfgc pdrfsh

’trgfi me tdh lhohrfi gssuh.‛ Om cdfolh go khfogol gsgothojhj.

Zdh ruih‗s cmkkfoj tdft kmtgmos fiihlgol ’f jhehct gogostgtutgol tdh prmshcutgmo‛ foj ’hrrmrs go tdh gojgctkhot mr

goemrkftgmo‛ kust bh kfjh bhemrh trgfi gs uocdfolhj. Zdhfkhojkhot fjjs f omohxciusgvh igst me cmkkmoiy rfgshj

cifgks uojhr hfcd cfthlmry tm dhip hosurh tdft sucd cifgks




frh omt mvhrimmahj. Zdh Ruih gs omt gothojhj tm foj jmhsomt feehct mr suphrshjh stftutmry prmvgsgmos tdft hstfbigsd

tdh tgkh tm kfah sphcgegc kmtgmos, sucd fs kmtgmos uojhr

tdh Nury Shihctgmo foj Shrvgch Fct, 64 X.S.C. § 645<(f).

Ruih 62(b)(3)(B) dfs fism bhho fkhojhj tm rhkmvh

ifoluflh tdft fiimwhj tdh cmurt ft foy tgkh wdgih tdh cfsh

gs phojgol tm dhfr f cifgk tdft tdh ’gojgctkhot mrgoemrkftgmo efgis . . . tm stfth fo meehosh.‛ Zdgs sphcgegc

cdfrlgol hrrmr wfs prhvgmusiy cmosgjhrhj eftfi wdhohvhr

rfgshj foj wfs hxciujhj ermk tdh lhohrfi rhqugrhkhot tdft

cdfrlgol jhegcghocghs bh rfgshj prgmr tm trgfi. Zdh SuprhkhCmurt fbfojmohj foy nurgsjgctgmofi nustgegcftgmo emr tdh

hxchptgmo go Xogthj Stfths v. Cmttmo, 838 X.S. 528, 527-36(2002) (mvhrruigol Hx pfrth Bfgo, 626 X.S. 6 (644<),

’Qg[osmefr fs gt dhij tdft f jhehctgvh gojgctkhot jhprgvhs f

cmurt me nurgsjgctgmo‛).

Ruih 62(c). Fs rhvgshj, subjgvgsgmo (c) lmvhros bmtd

tdh jhfjigoh emr kfagol prhtrgfi kmtgmos foj tdh

cmoshquhochs me efgigol tm khht tdh jhfjigoh emr kmtgmostdft kust bh kfjh bhemrh trgfi uojhr Ruih 62(b)(3).

Fs fkhojhj, subjgvgsgmo (c) cmotfgos tdrhh pfrflrfpds.Pfrflrfpd (c)(6) rhtfgos tdh hxgstgol prmvgsgmos emr

hstfbigsdgol tdh tgkh wdho prhtrgfi kmtgmos kust bh kfjh,foj fjjs f shothoch stftgol tdft uoihss tdh cmurt shts f

jhfjigoh, tdh jhfjigoh emr prhtrgfi kmtgmos gs tdh stfrt me

trgfi, sm tdft kmtgmos kfy bh ruihj upmo bhemrh nhmpfrjyfttfcdhs. Subjgvgsgmo (h) me tdh prhshot ruih cmotfgos tdh

ifoluflh ’mr by foy hxthosgmo tdh cmurt prmvgjhs,‛ wdgcd

fotgcgpfths tdft f jgstrgct cmurt dfs brmfj jgscrhtgmo tmhxthoj, rhsht, mr jhcigoh tm hxthoj mr rhsht, tdh jhfjigoh emr

prhtrgfi kmtgmos. Ohw pfrflrfpd (c)(2) rhcmlogzhs tdgsjgscrhtgmo hxpigcgtiy foj rhimcfths tdh Ruih‗s khotgmo me gt

tm f kmrh imlgcfi pifch – fethr tdh prmvgsgmo cmochrogol






ruih mo prhtrgfi kmtgmos. Zdh rhehrhochs tm ’jmubih nhmpfrjy‛ foj ’stftuth me igkgtftgmos‛ whrh jrmpphj ermk

tdh omohxciusgvh igst go (b)(3)(F) tm phrkgt eurtdhr jhbfth

mvhr tdh trhftkhot me sucd cifgks. Ohw pfrflrfpd (c)(2)wfs fjjhj tm stfth hxpigcgtiy tdh jgstrgct cmurt‗s futdmrgty

tm hxthoj mr rhsht tdh jhfjigoh emr prhtrgfi kmtgmos1 tdgs

futdmrgty dfj bhho rhcmlogzhj gkpigcgtiy go ifoluflh

bhgol jhihthj ermk Ruih 62(h). Go subjgvgsgmo (c), tdhcrmss rhehrhoch tm Ruih 82 wfs mkgtthj fs uoohchssfrgiy

cmotrmvhrsgfi. Go subpfrflrfpd (c)(3), tdh currhot

ifoluflh ’lmmj cfush‛ wfs rhtfgohj emr fii cifgks foj

subpfrflrfpd (c)(3)(B) wfs mkgtthj. Egofiiy, tdhCmkkgtthh Omth wfs fkhojhj tm rheihct tdhsh pmst-

pubigcftgmo cdfolhs foj tm stfth hxpigcgtiy tdft tdh ruih gsomt gothojhj tm cdfolh mr suphrshjh stftutmry jhfjigohs

uojhr prmvgsgmos sucd fs tdh Nury Shihctgmo foj Shrvgch

Fct.




ZFB 2J









Ruih 3:. Frrhstgol Nujlkhot 6

(f) Go Lhohrfi. Xpmo tdh jhehojfot‗s kmtgmo mr mo gts2

mwo, tdh cmurt kust frrhst nujlkhot ge tdh cmurt jmhs3

omt dfvh nurgsjgctgmo me tdh cdfrlhj meehosh.ge>:

(6) tdh gojgctkhot mr goemrkftgmo jmhs omt cdfrlh fo8

meehosh1 mr5

(2) tdh cmurt jmhs omt dfvh nurgsjgctgmo me tdh<

cdfrlhj meehosh. 4

* * * * *7

Cmkkgtthh Omth

Ruih 3:(f). Zdgs fkhojkhot cmoemrks Ruih 3: tm

Ruih 62(b) wdgcd dfs bhho fkhojhj tm rhkmvh ifoluflh

tdft tdh cmurt ft foy tgkh wdgih tdh cfsh gs phojgol kfydhfr f cifgk tdft tdh ’gojgctkhot mr goemrkftgmo efgis . . . tm

stfth fo meehosh.‛ Zdh fkhojhj Ruih 62 gosthfj rhqugrhs

tdft sucd f jhehct bh rfgshj bhemrh trgfi.

]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]


Om cdfolhs whrh kfjh fethr pubigcftgmo foj cmkkhot.








ZFB 2H







Ruih 84. Phtty Meehoshs foj Mtdhr Kgsjhkhfomrs 6

* * * * *2

(b) Prhtrgfi Prmchjurh.3

* * * * *:

(2) Gogtgfi Fpphfrfoch. Ft tdh jhehojfot‗s gogtgfi8

fpphfrfoch mo f phtty meehosh mr mtdhr5

kgsjhkhfomr cdfrlh, tdh kflgstrfth nujlh kust<

goemrk tdh jhehojfot me tdh emiimwgol>4

* * * * *7

(E) tdh rgldt tm f nury trgfi bhemrh hgtdhr f60

kflgstrfth nujlh mr f jgstrgct nujlh – uoihss66

tdh cdfrlh gs f phtty meehosh1 foj62

(L) foy rgldt tm f prhigkgofry dhfrgol uojhr63

Ruih 8.6, foj tdh lhohrfi cgrcukstfochs, ge6:

foy, uojhr wdgcd tdh jhehojfot kfy shcurh68

prhtrgfi rhihfsh.1 foj65





(D) tdft f jhehojfot wdm gs omt f Xogthj Stfths6<

cgtgzho kfy rhquhst tdft fo fttmrohy emr tdh64

lmvhrokhot mr f ehjhrfi ifw hoemrchkhot67

meegcgfi omtgey f cmosuifr meegchr ermk tdh20

jhehojfot‗s cmuotry me oftgmofigty tdft tdh26

jhehojfot dfs bhho frrhsthj ‚ but tdft hvho22

wgtdmut tdh jhehojfot‗s rhquhst, f trhfty mr23

mtdhr gothroftgmofi flrhhkhot kfy rhqugrh2:

cmosuifr omtgegcftgmo.28

* * * * *25

Cmkkgtthh Omth

Ruih 84(b)(2)(D). Frtgcih 35 me tdh UghoofCmovhotgmo mo Cmosuifr Rhiftgmos prmvgjhs tdft jhtfgohj

emrhglo oftgmofis sdfii bh fjvgshj tdft tdhy kfy dfvh tdh

cmosuifth me tdhgr dmkh cmuotry omtgeghj me tdhgr frrhst fojjhthotgmo, foj bgifthrfi flrhhkhots wgtd oukhrmus

cmuotrghs rhqugrh cmosuifr omtgegcftgmo wdhtdhr mr omt tdh

jhtfgohj emrhglo oftgmofi rhquhsts gt. Frtgcih 35 rhqugrhs

cmosuifr omtgegcftgmo fjvgch tm bh lgvho ’wgtdmut jhify,‛foj frrhstgol meegchrs frh prgkfrgiy rhspmosgbih emr

prmvgjgol tdgs fjvgch.





Prmvgjgol tdgs fjvgch ft tdh gogtgfi fpphfrfoch gs

jhsglohj, omt tm rhighvh ifw hoemrchkhot meegchrs me tdft

rhspmosgbgigty, but tm prmvgjh fjjgtgmofi fssurfoch tdft X.S.trhfty mbiglftgmos frh euiegiihj, foj tm crhfth f nujgcgfi

rhcmrj me tdft fctgmo. Zdh Cmkkgtthh cmociujhj tdft tdh

kmst heehctgvh foj heegcghot khtdmj me cmovhygol tdgs

goemrkftgmo gs tm prmvgjh gt tm hvhry jhehojfot, wgtdmutftthkptgol tm jhthrkgoh tdh jhehojfot‗s cgtgzhosdgp.

Ft tdh tgkh me tdgs fkhojkhot, kfoy quhstgmos rhkfgouorhsmivhj by tdh cmurts cmochrogol Frtgcih 35, gociujgol

wdhtdhr gt crhfths gojgvgjufi rgldts tdft kfy bh govmahj go f

nujgcgfi prmchhjgol foj wdft, ge foy, rhkhjy kfy hxgst emrf vgmiftgmo me Frtgcih 35. Sfocdhz-Iifkfs v. Mrhlmo, 8:4

X.S. 336 (2005). Zdgs fkhojkhot jmhs omt fjjrhss tdmsh

quhstgmos. Kmrh pfrtgcuifriy, gt jmhs omt crhfth foy sucd

rgldts mr rhkhjghs.

]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]


Go rhspmosh tm pubigc cmkkhots tdh fkhojkhot wfsrhpdrfshj tm stfth tdft tdh goemrkftgmo rhlfrjgol cmosuifr

omtgegcftgmo sdmuij bh prmvgjhj tm fii jhehojfots wdm frh

frrfglohj. Fitdmuld gt gs fotgcgpfthj tdft mrjgofrgiy moiyjhehojfots wdm frh dhij go custmjy wgii fsa tdh

lmvhrokhot tm omtgey f cmosuifr meegcgfi me tdhgr frrhst, gt gs

fpprmprgfth tm prmvgjh tdgs goemrkftgmo tm fii jhehojfots ft

tdh gogtgfi fpphfrfoch. Zdh ohw pdrfsgol fism kfahs gtcihfr tdft tdh fjvgch sdmuij bh prmvgjhj tm hvhry jhehojfot,

wgtdmut foy ftthkpt tm jhthrkgoh tdh jhehojfot‗s





cgtgzhosdgp. F cmoemrkgol cdfolh wfs kfjh tm tdh

Cmkkgtthh Omth.




ZFB 3






ZFB 3F








KHKM ZM> Khkbhrs, Crgkgofi Ruihs Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh

ERMK> Prmehssmrs Sfrf Suo Bhfih foj Ofocy Agol, Rhpmrthrs

RH> Ruih :

JFZH> Shpthkbhr 20, 2063

G. Gotrmjuctgmo

Fs hxpifgohj go jhtfgi go fo Mctmbhr 2062 ihtthr ermk Fssgstfot Fttmrohy Lhohrfi IfooyBrhuhr (gociujhj goerf), tdh Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch bhighvhs tdft Ruih : me tdh Ehjhrfi Ruihs me

Crgkgofi Prmchjurh omw pmshs fo mbstfcih tm tdh prmshcutgmo me emrhglo cmrpmrftgmos tdft dfvh

cmkkgtthj meehoshs tdft kfy bh puogsdhj go tdh Xogthj Stfths, but tdft cfoomt bh shrvhj bhcfush

tdhy dfvh om ifst aomwo fjjrhss mr prgocgpfi pifch me busgohss go tdh Xogthj Stfths. Lhohrfi

Brhuhr‗s ihtthr brgols tm tdh Cmkkgtthh‗s ftthotgmo f ’ohw rhfigty‛> tdh truiy limbfi hcmomky rhigfot

mo hihctrmogc cmkkuogcftgmos, go wdgcd mrlfogzftgmos wgtdmut fo meegch mr flhot go tdh Xogthj Stfths

cfo rhfjgiy cmojuct bmtd rhfi foj vgrtufi fctgvgtghs dhrh. Lhohrfi Brhuhr frluhs tdft tdgs ohw rhfigty

dfs crhfthj f ’lrmwgol cifss me mrlfogzftgmos, pfrtgcuifriy emrhglo cmrpmrftgmos‛ tdft dfvh lfgohj

’—fo uojuh fjvfotflh‗ mvhr tdh lmvhrokhot rhiftgol tm tdh gogtgftgmo me crgkgofi prmchhjgols.‛

Zm fjjrhss tdgs prmbihk, tdh Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch rhcmkkhojhj fkhojkhots tm Ruih : tdftwmuij (6) rhkmvh tdh rhqugrhkhot tdft f cmpy me tdh sukkmos bh shot tm tdh mrlfogzftgmo's ifst

aomwo kfgigol fjjrhss wgtdgo tdh jgstrgct mr prgocgpfi pifch me busgohss wgtdgo tdh Xogthj Stfths, foj

(2) jhsglofth tdh khfos tm shrvh f sukkmos upmo fo mrlfogzftgmo imcfthj mutsgjh tdh Xogthj Stfths.

Fethr f brghe jgscussgmo me tdh Jhpfrtkhot‗s prmpmsfi ft tdh Cmkkgtthh‗s Fprgi khhtgol,

Nujlh Rfllg fppmgothj f subcmkkgtthh tm stujy tdh prmpmsfi foj rhpmrt ft tdh Mctmbhr khhtgol.

Nujlh Jfvgj Ifwsmo cdfgrs tdh Ruih : Subcmkkgtthh, foj Nujlh Rgch, Kr. Sgeehrt, foj

rhprhshotftgvhs me tdh Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch shrvh fs khkbhrs.

GG. Zdh Subcmkkgtthh‗s Jhigbhrftgmos foj Rhcmkkhojftgmos

Zdh Subcmkkgtthh dhij tdrhh thihcmoehrhochs tm jgscuss tdh Jhpfrtkhot‗s prmpmsfi, foj gt

uofogkmusiy rhcmkkhojs tdft Ruih : bh fkhojhj. Zdh Subcmkkgtthh‗s prmpmsfi kfahs tdh

emiimwgol cdfolhs>

6






Zdhrh gs igttih prhchjhot jhegogol tdh fctgmos tdft f cmurt kfy tfah ge fo mrlfogzftgmofi

jhehojfot efgis tm fpphfr. Zdh Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch hkpdfsgzhj tdft sucd cfshs dfvh rfrhiy frgsho,

foj gt fotgcgpfths tdft wmuij cmotgouh tm bh tdh cfsh ge tdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot gs fjmpthj. Emrhglo

fs whii fs jmkhstgc cmrpmrftgmos dfvh kfoy gochotgvhs tm fpphfr foj rhsmivh crgkgofi cdfrlhs moch

shrvgch gs kfjh.

Rhspmojgol tm cmochros fbmut wdhtdhr foy fctgmo cmuij bh tfaho flfgost f emrhglo

mrlfogzftgmo tdft efgihj tm fpphfr fethr shrvgch, tdh Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch fism prmvgjhj tdh

Subcmkkgtthh wgtd f khkmrfojuk go wdgcd gt gjhotgeghj igkgthj futdmrgty emr tdh emiimwgol sthps2

tdft f cmurt kgldt tfah ge fo hotgty efgihj tm fpphfr fethr shrvgch me f sukkmos>

! f cmothkpt mrjhr tdft kgldt subnhct fo mrlfogzftgmofi jhehojfot tm egohs, emrehgturhs mr

mtdhr phofitghs1

! gonuoctgvh rhighe (sucd fs fo mrjhr prhvhotgol eurtdhr jgscimsurh me f trfjh shcrht)1

! fppmgotkhot me cmuoshi wdm wmuij tdho fpphfr emr tdh mrlfogzftgmo1 foj

! tdh gkpmsgtgmo me phofitghs mo tdh mrlfogzftgmo go f pfrfiihi cgvgi fctgmo.

Fjjgtgmofiiy, tdh Jhpfrtkhot cgthj futdmrgty emr vfrgmus hxtrfnujgcgfi fctgmos tdft kgldt bh tfaho by

tdh hxhcutgvh flfgost fo hotgty tdft dfj bhho shrvhj but efgihj tm fpphfr. Zdhsh gociujh susphosgmo

mr jhbfrkhot ermk higlgbgigty emr lmvhrokhot cmotrfcts mr ehjhrfiiy euojhj prmlrfks, fsshrtgmo me

tdh eulgtgvh jgshotgtihkhot jmctrgoh go cgvgi emrehgturh prmchhjgols, foj gkpmsgtgmo me hcmomkgc foj

trfjh sfoctgmos.3

Lgvho tdh pfucgty me fvfgifbih futdmrgty, tdh Subcmkkgtthh cmociujhj gt wmuij bh prhkfturh

tm ftthkpt foy jhthrkgoftgmo me tdh scmph me tdh cmurts‗ futdmrgty tm hkpimy tdh sfoctgmos gjhotgeghj by tdh lmvhrokhot. Zdh Subcmkkgtthh‗s prmpmsfi jmhs omt jhphoj upmo mr hojmrsh tdh vfrgmus

sfoctgmos gjhotgeghj by tdh Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch. By stftgol tdft tdh cmurt dfs tdh futdmrgty tm ’tfah

foy fctgmo futdmrgzhj by ifw‛ tdh fkhojkhot prmvgjhs f erfkhwmra emr tdh cmurts tm hvfiufth tdh

scmph me tdft futdmrgty ge foj wdho cfshs frgsh go wdgcd mrlfogzftgmofi jhehojfots efgi tm fpphfr fethr

bhgol shrvhj.

Shh Khkmrfojuk ermk Nmoftdfo N. \rmbihwsag foj Aftdihho F. Ehitmo tm Nujlh Jfvgj K.2

Ifwsmo, Fulust 23, 2063, ft 3-8. Zdgs khkmrfojuk gs rhprgothj goerf, emiimwgol tdh Mctmbhr

2062 Ihtthr ermk Fssgstfot Fttmrohy Lhohrfi Ifooy Brhuhr.

Khkmrfojuk ermk Nmoftdfo N. \rmbihwsag foj Aftdihho F. Ehitmo tm Nujlh Jfvgj K. Ifwsmo,3

Fulust 23, 2063, ft 8-5.

3




B. Rhstrgctgol tdh Kfgigol Rhqugrhkhot \dho Jhigvhry Gs Kfjh go tdh Xogthj Stfths

Zdh Jhpfrtkhot‗s mrglgofi khkmrfojuk gjhotgeghj tdh currhot kfgigol rhqugrhkhot go Ruih

:(c)(3)(C) fs f kfnmr gkphjgkhot tm prmshcutgmo me emrhglo hotgtghs, foj tdh Subcmkkgtthh flrhhj

tdft tdh currhot rhqugrhkhot gs uoohchssfrgiy mvhrbrmfj. Ft prhshot, go hvhry cfsh govmivgol fo

mrlfogzftgmofi jhehojfot, tdh ruih rhqugrhs omt moiy shrvgch mo fo flhot but fism kfgigol tm tdh hotgtywdgcd kust bh kfjh ’tm tdh mrlfogzftgmo‗s ifst aomwo fjjrhss wgtdgo tdh jgstrgct mr gts prgocgpfi

pifch me busgohss hishwdhrh go tdh Xogthj Stfths.‛ Fccmrjgoliy, gt gs omt pmssgbih tm shrvh f emrhglo

hotgty – hvho moh tdft cmojucts bmtd rhfi foj vgrtufi busgohss wgtdgo tdh Xogthj Stfths – tdft dfs

ohgtdhr f prgocgpfi pifch me busgohss omr f aomwo fjjrhss wgtdgo tdh jgstrgct me prmshcutgmo.

Go cmotrfst, tdh kfgigol rhqugrhkhot go Cgvgi Ruih :(d) gs kucd kmrh igkgthj. Kfgigol gs omt

rhqugrhj ge shrvgch gs kfjh mo fo meegchr mr f kfoflgol mr lhohrfi flhot. Kfgigol gs rhqugrhj ge

shrvgch gs kfjh mo fo flhot futdmrgzhj by stftuth tm rhchgvh shrvgch, but moiy ge tdh futdmrgzgol

stftuth gtshie rhqugrhs kfgigol. Egofiiy, wdho kfgigol gs rhqugrhj, tdh cgvgi ruih jmhs omt gociujh tdh

rhstrgctgmo tdft tdh kfgigol kfy bh kfjh moiy tm f prgocgpfi pifch me busgohss wgtdgo tdh Xogthj

Stfths mr f aomwo fjjrhss wgtdgo tdh jgstrgct.

Zdh Subcmkkgtthh‗s prmpmshj fkhojkhot emiimws tdh fpprmfcd me tdh Cgvgi Ruihs> gt

rhstrgcts tdh kfgigol rhqugrhkhot tm cfshs go wdgcd shrvgch dfs bhho kfjh mo f stftutmrgiy fppmgothj

flhot wdho tdh stftuth gtshie rhqugrhs f kfgigol fs whii fs phrsmofi shrvgch. Kmrhmvhr, tdh prmpmshj

fkhojkhot jmhs omt rhstrgct tdh fjjrhss tm wdgcd tdh kfgigol kfy bh kfjh.

C. Prmvgjgol emr Shrvgch me Mrlfogzftgmofi Jhehojfots Mutsgjh tdh Xogthj Stfths

Ft prhshot, tdh Ehjhrfi Ruihs me Crgkgofi Prmchjurh prmvgjhs emr shrvgch moiy wgtdgo f

nujgcgfi jgstrgct me tdh Xogthj Stfths. Ehj. R. Crgk. P. :(c)(2), wdgcd lmvhros tdh imcftgmo me shrvgch,

stfths tdft f sukkmos kfy bh shrvhj ’wgtdgo tdh nurgsjgctgmo me tdh Xogthj Stfths.‛ Go cmotrfst, Ehj.R. Cgv. P. :(e) futdmrgzhs shrvgch mo gojgvgjufi jhehojfots go f emrhglo cmuotry, foj Ehj. R. Cgv. P.

:(d)(2) fiimws shrvgch mo mrlfogzftgmofi jhehojfots fs prmvgjhj by Ruih :(e).:

Lgvho tdh gocrhfsgol oukbhr me crgkgofi prmshcutgmos govmivgol emrhglo hotgtghs, tdh

Subcmkkgtthh flrhhj tdft gt wmuij bh fpprmprgfth emr tdh Ehjhrfi Ruihs me Crgkgofi Prmchjurh tm

prmvgjh f khcdfogsk emr emrhglo shrvgch mo fo mrlfogzftgmo, foj gt prmpmshs tdh emiimwgol fjjgtgmo

tm Ruih :(c)(2), wdgcd lmvhros tdh imcftgmo me shrvgch>

Ehj. R. Cgv. P. :(d)(2) prmvgjhs, dmwhvhr, tdft shrvgch mo fo hotgty kfy omt bh kfjh uojhr Ruih:

:(e)(2)(c)(g) (jhigvhry ’tm tdh gojgvgjufi phrsmofiiy‛).

:




F sukkmos kfy fism bh shrvhj ft f pifch omt wgtdgo f nujgcgfi jgstrgct me tdh Xogthj Stfths

Quojhr subjgvgsgmo (c)(J)[.8

Zdgs lhohrfi prmvgsgmo gs gkpihkhothj go tdh Subcmkkgtthh‗s prmpmshj fkhojkhot tm Ruih :(c)(3),

wdgcd lmvhros tdh kfoohr me shrvgch.

Zdh Subcmkkgtthh‗s prmpmsfi – igah Ehj. R. Cgv. P. : – houkhrfths f vfrghty me khtdmjs me

prmphr shrvgch but fism prmvgjhs f kmrh lhohrfi prmvgsgmo futdmrgzgol mtdhr khtdmjs. Go jrfetgol

tdh prmpmsfi, tdh Subcmkkgtthh wfs kgojeui me shvhrfi mvhrrgjgol prgocgpihs. Egrst, tdh euoctgmo me

ruihs lmvhrogol shrvgch gs prmvgjgol omtgch, wdgcd gs f euojfkhotfi rhqugrhkhot me Juh Prmchss.

Fccmrjgoliy, tdh khfos me shrvgch futdmrgzhj by tdh ruih kust bh ’rhfsmofbiy cficuifthj tm lgvh

omtgch.‛ Shcmoj, tdh pubigc dfs fo gothrhst go tdh hoemrchkhot me tdh crgkgofi ifws, foj ruihs5

lmvhrogol shrvgch sdmuij prmvgjh fo heegcghot foj heehctgvh khfos emr gogtgftgol crgkgofi

prmchhjgols. Prmchjurfi ruihs gkpmsgol uoohchssfry rhstrgctgmos mo shrvgch me prmchss kfy erustrfth

tdh pubigc‗s gothrhst go tdh hoemrchkhot me tdh ehjhrfi crgkgofi ifws. Egofiiy, shrvgch me prmchss

mutsgjh tdh Xogthj Stfths rhqugrhs cmosgjhrftgmo me bmtd tdh prgocgpihs me gothroftgmofi ifw foj tdh

rhsphctgvh rmihs me tdh hxhcutgvh foj nujgcgfi brfocdhs. Fs jgscusshj bhimw, tdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot wfs crfethj wgtd tdhsh cmosgjhrftgmos go kgoj.

6. Houkhrfthj hxfkpihs me futdmrgzhj khfos me shrvgch

Prmpmshj subjgvgsgmo (c)(3)(J) futdmrgzhs shvhrfi emrks me shrvgch ’mo fo mrlfogzftgmo omt

wgtdgo f nujgcgfi jgstrgct me tdh Xogthj Stfths‛ ><

Zdrhh emrks me shrvgch frh igsthj go (c)(3)(J)(g) foj (gg)(f) foj (b)>

! shrvgch pursufot tm tdh ifw me tdh emrhglo nurgsjgctgmo by jhigvhry me f cmpy me tdh

sukkmos tm ’fo meegchr, tm f kfoflgol mr lhohrfi flhot, mr tm fomtdhr flhot fppmgothj mr ihlfiiyfutdmrgzhj tm rhchgvh shrvgch me prmchss‛1

Go prhpfrgol tdgs rhpmrt, tdh Rhpmrthrs omthj tdft tdh ifoluflh fjmpthj by tdh Subcmkkgtthh8

kgldt bh rhfj tm fppiy tm shrvgch mo gojgvgjufi jhehojfots uojhr (c)(3)(B). Ge tdh Cmkkgtthh

sdfrhs tdgs cmochro, tdh brfcahthj ifoluflh cmuij bh fjjhj tm fvmgj tdft pmssgbgigty.

Zdgs pdrfsh, wdgcd fpphfrs go Ehj. R. Cgv. P. :(e)(6) foj (2), gs jrfwo ermk tdh Suprhkh5

Cmurt‗s fofiysgs go Kuiifoh v. Chotrfi Dfomvhr Bfoa & Zrust Cm., 337 X.S. 305, 364 (6780).

Ehj. R. Cgv. P. :(d) prmvgjhs emr shrvgch mo f cmrpmrftgmo ’ft f pifch omt wgtdgo foy nujgcgfi<

jgstrgct me tdh Xogthj Stfths,‛ but tdh Subcmkkgtthh jhigbhrfthiy mkgtthj tdh rhehrhoch tm shrvgch

ft f pifch mutsgjh f nujgcgfi jgstrgct me tdh Xogthj Stfths. Zdus tdh ohw prmvgsgmo futdmrgzhs

fjjgtgmofi khfos me shrvgch mo mrlfogzftgmos tdft frh omt wgtdgo f nujgcgfi jgstrgct me tdh Xogthj

Stfths. Fitdmuld tdh futdmrgzhj khfos emr sucd shrvgch wmuij lhohrfiiy mccur mutsgjh foy X.S.

nujgcgfi jgstrgct, go smkh cfshs shrvgch by stgpuiftgmo mr shrvgch uojhr tdh lhohrfi cftcd-fii

prmvgsgmo kgldt mccur wgtdgo f X.S. nujgcgfi jgstrgct.

8




! shrvgch by stgpuifthj khfos1 foj

! shrvgch uojhrtfaho by f emrhglo futdmrgty ’go rhspmosh tm f ihtthr rmlftmry, f ihtthr me

rhquhst, mr f rhquhst subkgtthj uojhr fo fppigcfbih gothroftgmofi flrhhkhot.‛

Zdh Subcmkkgtthh vghwhj tdhsh tdrhh khtdmjs fs uocmotrmvhrsgfi. Zdhy frh jhsglohj tm prmvgjh omtgch tm tdh mrlfogzftgmofi jhehojfot, tdhy frh omt uojuiy burjhosmkh, tdhy pmsh om sphcgfi

cmochros uojhr tdh prgocgpihs me gothroftgmofi ifw, foj tdhy rfgsh om sphcgfi gssuhs me gostgtutgmofi

cmkphthoch mr shpfrftgmo me pmwhrs.

Prmpmshj (c)(3)(J)(g) fiimwgol shrvgch futdmrgzhj by tdh ifw me tdh emrhglo nurgsjgctgmo mo

fo meegchr, kfoflgol mr lhohrfi flhot, mr fo flhot fppmgothj mr rhcmlogzhj by ifw tm rhchgvh shrvgch

me prmchss pfrfiihis tdh hxgstgol prmvgsgmo, Ehj. R. Crgk. P. :(c)(3)(C) phrkgttgol jmkhstgc shrvgch

mo tdh meegchrs mr sphcgeghj flhot me tdh hotgty. Zdh rhkfgogol khfos me shrvgch frh gotrmjuchj by

tdh hxprhss rhqugrhkhot go (c)(3)(J)(gg) tdft tdhy kust ’lgvhQ[ omtgch.‛ Shrvgch by stgpuiftgmo uojhr

subjgvgsgmo (c)(3)(J)(gg)(f) wmuij lufrfothh omtgch tm tdh hotgty. Subjgvgsgmo (c)(3)(J)(gg)(b)

futdmrgzhs shrvgch uojhrtfaho by tdh emrhglo futdmrgty go rhspmosh tm ihtthrs rmlftmry, ihtthrs me rhquhst, foj rhquhsts subkgtthj uojhr fo fppigcfbih gothroftgmofi flrhhkhot. Xsgol tdhsh whii-

jhvhimphj prmchjurhs sdmuij mrjgofrgiy prmvgjh omtgch tm fo mrlfogzftgmofi jhehojfot. Dmwhvhr,

ge omtgch dfs omt bhho feemrjhj go fo gojgvgjufi cfsh, tdh Cmkkgtthh Omth rhcmlogzhs tdft tdh

jhehojfot kfy ifthr cdmmsh tm rfgsh f cdfiiholh mo tdgs bfsgs.

Egofiiy, tdh Subcmkkgtthh cmociujhj tdft tdh igsthj khfos me shrvgch pmshj ohgtdhr cmochros

uojhr tdh prgocgpihs me gothroftgmofi ifw omr gostgtutgmofi cmochros. Shrvgch go f kfoohr futdmrgzhj

by tdh emrhglo nurgsjgctgmo‗s ifw gs rhsphcteui me tdft oftgmo‗s smvhrhgloty. Zdh sfkh gs truh me

shrvgch tdft tdh emrhglo smvhrhglo gtshie uojhrtfahs go rhspmosh tm tdh vfrgmus typhs me rhquhsts

gjhotgeghj go prmpmshj subjgvgsgmo (c)(3)(J)(gg)(b). Kmrhmvhr, fs jhscrgbhj kmrh euiiy go

khkmrfojf prhpfrhj emr tdh Subcmkkgtthh by tdh Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch, tdh Crgkgofi Jgvgsgmo‗sMeegch me Gothroftgmofi Feefgrs wgii bh govmivhj go fssgstgol gojgvgjufi prmshcutmrs go jhthrkgogol

wdgcd khfos me shrvgch wgii bh kmst heehctgvh go gojgvgjufi cfshs, foj go cmosuitgol wgtd tdh

Jhpfrtkhot me Stfth rhlfrjgol foy sphcgfi cmochros.

2. Mtdhr emrks me shrvgch omt prmdgbgthj by fo fppigcfbih gothroftgmofi flrhhkhot

Go fjjgtgmo tm tdh tdrhh houkhrfthj khfos me shrvgch go prmpmshj (c)(3)(J)(g) foj (gg)(f) foj

(b), tdh prmpmsfi cmotfgos fo mpho-hojhj prmvgsgmo go (c)(3)(J)(gg)(c) tdft fiimws shrvgch by mtdhr

khfos tdft lgvh omtgch foj frh omt prmdgbgthj by fo fppigcfbih gothroftgmofi flrhhkhot. Zdgs

prmvgsgmo prmvgjhs eihxgbgigty emr cfshs go wdgcd shrvgch cfoomt bh kfjh (mr kfjh wgtdmut uojuh

jgeegcuity) by tdh houkhrfthj khfos. Gt gkpmshs moiy twm crgthrgf> tdh khfos cdmsho kust (6) lgvh4

Zdh Subcmkkgtthh cmosgjhrhj foj rhnhcthj f rhqugrhkhot tdft wmuij phrkgt shrvgch uojhr 4

(J)(gg)(c) moiy wdho shrvgch go f kfoohr futdmrgzhj by tdh emrhglo nurgsjgctgmo‗s ifw, uojhrtfaho

by tdh emrhglo futdmrgty, mr by stgpuiftgmo wfs uofvfgifbih. Zdh Subcmkkgtthh cmociujhj tdft gt

5




omtgch tm tdh jhehojfot foj (2) omt bh prmdgbgthj by fo fppigcfbih gothroftgmofi flrhhkhot. (Fs

hxpifgohj go tdh Cmkkgtthh omth, tdgs rhehrs tm fo flrhhkhot tdft dfs bhho rftgeghj by tdh Xogthj

Stfths foj tdh emrhglo nurgsjgctgmo foj gs go emrch.)

Zdh Subcmkkgtthh jrhw tdgs ifoluflh ermk Ehj. R. Cgv. P. :(e)(3), wdgcd prmvgjhs emr

emrhglo shrvgch mo fo mrlfogzftgmo, but rhnhcthj fo fpprmfcd tdft wmuij dfvh kmrh cimshiy trfcahj tdft prmvgsgmo wmrj emr wmrj. Cgvgi Ruih :(e)(3) futdmrgzhs shrvgch ’by mtdhr khfos omt prmdgbgthj

by gothroftgmofi flrhhkhot, fs tdh cmurt mrjhrs.‛(hkpdfsgs fjjhj). Fitdmuld tdhrh kgldt bh

fjvfotflhs tm rhqugrgol nujgcgfi fpprmvfi bhemrh shrvgch me f crgkgofi sukkmos cmuij bh kfjh go

f emrhglo cmuotry by mtdhr uosphcgeghj khfos, tdh Subcmkkgtthh cmociujhj tdft tdgs prmchjurh

rfgshj jgeegcuit quhstgmos me gothroftgmofi ifw foj tdh gostgtutgmofi rmihs me tdh cmurts foj tdh

hxhcutgvh brfocd.

Zdhsh gssuhs wmuij bh rfgshj kmst stfraiy by f rhquhst emr nujgcgfi fpprmvfi me shrvgch me

crgkgofi prmchss go f emrhglo cmuotry wgtdmut gts cmoshot mr cmmphrftgmo, foj go vgmiftgmo me gts ifws.

Ehj. R. Cgv. P. :(e)(3) fpphfrs tm phrkgt sucd f rhquhst. Fitdmuld tdh rhcmrjs me tdh fpprmvfi me 7

tdft prmvgsgmo frh spfrsh, gt fpphfrhj tm dfvh lhohrfthj sglogegcfot cmochro emr tdft rhfsmo. ZdhCmkkgtthh Omth fccmkpfoygol tdh cdfolh kfahs fo mbigquh rhehrhoch tm tdh gssuh. Gt stfths

(hkpdfsgs fjjhj)>

Gofskucd fs mur Cmostgtutgmo rhqugrhs tdft rhfsmofbih omtgch bh lgvho, fo hfrohst heemrt

sdmuij bh kfjh tm jhvgsh f khtdmj me cmkkuogcftgmo tdft gs cmosgsthot wgtd juh prmchss foj

kgogkgzhs meehosh tm emrhglo ifw.

Shrvgch me f crgkgofi sukkmos go tdh thrrgtmry me fomtdhr oftgmo wgtdmut gts cmoshot rgsas omt

moiy meehosh tm tdh ifw me tdft oftgmo, but fism f vgmiftgmo me gothroftgmofi ifw. Gt gs ’f lhohrfi ruih‛

me gothroftgmofi ifw tdft ’stfths jm omt shha tm hxhrcgsh cgvgi mr crgkgofi nurgsjgctgmo mvhr emrhglo

oftgmofis go emrhglo stfths.‛ Stfths kfy prmscrgbh hxtrfthrrgtmrgfi cmojuct go chrtfgo gostfochs, sucd60

fs wdho tdhy prmdgbgt cmojuct tdft tfrlhts mr substfotgfiiy feehcts tdh ihlgsiftgol stfth. But wdho66

wmuij bh uoohchssfrgiy burjhosmkh tm rhqugrh tdh lmvhrokhot tm jhkmostrfth tdft gt dfj trghj

foj efgihj tm heehct shrvgch go tdhsh wfys.

\dhrh tdhrh gs om gothroftgmofiiy flrhhj khfos me shrvgch prhscrgbhj, Ehj. R. Cgv. P. :(e)(2)7

tdho futdmrgzhs shrvgch by vfrgmus khfos, foj Ehj. R. Cgv. P. :(e)(3) prmvgjhs emr shrvgch by

’foy mtdhr khfos omt prmdgbgthj by gothroftgmofi flrhhkhot, fs tdh cmurt mrjhrs.‛ Fitdmuld Ehj.

R. Cgv. P. (e)(2)(C) prhciujhs shrvgch ’prmdgbgthj by tdh emrhglo cmuotry‗s ifw,‛ tdft rhstrgctgmo gs

fbshot ermk Ehj. R. Cgv. P. :(e)(3).

6 MPPHODHGK‗S G OZHROFZGMOFI IF\ § 637, ft :55 (Sgr Rmbhrt Nhoogols & Sgr Frtdur \ftts60

hjs., 7td hj. 6775) (’MPPHODHGK‛).

Shh J.P. CMOOHII, G OZHROFZGMOFI IF\ 584-87 (6758) (’M‗CMOOHII‛)1 shh lhohrfiiy66

MPPHODHGK § § 635-:0, ft :85-<7.

<




gt cmkhs tm hoemrchkhot me tdh ifw, ’f Stfth kfy omt fct wgtdgo tdh thrrgtmry me fomtdhr Stfth.‛62

Zdus, ’Qs[m imol fs tdhy fvmgj efiigol wgtdgo tdh thrrgtmrgfi nurgsjgctgmo me tdh prhscrgbgol Stfth,‛

emrhglo oftgmofis ’rhkfgo gkkuoh ermk gts hoemrchkhot khfsurhs.‛ Prmehssmr Brmwoigh me Mxemrj,63

go dgs trhftgsh mo gothroftgmofi ifw, stfths tdft tdh gothroftgmofi ifw prmdgbgtgmo mo hxtrfthrrgtmrgfi

hoemrchkhot gs brmfj foj gt rhfcdhs tdh prhcgsh fctgmo ft gssuh dhrh> tdh shrvgch me f sukkmos go f

emrhglo cmuotry. ’Phrsmos kfy omt bh frrhsthj, f sukkmos kfy omt bh shrvhj, pmigch mr tfxgovhstglftgmos kfy omt bh kmuothj, mrjhrs emr prmjuctgmo me jmcukhots kfy omt bh hxhcuthj, mo tdh

thrrgtmry me fomtdhr stfth, hxchpt uojhr tdh thrks me f trhfty mr mtdhr cmoshot lgvho.‛ GFOBRM\OIGH,

PRGOCGPIHS ME PXBIGC G OZHROFZGMOFI IF\ 305 (5td hj. 2003) (hkpdfsgs fjjhj). Go cmothxt, tdh

cmociujgol rhehrhoch tm f ’trhfty‛ foj ’cmoshot‛ fpphfrs tm khfo f trhfty hothrhj gotm mr cmoshot

lgvho by tdh emrhglo nurgsjgctgmo.

Zdh Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch omthj tdft foy rhquhst emr fpprmvfi me shrvgch go f emrhglo oftgmo

wgtdmut gts cmmphrftgmo mr cmoshot wmuij bh smuldt moiy fs f ifst rhsmrt, foj moiy fethr tdh Crgkgofi

Jgvgsgmo‗s Meegch me Gothroftgmofi Feefgrs foj rhprhshotftgvhs me tdh Jhpfrtkhot me Stfth dfj

cmosgjhrhj tdh emrhglo pmigcy foj rhcgprmcgty gkpigcftgmos me sucd fo fctgmo. Zdh Jhpfrtkhot fism

strhsshj tdh Hxhcutgvh Brfocd‗s prgkfcy go emrhglo rhiftgmos foj gts mbiglftgmo tm hosurh tdft tdhifws frh efgtdeuiiy hxhcuthj. Egofiiy, tdh Jhpfrtkhot omthj tdft tdh ehjhrfi cmurts frh omt jhprgvhj

me nurgsjgctgmo tm try f jhehojfot wdmsh prhshoch bhemrh tdh cmurt wfs prmcurhj by giihlfi khfos.

Zdgs prgocgpih wfs rhfeegrkhj go Xogthj Stfths v. Fivfrhz-Kfcdfgo, 80: X.S. 588 (6772) (dmijgol

tdft fbjuctgmo me jhehojfot go Khxgcm go vgmiftgmo me hxtrfjgtgmo trhfty jgj omt jhprgvh cmurt me

nurgsjgctgmo).

Zdh Subcmkkgtthh omthj tdft go cfshs sucd fs Fivfrhz-Kfcdfgo tdh jhehojfot dfs bhho

brmuldt bhemrh tdh cmurt by tdh hxhcutgvh wgtdmut foy prgmr fpprmvfi by tdh nujgcgfry. Xojhr f ruih

trfcagol Ehj. R. Cgv. P. :(e)(3), go cmotrfst, f cmurt kgldt bh fsahj tm lgvh fjvfoch fpprmvfi me

shrvgch cmotrfry tm tdh ifw me fomtdhr stfth foj go vgmiftgmo me gothroftgmofi ifw. Subcmkkgtthh

khkbhrs hxprhsshj cmochro tdft gt wfs gofpprmprgfth tm pifch tdh cmurt go tdgs pmsgtgmo, foj fismquhstgmohj wdhtdhr f ruih hxprhssiy futdmrgzgol fo fct tdft frlufbiy vgmifths gothroftgmofi ifw foj

tdh ifw me f emrhglo cmuotry kgldt lm bhymoj tdh futdmrgty lrfothj by tdh Ruihs Hofbigol Fct.

Rhcmlogzgol tdft Cgvgi Ruih :(e)(3) futdmrgzhs tdh cmurt tm mrjhr shrvgch tdft kfy vgmifth tdh

ifw me f emrhglo cmuotry fs imol fs gt gs omt prmdgbgthj by gothroftgmofi flrhhkhot, tdh Subcmkkgtthh

ohvhrtdhihss jhcgjhj tm mkgt f rhqugrhkhot me prgmr nujgcgfi fpprmvfi ermk gts prmpmshj fkhojkhot

tm Crgkgofi Ruih :. Go cfshs tdft efii uojhr prmpmshj Ehj. R. Crgk. P. :(c)(3)(J)(gg)(c), tdh hxhcutgvh

fimoh wgii kfah tdh jhthrkgoftgmo wdhtdhr tdgs gs tdh rfrh cfsh go wdgcd tdh pubigc gothrhst go

prmshcutgmo mutwhglds tdh cmsts me vgmiftgol prmvgsgmos me emrhglo ifw mr lhohrfi prgocgpihs me

gothroftgmofi ifw. Zdgs prmvgjhs bmtd omtgch foj tdh ohchssfry eihxgbgigty tm fcdghvh shrvgch go fo

M‗CMOOHII ft 587.62

Gj.1 shh MPPHODHGK ft :5< (’stfths cfoomt, me cmursh, hxhrcgsh Qcrgkgofi[ nurgsjgctgmo fs imol fs63

tdh emrhglohr cmochrohj rhkfgos mutsgjh tdhgr thrrgtmry‛).

4




heegcghot foj heehctgvh kfoohr wdgih rhsphctgol tdh rhsphctgvh gostgtutgmofi rmihs me tdh cmurts foj

tdh hxhcutgvh brfocd.

Zdh Subcmkkgtthh omthj tdft higkgoftgol f rhqugrhkhot emr prgmr nujgcgfi fpprmvfi kfy fism

bh prhehrfbih ermk tdh jhehosh phrsphctgvh. F khkbhr me tdh Subcmkkgtthh omthj tdft prgmr nujgcgfifpprmvfi wmuij pifch f jhehojfot ifthr cdfiiholgol tdh heehctgvhohss me tdh omtgch prmvgjhj go f

jgeegcuit pmsgtgmo. Go heehct, tdh jhehojfot wmuij bh fsagol tdh nujlh wdm fpprmvhj tdh shrvgch tm

cdfolh dhr kgoj, rftdhr tdfo tm cmosgjhr f quhstgmo me egrst gkprhssgmo.

Jurgol tdh jgscussgmo me tdh pmssgbgigty tdft shrvgch kgldt bh kfjh go fomtdhr cmuotry

wgtdmut gts cmoshot, smkh khkbhrs me tdh Subcmkkgtthh hxprhsshj suppmrt emr f prmchjurh tdft

wmuij rhqugrh prgmr fpprmvfi me tdh Fttmrohy Lhohrfi mr tdh Jhputy Fttmrohy Lhohrfi. Fitdmuld gt

kgldt bh jhsgrfbih emr rhvghw tm mccur ft tdh dgldhst ihvhis me tdh Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch, gt gs

jmubteui wdhtdhr tdft rhqugrhkhot cmuij bh gkpmshj by tdh Ehjhrfi Ruihs me Crgkgofi Prmchjurh.

F sgkgifr gssuh wfs rfgshj jurgol tdh cmosgjhrftgmo me tdh fkhojkhot tm Ruih 68(c)(3) phrkgttgol

jhpmsgtgmos tm bh tfaho go emrhglo cmuotrghs wgtdmut tdh jhehojfot bhgol pdysgcfiiy prhshot. Go tdftgostfoch, tdh Cmkkgtthh cmociujhj tdft fitdmuld Cmolrhss kfy rhqugrh tdh fpprmvfi me jhsglofthj

meegcgfis, tdh Ruihs me Crgkgofi Prmchjurh cmuij omt jgctfth tdh gothrofi fpprmvfi prmchss wgtdgo tdh

Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch.

Styih cdfolhs tm tdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot whrh rhchgvhj fethr tdh Subcmkkgtthh cmkpihthj

gts jhigbhrftgmos. Prmehssmr Agkbih rhcmkkhojhj mkgttgol tdh wmrj ’fppigcfbih‛ ermk tdh pdrfsh

’fppigcfbih gothroftgmofi flrhhkhot‛ go prmpmshj (c)(3)(J)(gg)(c). Zdh rhpmrthrs bhighvh tdgs cdfolh

gs substfotgvh foj tdhrhemrh dfvh ihet tdh wmrj ’fppigcfbih‛ go bmtd vhrsgmos me tdh prmpmshj

fkhojkhot fttfcdhj. Zdh rhkfgogol styih rhcmkkhojftgmos feehctgol (c)(3)(J)(gg) frh rfgshj emr

euii Cmkkgtthh jgscussgmo.

Zm efcgigtfth cmosgjhrftgmo me wdhtdhr tdh rhkfgogol styih rhcmkkhojftgmos wmuij cdfolh

tdh khfogol me tdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot, twm vhrsgmos me tdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot frh prmvgjhj,

moh tdft gocmrpmrfths tdhsh rhcmkkhojhj styih cdfolhs, foj fo fithroftgvh vhrsgmo tdft jmhs omt.

7








ZFB 3B










38 me prmchss. F cmpy Ge tdh flhot gs moh futdmrgzhj by stftuth foj tdh stftuth sm

35 rhqugrhs, f cmpy kust fism bh kfgihj tm tdh mrlfogzftgmo mrlfogzftgmo‗s ifst

3< aomwo fjjrhss wgtdgo tdh jgstrgct mr tm gts prgocgpfi pifch me busgohss

34 hishwdhrh go tdh Xogthj Stfths.

(J) F sukkmos gs shrvhj mo fo mrlfogzftgmo omt wgtdgo f nujgcgfi jgstrgct37

:0 me tdh Xogthj Stfths>:6 (g) by jhigvhrgol f cmpy, go f kfoohr futdmrgzhj by tdh emrhglo

:2 nurgsjgctgmo‗s ifw, tm fo meegchr, tm f kfoflgol mr lhohrfi flhot, mr tm

:3 fomtdhr flhot fppmgothj mr ihlfiiy futdmrgzhj tm rhchgvh shrvgch me

:: prmchss1 mr

:8 (gg) by foy mtdhr khfos tdft lgvhs omtgch, gociujgol moh Qf khfos[>

:5 (f) tdft tdh pfrtghs stgpuifth tm1

:< (b) tdft f emrhglo futdmrgty uojhrtfahs go rhspmosh tm f ihtthr rmlftmry, f

:4 ihtthr me rhquhst, mr f rhquhst subkgtthj uojhr fo fppigcfbih gothroftgmofi

:7 flrhhkhot1 mr

80 (c) tdft gs omt prmdgbgthj by fo fppigcfbih gothroftgmofi flrhhkhot.

CMKKGZZHH OMZH

Subjgvgsgmo (f). Zdh fkhojkhot fjjrhsshs f lfp go tdh currhot ruih, wdgcd

kfahs om prmvgsgmo emr mrlfogzftgmofi jhehojfots wdm efgi tm fpphfr go rhspmosh

tm f crgkgofi sukkmos. Zdh fkhojkhot hxpigcgtiy igkgts tdh gssufoch me f

wfrrfot tm gojgvgjufi jhehojfots wdm efgi tm fpphfr, foj prmvgjhs tdft tdh nujlh

kfy tfah wdfthvhr fctgmo gs futdmrgzhj by ifw wdho fo mrlfogzftgmofi jhehojfot

efgis tm fpphfr. Zdh ruih jmhs omt ftthkpt tm sphcgey tdh rhkhjgfi fctgmos f cmurt

kfy tfah wdho fo mrlfogzftgmofi jhehojfot efgis tm fpphfr.

Subjgvgsgmo (c)(2). Zdh fkhojkhot futdmrgzhs shrvgch me f crgkgofi

sukkmos Qmo fo mrlfogzftgmo[ mutsgjh f nujgcgfi jgstrgct me tdh Xogthj Stfths.

Subjgvgsgmo (c)(3)(C). Zdh fkhojkhot kfahs twm cdfolhs tm

subjgvgsgmo (c)(3)(C) lmvhrogol shrvgch me f sukkmos mo fo mrlfogzftgmo. Egrst,

igah Cgvgi Ruih :(d), tdh fkhojhj prmvgsgmo jmhs omt rhqugrh f shpfrfth kfgigol tm

tdh mrlfogzftgmo wdho jhigvhry dfs bhho kfjh go tdh Xogthj Stfths tm fo meegchr mr

tm f kfoflgol mr lhohrfi flhot. Shrvgch me prmchss mo fo meegchr, kfoflgol, mr

lhohrfi flhot gs go heehct shrvgch mo tdh prgocgpfi. Kfgigol gs rhqugrhj wdho

jhigvhry dfs bhho kfjh mo fo flhot futdmrgzhj by stftuth, ge tdh stftuth gtshie

rhqugrhs kfgigol tm tdh hotgty.

Shcmoj, fism igah Cgvgi Ruih :(d), tdh fkhojkhot rhcmlogzhs tdft shrvgch

mutsgjh tdh Xogthj Stfths rhqugrhs shpfrfth cmosgjhrftgmo, foj gt rhstrgcts Ruih

:(c)(3)(C) foj gts kmjgeghj kfgigol rhqugrhkhot tm shrvgch mo mrlfogzftgmos

66




wgtdgo tdh Xogthj Stfths. Shrvgch upmo mrlfogzftgmos mutsgjh tdh Xogthj Stfths gs

lmvhrohj by ohw subjgvgsgmo (c)(3)(J).

Zdhsh twm kmjgegcftgmos me tdh kfgigol rhqugrhkhot rhkmvh fo

uoohchssfry gkphjgkhot tm tdh gogtgftgmo me crgkgofi prmchhjgols flfgost

mrlfogzftgmos tdft cmkkgt jmkhstgc meehoshs but dfvh om pifch me busgohss foj kfgigol fjjrhss wgtdgo tdh Xogthj Stfths. Lgvho tdh rhfigtghs me tmjfy's limbfi

hcmomky, hihctrmogc cmkkuogcftgmo, foj ehjhrfi crgkgofi prfctgch, tdh kfgigol

rhqugrhkhot sdmuij omt sdghij f jhehojfot mrlfogzftgmo wdho tdh Ruih's cmrh

mbnhctgvh ‚ omtgch me phojgol crgkgofi prmchhjgols ‚ gs fccmkpigsdhj.

Subjgvgsgmo (c)(3)(J). Zdgs ohw subjgvgsgmo stfths tdft f crgkgofi

sukkmos kfy bh shrvhj mo fo mrlfogzftgmofi jhehojfot mutsgjh tdh Xogthj Stfths

foj houkhrfths f omo-hxdfustgvh igst me phrkgssgbih khfos me shrvgch tdft prmvgjh

omtgch tm tdft jhehojfot.

Fitdmuld gt gs prhsukhj tdft tdh houkhrfthj khfos wgii prmvgjh omtgch,wdhtdhr omtgch dfs bhho prmvgjhj kfy bh cdfiiholhj go fo gojgvgjufi cfsh.

Subjgvgsgmo (c)(3)(J)(g). Subjgvgsgmo (g) omths tdft f emrhglo

nurgsjgctgmo‗s ifw kfy futdmrgzh jhigvhry me f cmpy me tdh crgkgofi sukkmos tm fo

meegchr, tm f kfoflgol mr lhohrfi flhot. Zdgs gs f phrkgssgbih khfos me shrvgol fo

mrlfogzftgmo mutsgjh me tdh Xogthj Stfths, nust fs gt gs emr mrlfogzftgmos wgtdgo tdh

Xogthj Stfths. Zdh subjgvgsgmo fism rhcmlogzhs tdft f emrhglo nurgsjgctgmo‗s ifw

kfy prmvgjh emr shrvgch me f crgkgofi sukkmos by jhigvhry tm fo fppmgothj mr

ihlfiiy futdmrgzhj flhot go f kfoohr tdft prmvgjhs omtgch tm tdh hotgty, foj stfths

tdft tdgs gs fo fcchptfbih khfos me shrvgch.

Subjgvgsgmo (c)(3)(J)(gg). Subjgvgsgmo (gg) prmvgjhs f omo-hxdfustgvh igst

me mtdhr phrkgssgbih khfos me lgvgol shrvgch mo mrlfogzftgmos mutsgjh tdh Xogthj

Stfths, fii me wdgcd kust bh cfrrghj mut go f kfoohr tdft ’lgvhQs[ omtgch.‛

Pfrflrfpd (f) fiimws shrvgch by f khfos stgpuifthj by tdh pfrtghs.

Pfrflrfpd (b) futdmrgzhs shrvgch by tdh jgpimkftgc khtdmjs me ihtthrs

rmlftmry foj ihtthrs me rhquhst, foj tdh ifst cifush me tdh pfrflrfpd prmvgjhs emr

shrvgch uojhr gothroftgmofi flrhhkhots tdft mbiglfth tdh pfrtghs tm prmvgjh brmfj

khfsurhs me fssgstfoch, gociujgol tdh shrvgch me nujgcgfi jmcukhots. Zdhsh

gociujh crgkh-sphcgegc kuitgifthrfi flrhhkhots (h.l., tdh Xogthj OftgmosCmovhotgmo Flfgost Cmrruptgmo (XOCFC), S. Zrhfty Jmc. Om. 607-5 (2003)),

rhlgmofi flrhhkhots (h.l., tdh Gothr-Fkhrgcfo Cmovhotgmo mo Kutufi Fssgstfoch

go Crgkgofi Kftthrs (MFS KIFZ), S. Zrhfty Jmc. Om. 608-28 (6778)), foj

bgifthrfi flrhhkhots.

62




Pfrflrfpd (c) rhcmlogzhs tdft mtdhr khfos me shrvgch tdft prmvgjh omtgch

foj frh omt prmdgbgthj by fo fppigcfbih gothroftgmofi flrhhkhot frh fism

fcchptfbih wdho shrvgol mrlfogzftgmos mutsgjh tdh Xogthj Stfths.

Fs ushj go tdgs ruih, tdh pdrfsh ’fppigcfbih gothroftgmofi flrhhkhot‛ rhehrs

tm fo flrhhkhot tdft dfs bhho rftgeghj by tdh X.S. foj tdh emrhglo nurgsjgctgmo foj gs go emrch.

63




ZFB 3C








QUHRSGMO RHNHCZGOL SZWIH CDFOLHS ZM (J)(gg)[

Ruih :. Frrhst \frrfot mr Sukkmos mo f Cmkpifgot

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5 tm fomtdhr flhot fppmgothj mr ihlfiiy futdmrgzhj tm rhchgvh shrvgch

< me prmchss1 mr

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7 (f) f stgpuiftgmo bhtwhho tdh pfrtghs1

60 (b) f khfos tdft f emrhglo futdmrgty uojhrtfahs go rhspmosh tm f

66 ihtthr rmlftmry, f ihtthr me rhquhst, mr f rhquhst subkgtthj uojhr fo

62 fppigcfbih gothroftgmofi flrhhkhot1 mr

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6: flrhhkhot.

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X.S. Jhpfrtkhot me u s t g c h

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Zdh Jhpfrtkhot me u s t g c h rhcmgkohojs fkhojkhots m Ruih: e d h E h j h r f i Ruihs me

Crgkgofi Prmchjurh t m phrkgt d h h e e h c t g v h s h r v g c h me f s ukkmos mo f m r h g l o m r l f o g z f t g m o t d f t

dfs om flhot mr r g o c g p f i p i f c h me u s g o h s s w g t d g o t d h Xogthj S t f t h s . \h ghw t d h prmpmshj

fkhojkhots m bh ohchssfry o m r j h r t m h e e h c t g v h i y p r m s h c u t h e m r h g l o m r l f o g z f t g m o s t d f t holflh

g o v g m i f t g m o s me mkhstgc c r g k g o f i ifw.

E g r s t , wh hcmkkhoj d f t Ruih : h fkhojhj m rhkmvh d h rhqugrhkhot d f t f cmpy me

t d h s ukkmos bh s h o t t m t d h m r l f o g z f t g m o ' s i f s t aomwo fgigol j j r h s s w g t d g o t d h j g s t r g c t mr

p r g o c g p f i p i f c h me u s g o h s s w g t d g o t d h Xogthj S t f t h s . Shcmoj, wh hcmkkhoj d f t Ruih : h

fkhojhj m prmvgjh t d h khfos m s h r v h f sukkmos pmo fo m r l f o g z f t g m o i m c f t h j m u t s g jh t d hXogthj S t f t h s . Zdh prmpmshj fkhojkhots r h ohchssfry m hosurh t d f t m r l f o g z f t g m o s t d f t cmkkgt

jmkhstgc m e e h o s h s f r h omt b i h t m fvmgj i g f b g i g t y tdrmuld t d h sgkpih h x p h j g h o t s me h c i g o g o l t m

kfgotfgo fo l h o t , p i f c h me u s g o h s s foj kfgigol f j j r h s s w g t d g o t d h Xogthj S t f t h s .

\dho phrsmo i m c f t h j fbrmfj v g m i f t h s t d h ifws me d h Xogthj S t f t h s , t d f t phrsmo kfybh

dhij c r g k g o f i i y i g f b i h j h s p g t h t d h e f c t t d h phrsmo dfs ohvhr s h t e m m t g o t d h Xogthj S t f t h s . Eme° j v .

Xogthj t f t h s , 2<3 X.S. 873,523 672<) h x h r c g s g o l u r g s j g c t g m o foj e e g r k g o l c m o v g c t g m o s me

B r g t g s d c g t g z h o s e m r c m o s p g r g o l t m gkpmrt g q u m r g o t m Xogthj S t f t h s , wdhrh smkh c m o s p g r f t m r s dfj

omt o t h r h j t d hXogthj

S t f t h s ) 1 f i z h g°Fgrwfys

t j . v .Sfbhof,

Bhilgfo \ml° i j F g s • i g o h s , <36 E.2j

707, 22 J.C. g r . 67<:) Q\[dho f k f i h e f c t m r g o S t f t h F d m m t s f v g c t g k f c r m s s t d h bmrjhr o

S t f t h B , t f t h fo p r m s c r g b h t d h dfrkeui cmojuct. ) .

M r l f o g z f t g m o s , sucd fs m r h g l o c m r p m r f t g m o s , f r h omt hxchpthj ermk t d g s p r g o c g p i h . Shh,

h . l . , Xogthj t f t h s v . P d g i i g p Kmp° r g s X S F , o c . , 855 E.3j 6078, 6630-36 (J.C. g r . 2007)

(tmbfccm cmkpfoy cmojucthj s h c r h t o g c m t g o h r h s h f r c d fbrmfj foj p f r t g c g p f t h j g o g o t h r o f t g m o f i

m r l f o g z f t g m o s g o s t r u k h o t f i t m p h r p h t u f t g m o me wgjh- s c f i h e r f u j w g t d g o t d h Xogthj S t f t h s ) 1





Pflh 2

Xogthj t f t h s v . Gocm Bfoa &Zrust CmOp.,4:8 E.2j 767, 2 0-26 6itd g r . 6744) c g t g o l E m r j .

Shh i s m Rhstfthkhot Shcmoj) e m o e i g c t me Ifws § 0 67<6) F t f t h dfs pmwhr m h x h r c g s h

n u j g c g f i n u r g s j g c t g m o mvhr f m r h g l o c m r p m r f t g m o wdgcd f u s h s h e e h c t s g o t d h s t f t h b y fo c t j moh

hishwdhrh wgtd h s p h c t t m foy cfush me c t g m o f r g s g o l ermk d h s h h e e h c t s u o i h s s t d h o f t u r h me d h s h

h e e h c t s fo j m e d h c m r p m r f t g m o ' s r h i f t g m o s d g p t m t d h s t f t h kfahs d h h x h r c g s h me ucd u r g s j g c t g m o

u o r h f s m o f b i h . ) . O m r s t d h r h foy lmmj rhfsmo m c r h f t h sucd g i h x c h p t g m o 1 m r l f o g z f t g m o s , by

t d h g r vhry f t u r h , kfy f c g i g t f t h c m i i h c t g v h c r g k g o f i f c t g m o f k m o l o j g v g j u f i s , tdhrhby pmsgol f

l r h f t h r t d r h f t tdfo f moh f c t m r . Gojhhj, d h Suprhkh Cmuot dfs x p i f g o h j t d f t t d h r h g s f .

cmkphiigol ohhj m puogsd d h s m r t me m i i h c t g v h c r g k g o f i f c t g m o fo r l f o g z f t g m o kfy m s t h r >

Q C [ m i i h c t g v h c r g k g o f i flrhhkhot ‚ p f r t o h r s d g p g o crgkh ‚ p r h s h o t s f

l r h f t h r p m t h o t g f i t d r h f t t m t d h p u b i g c tdfo o j g v g j u f i j h i g c t s .

Cmochrthj f c t g m o bmtd o c r h f s h s t d h i g a h i g d m m j t d f t t d h c r g k g o f i

m b n h c t w g i i bh u c c h s s e u i i y f t t f g o h j fo j h c r h f s h s t d h p r m b f b g i g t y

t d f t t d h g o j g v g j u f i s govmivhj w g i i j h p f r t ermk d h g r pftd me

c r g k g o f i g t y . Lrmup f s s m c g f t g m o e m r c r g k g o f i purpmshs m e t h o , e omt

omrkfiiy, kfahs m s s g b i h t d h f t t f g o k h o t me ojs kmrh cmkpihx

tdfo d m s h wdgcd mo h r g k g o f i cmuij fccmkpigsd. O m r s t d h jfolhr

me m o s p g r f t m r g f i lrmup i g k g t h j t m t d h p f r t g c u i f r hoj tmwfrj wdgcd

g t dfs hkbfrahj. Cmkbgoftgmo o crgkh kfahs kmrh g a h i y t d h

cmkkgssgmo me rgkhs o r h i f t h j t m t d h m r g l g o f i purpmsh m r wdgcd

t d h lrmup wfs emrkhj.

C c r i i f o f o v . Xogthj t f t h s , 35: X .S. 84<, 73-7: 6756).

\dho d h E h j h r f i Ruihs me rgkgofi Prmchjurh h o t h r h j g o t m e m r c h g o Kfrcd 67:5,

m r l f o g z f t g m o s , g o c i u j g o l c m r p m r f t g m o s , whrh f r h i y cdfrlhj fs j h e h o j f o t s g o foj me dhkshivhs.

M r l f g u z f t g m o s , sucd fs jmkhstgc m r p m r f t g m o s , whrh s t f b i g s d h j , cmojucthj c t g v g t g h s , foj

hxphcthjiy kfgot fgohj f r h s h o c h g o t d h Xogthj S t f t h s . M r l f o g z f t g m o f i i h f j h r s d g p l h o h r f i i y

gociujhj i i m e e g c h r , f kfoflgol mr l h o h r f i f l h o t , mr f o m t d h r flhot fppmgothj mr h l f i i y

f u t d m r g z h j t m r h c h g v h s h r v g c h me r m c h s s . Xsh me fgi wfs r j g o f r y . Ruih :(c)‚ emrk hr Ruih 7(c)

‚ r h l f r j g o l s h r v g o l f suk k mos m o fo r l f o g z f t g m o r h e i h c t h j t d h s h r h f i g t g h s foj gkpmshj f juty

m o d h lmvhrokhot m s h r v h t d h surkomos m o fo o j g v g j u f i , sucd f s fo e e g c h r mr flhot ‚tdh

j h i g v h r y rhqugrhkhot ‚ f o j m kfgi d h suk k mos m t d h m r l f o g z f t g m o ' s i f s t aomwo j j r h s s w g t d g o

t d h j g s t r g c t mr t s p r g o c g p f i p i f c h me u s g o h s s g o t d h Xogthj S t f t h s ‚tdh f g i g o l r h q u g r h k h o t . Go

p r f c t g c h , o h g t d h r t d h fccushj omr d h lmvhrokhot h c h g v h j f o uojuh fjvfotflh mvhr d h m t d h r

wgtd d h g o c i u s g m o me d h j h i g v h r y fo j kfgigol h q u g r h k h o t s . Ohw Wmra o g v h r s g t y Scdmmi me

Ifw g i s t g t i g t h E h j h e • f i Ruihs m e r g g ~ z g ~ ~ c t i PrmchjuOh, \ g t d Omths f o j rmchhjgols, t g v (67:5).

Zdh hovgrmokhot d f t g o e i u h o c h j t d h m r g l g o f i j r f e t h r s me d h E h j h r f i Ruihs me rgkgofi

Prmchjurh o m imolhr x g s t s . Zdh hcmomky s l i m b f i . H i h c t r m o g c cmkkuogcftgmos m o t g o u h t m

j g s p i f c h m r j g o f r y k f g i . M r l f o g z f t g m o s cfo kfgotfgo o m e e g c h m r flhot o t d h Xogthj S t f t h s , y h t





Pflh 3

cmojuct bmtd h f i foj g r t u f i f c t g v g t g h s d h r h . Zdgs ohw h f i g t y dfs e e h c t h j e h j h r f i c r g k g o f i

p r f c t g c h euojfkhotfiiy. Gojhhj, m u r t j h c g s g m o s sdmw d f t f lrmwgol i f s s me r l f o g z f t g m o s ,

p f r t g c u i f r i y e m r h g l o c m r p m r f t g m o s , dfs lfgohj fo uojuh fjvfotflh mvhr d h lmvhrokhot h i f t g o l

t m t d h g o g t g f t g m o me r g k g o f i p r m c h h j g o l s .

\dgih m r h g l o c m r p m r f t g m o s foj m t d h r m r l f o g z f t g m o s kfybh uogsdhj m r v g m i f t g m o s me

Xogthj S t f t h s ifw, hvho e tdhy dfvh omt s t f b i g s d h j f mrkfi prhshoch o t d h Xogthj S t f t h s ,

Ruih: h p h f t h j i y dfs bhho m o s t r u h j t m s u b s t f o t g f i i y gkpfgr r m s h c u t g m o me m r h g l o m r l f o g z f t g m o s

‚ sgkpiy bhcfush tdhy j m omt dfvh fo flhot mr kfgotfgo f kfgigol j j r h s s w g t d g o t d h Xogthj

S t f t h s . Emr hxfkpih, o Xogthj t f t h s v . . G m d o s m o Kfttdhy Pic, Om. >05-CR-657 JB, 00<\228:5<5, t (J. tfd, Ful. , 00<), d h jhehojfot r l f o g z f t g m o , Nmdosmo Kfttdhy i c , wf s

cdfrlhj wgtd, f k m o l t d h r t d g o l s , c m o s p g r g o l wgtd m t d h r s t m j g s c d f r l h cmotfkg ofthj wfsthwfthr

f t f f i t I f i c h Cgty f c g i g t y foj cmochfigol d g s g i i h l f i f c t g v g t y . i Zdh jhehojfot r l f o g z f t g m o wf s

g o c m r p m r f t h j uojhr d h ifws me olifoj foj \fihs, wgtd f r g o c g p f i p i f c h me u s g o h s s g o Imojmo.

G j .

Go s s h s s g o l t d h lmvhrokhot's e e m r t s t m s h r v h f s u k k m o s mo d h jhehojfot r l f o g z f t g m o ,

t d h c m u r t h x p i f g o h j t d f t Ruih ( c ) ( 3 ) ( C ) m o t f g o s twm h q u g r h k h o t s > g r s t t d f t t d h s u k k m o s bh

s h r v h j mo fo e e g c h r m r flhot ‚ f h r v g c h rhqugrhkhot ‚foj hcmoj, d f t f cmpy me d h s u k k m o s

bh kfgihj m t d h m r l f o g z f t g m o ' s i f s t aomwo j j r h s s w g t d g o t d h j g s t r g c t m r g t s p r g o c g p f i p i f c h me

b u s g o h s s go tdh Xogt hj S t f t h s ‚ f kfgigol h q u g r h k h o t . . G m i z o s m o Kfttdhy Pic, 00<\ 28:5<5

f t . Zdh lmvhrokhot o g t g f i i y ftthkpthj m s f t g s e y t d h i f t t h r rhqugrhkhot b y shojgol d h

sukkmos m twm m c f t g m o s > f h e g o h r y fs w h i i f s fo m e e g c h m p h r f t h j b y f X . S .-bfshj wdmiiy-

mwohj u b s g j g f r y me d h jhehojfot Nmdosmo Kfttdhy, o c . ) . G j .

Zdh m u r t jhcgjhj d f t t d h kfgigol me d h s u o v o m i g s t m bmtd m c f t g m o s wfs o s u e e g c g h o t t m

s f t g s e y Ruih : hcfush uojhr s t f b i g s d h j ifw, h r v g c h me s u k k m o s mo f u b s g j g f r y jmhs omt

c m o s t g t u t h s h r v g c h mo d h p f r h o t c m r p m r f t g m o . . G m d o s m o Kfttdhy Pic, 00< \ 28:5<5 t . 2

Z d h r h f e t h r , tdh lmvhrokhot rhohwhj t s h e e m r t s t m c m k p i y wgtd d h s u k k m o s rhqugrhkhot by ,

f k m o l t d h r t d g o l s , shojgol f c m p y me d h s u k k m o s g f E h j h r f i Hxprhss m jhehojfot m i u g s m o

Kfttdhy i c ' s i h l f i jhpfrtkhot o Imojmo. G j . f t ' ~ 2 . Fitdmuld d h lmvhrokhot frluhj d f t t d h

jhehojfot dfj fkpih m t g c h t d f t prmchhjgols dfj bhho o g t g f t h j f l f g o s t t t d h c m u o t h x p i f g o h j

t d f t fkpih m t g c h sgkpiy wfs omt u e e g c g h o t >

~ Shh Z m i r o s m ~ ~ Kfttdhy i c , Om. >05-CR-657 J. tfd) Jmcaht :<[.

2 h v h r f i c m k - t s dfvh u i h j t d f t s h r v g c h me r m c h s s mu f u X s g j g f r y g s g o s u e e g c g h o t t m c m o s t g t u t h s h r v g c h mo d h p f r h o t ,

g e m r p m r f t h e m r k f i g t g h s f r h m b s h r v h j . H . l . , Jfvghs . Nmbs &Fjvhrts e z i g o h L o < b 6 Z , 7: E. Supp. 2 j <67, 2 2-23

(H.J. Uf. 0 0 0 ) Q S [ h r v g c h me r m c h s s mo f m r h g l o j h e h o j f o t ' s wdmiiy mwohj u b s g j g f r y g s omt u e e g c g h o t t m h e e h c t

s h r v g c h mo d h e m r h g l o p f r h o t sm imol s t d h p f r h o t foj d h s u b s g j g f r y k f g o t f g o s h p f r f t h c m r p m r f t h g j h o t g t g h s . ) .





Pflh :

\dgih d h lmvhrkohot dfs shrvhj Nmdosmo Kfttdhy's f i t I f i c h

Rhegohry1 Nmdosm o Kfttdhy, o c . go \f yoh,PF1 oj tm Nmdosmo

Kfttdhy PIC's h l f i jhpfrtkhot o Imojmo, moh me dmsh

i m c f t g m o s q u f i g e y uojhr tdh u i h fs tdh r l f o g z f t g m o ' s i f s t aomwo

fjjr hss wgtdgo d h j g s t r g c t mr m g t s p r g o c g p f i pifch me usgohss

hishwdhrh go d h Xogthj S t f t h s . NK ic dfs omt bhho sdmw o m bh

p r h s h o t go tdh g s t r g c t me tfd foj jmhs ' mt omw fvh, mr dfs t

hvhr dfj, o fjjrhss o tdh g s t r g c t , mr f pifch me usgohss wgtdgo

tdh Xogthj t f t h s .

G j . Fccmrjgoliy, d h cmurt lrfothj d h jhehojfot's kmtgmo tm qufsd tdh sukkmos. Go jmgol sm,

tdh cmurt sullhsthj d f t s h r v g c h kgldt bh fccmkpigsdhj b y h s m r t g o l tm tdh Kutufi Ihlfi

Fssgstfoch Zrhfty bhtwhho d h Xogthj t f t h s foj d h Xogthj Agoljmk, j . , but jgj omt x p i f g o

dmw dh r h f t y wmuij hofbih t d h Xogthj S t f t h s t m c m k p i y wgtd Ruih :'s rhqugrhkhot d f t t d h

m r l f i g g z f t g m o bh shrvhj f t g t s p r g o c g p f i pifch me usgohss g t i g g ~ i t d h Xogthj S t f t h s . 3

Rhchotiy, omtdhr m u r t , r h i y g o l go f r t upmo tdh rhfsmo gol me G m d o s m Z f Kfttdhy, r f o t h j f

emrhglo m r l f o g z f t g m o ' s kmtgmo m qufsd f sukkmos. ~ i Xogthj t f t h s v . Pfolfol LrmICp Cm, t j . ,

Om.CR 6-008<3 NS\, 062\ 060784, t *6 (O.J. f i . , Nuiy 23, 062), mur m r h g l o

m r l f o g z f t g m o s , moh me dhk f t f t h-mwohj o t h r p r g s h me d h Phmpih's Rhpubigc me Cdgof

( c m i i h c t g v h i y , tdh Pfolfol Jhehojfots ) , whrh cdfrlhj wgtd f r t g c g p f t g o l go f cmospgrfcy m

c mk kgt hcmomkgc hspgmoflh, mospgrfcy m c mk kgt d h e t me r f j h s h c r h t s , foj ftthkpthj

hcmomkgc hspgmoflh. Fs o G m d o s m g z Kfttdhy, dh Pfolfol Jhehojfots fpphfrhj s p h c g f i i y t m

cdfiiholh tdh lmvhrokhot's h r v g c h mesukkmos o tdhk. Zdh lmvhrokhot ftthkpthj tm

h s t f b i g s d , tdrmuld tdh subkgssgmo me frgmus e e g j f v g t s , t d f t g t s s h r v g c h me d h sukkmos o f

Xogthj S t f t h s s u b s g j g f r y me dh Pfolfol Jhehojfots w f s u e e g c g h o t e m r purpmshs me uih :'s g r s t

rhqugrhkhot d f t t d h sukkmos h shrvhj mo fo u t d m r g z h j flhot me dh m r l f o g z f t g m o . G j . f t - 7 . :

Dmwhvhr, m r f i i but moh jhehojfot, d h cmurt muoj d f t tdh lmvhi<uohot dfj omt prmvho d f t t d h

Xogthj S t f t h s s u b s g j g f r y w fs, o f c t , f lhohrfi flhot me d h Pfolfol Jhehojfots,foj d h r h e m r h

tdh cmurt qufsdhj tdh sukkmos s m t d r h h me d h emur m r h g l o m r l f o g z f t g m o s . G j .

Eurtdhrkmrh, d h cmurt cmociujhj d f t tdh sukkmos s m f i i Pfolfol Jhehojfots cmuij

bh qufsdhj mo lrmuojs d f t tdh lmvhrokhot dfj f g i h j t m c m k p i y wgtd Ruih :'s kfgigol

3 Go f g e e h r h o t c m o t h x t , t d h Zdgrj C g r c u g t dfs h n h c t h j fo t t h k p t t m h e e h c t ~ g f t h s h r v g c h me r m c h s s v g f fo o t h r o f t g m o f i

t r h f t y wdho d h f p p i g c f b i h r u i h r h q u g r h j s h r v g c h t m mccur g t d g o t d h emruk t f t h . Shh Jh.Gfkhs . Kflogeghoch

C f r r g h ~ ~ s , o c . , 58: .2j 240, 4<-70 3j g r . 6 7 4 6 ) .

: Fkmol t d h r t d g o l s , t d h lmvhrokhot m g o t h j t m h v g j h o c h j h k m o s t r f t g o l t d f t t d h Pfolfol Jhehojfots g ) ushj d h

Xogthj t f t h s s u b s g j g f r y t m cmojuct d h g r m p h r f t g m o s g o t d h Xogthj t f t h s 1 g g ) s h o t hkpimyhhs rmk Cdgof m s t f e e d h

m p h r f t g m o s me d h Xogthj t f t h s s u b s g j g f r y 1 foj ggg) p f g j t d h i h l f i e h h s me kpimyhhs wdm bhcfkh u b n h c t s me d h

lmvhrokhot's o v h s t g l f t g m o g o t d h Xogthj S t f t h s . Shh X o g t h j S t f t h s v . Pfolfol Lrmup m . , t c i . Om.CR 6-08<3

NS\ O.J. f i . Fpr. 7 , 2062) Jmcaht#622 t 3- 6 3 [ .





Pflh 8

r h q u g r h k h o t . G j . f t *7- 6 : . Fitdmuld d h lmvhrokhot frluhj d f t kfgigol d h sukk mos m f

e m r h g l o m r l f o g z f t g m o ' s l h o h r f i flhot m c f t h j g o t d h Xogthj S t f t h s wfs u e e g c g h o t t m cmkpiy wgtd

Ruih :, ot d f t t d h e m r h g l o m r l f o g z f t g m o

dfjfkpih m t g c h me d h i h l f i p r m c h h j g o l s , d h c m u r t

r h n h c t h j t d g s frlukhot bhcfush t wfs omt h r s u f s g v h i y suppmrthj b y r g k g o f i c f s h s c m o s g j h r g o l

t d h f p p i g c f t g m o me uih :. G j . f t 0 c g t g o l Nmdosmo Kfttdhy). \dgih d h c m u r t fiimwhj m r t d h

p m s s g b g i g t y t d f t t d h k f g i g o l rhqugrhkhot me uih : gldt bh f t g s e g h j b y shojgol d h sukk mos m f

e m r h g l o m r l f o g z f t g m o ' s l h o h r f i flhot o t d h Xogthj S t f t h s , g e d h l h o h r f i flhot wfs omtdgol kmrh

tdfo d h f i t h r hlm e d h e m r h g l o m r l f o g z f t g m o , t d h c m u r t cmociujhj d f t t d h lmvhrokhot dfj omt

kf jh d f t sdmwgol. G j . f t *66- 6 3 . 8 S g k g i f r i y u o f v f g i g o l wfs d h lmvhrokhot's frlukhot d f t t

cmuij omt e e h c t u f t h s h r v g c h tdrmuld t s Ku t u fi Ihlfi s s g s t f o c h Flrhhkhot wgtd Cdgof, fshj

mo d h lmvhrkohot's m o s g j h r h j vghw d f t Cdgof wmuij omt e e h c t u f t h s h r v g c h m o foy f g g l f o l

Jhehojfot pursufot m t d h thrks me d h g o t h r o f t g m o f i flrhhkhot. G j . f t ` 6 : . 5

\h r h cmochrohj d f t m t d h r c m u r t s w g i i fjmpt d h rhfsmogol me m i z o s m g z Kfttdhy,

P f o lf o l Le°mup foj g k g i f r c f s h s ‚ r h f s m o g o l wh h i g h v h g s cmodfry m smuoj u b i g c p m i g c y foj

t d h purpmsh me d h r u i h s . Ruih : fo bh i i j dfs bhho rhfj m p r h c d g j h u r g s j g c t g m o g o c r g k g o f i

c f s h s f l f g o s t c r g k g o f i m r l f o g z f t g m o s , hvho wdho tdhy r h prmvgjhj wgtd fkpih m t g c h me d h

p r m c h h j g o l s , khrhiy bhcfush d h c r g k g o f i m r l f o g z f t g m o s j m omt dfvh fo flhot mr f pmstbmx o t d h

Xogthj S t f t h s . e g i j h h j , Ruih:kfy c t f s fo gkphjgkhot m p r m s h c u t g m o j h s p g t h t d h e f c t t d f t f

jhehojfot r l f o g z f t g m o k f g o t f g o s h x t h o s g v h c m o t f c t s wgtd d h Xogthj S t f t h s . G o Nmdosmo K f t t i ~ h y ,

t d h jhehojfot r l f o g z f t g m o c m o s p g r h j t m j g s c d f r l h cmotfkgofthj wfsthwfthr o t d h Xogthj S t f t h s 1

g o Pfolfrzl Lrmup, d h e m r h g l o m r l f o g z f t g m o s cmojucthj u s g o h s s g o t d h Xogthj S t f t h s tdrmuld

t d h g r s u b s g j g f r y , wdgcd tdhy t f e e h j wgtd d h g r mwo kpimyhhs. Fccmrjgoliy, d h Xogthj S t f t h s

kfybh fchj wgtd t d h fomkfimus h s u i t t d f t f r g v f t h c g v g i i g t g l f o t w g i i bh b i h t m pursuh fo

f c t g m o f l f g o s t fo m r l f o g z f t g m o wdgih d h lmvhrokhot hkfgos h i p i h s s t m v g o j g c f t h t d h ifws me d h

Xogthj S t f t h s tdrmuld f cmrrhspmojgol r g k g o f i p r m c h h j g o l .

8 Zdh lmvhrokhot t t h k p t h j t m r h i y mo d h sfkh f i t h r hlm d h m r y t m mvhrcmkh d h d t u j i h s pmshj b y Ruih: o

f o m t d h r c f s h , X ~ < g t h c i S t f t h s ? . F i e g ~ h j I. \m~Lo~bD, m . 4 CR 6<, 066 \ :<6343, t *:-4 O.J . i i S h p t . 25,

2066), ut g k g i f r i y e f g i h j t m p h r s u f j h t d h c m u r t t d f t f Xogthj S t f t h s c m - j h e h o j f o t wfs khrhiy fo i t h r hlm me h v h r f i

e m r h g l o m r l f o g z f t g m o s . P g h r c g o l t d h c m r p m r f t h v h g i g s c d f i i h o l g o l , bhcfush c m u r t s dfvh h q u g r h j t d h lmvhrokhot m

c f r r y t d h dhfvy burjho e r m v g o l t d f t t d h c m r p m r f t h emrk s f sdfk foj khrhiy x g s t s f s f h d g c i h e m r p h r p h t r f t g o l

f r f u j . G j . f t *:- 8 c g t f t g m o s m k g t t h j ) .

5 Zdh m u r t j g j omt m o s g j h r wdhtdhr h r v g c h me d h sukkmos u r s u f o t t m t d g s flrhhkhot wmuij f t g s e y Ruih: o foy

h v h o t . Shh m t h 3, uprf.

Fomtdhr hxfkpih s p r m v g j h j by phojgol f s h , X o g t h j S t f t h s v Jmtcmor, Om. > 6 2-CR-3 H.J. Uf. 062). F

lrfoj ury h t u r o h j fo o j g c t k h o t f l f g o s t e m r h g l o m r l f o g z f t g m o Khlfupimfj Igkgthj foj m t d h r j h e h o j f o t s m o

r f c a h t h h r g o l , c m p y r g l d t g o e r g o l h k h o t foj kmohy f u o j h r g o l c d f r l h s . Go h s p m o s h , Khlfupimfj Igkgthj ‚ f m r h g l o

m r l f o g z f t g m o t d f t dfs fo x t h o s g v h p r h s h o c h g o t d h Xogthj S t f t h s g t f i i h l h j i y i h f s h j s o m r h t d f o 6,000 h r v h r s g o t d h

X o g t h j S t f t h s , e f c g i g t f t h j t d h j g s t r g b u t g m o me i i h l f i i y rhprmjuchj wmras i u m I g l d m u t t d h Xogthj S t f t h s , foj dfs cfushj

jfkflhs o h x c h s s me 800 g i i g m o t m v g c t g k s ) ‚dfs p h c g f i i y fpphfrhj foj frluhj d f t t g s gkkuoh ermk

p r m s h c u t g m o g o t d h Xguthj S t f t h s sgkpiy bhcfush t jmhs m t dfvh fo flhot r k f g i g o l f j j r h s s g o t d h Xogthj S t f t h s >

K hlfupim~j jmhs omt dfvh fo e e g c h g o t d h Xguthj S t f t h s , omr dfs t dfj moh p r h v g m u s i y . S h r v g c h me r g o u o f i







Pflh <

(2) m c f t g m o . frrfot gofy bh hxhcuthj, r f sukkmos h r v h j , w g t d g o t d h n u r g s j g c t g m o me d h

Xogthj S t f t h s mr foywdhrh i s h f h j h r f i s t f t u t h f u t d m r g z h s fo r r h s t . Fsukkmos kfy i s m

bhshrvhj f t

fi f c h omt g t d g o f u j g c g f i j g s t r g c t me d h Xogthj S t f t h s .

(3) foohr,

F) frrfot s hxhcuthj b y r r h s t g o l t d h j h e h o j f o t . Xpmo r r h s t , fo m e e g c h r p m s s h s s g o l

t d h m r g l g o f i mr f u p i g c f t h m r g l g o f i w f r r f o t k u s t s d m w t t m t d h j h e h o j f o t . G e d h m e e g c h r

jmhs omt pmsshss d h w f r r f o t , t d h m e e g c h r k u s t goemrk t d h jhehojfot me d h w f r r f o t s

h x g s t h o c h fo j me d h m e e h o s h cdfrlhj foj, t t d h j h e h o j f o t s r h q u h s t , k u s t s d m w t d h m r g l g o f i

mr f u p i g c f t h m r g l g o f i wfrrfot m t d h jhehojfot s s mmo f s p m s s g b i h .

B) ukkmos s shrvhj m o fo o j g v g j u f i j h e h o j f o t >

( g ) b y h i g v h r g o l f c m p y m t d h jhehojfot h r s m o f i i y 1 m r

( g g ) b y h f v g o l f c m p y t t d h j h e h o j f o t s r h s g j h o c h mr s u f i p i f c h me bmjh wgtd f phrsmo

me u g t f b i h flh fo j j g s c r h t g m o r h s g j g o l f t t d f t i m c f t g m o fo j b y kfgigol f c m p y m t d h

j h e h o j f o t s i f s t b i m w o j j r h s s .

C) u k k m o s s shrvhj m o fo r l f o g z f t g m o f t f i f c h w g t d g o f u j g c g f i j g s t r g c t me d h

Xogthj S t f t h s b y h i g v h r g o l f c m p y m fo m e e g c h r , t m f kfoflgol r l h o h r f i f l h o t , mr m

f o m t d h r flhot fppmgothj mr h l f i i y f u t d m r g z h j t m r h c h g v h s h r v g c h me r m c h s s .

1~~ ,~ , , . , < ,~<.,..0 . . E6~‟~1,,m~~ m<~m.Z,i.mrf , 1 6 , ~ . ZZ,,1~~~]~tfr

J) u k k m o s s shrvhj m o fo r l f o g z f t g m o f t f j f c h omt g t d g o f u j g c g f i j g s t r g c t me d h

Xogthj S t f t h s >

( g ) b y h i g v h r g o l f c m p y m fo e e g c h r , t m f kfoflgol mr l h o h r f i whot, r m f o m t d h r

whot ppmgothj m r i h ~ i i y f u t d m r g z h j t m r h c h g v h s h r v g c h me r m c h s s , g o f kfoohr

f u t d m r g z h j uojhr d h ifws me d h e m r h g l o u r g s j g c t g m o wdhrh d h m e e g c h r m r f ~ o t t m

bh shrvhj s i m c f t h j , m r

( g g ) b y t d h r khfos rhfsmofbiy f i c u i f t h j t m j g v h o m t g c h , g o c i u j g o l

f) t g p u i f t h j khfos me h r v g c h 1

bi f khfos d f t f m r h g l o f u t d m r g t y u o j h r t f i ~ h s g o rhspmosh m f h t t h r r m ~ f t m r y mr

i h t t h r me h q u h s t 1

(c) khfjs d f t f m r h g l o f u t d m r g t y uojhrtfahs o rhspmosh t m f h q u h s t subkgtthj

uojhr fo f ~ ~ i g c f b i h g o t h r o f t g m o f i flrhhkhot1

~j) khfos t d h r w g s h p h r k g t t h j uojhr fo f ~ ~ i g c f b i h g o t h r o f t g m o f i f~hhkhot1 r

( h i m t d h r khfos fomo h q u h s t me o t t m r o h y e m r t d h lmvhrokhot, s d h c m u r t

m r j h r s .

Ruih ( c ) ( 2 ) w m u i j bh fkhojhj m f i i m w s h r v g c h me s u k k m o s u t s g j h t d h Xogthj S t f t h s .

Go f r t g c u i f r , wgtd d h fkhojkhot, r l f o g z f t g m o s cmuij omw h shrvhj o t d h Xogthj S t f t h s m r ft





Pflh

f i f c h omt g t d g o f u j g c g f i j g s t r g c t me d h Xogthj S t f t h s . Zdgs ifo luflh emiimws d h ifoluflh

e m r u r g s j g c t g m o s h t e m r t d g o t d h E h j h r f i Ruihs me g v g i Prmchjurh.

Ruih ( c ) ( 3 ) ( C ) w m u i j bh fkhojhj m emcus h x c i u s g v h i y m o fo r l f o g z f t g m o f t f i f c h

w g t d g o f u j g c g f i j g s t r g c t me d h Xogthj t f t h s . Fs mthj fbmvh, d h Jhpfrtkhot u l l h s t s

k g r r m r g o l t d g s n u r g s j g c t g m o f i ifoluflh me d h Ehjhrfi Ruihs me g v g i Prmchjurh. Xojhr d h

fkhojhj ifoluflh, m t g c h g o v m i v g o l jmkhstgc m r l f o g z f t g m o w m u i j t g i i r h q u g r h p h r s m o f i s h r v g c h .

Zdh fkhojkhot wmuij rhkmvh d h k f g i g o l rhqugrhkhot m r s h r v g c h me s u k k m o s m o f jmkhstgc

m r l f o g z f t g m o .

Jhigvhry me d h s u k k m o s m o fo r l f o g z f t g m o m u t s g j h t d h Xogthj S t f t h s ‚ t f i f c h omt

w g t d g i g f u j g c g f i j g s o - g c t me d h Xogthj t f t h s ‚ w m u i j omw h fjjrhsshj go f o h w Ruih ( c ) ( 3 ) ( J ) .

Zdh ohw u b s h c t g m o (J)(g) muij r m v g j h t d f t f c m p y me d h s u k k m o s kust bh h i g v h r h j t m fo

m e e g c h r , f kfoflgol mr l h o h r f i f l h o t , m r f o m t d h r flhot fppmgothj m r i h l f i i y f u t d m r g z h j t m r h c h g v h

s h r v g c h me r m c h s s . Mur g g o g s t m p r h s h r v h p h r s m o f i s h r v g c h t m ggihht o m t g c h m b i g l f t g m o s , g e

p m s s g b i h . Fs h s u i t , s u b s h c t g m o ( J ) ( g ) k g r r m r s t d h ifoluflh cmochrogol h r s m o f i s h r v g c h f s

hxprhsshj o (C ), ut i f c h s fo j j g t g m o f i m b i g l f t g m o t m prmvgjh h r v g c h g o f kfoohr u t d m r g z h j

uojhr d h ifws me d h e m r h g l o n u r g s j g c t g m o wdhrh d h g o j g v g j u f i t m bh shrvhj s i m c f t h j .

Zdh o h w u b s h c t g m o ( J ) ( g g ) wmuij prmvgjh g v h j g s t g o c t f i t h r o f t g v h s t d f t f r h rhfsmofbiy

c f i c u i f t h j t m prmvgjh m t g c h . S u b s h c t g m o ( J ) ( g g ) ( f ) fcaomwihjlhs d f t t d h lmvhrokhot foj d h

jhehojfot m r p m r f t g m o cfo t g p u i f t h t m t d h khfos me h r v g c h . Fo ssukptgmo me d h E h j h r f i Ruihs

me g v g i Prmchjurh s t d f t p f r t g h s f r h hxphcthj m s t g p u i f t h t m t d h thrks me h r v g c h , lgvho d h

prhsukptgmo me f g v h r . Zdh Jhpfrtkhot d g o a s m r l f o g z f t g m o f i j h e h o j f o t s sdmuij dfvh d h m p t g m o

t m s t g p u i f t h t m s h r v g c h , foj d h r h e m r h wh o c i u j h t d g s m p t g m o g t d h prmpmshj fkhojkhot.

Subshctgmo J ) ( g g ) ( b ) emcushs m o d m s h g o s t f o c h s wdho d h Xogthj S t f t h s lmvhrokhot kfy mt

dfvh fo f p p i g c f b i h t r h f t y wgtd d h c m u o t r y wdhrh d h jhehojfot m r p m r f t g m o g s i m c f t h j m r cmojucts

b u s g o h s s . Go d m s h g o s t f o c h s , d h lmvhrokhot kfy s i c t d h c m u r t t m g s s u h f h t t h r r m l f t m r y mr d h

lmvhg~ohot kfy hoj f h t t h r me h q u h s t t m t d h e m r h g l o lmvhrokhot. Subshctgmo J ) ( g g ) ( c )

emcushs m o d m s h g o s t f o c h s wdh o d h lmvhrkohot kfy fvh f r h f t y r h i f t g m o s d g p wgtd d h e m r h g l o

lmvhrruohot wdhrh d h jhehojfot m r p m r f t g m o g s i m c f t h j mr cmojucts b u s g o h s s foj d h t r h f t y

p r m v g j h s e m r s h r v g c h me r m c h s s . Go g t d h r cfsh ‚ J ) ( g g ) ( b ) mr c ) ‚ t g s gkpmrtfot m o m t h t d f t t d h

e m r h g l o lmvhrokhot kgldt o e f c t p r m v g j h p h r s m o f i s h r v g c h , t d h Jhpfrtkhot's r h e h r r h j khtdmj me

s h r v g c h .

Subshctgmo J ) ( g g ) ( j ) hocmkpfsshs d m s h g o s t f o c h s wdh o fo f p p i g c f b i h g o t h r o f t g m o f i

flrhhkhot kfy mt r t g c u i f t h f f s g s e m r s h r v g c h, tdmuld f khfos d h lmvhrokhot prmpmshs s

m t d h r w g s h p h r k g s s g b i h uojhr d h flrhhkhot. Fs o hxfkpih, kutufi h l f i f s s g s t f o c h t r h f t y

m e t h o g o c i u j h s f r m v g s g m o cmochrogol h r v g c h , tdmuld p h c g e g c kmjhs me h r v g c h f r h omt

g j h o t g e g h j . Zdhsh r h f t g h s phrkgt d h r h q u h s t g o l s t f t h t m prmpmsh f k m jh me h r v g c h g o cmoemrkgty

wgtd t s jmkhstgc ifw foj, y d h thrks me d h t r h f t y , m e t h o m b i g l f t h t d h r h q u h s t h j s t f t h t m hxhcuth

f h q u h s t fs r h s h o t h j u o i h s s e m i i m w g o l t d h r h q u h s t g o l s t f t h ' s ifw w m u i j v g m i f t h t d h r h q u h s t h j

Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh 6:0 me :02Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh 6:0 me :02



Zdh momrfbih Rhhof Rfllg

Pflh

s t f t h ' s ifw. Zdgs prmvgsgmo s f i s m prmsphctgvh, fcaomwihjlgol d f t e g g t u r h flrhhkhots kfy i s m

phrkgt h r v g c h .

Zdh g o f i subshctgmo J ) ( g g ) ( h ) s gothojhj tm phrkgt tdh l m v h r g u i i h o t tm efsdgmo fkmjh e

shrvgch d f t g s rhfsmofbiy f i c u i f t h j tm prmvgjh o m t g c h foj shha tdh c m u i - t ' s hojmrshkhot me dh

kmjh r m p m s h j .

Zdhsh fkhojkhots m Ruih: r h jhsglohj m h o s u r h t d f t e m r h g l o m r l f o g z f t g m o s jm omt

fvmgj c r g k g o f i p r m s h c u t g m o g o t d h Xogthj S t f t h s khrhiy bhcfush d h m r l f o g z f t g m o cdmmshs omt m

ahhp fo f l h o t foj k f g i g o l f j j r h s s g o t d h Xogthj S t f t h s . Kmrhmvhr, o t d m s h g o s t f o c h s wdhrh

e m r h g l o m r l f o g z f t g m o s cfoomt bh s h r v h j w g t d g o f u j g c g f i j g s t r g c t t d h fkhojkhot r m v g j h s f

khcdfogsk m r f i t h r o f t h s h r v g c h . Zdhsh f i t h r o f t h khfos me h r v g c h f r h f i r h f j y f v f g i f b i h t m c g v g i

i g t g l f o t s uojhr Ruih: e d h E h j h r f i Ruihs me g v g i P r m c h j u r h . Shh Ehj. R. g v . P. :(~, d ) ( 2 ) . l

F c c m r j g o l i y , wh h i g h v h t d h s h p r m c h j u r h s f r h s u e e g c g h o t t m l g v h j h e h o j f o t m r l f o g z f t g m o s

r h f s m o f b i h o m t g c h me r g k g o f i f c t g m o s phojgol f l f g o s t tdhk.

\h p p r h c g f t h ymur s s g s t f o c h wgtd d g s p r m p m s f i foj imma emrwfrj m wmragol wgtd d h

Cmkkgtthh mo d g s g s s u h .

S g o c h r h i y ,

~,~-- ~

~~Ifoo F B ~ h

Fssgstfot Fttmrohy Lhohrfi

cc> Prmehssmr Sfrf S u o Bhfih, Rhpmrthr

Prmehssmr Ofocy . Agol, Rhpmrthr

Zdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot m Ruih: muij d u s upjfth d h E h j h r f i Ruihs me r g k g o f i Prmchjurh sm d f t t d h

s u k kmo s r m v g s g m o moch f l f g o r h s h k b i h s t d h suouomos p r m v g s g m o emuoj o t d h E h j h r f i Ruihs me g v g i P r m c h j u r h .

Shh Ehj. R. Crgk. P. : f j v g s m r y cmkkgtthh o m t h , 67:: f j m p t g m o ) S h r v g c h me ukkmos uojhr d h r u i h g s

s u b s t f o t g f i i y t d h sfkh f s g o c g v g i f c t g m o s uojhr h j h r f i Ruihs me g v g i Prmchjurh, Ruih ( j ) ( [ ).... ) .








ZFB 3H





Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh 6:: me :02Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh 6:: me :02



X.S. Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch

Crgkgofi Jgvgsgmo

Meegch me tdh Fssgstfot Fttmrohy Lhohrfi \fsdgoltmo, J.C. 20830

KHKMRFOJXK

Fulust 23, 2063

ZM> Nujlh Jfvgj K. Ifwsmo

Cdfgr, Subcmkkgtthh mo Ruih :

ERMK> Nmoftdfo N. \rmbihwsag, Jgrhctmr'Meegch me Pmigcy foj Ihlgsiftgmo

Aftdihho F. Ehitmo eme

Jhputy Cdghe, FpphiifthiShctgmo

SXBNHCZ> Prmpmshj Fkhojkhots tm Ruih :

G . Gotrmjuctgmo

Zdgs khkmrfojuk rhspmojs tm tdh jgscussgmo mo mur Fulust 67

td

cmoehrhoch cfii foj fismtm ymur sphcgegc rhquhst tm fjjrhss emur gssuhs rfgshj by tdh Subcmkkgtthh mo tdh cfii. Wmu fsahj

us tm>

6. Prmvgjh f jhscrgptgmo me wdft tdh Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch's fpprmvfi prmchss wmuij bh

emr tdh fithrofth khfos me shrvgch pursufot tm Ruih :(c)(3)(J)(gg)(j)1

2. Prmvgjh f stfthkhot emr tdh rhcmrj tdft tdh Jhpfrtkhots me Nustgch foj Stfth dfvh

cmosgjhrhj rhcgprmcgty cmochros sdmuij Ruih : bh fkhojhj tm phrkgt shrvgch me f X.S.

sukkmos go f kfoohr tdft cmuij cmotrfvhoh emrhglo ifw1

3. Jhscrgbh tdh prfctgcfi cmoshquhochs me shrvgch pursufot tm Ruih :(c)(3)(J)(gg)(j)1 foj

:. Ify mut tdh mptgmos tdft frh fvfgifbih tm f cmurt wdho f sukkmos gs shrvhj mo f

emrhglo hotgty tdft glomrhs tdh mrjhr tm fpphfr.

Fethr tdh Fulust 67td cmoehrhoch cfii, wh cmosuithj hxthosgvhiy wgtd mur cmiihfluhs

wgtdgo tdh Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch foj ft tdh Jhpfrtkhot me Stfth. \h cmosgjhrhj eurtdhr tdh

Subcmkkgtthh's ifthst jrfet fkhojkhot, tdh prmpmshj fjjgtgmo tm Ruih :(c)(3)(J)(gg)(j) tm




futdmrgzh mtdhr khfos me shrvgch, omt prmdgbgthj by gothroftgmofi flrhhkhot, foj tdh mtdhr

cmochros rfgshj mo tdh cfii.

\h wmuij vhry kucd igah tm jhvhimp cmoshosus go tdh Subcmkkgtthh emr tdh prmpmshj

fkhojkhot. Go tdft spgrgt, wh omw frh prhpfrhj tm fcchpt tdh fjjgtgmofi ifoluflh - "omt

prmdgbgthj by gothroftgmofi flrhhkhot." \h bhighvh tdh ifoluflh cfo wmra tm heehctufth shrvgch,omtwgtdstfojgol tdh cmochros wh hxprhsshj mo tdh cfii, foj wgi i fism fjjrhss tdh cmochros rfgshjby mtdhr khkbhrs me tdh Subcmkkgtthh. Dmwhvhr, wh tdgoa twm kmjgegcftgmos frh ohhjhj> egrst,

tdft tdh ifoluflh bh fkhojhj tm rhfj "omt prmdgbgthj by fo fppigcfbih gothroftgmofi flrhhkhot,"

cmosgsthot wgtd tdh ifoluflh ushj go Ruih :(c)(3)(J)(gg)(b) foj (c)1 foj shcmoj, wh tdgoa gt gs

gkpmrtfot tm fjj Cmkkgtthh Omth ifoluflh tm fjjrhss smkh me tdh schofrgms wh jgscusshj mo murcfii. Zdh omth ifoluflh wh sullhst, kmjhihj mo sgkgifr omth ifoluflh fccmkpfoygol Cgvgi Ruih

:(e), sphiis mut go lrhfthr jhtfgi wdho fithrofth khfos me shrvgch kgldt bh fpprmprgfth.

Pfrflrfpd (j) futdmrgzhs tdh cmurt tm fpprmvh mtdhr khfos me shrvgch omtprmdgbgthj by fo fppigcfbih gothroftgmofi flrhhkhot. Smkh gothroftgmofi

flrhhkhots futdmrgzh mtdhr uosphcgeghj khfos me shrvgch go cfshs me urlhocy,wdho cmovhotgmofi khtdmjs wgi i omt phrkgt shrvgch wgtdgo tdh tgkh rhqugrhj by

tdh cgrcukstfochs. Mtdhr khfos me shrvgch kfy fism bh nustgeghj by tdh efgiurh metdh emrhglo cmuotry's Chotrfi Futdmrgty tm heehct shrvgch pursufot tm f bgifthrfi mrkuitgifthrfi flrhhkhot, wdho tdhrh gs om gothroftgmofi flrhhkhot fppigcfbih, mrwdho fo flrhhkhot jmhs omt sphcgey tdh typh me ihlfi fssgstfoch tdft cfo bh smuldt

mr jmhs omt sphcgey tdh khfos emr shrvgol fnujgcgfi jmcukhot, sucd fs f crgkgofi

sukkmos. Go sucd cfshs, tdh cmurt, ft tdh rhquhst me tdh fttmrohy emr tdhlmvhrokhot, kfy jgrhct f sphcgfi khfos me shrvgch omt hxpigcgtiy futdmrgzhj bygothroftgmofi flrhhkhot g e sucd khfos gs omt prmdgbgthj by foy vfigj flrhhkhot

rftgeghj foj go emrch.

\h fism bhighvh moh fjjgtgmofi cdfolh tm tdh jrfet gs wfrrfothj tm heehctufth tdh

Subcmkkgtthh's gothot. Ruih :(c)(3)(J) sdmuij bh fkhojhj tm higkgofth tdh pdrfsh "ft f pifch".Zdh prmvgsgmo wmuij tdho rhfj> "F sukkmos gs shrvhj mo fo mrlfogzftgmo ft f pifch omt wgtdgo f

nujgcgfi jgstrgct me tdh Xogthj Stfths by foy m e tdh emiimwgol khfos tdft gs rhfsmofbiy cficuifthjtm lgvh omtgch>". Go mur prgmr jgscussgmos, tdh Subcmkkgtthh dfs cmothkpifthj tdft tdh fithrofth

khfos me shrvgch uojhr Ruih :(c)(3)(J)(gg) cmuij tfah pifch wgtdgo tdh Xogthj Stfths, hvhotdmuld tdh mrlfogzftgmo gs omt wgtdgo tdh Xogthj Stfths. G e tdh pdrfsh "ft f pifch" rhkfgos, tdh

pmssgbgigty m e fithroftgvh shrvgch wgtdgo tdh X.S. wmuij frlufbiy bh higkgofthj.

\h dmph tdh Subcmkkgtthh wgii e goj tdgs ifoluflh fcchptfbih. \h imma emrwfrj tm

jgscussgol tdgs eurtdhr wgtd ymu mo mur Shpthkbhr 3r cmoehrhoch cfii.

G G . JMN's Fpprmvfi Prmchss emr tdh Fithrofth Khfos me Shrvgch Pursufot tm

Ruih :(c)(3)(J)(gg)(j)

Fs wh dfvh prhvgmusiy jgscusshj, wgtdgo tdh Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch, tdh Crgkgofi

Jgvgsgmo's Meegch me Gothroftgmofi Feefgrs (MGF) shrvhs fs tdh Chotrfi Futdmrgty fojcihfrgoldmush emr fii gothroftgmofi crgkgofi kftthrs. Rhlfrjihss me wdhtdhr tdhrh gs f trhfty

- 2 -




rhiftgmosdgp bhtwhho tdh Xogthj Stfths foj tdh rhihvfot emrhglo stfth, MGF hosurhs tdft tdh

ohchssfry sthps frh tfaho tm heehctufth shrvgch me f crgkgofi sukkmos mo fo fpprmprgfth

rhprhshotftgvh mr flhot me tdft mrlfogzftgmo go fccmrjfoch wgtd X.S. foj gothroftgmofi ifw foj

cmosgsthot wgtd X.S. emrhglo pmigcy. MGF gs stfeehj wgtd sphcgfigsts wdmsh hxphrghoch foj

trfgogol hofbih tdhk tm fsshss wdft prmchss bmtd cmkpighs wgtd jmkhstgc foj gothroftgmofi ifw

foj wgii bhst heehctufth shrvgch, foj tdhy wgii cmoehr fs ohhjhj wgtd tdh Stfth Jhpfrtkhot.

Zdh X.S. Fttmrohy's Kfoufi foj Jhpfrtkhotfi pmigcy lugjfoch gostruct prmshcutmrs mo

wdho foj dmw tm kfah f rhquhst emr fpprmvfi foj fssgstfoch ermk MGF. Shh X.S. Fttmrohys'

Kfoufi, 7-63.800, fvfgifbih ft

dttp>//www.gustgch.lmv/usfm/hmusf/emgf rhfjgol]rmmk/usfk/tgtih7/63kcrk.dtk#7-63.800 (ifst

vgsgthj Fulust 20, 2063). Jhpfrtkhot pmigcy rhqugrhs prmshcutmrs tm shha fpprmvfi ermk MGF

wdho shhagol foy fssgstfoch fbrmfj mr tfagol "foy fct mutsgjh tdh Xogthj Stfths rhiftgol tm f

crgkgofi govhstglftgmo mr prmshcutgmo." Gj.

MGF wmras wgtd tdh Hxhcutgvh Meegch me Xogthj Stfths Fttmrohys tm hosurh tdft tdh X.S.

Fttmrohy's Kfoufi cfpturhs tdh Jhpfrtkhot's hxphctftgmos fbmut f prmshcutmr's ohhj tm wmrawgtd foj tdrmuld MGF emr fii emrks me fssgstfoch smuldt foj go cfshs gkpigcftgol emrhglo pmigcy,

gociujgol shrvgol f crgkgofi sukkmos mo f emrhglo mrlfogzftgmo. Zdh Jhpfrtkhot gs prhpfrhj tm

eurtdhr fkhoj tdh X.S. Fttmrohy's Kfoufi tm kfah fbsmiuthiy cihfr tdh ohhj tm mbtfgo tdh

fpprmvfi me MGF bhemrh shhagol foy khfos me shrvgch mutsgjh tdh X.S. mr mtdhrwgsh govmivgol f

emrhglo mrlfogzftgmo uojhr Ruih :.

G G G . Rhcgprmcgty Cmochros ge tdh Ruih whrh Fkhojhj tm Phrkgt X.S. Shrvgch go f Kfoohr tdft

Cmuij Cmotrfvhoh Emrhglo Ifw

\dho shrvgol f crgkgofi sukkmos mo f emrhglo mrlfogzftgmo ft f pifch omt wgtdgo f

nujgcgfi jgstrgct me tdh Xogthj Stfths pursufot tm subshctgmo (c)(3)(J) me tdh prmpmsfi, tdh Xogthj

Stfths wgii lhohrfiiy shha tm fschrtfgo foj cmkpiy wgtd tdh ifw me tdh pifch wdhrh shrvgch gs tm bh

kfjh. Zdh prmpmshj gociusgmo me subshctgmo (c)(3)(J)(gg)(j) wmuij phrkgt shrvgch by f khfos

tdft "tdh cmurt mrjhrs mo rhquhst by fo fttmrohy emr tdh lmvhrokhot," fs f ifst rhsmrt wdho mtdhr

khfos frh uofvfgifbih, wdgcd go smkh cfshs cmuij rhsuit go f kfoohr me shrvgch tdft cmuij bh

jhhkhj gocmosgsthot wgtd emrhglo ifw. Dmwhvhr, sucd shrvgch wmuij moiy prmchhj fethr

cmosuitftgmos bhtwhho tdh Crgkgofi Jgvgsgmo's Meegch me Gothroftgmofi Feefgrs foj tdh

Jhpfrtkhot me Stfth. Go igldt me tdgs, Crgkgofi Jgvgsgmo Jhputy Fssgstfot Fttmrohy Lhohrfi emr

Gothroftgmofi Feefgrs Bruch Swfrtz, tdh Crgkgofi Jgvgsgmo's Meegch me Gothroftgmofi Feefgrs foj

rhprhshotftgvhs me tdh Jhpfrtkhot m e tdh Stfth cmosgjhr tdgs prmpmsfi tm prmvgjh fo fpprmprgfth

mppmrtuogty emr pmthotgfi rhcgprmcgty mr emrhglo pmigcy gkpigcftgmos tm bh tfaho gotm fccmuot go tdh

cmothxt me pfrtgcuifr cfshs foj bhighvh tdh fkhojkhot prmpmsfi sdmuij prmchhj.

GU. Zdh Prfctgcfi Sthps tdft f Cmurt foj tdh Hxhcutgvh Brfocd Cfo Zfah \dho fo

Mrlfogzftgmo Efgis tm Fpphfr go Rhspmosh tm f Ufigjiy Shrvhj Sukkmos

Fs wh dfvh jgscusshj wgtd tdh Subcmkkgtthh, wh dfvh emuoj igttih cfsh ifw fjjrhssgol

tdh cmoshquhochs me fo mrlfogzftgmo efgigol tm fpphfr go rhspmosh tm f vfigjiy shrvhj sukkmos.

\h bhighvh tdgs gs bhcfush go kmst cfshs, wdho f sukkmos gs prmphriy shrvhj, mrlfogzftgmos jm

-3 -Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh 6:< me :02Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh 6:< me :02



fpphfr foj dfvh f vhry strmol egofocgfi gochotgvh tm fpphfr. Gothrhstgoliy, go rhchot crgkgofi

cfshs govmivgol emrhglo cmrpmrftgmos cmothstgol shrvgch me prmchss uojhr Ruih :, tdmsh

cmrpmrftgmos pfgj X.S. cmuoshi tm "sphcgfiiy fpphfr" foj kfah tdh frlukhot tdft shrvgch wfs

govfigj. Shh, h.l. Xogthj Stfths v. Amimo Gojustrghs, Goc.‚ E.Supp.2j ‚ , 2063 \I 542475

(H.J.Uf., Ehbrufry 22, 2063), Xogthj Stfths v. Jmtcmk, 2062 \I :<44:33 (H.J. Uf., Mct. 8,

2062)1 Xogthj Stfths v. Pfolfol Lrmup, Itj., 4<7 E. Supp. 2j 6082 (O.J. Cf. 2062). Zdhshcmrpmrftgmos cmuij dfvh sgkpiy glomrhj tdh crgkgofi cfsh foj omt pfgj foymoh tm fpphfr.

\dhtdhr gt wfs f cmochro emr tdh cmkpfoy's gothroftgmofi rhputftgmo, kfoflhkhot's ehfr me bhgol

frrhsthj wdho ftthojgol fo mvhrshfs busgohss khhtgol, tdh jhsgrh omt tm bh phrchgvhj fs f

eulgtgvh, mr f jhsgrh tm kfgotfgo f shosh me dmomr, tdhsh cmkpfoghs fii jhcgjhj gt wfs bhtthr tmcmothst shrvgch tdfo dfvh tdh cmrpmrftgmo ifbhihj f eulgtgvh.

Foytgkh fo mrlfogzftgmo dfs fsshts go tdh X.S. mr gothojs tm cmotgouh jmgol busgohss go

tdh X.S., tdhrh wgii bh f vhry strmol gochotgvh emr tdh mrlfogzftgmo tm fpphfr foj fjjrhss tdh

crgkgofi fiihlftgmos, emr tdh phojgol crgkgofi cdfrlhs cmuij rhsuit go fctgmos tdft wmuij gkpfct

tdh fsshts mr cmotgougol mphrftgmos. G e tdh mrlfogzftgmo jmhs omt fpphfr, tdmuld, tdhrh frh f

oukbhr m e prfctgcfi sthps tdft f cmurt foj tdh Hxhcutgvh Brfocd cmuij tfah. Zdhy gociujh>

Cmothkpt Mrjhrs> Go rhspmosh tm f emrhglo mrlfogzftgmo's jhcgsgmo omt tm fpphfr

emiimwgol prmphriy gogtgfthj crgkgofi cdfrlhs, f cmurt cmuij hothr f cmothkpt mrjhr (h.l., uojhr 64

X.S.C. § :06(3)), pmssgbiy rhsuitgol go sglogegcfot egohs, emrehgturhs, foj/mr mtdhr phofitghs. Zdhsh

phofitghs kfy bh hoemrchj tdrmuld tdh gkpmsgtgmo me jfgiy egohs. Shh, h.l., Xogthj Stfths v.

Jfrwgo Cmost. Cm., Goc., 4<3 E.2j <80 (:td. Cgr. 6747) (go cgvgi cmothkpt fctgmo, cmrpmrftgmo

emuoj go cmothkpt emr efgiurh tm cmkpiy wgtd GRS sukkmos wfs subnhct tm f jfgiy egoh me

$8,000)1 Phrehct Egt Gojus., Goc. v. Fckh Vugitgol Cm., Goc., 5<3 E.2j 83 (2j Cgr. 6742) (cgvgi

cmothkpt).

Zdh fbgigty tm mbtfgo f cmothkpt mrjhr gs eurtdhr hodfochj by tdh Cmkkgtthh Omth tm

prmpmshj subshctgmo (f), wdgcd stfths tdft "Zdh fkhojkhot hxpigcgtiy igkgts tdh gssufoch me f

wfrrfot tm gojgvgjufi jhehojfots wdm efgi tm fpphfr, foj prmvgjhs tdft tdh nujlh kfy tfahwdfthvhr fctgmo gs futdmrgzhj by ifw wdho fo mrlfogzftgmofi jhehojfot efgis tm fpphfr."

Gonuoctgvh Rhighe> F emrhglo mrlfogzftgmo's jhcgsgmo omt tm fpphfr go rhspmosh tm prmphriy

gogtgfthj crgkgofi cdfrlhs wmuij bh f efctmr whgldgol go efvmr me lrfotgol tdh Xogthj Stfths

gonuoctgvh rhighe flfgost tdh emrhglo mrlfogzftgmo. Sucd rhighe gs phrkgtthj uojhr vfrgmus crgkgofi

stftuths, gociujgol tdh Hcmomkgc Hspgmoflh Fct, 64 X.S.C. § 6435, wdgcd futdmrgzhs tdh

lmvhrokhot tm egih f cgvgi fctgmo tm "mbtfgo fpprmprgfth gonuoctgvh rhighe flfgost foy vgmiftgmo me

tdgs cdfpthr." Prmshcutmrs cmkkmoiy shha gonuoctgvh rhighe tm prhvhot eurtdhr jgscimsurh me f

trfjh shcrht by tdh jhehojfot mr tdgrj pfrtghs jurgol f crgkgofi govhstglftgmo, mr fs pfrt me tdh

nujlkhot ft tdh hoj me tdh cfsh. Jhphojgol upmo gts thrks, sucd fo gonuoctgmo cmuij fism igkgt f

emrhglo cmrpmrftgmo's fbgigty tm jm busgohss go tdh Xogthj Stfths foj bh ushj by vgctgks mr tdgrj-

pfrtghs tm mbtfgo rhighe fbrmfj.

Fppmgotkhot me Cmuoshi> Zdhrh gs smkh futdmrgty emr tdh prmpmsgtgmo tdft, go chrtfgo

cgrcukstfochs, f cmurt kfy fppmgot cmuoshi emr f cmrpmrftgmo tdft efgis tm fpphfr fethr bhgol

prmphriy shrvhj, foj kfy prmchhj wgtd f crgkgofi trgfi. Shh Xogthj Stfths v. Rgvhrf, 762 E. Supp.

- : -




53:, 534-37 (J . Puhrtm Rgcm 6775) (fppmgotgol cmuoshi tm f cmrpmrfth jhehojfot tdft efgihj tm

fpphfr ft twm gogtgfi dhfrgols foj dmijgol tdft Qgnofskucd fs f jhehojfot's rgldt tm rhtfgo

cmuoshi me dgs cdmgch kfy omt gothrehrh wgtd tdh heegcghot fjkgogstrftgmo me nustgch, wdho

cmoermothj wgtd f rhcficgtrfot jhehojfot wdm rheushs tm . . , subkgt tm tdh nurgsjgctgmo me tdh

Cmurt, tdh Cmurt go gts jgscrhtgmo kfy fppmgot cmuoshi"1 ehhs foj hxphoshs tm bh pfgj ermk

cmrpmrfth fsshts foj prmphrtghs)1 Xogthj Stfths v. Crmsby, 2: E.R.J. 68, 65 (S.J.O.W. 6787)(mbshrvgol tdft "f cmrpmrftgmo kfy omt fpphfr hxchpt by cmuoshi" foj dmijgol tdft "Qg[t wmuij bh

gjih tm prmvgjh emr sukkmogol f cmrpmrftgmo g e tdh cmurt, fethr sm jmgol, cmuij omt rhojhr f

nujlkhot flfgost gt. Zdh cmurt kust, tdhrhemrh, dfvh pmwhr tm fppmgot moh me gts fttmrohys foj

meegchrs tm fpphfr emr tdh cmrpmrftgmo.").

Pfrfiihi Prmchhjgols> Zdhrh gs fism smkh futdmrgty emr tdh prmpmsgtgmo tdft, go chrtfgo

cgrcukstfochs, f cmurt kfy sfoctgmo f pfrty tdft efgis tm cmkpiy wgtd mrjhrs go f crgkgofi fctgmo

tdrmuld phofitghs go f pfrfiihi cgvgi fctgmo. Shh, h.l., Xogthj Stfths v. Crfwemrj Hothrprgshs Goc.,

5:3 E. Supp. 3<0, 340 (S.J. Zhx. 6745) (cmurt egojs f emrhglo mg i cmkpfoy go crgkgofi foj cgvgi

cmothkpt foj dmijs tdft tdh mgi cmkpfoy's cgvgi fctgmo flfgost f cmrpmrftgmo tdft wfs f jhehojfot

go f shpfrfth crgkgofi cfsh sdmuij bh jgskgsshj emr tdh mgi cmkpfoy's efgiurh tm cmkpiy wgtd tdh

cmrpmrftgmo's subpmhof juchs thcuk go tdh crgkgofi cfsh).

Shgzurh/Emrehgturh> F emrhglo mrlfogzftgmo's jhcgsgmo omt tm fpphfr go rhspmosh tm

prmphriy gogtgfthj crgkgofi cdfrlhs cfo rhsuit go shgzurh foj emrehgturh me tdh mrlfogzftgmo's

fsshts, gociujgol fsshts go emrhglo cmuotrghs tdft dmomr X.S. emrehgturh mrjhrs, foj foy fsshts

imcfthj go tdh Xogthj Stfths. Xojhr tdh Cgvgi Fssht Emrehgturh Rhemrk Fct, Cmolrhss rhgostfthj

wdft gs cmkkmoiy aomwo fs tdh "eulgtgvh jgshotgtihkhot jmctrgoh." Shh 24 X.S.C. § 2:55.

Xojhr tdh jmctrgoh, f cmurt wdhrh f cgvgi emrehgturh fctgmo gs phojgol kfy jgsfiimw foy cdfiiholh

tm tdh emrehgturh g e tdh Lmvhrokhot hstfbigsdhs tdft f rhifthj crgkgofi cfsh wfs gogtgfthj flfgost

tdh cifgkfot1 tdft tdh cifgkfot wfs omtgeghj foj dfs imgmwihjlh me tdh crgkgofi cfsh1 foj tdft tdh

cifgkfot jhigbhrfthiy fvmgjhj prmshcutgmo by ihfvgol mr jhcigogol tm "hothr mr rhhothr" tdh X.S.

mr wfs mtdhrwgsh hvfjgol tdh nurgsjgctgmo me tdh cmurt wdhrh tdh crgkgofi cfsh gs phojgol.

Cmolrhss dfs gociujhj wgtdgo tdh scmph metdh stftuth omt moiy cifgks egihj by eulgtgvh

gojgvgjufis, but fism cifgks egihj by cmrpmrftgmos. Shh, Xogthj Stfths v. $5,7<5,73:.58 Pius

Gothrhst, :<4 E. Supp. 2j 30, :3 (J.J.C. 200<) (shctgmo 2:55(b) crhfths f prhsukptgmo tdft tdh

jgshotgtihkhot jmctrgoh fppighs g e f eulgtgvh gs tdh cmrpmrfth cifgkfot's kfnmrgty sdfrhdmijhr, but

hvho wgtdmut tdh prhsukptgmo, tdh eulgtgvh's jgshotgtihkhot kfy bh gkputhj tm tdh cmrpmrftgmo ge

tdh cmurt pghrchs tdh cmrpmrfth vhgi foj egojs tdft tdh cmrpmrftgmo gs tdh eulgtgvh's fithr hlm),

rhv j mo mtdhr lrmuojs, 88: E.3j 623 (J.C. Cgr. 2007).

Meegch me Emrhglo Fssht Cmotrmi> Zdh Prhsgjhot dfs tdh fbgigty tm gssuh hxhcutgvh mrjhrs

jgrhctgol tdh Zrhfsury Jhpfrtkhot tm fjkgogsthr foj hoemrch hcmomkgc foj trfjh sfoctgmos bfshj

mo X.S. emrhglo pmigcy foj oftgmofi shcurgty lmfis. Zdhsh sfoctgmos kfy prhvhot f emrhglocmrpmrftgmo ermk jmgol busgohss go tdh Xogthj Stfths mr tdrmuld f X.S. bfoa. Zdh Jhpfrtkhot me

Nustgch cfo shha sucd MEFC sfoctgmos flfgost emrhglo cmrpmrftgmos wdhrh chrtfgo crgthrgf frh

kht. Moh efctmr efvmrgol MEFC sfoctgmos wmuij bh f emrhglo cmrpmrftgmo's jhcgsgmo omt tm

fpphfr go rhspmosh tm f prmphriy gogtgfthj crgkgofi ifwsugt.

-8 -Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh 6:7 me :02Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh 6:7 me :02



Igstgol foj Jgpimkftgc Cmoshquhochs> Hxhcutgvh Brfocd flhocghs sucd fs tdh

Jhpfrtkhot me Cmkkhrch kfgotfgo pubigc igsts me emrhglo cmrpmrfth hotgtghs tdft frh bhgol

sfoctgmohj bhcfush me kgscmojuct. Go fjjgtgmo, tdh efct tdft f pfrtgcuifr cmuotry mr cmuotrghs

dfvh holflhj go f pftthro m e dfrbmrgol eulgtgvh cmrpmrftgmos kfy fism bh fo gkpmrtfot efctmr

emrkgol mr kmjgeygol jgpimkftgc, trfjh mr mtdhr rhiftgmosdgps. Emr hxfkpih, f oukbhr me rhchot

cfshs go wdgcd Ruih : prmchss wfs cdfiiholhj govmivh gothiihctufi prmphrty gssuhs. F cmuotry'spftthro me dfrbmrgol eulgtgvh cmrpmrftgmos go tdft cmothxt cmuij bh moh efctmr go jhthrkgogol

wdhtdhr tm gociujh f cmuotry go Xogthj Stfths Zrfjh Rhprhshotftgvh's "Sphcgfi 306" Rhpmrt, fo

fooufi rhvghw me tdh stfth me gothiihctufi prmphrty rgldts prmthctgmo foj hoemrchkhot go trfjgol

pfrtohrs frmuoj wmrij, wdgcd tdh Meegch m e tdh Xogthj Stfths Zrfjh Rhprhshotftgvh cmojucts

pursufot tm shctgmo 642 me tdh Zrfjh Fct me 67<: (fs fkhojhj by tdh Mkogbus Zrfjh foj

Cmkphtgtgvhohss Fct me 6744 foj tdh Xrulufy Rmuoj Flrhhkhots Fct). Zdh Kfy 2063 rhpmrt

cfo bh emuoj ft>

dttp>//www.ustr.lmv/sgths/jhefuit/egihs/08062063%202063%20Sphcgfi%20306%20Rhpmrt.pje.

Jhbfrkhot> Zdh Lmvhrokhot kfy gkpmsh mtdhr omo-phofi sfoctgmos tdft kfy

fccmkpfoy f crgkgofi cdfrlh, sucd fs susphosgmo mr jhbfrkhot ermk higlgbgigty emr lmvhrokhot

cmotrfcts mr ehjhrfiiy euojhj prmlrfks. Jhthrkgogol wdhtdhr mr omt sucd sfoctgmos frh

fpprmprgfth mr rhqugrhj go f pfrtgcuifr cfsh gs tdh rhspmosgbgigty me tdh rhihvfot flhocy, foj gs f

jhcgsgmo tdft gs kfjh bfshj mo tdh fppigcfbih stftuths, rhluiftgmos, foj pmigcghs. Zdh Ehjhrfi

Fcqugsgtgmo Rhluiftgmos Systhk cmjgeghs tdhsh pmigcghs fs whii fs fppigcfbih prmchjurhs emr

gkpmsgol susphosgmo foj jhbfrkhot. Zdh Ehjhrfi Fcqugsgtgmo Rhluiftgmo EFR) , Subpfrt 7.:‚

Jhbfrkhot, Susphosgmo, foj Gohiglgbgigty, phrkgts f cmotrfctgol meegcgfi tm susphoj mr jhbfr f

cmotrfctmr moch cdfrlhj wgtd f crgkgofi meehosh. Dmwhvhr, tdhrh frh prmchjurfi prmthctgmos tdft

lm fimol wgtd susphosgmo foj jhbfrkhot, gociujgol omtgch. Sucd omtgch wmuij bh hvgjhochj go

pfrt by shrvgch me prmchss go tdh crgkgofi cfsh.

U. Cmociusgmo

\h dmph tdgs khkmrfojuk foj mur sullhsthj rhvgsgmos tm tdh jrfet fkhojkhot foj

Cmkkgtthh Omth frh dhipeui. Fs wh stfthj hfrighr, mur uitgkfth mbnhctgvh gs tm efcgigtfth tdh

heemrts me tdh X.S. Lmvhrokhot tm dmij mrlfogzftgmos fccmuotfbih emr crgkgofi cmojuct, mbtfgo

rhstgtutgmo, foj mtdhrwgsh vgojgcfth tdh gothrhsts me tdh phmpih me tdh Xogthj Stfths, Mur sphcgegc

mbnhctgvh uojhriygol mur ruih prmpmsfi gs tm fkhoj Ruih : tm futdmrgzh tdh shrvgch me prmchss go

kfoohrs tdft prmvgjh omtgch tm tdh jhehojfot mrlfogzftgmo wdgih omt pifcgol uoohchssfry

mbstfcihs tm tdh gogtgftgmo me crgkgofi prmchhjgols.

\h imma emrwfrj tm jgscussgol fii me tdgs wgtd tdh Subcmkkgtthh smmo. Pihfsh iht us

aomw g e tdhrh gs foy eurtdhr goemrkftgmo wh cfo prmvgjh tm ymu.

- 5 -




ZFB :








ZFB :F








6


ERMK> Sfrf Bhfih foj Ofocy Agol, Rhpmrthrs

RH> Ruih :6 prmpmsfi

JFZH> Kfrcd 6<, 206:

Zdgs khkmrfojuk prhshots fo fkhojkhot tm Ruih :6 (Zfb B) tdft wmuij phrkgt f cmurt,

go f jgstrgct wdhrh fctgvgtghs rhifthj tm f crgkh dfvh mccurrhj, tm gssuh f wfrrfot futdmrgzgolrhkmth fcchss shfrcdhs me hihctrmogc stmrflh khjgf foj hihctrmogc goemrkftgmo imcfthj wgtdgo mr

mutsgjh tdft jgstrgct. Zdh Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch rhquhsthj tdft tdh Cmkkgtthh cmosgjhr tdgs

fkhojkhot go Shpthkbhr me 2063, shh Zfb C, Ihtthr me Fctgol Fssgstfot Fttmrohy Lhohrfi

Rfkfo tm Nujlh Rfllg, Shpthkbhr 64, 2063 (dhrhgofethr JMN Ihtthr 7/64/2063).

Nujlh Rfllg rhehrrhj tdh prmpmsfi tm f Ruih :6 Subcmkkgtthh cdfgrhj by Nujlh Ahhofo,

wdmsh khkbhrs frh Nujlh Ahtdihjlh, Nujlh Rgch, Kr. Egigp, Prmehssmr Ahrr, foj Kr.\rmbihwsag (rhprhshotgol tdh Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch). Go lhohrfi, subcmkkgtthh khkbhrs flrhhj

tdft tdhrh frh phrsufsgvh nustgegcftgmos emr fo fkhojkhot futdmrgzgol rhkmth hihctrmogc shfrcdhsmutsgjh tdh futdmrgzgol jgstrgct. Zdh kmrh jgeegcuit quhstgmo wfs wdhtdhr tm prmpmsh f ofrrmw

fkhojkhot tdft wmuij rhfcd moiy f igkgthj subsht me cfshs (jhscrgbhj fs schofrgm 6 bhimw), mr f

kmrh lhohrfi prmvgsgmo.

Fethr hxthosgvh jgscussgmo go emur khhtgols by thihcmoehrhoch cfii, tdh Subcmkkgtthhfpprmvhj (wgtd moh jgsshot) f sigldtiy rhvgshj vhrsgmo me tdh Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch prmpmsfi

rftdhr tdfo f kmrh ofrrmwiy jrfwo fithroftgvh.6 Subcmkkgtthh khkbhrs rhvghwhj sfkpih

wfrrfots foj rhquhsthj fjjgtgmofi goemrkftgmo mo tdh Jhpfrtkhot‗s lmfis go prmpmsgol tdhfkhojkhot, fs whii fs dmw gt wmuij feehct tdh Jhpfrtkhot‗s prfctgchs. Emiimwgol f euii fgrgol me

tdh gssuhs, tdh Subcmkkgtthh cmociujhj tdft tdh nustgegcftgmos emr f brmfjhr fkhojkhot whrh

sueegcghotiy cmkphiigol tm nustgey fpprmvfi emr pubigcftgmo. Zdgs cmociusgmo wfs goemrkhj by tdh

efct tdft tdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot's ifoluflh sphfas jgrhctiy moiy tm vhouh, foj tdft tdh prmpmshjcmkkhotfry kfahs cihfr tdft tdh lmvhrokhot kust sftgsey cmostgtutgmofi rhqugrhkhots wgtd

rhsphct tm foy wfrrfot. Fitdmuld tdhrh dfvh omt yht bhho kfoy pubigsdhj mpgogmos jhfigol wgtd

tdh vfrgmus schofrgms tdft wmuij bh cmvhrhj by tdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot, tdhsh sgtuftgmos frhigahiy tm frgsh kmrh erhquhotiy. Khkbhrs fism omthj tdh iholtdy ofturh me tdh fkhojkhot

6 Fethr cmosuitftgmo wgtd Prmehssmr Agkbih, fjjgtgmofi styih cdfolhs whrh kfjh go tdh jrfet fpprmvhj by tdh

Subcmkkgtthh.




2

prmchss foj tdh jhsgrfbgigty me f cmkprhdhosgvh fpprmfcd, rftdhr tdfo moh tdft wmuij kfah f

shrghs me fkhojkhots tm tdh sfkh ruih. Khkbhrs omthj, dmwhvhr, tdft tdhy hxphcthj tm ihfro

kmrh ermk pubigc cmkkhots by vfrgmus stfahdmijhrs ge tdh prmpmsfi gs fpprmvhj emr pubigcftgmo.

Zdgs khkmrfojuk egrst jhscrgbhs tdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot foj tdh nustgegcftgmos emr gt,

foj tdho rhvghws tdh gssuhs foj cmochros jgscusshj by tdh Subcmkkgtthh.

Zdh prmpmsfi dfs twm pfrts. Zdh egrst cdfolh gs fo fkhojkhot tm Ruih :6(b), wdgcd

lhohrfiiy igkgts wfrrfot futdmrgty tm shfrcdhs wgtdgo f jgstrgct,2 but phrkgts mut-me-jgstrgct

shfrcdhs go sphcgeghj cgrcukstfochs. 3

Zdh fkhojkhot wmuij fjj rhkmth fcchss shfrcdhs emr

hihctrmogc goemrkftgmo tm tdh igst me mtdhr hxtrfthrrgtmrgfi shfrcdhs phrkgtthj uojhr Ruih :6(b).Ifoluflh go f ohw subshctgmo :6(b)(5) wmuij futdmrgzh f cmurt tm gssuh f wfrrfot tm ush rhkmth

fcchss tm shfrcd hihctrmogc stmrflh khjgf foj shgzh hihctrmogcfiiy stmrhj goemrkftgmo gosgjh mr

mutsgjh me tdh jgstrgct.

Zdh shcmoj pfrt me tdh prmpmsfi gs f cdfolh tm Ruih :6(e)(6)(C), rhluiftgol omtgch tdft fshfrcd dfs bhho cmojucthj. Ohw ifoluflh wmuij bh fjjhj ft tdh hoj me tdft prmvgsgmo gojgcftgol

tdh prmchss emr prmvgjgol omtgch me f rhkmth fcchss shfrcd.

F. Rhfsmos emr tdh prmpmsfi.

Ruih :6‗s thrrgtmrgfi igkgtftgmo, igkgtgol shfrcdhs tm imcftgmos wgtdgo f jgstrgct, crhfths

sphcgfi jgeegcuitghs emr tdh Lmvhrokhot wdho govhstglftgol crgkhs govmivgol hihctrmogcgoemrkftgmo. Zdh prmpmsfi sphfas tm tdrhh jgeehrhot schofrgms gkpfcthj by tdh thrrgtmrgfirhstrgctgmo, hfcd govmivgol rhkmth fcchss shfrcdhs, go wdgcd tdh lmvhrokhot shhas tm mbtfgo

fcchss tm hihctrmogc goemrkftgmo mr fo hihctrmogc stmrflh jhvgch by shojgol survhgiifoch smetwfrh

mvhr tdh Gothroht.

Schofrgm 6. Zdh prmpmsfi wmuij hofbih govhstglftmrs tm mbtfgo f wfrrfot tm shfrcd wgtd

rhkmth fcchss cmkputhrs wgtd uoaomwo imcftgmos. Zdgs sgtuftgmo kgldt frgsh wdhrh f pfrtgcuifrcmkputhr gs igahiy tm cmotfgo hvgjhoch me crgkh--f phrsmo gs usgol tdh cmkputhr tm shoj

pmromlrfpdy by hkfgi, emr hxfkpih--but tdh phrsmo usgol tdft cmkputhr gs usgol fomoykgzgol

tmmis tdft jgslugsh tdh cmkputhr‗s truh GP fjjrhss sm tdft flhots frh uofbih tm gjhotgey gtsimcftgmo. F wfrrfot emr f rhkmth fcchss shfrcd wmuij hofbih govhstglftmrs tm shoj fo hkfgi,

rhkmthiy gostfii smetwfrh mo tdh jhvgch rhchgvgol tdh hkfgi, foj jhthrkgoh tdh truh GP fjjrhss mr

gjhotgeygol goemrkftgmo emr tdft jhvgch. Shvhrfi hxfkpihs me fo feegjfvgt shhagol f wfrrfot tmcmojuct sucd f shfrcd frh fttfcdhj, uojhr Zfb J. Smkh nujlhs dfvh rhpmrthjiy fpprmvhj sucd

shfrcdhs,: but moh nujlh rhchotiy cmociujhj tdft tdh thrrgtmrgfi rhqugrhkhot go Ruih :6 prhciujhj

2 Ruih :6(b)(6) (’f kflgstrfth nujlh wgtd futdmrgty go tdh jgstrgct -- mr ge omoh gs rhfsmofbiy fvfgifbih, f nujlh me f

stfth cmurt me rhcmrj go tdh jgstrgct -- dfs futdmrgty tm gssuh f wfrrfot tm shfrcd emr foj shgzh f phrsmo mr prmphrty

imcfthj wgtdgo tdh jgstrgct‛). 3 Currhotiy, Ruih :6(b) (2) – (8) futdmrgzh mut-me-jgstrgct mr hxtrf-thrrgtmrgfi wfrrfots emr> (6) prmphrty go tdh jgstrgct

wdho tdh wfrrfot gs gssuhj tdft kgldt bh kmvhj mutsgjh tdh jgstrgct bhemrh tdh wfrrfot gs hxhcuthj1 (2) trfcagol

jhvgchs, wdgcd kfy bh kmogtmrhj mutsgjh tdh jgstrgct ge gostfiihj wgtdgo tdh jgstrgct1 (3) govhstglftgmos me jmkhstgc mr

gothroftgmofi thrrmrgsk1 foj (:) prmphrty imcfthj go f Xogthj Stfths thrrgtmry mr f Xogthj Stfths jgpimkftgc mr cmosuifr

kgssgmo.

: Go fjjgtgmo tm tdh hxfkpihs prmvgjhj by tdh Jhpfrtkhot, f crgtgcfi fsshsskhot omtgol fjjgtgmofi hxfkpihs fpphfrs

go Crfgl Zgkbhrl foj Hiiho Ofafsdgkf, ’EBG‗s shfrcd emr —Km,‗ susphct go bmkb tdrhfts, dgldigldts ush me kfiwfrh




3

f wfrrfot emr f rhkmth shfrcd wdho tdh imcftgmo me tdh cmkputhr wfs omt aomwo, sullhstgol tdft

tdh Cmkkgtthh sdmuij cmosgjhr upjftgol tdh thrrgtmrgfi igkgtftgmo tm fccmkkmjfth fjvfochkhots

go thcdomimly. Shh Zfb C, JMN Ihtthr 7/64/2063, ft 2 (cgtgol Go rh \frrfot tm Shfrcd f Zfrlht

Cmkputhr ft Prhkgshs Xoaomwo, 784 E. Supp. 2j <83 (S.J. Zhx. 2063) (omtgol tdft "tdhrh kfy

whii bh f lmmj rhfsmo tm upjfth tdh thrrgtmrgfi igkgts me tdft ruih go igldt me fjvfocgol cmkputhr

shfrcd thcdomimly"))1 Zfb D, JMN Khkm 3/8/206:.

Schofrgm 2. Zdh prmpmsfi wmuij hofbih govhstglftmrs tm mbtfgo wfrrfots tm shfrcd

cmkputhrs go kfoy jgstrgcts sgkuitfohmusiy. Gt gs omt uousufi emr mo-igoh crgkgofi fctgvgty tmgovmivh kuitgpih cmkputhrs go shvhrfi jgstrgcts. Moh hxfkpih gs tdh ’bmtoht‛--f cmiihctgmo me

cmkputhrs go shvhrfi (pmthotgfiiy fii) jgstrgcts, uojhr tdh rhkmth cmkkfoj foj cmotrmi me f

crgkgofi wdm goehcts tdmsh cmkputhrs wgtd kfigcgmus smetwfrh sm tdft dh kfy ush tdhk tmgothrrupt shrvgch, sthfi jftf, mr jgstrgbuth kmrh kfiwfrh. ’Xojhr tdh currhot Ruih :6,‛ tdh

Jhpfrtkhot frluhj, ’hxchpt go cfshs me jmkhstgc mr gothroftgmofi thrrmrgsk, govhstglftmrs kfy

ohhj tm cmmrjgofth wgtd flhots, prmshcutmrs, foj kflgstrfth nujlhs go hvhry nujgcgfi jgstrgct gowdgcd tdh cmkputhrs frh aomwo tm bh imcfthj tm mbtfgo wfrrfots futdmrgzgol tdh rhkmth fcchss me

tdmsh cmkputhrs.‛ Zfb C, JMN Ihtthr 7/64/2063, ft 2-3. Xojhr tdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot, f

wfrrfot emr f rhkmth shfrcd go tdgs sgtuftgmo wmuij hofbih govhstglftmrs tm rhkmthiy gostfiismetwfrh mo f ifrlh oukbhr me feehcthj cmkputhrs fii ft moch. \dho tdh imcftgmos me tdmshcmkputhrs frh aomwo tm bh go kmrh tdfo moh jgstrgct, tdgs futdmrgzftgmo wmuij higkgofth tdh

burjho me ftthkptgol tm shcurh shpfrfth wfrrfots go oukhrmus jgstrgcts. Ge tdh imcftgmos me tdh

vfrgmus cmkputhrs frh omt aomwo, tdh prmpmsfi wmuij phrkgt tdh lmvhrokhot tm rhkmthiy fcchss

kuitgpih jhvgchs tm mbtfgo gjhotgeygol goemrkftgmo. Shh, uojhr Zfb J, Sfkpih Bmtoht Feegjfvgt.

Schofrgm 3. Zdh prmpmsfi wmuij phrkgt f nujlh tm futdmrgzh f shfrcd emr hihctrmogc

goemrkftgmo fcchssgbih ermk f cmkputhr ft f aomwo imcftgmo wdho tdh goemrkftgmo gs stmrhj

rhkmthiy go fomtdhr jgstrgct. Zdh Jhpfrtkhot prmvgjhj tdgs hxfkpih>

QS[uppmsh tdft meegchrs hxhcuth f wfrrfot tm shfrcd f busgohss imcfthj go Sfo Erfocgscmfoj tdft, upmo hotry, tdhy jgscmvhr tdft tdh busgohss stmrhs gts jmcukhots wgtd f cimuj-

bfshj shrvhr. Xojhr tdh currhot vhrsgmo me Ruih (fssukgol tdh rhqugsgth prmbfbih cfush

foj pfrtgcuifrgty rhqugrhkhots frh kht), f kflgstrfth go tdh Omrtdhro Jgstrgct me Cfigemrogf

cmuij gssuh f wfrrfot futdmrgzgol flhots tm shfrcd tdh busgohss foj, wdgih tdhy frh prhshot ft tdh busgohss, fcchss foy cimuj-bfshj stmrflh imcfthj wgtdgo tdh jgstrgct (sucd fs

f JrmpBmx fccmuot).

Zdh fkhojkhot ’wmuij cifrgey tdft tdh kflgstrfth cmuij hqufiiy futdmrgzh tdh flhots tm fcchss

sucd stmrflh go foy jgstrgct, gociujgol fo uoaomwo jgstrgct.‛ Zfb D, JMN khkm 3/8/206:, ft 3(hkpdfsgs fjjhj). Zdh Jhpfrtkhot frluhj tdft wgtdmut tdh futdmrgzftgmo go tdh prmpmshj

emr survhgiifoch,‛ \fsd. Pmst., Jhc 5, 2063, fvfgifbih ft dttp>//www.wfsdgoltmopmst.cmk/busgohss/thcdomimly/ebgs-

shfrcd-emr-km-susphct-go-bmkb-tdrhfts-dgldigldts-ush-me-kfiwfrh-emr-survhgiifoch/2063/62/05/382bf6<:-837<-

66h3-7h2c-h6j06665ej74]stmry.dtki


http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/fbis-search-for-mo-suspect-in-bomb-threats-highlights-use-of-malware-for-surveillance/2013/12/06/352ba174-5397-11e3-9e2c-e1d01116fd98_story.html










:

fkhojkhot, ’By tdh tgkh f subshquhot wfrrfot cmuij bh mbtfgohj, tdh jmcukhots kfy bh jhihthj

mr hocrypthj.‛ Gj.8

B. Gssuhs foj cmochros jgscusshj by tdh Subcmkkgtthh

6. Cmostgtutgmofi Cmochros> Pfrtgcuifrgty uojhr tdh Emurtd

Fkhojkhot.

Jurgol Subcmkkgtthh jhigbhrftgmos khkbhrs jgscusshj tdh quhstgmo wdhtdhr gt wmuij bh

pmssgbih tm khht tdh Emurtd Fkhojkhot‗s pfrtgcuifrgty rhqugrhkhot5 ge tdh lmvhrokhot cmuij

omt frtgcuifth tdh imcftgmo me tdh jhvgch tm bh shfrcdhj mr gts GP fjjrhss. F rhifthj but smkhwdftshpfrfth cmochro wfs vmgchj fbmut wfrrfots tm shfrcd kuitgpih cmkputhrs sgkuitfohmusiy.

Zdhrh gs smkh futdmrgty tdft ’shfrcd me kuitgpih imcftgmos omt mwohj by tdh sfkh phrsmo uojhr f

sgolih wfrrfot‛ gs prmbihkftgc. Shh \FWOH R. IFEFUH, 2 SHFRCD & SHG^XRH § :.8(c) ft o.77

(8td hj.) (cmiihctgol futdmrgty).

Zdh Lmvhrokhot rhspmojhj tm tdhsh cmochros by prmpmsgol Cmkkgtthh Omth ifoluflh,

jrfethj go cmosuitftgmo wgtd tdh Rhpmrthrs, tdft wmuij kfah gt cihfr tdft tdh fkhojkhot jmhs omtfjjrhss cmostgtutgmofi quhstgmos mr ftthkpt tm goeiuhoch tdhgr rhsmiutgmo. Zfb E, JMN Khkm

2/</206:, ft 2. Zdh prmpmshj Cmkkgtthh Omth gociujhs tdh emiimwgol stfthkhot, sgkgifr tm tdftemuoj go tdh 2007 Cmkkgtthh Omth tm Ruih :6(h)(2)> ’Zdh fkhojkhot jmhs omt fjjrhss

cmostgtutgmofi quhstgmos, sucd fs tdh sphcgegcgty me jhscrgptgmo tdft tdh Emurtd Fkhojkhot kfy

rhqugrh go f wfrrfot emr rhkmthiy shfrcdgol hihctrmogc stmrflh khjgf mr shgzgol hihctrmogcfiiystmrhj goemrkftgmo, ihfvgol tdh fppigcftgmo me tdgs foj mtdhr cmostgtutgmofi stfojfrjs tm molmgol

cfsh ifw jhvhimpkhot.‛

Fitdmuld gt flrhhj tdft tdh Ruih sdmuij omt foj jmhs omt fjjrhss cmostgtutgmofi quhstgmos,

tdh Jhpfrtkhot fism kfjh shvhrfi frlukhots sullhstgol tdft tdh pfrtgcuifrgty rhqugrhkhot cmuij bh kht go rhkmth fcchss cfshs go wdgcd tdh imcftgmo me tdh stmrflh jhvgch gs omt aomwo. Zdh

Jhpfrtkhot fofimlgzhj gts prmpmsfi tm trfcagol wfrrfots, wdhrh tdh lmvhrokhot shhas

goemrkftgmo ermk imcftgmos uoaomwo ft tdh tgkh me tdh fppigcftgmo. Go Xogthj Stfths v. Afrm, :54

X.S. <08 (674:), tdh Jhpfrtkhot frluhj, tdh Suprhkh Cmurt gojgcfthj tdft tdh pfrtgcuifrgtyrhqugrhkhot ’wmuij bh hxcushj wdhrh tdh purpmsh me tdh shfrcd gs tm jgscmvhr tdh vhry pifch tm

bh shfrcdhj.‛< Zdh Jhpfrtkhot fism omthj tdft cfsh ifw firhfjy futdmrgzhs f sgolih wfrrfot tm

shfrcd me kmrh tdfo moh pdysgcfi imcftgmo mr pghch me prmphrty, sm imol fs tdhrh gs prmbfbih cfushtm shfrcd hfcd imcftgmo. Zfb D, JMN Khkm 3/8/206:, ft 8. Kmrhmvhr, gt omthj (gj. ft :)

8 Fitdmuld tdh Subcmkkgtthh jgj omt jgscuss tdgs, wh fism omth tdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot wmuij kfah hxprhss wdft

tdh Jhpfrtkhot fssukhs gs gkpigcgt uojhr hxgstgol ifoluflh, Zfb D, JMN Khkm 3/8/206:, ft 3, tdft tdh Ruih

futdmrgzhs rhkmth fcchss shfrcdhs emr hihctrmogc goemrkftgmo stmrhj wgtdgo f jgstrgct.

5 \frrfots ’kust pfrtgcuifriy jhscrgbh tdh tdgols tm bh shgzhj, fs whii fs tdh pifch tm bh shfrcdhj ." Jfigf v. Xogthj

Stfths, ::6 X.S. 234, 288 (67<7) (hkpdfsgs fjjhj). Pfrtgcuifrgty dhips tm prhvhot tdh gssufoch me wfrrfots bfshj mo

vfluh goemrkftgmo, foj tm prmthct flfgost tdh ush me lhohrfi wfrrfots. Lm-Bfrt Gkpmrtgol Cm v. Xogthj Stfths, 242

X.S. 3::, 38< (6736).

< Shh Zfb D, JMN Khkm 3/8/206:, ft 8. Zdh Cmurt go Afrm stfthj> ’gt wgii stgii bh pmssgbih tm jhscrgbh tdh mbnhct gotm

wdgcd tdh bhhphr gs tm bh pifchj, tdh cgrcukstfochs tdft ihj flhots tm wgsd tm gostfii tdh bhhphr, foj tdh iholtd me

tgkh emr wdgcd bhhphr survhgiifoch gs rhquhsthj. Go mur vghw, tdgs goemrkftgmo wgii sueegch tm phrkgt gssufoch me f

wfrrfot futdmrgzgol bhhphr gostfiiftgmo foj survhgiifoch. :54 X.S. ft <64.




8

scdmifriy futdmrgty emr gothrprhtgol tdh pfrtgcuifrgty rhqugrhkhot go Gothroht hvgjhoch cmiihctgmo

cfshs tm fppiy phrsmo by phrsmo rftdhr tdfo fccmuot by fccmuot. Gj . ft : (qumtgol Mrgo S. Ahrr,

Fppiygol tdh Emurtd Fkhojkhot tm tdh Gothroht> F Lhohrfi Fpprmfcd, 52 Stfo. I. Rhv. 6008,

60:8-:5 (2060)).

2. Pmigcy Cmochros.

Zdh Subcmkkgtthh fism jgscusshj f oukbhr me cmochros fbmut cdfolhs go ifw

hoemrchkhot prfctgchs tdft kgldt rhsuit ermk tdh prmpmshj cdfolh. \h brgheiy rhvghw dhrh tdh

kfgo frlukhots jgscusshj by tdh Subcmkkgtthh.

f. Rgsa me gocrhfshj emruk sdmppgol, rhjuchj nujgcgfi mvhrsgldt.

Prmehssmr Ahrr frluhj tdft wdhtdhr tdh ifw sdmuij rhqugrh tdh lmvhrokhot tm mbtfgo f

wfrrfot go shpfrfth jgstrgcts wdhrh shpfrfth shrvhrs frh imcfthj rftdhr tdfo phrkgt tdh lmvhrokhottm shfrcd kuitgpih stmrflh imcftgmos ermk moh fcchss pmgot wfs fo gkpmrtfot pmigcy gssuh. Dh

omthj tdft kuitgpih-cmkputhr, kuitg-jgstrgct shfrcdhs rfgsh cmochros fbmut emruk sdmppgol. Shh

Zfb H, Ahrr Ruih :6 Prmpmsfi 2/3/206:, ft 6-2. Dh fism frluhj tdft fitdmuld Cmolrhss futdmrgzhj

kuitg-jgstrgct shfrcdhs uojhr tdh Hihctrmogc Cmkkuogcftgmos Prgvfcy Fct (HCPF), tdhrh wfs fsphcgegc rhfsmo emr phrkgttgol hxtrfthrrgtmrgfi rhkmth fcchss uojhr tdft Fct– tdh jhrhluiftgmo me

tdh thihcmkkuogcftgmos gojustry ihfjgol tm tdh cfrrygol me f sgolih cmkkuogcftgmo by kuitgpih

prmvgjhrs. Om sgkgifr rhfsmo suppmrts hxtrfthrrgtmrgfi rhkmth fcchss wfrrfots kmrh lhohrfiiy, dhfrluhj. Shh Zfb L, Ahrr Khkm 2/4/206:, ft 3-:. Fism, go rhjucgol tdh oukbhr me wfrrfot

fppigcftgmos ohhjhj, tdh prmpmsfi cmuij fism rhjuch tdh fkmuot me nujgcgfi mvhrsgldt prmvgjhj tm

sucd govhstglftgmos foj ihfj tm tdh gociusgmo me ihss goemrkftgmo go tdh feegjfvgt. Zfb L, Ahrr

Khkm 2/4/206:, ft :-8.

Zdh Jhpfrtkhot cmuothrhj tdft Cmolrhss dfs hojmrshj kuitgnurgsjgctgmofi futdmrgzftgmo

go thrrmrgsk foj HCPF cfshs fs lmmj pubigc pmigcy, Zfb E, JMN Khkm 2/</6:, ft 2, foj tdft

kuitgpih fppigcftgmos ’crhfth shrgmus prfctgcfi mbstfcihs emr ifw hoemrchkhot wdgih fism wfstgol nujgcgfi rhsmurchs.‛ Gj . Nujlhs go thrrmrgsk cfshs kfy futdmrgzh kuitg-jgstrgct shfrcdhs, foj f nujlh go tdh jgstrgct wdhrh f crgkh mccurs kfy gssuh fo mrjhr emr ifw hoemrchkhot tm mbtfgo jftf

stmrhj go fomtdhr jgstrgct uojhr tdh HCPF. Gj. Fs tm nujgcgfi mvhrsgldt, tdh Jhpfrtkhot frluhj

tdft tdh prmpmsfi wmuij fiimw tdh nujlh wdm aomws kmst fbmut tdh govhstglftgmo tm scrhho fii me

tdh wfrrfot fppigcftgmos go tdh cfsh, crhftgol bhtthr nujgcgfi mvhrsgldt, omt wmrsh. Gj.ft 2-3.

b. Rgsa me gocrhfshj ush me jhifyhj omtgch rhkmth fcchss wfrrfots gosthfj me trfjgtgmofi

wfrrfots

Fjmptgmo me tdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot, smkh Subcmkkgtthh khkbhrs sullhsthj, cmuij

fism ihfj tm tdh substgtutgmo me jhifyhj-omtgch rhkmth fcchss shfrcdhs emr trfjgtgmofi pdysgcfi

shfrcdhs me hihctrmogc stmrflh khjgf, fethr wdgcd omtgch gs ihet wgtd tdh mwohr. Prmehssmr Ahrrwfrohj tdft foy ’sdget ermk pdysgcfi shfrcdhs tm rhkmth shfrcdhs‛ wmuij ohchssfrgiy khfo ’f

sdget ermk f stfojfrj me omtgch shfrcdhs tm f stfojfrj me jhifyhj omtgch (faf ’sohfa foj phha‛

shfrcdhs).‛ Shh Zfb L, Ahrr Khkm 2/4/206:, ft 2.

Fs tdh Jhpfrtkhot omthj, tdh fkhojkhot jmhs omt gkpfct tdh stfojfrj emr jhcgjgol wdhoomtgch kfy fpprmprgfthiy bh jhifyhj. Xojhr 64 X.S.C. § 3603f, ’Zdh gssugol cmurt stgii kust

egoj "rhfsmofbih cfush tm bhighvh tdft prmvgjgol gkkhjgfth omtgegcftgmo me tdh hxhcutgmo me tdh




5

wfrrfot kfy dfvh fo fjvhrsh rhsuit (fs jhegohj go shctgmo 2<08, hxchpt ge tdh fjvhrsh rhsuits

cmosgst moiy me uojuiy jhifygol f trgfi)." Shh Zfb D, JMN Khkm 3/8/206:, ft 6-2. F cmurt

cfoomt futdmrgzh tdh shgzurh me hgtdhr pdysgcfi hvgjhoch mr hihctrmogc goemrkftgmo pursufot tm fjhifyhj-omtgch wfrrfot wgtdmut f nujgcgfi egojgol me rhfsmofbih ohchssgty. Zdh Jhpfrtkhot stfthj

(gj. ft 6) tdft tdh prmpmsfi ’gs uoigahiy tm substfotgfiiy gkpfct hxgstgol prfctgch wgtd rhsphct tm

omtgch‛ me wfrrfots tm shfrcd kuitgpih cmkputhrs wdmsh imcftgmos frh aomwo. Rhkmth shfrcdhsme cmkputhrs aomwo tm bh wgtdgo f jgstrgct frh firhfjy futdmrgzhj, foj tdh fkhojkhot moiy

kfahs gt cihfr tdft tdh wfrrfot cfo bh smuldt go tdh jgstrgct wdhrh tdh govhstglftgmo gs tfagol

pifch. Gj . ft 2. Zdh Lmvhrokhot hxpifgohj (gj . ft 3)>

Currhotiy, tdh Jhpfrtkhot mbtfgos rhkmth fcchss wfrrfots prgkfrgiy tm cmkbft Gothroht

fomoykgzgol thcdogquhs. Go sucd govhstglftgmos, jhifyhj omtgch gs omrkfiiy smuldt bhcfush me tdh ofturh me tdh govhstglftgmo. \dhrh wh frh trygol tm gjhotgey fo moigoh

crgkgofi wdm gs tfagol sthps tm fvmgj gjhotgegcftgmo, tdhrh wgii typgcfiiy bh rhfsmofbih

ohchssgty emr jhifygol omtgch me tdh shfrcd. Mo tdh mtdhr dfoj, ge tdh Jhpfrtkhot whrh tmush rhkmth fcchss wfrrfots go cgrcukstfochs tdft jgj omt govmivh tdh sfkh rgsa me fo

fjvhrsh rhsuit sucd fs eigldt mr jhstructgmo me hvgjhoch, tdh Jhpfrtkhot wmuij bh ihss

igahiy tm govmah tdh jhifyhj omtgch prmchjurhs me §3603f. Fithroftgvhiy, tdh Jhpfrtkhotkgldt rhquhst f jhify me sdmrthr jurftgmo, igkgthj tm tdh fkmuot me tgkh ohchssfry tmcmkpihth tdh gogtgfi, crgtgcfi stflh me f rhkmth mphrftgmo bhemrh f cmuij jhstrmy hvgjhoch,

kmjgey kfigcgmus cmjh, cdfolh shrvhrs mr dmstgol shrvgchs, mr tfah mtdhr

cmuothrkhfsurhs.

c. Rgsa me substgtutgmo me rhkmth fcchss wfrrfots emr mrjhrs uojhr tdh Hihctrmogc

Cmkkuogcftgmos Prgvfcy Fct.

Prmehssmr Ahrr fism frluhj tdft by rhkmvgol tdh rhqugrhkhots me shpfrfth wfrrfots emr

hfcd jgstrgct tdh rhkmth fcchss wfrrfots futdmrgzhj by tdh fkhojkhot wmuij prmvgjh fo hfsghr

rmuth tm goemrkftgmo stmrhj by tdgrj-pfrty ohtwmra prmvgjhrs tdfo gs prhshotiy meehrhj by 64X.S.C. § 2<03 me tdh HCPF. Shh Zfb L, Ahrr Khkm 2/4/206:, ft 2-3. Prmehssmr Ahrr frluhj tdft

tdh prmpmshj rhkmth fcchss shfrcdhs cmuij bh ushj wdhohvhr f susphct dfs kuitgpih fccmuots

wgtd kuitgpih tdgrj pfrty prmvgjhrs foj tdft tdh fkhojkhot wmuij prmvgjh ifw hoemrchkhot wgtd

fo fttrfctgvh fithroftgvh tm tdh HCPF>

QG[e tdh lmvhrokhot wfots tdh rhkmthiy stmrhj egihs me f susphct wdm dfs f Jrmpbmxfccmuot, f Lmmlih Cimuj fccmuot, foj fo Fkfzmo Cimuj Jrgvh fccmuot, tdh lmvhrokhot

Quojhr tdh HCPF[ kust . . . sdmw tdft tdhrh gs prmbfbih cfush tm bhighvh tdft tdhrh gs

hvgjhoch go tdh Jrmpbmx fccmuot1 prmbfbih cfush tm bhighvh tdft tdhrh gs hvgjhoch go tdhLmmlih Cimuj fccmuot1 foj prmbfbih cfush tm bhighvh tdft tdhrh gs hvgjhoch go tdh

Fkfzmo Cimuj Jrgvh fccmuot.

But uojhr tdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot, ’Qt[dh moiy gssuh wmuij bh hxgsthoch me prmbfbih cfush

smkhwdhrh go cmkputhrs mwohj foj mphrfthj by tdft phrsmo, rftdhr tdfo prmbfbih cfush fs tm

hvgjhoch bhgol imcfthj go hfcd pifch . . .‛ Gj. ft 2.

c. Igkgtgol tdh fkhojkhot tm cfshs go wdgcd imcftgmo cfoomt bh rhfsmofbiy

mbtfgohj.




<

Go igldt me tdh shvhrfi cmochros jhscrgbhj fbmvh, Prmehssmr Ahrr fsahj tdh Subcmkkgtthh

tm cmosgjhr fo fithroftgvh fkhojkhot tdft wmuij omt futdmrgzh kuitgpih cmkputhr shfrcdhs, but

wmuij phrkgt rhkmth fcchss shfrcdhs ge tdh imcftgmo me tdh hihctrmogc stmrflh khjgf tm bhshfrcdhj cfoomt rhfsmofbiy bh fschrtfgohj.

4 Zdh fithroftgvh ifoluflh dh prmpmshj wmuij

fjjrhss tdh prmbihk rfgshj by tdh rhchot Go rh \frrfot cfsh (tdh egrst me tdh tdrhh schofrgms

jhscrgbhj ft tdh bhlgoogol me tdgs khkm), but wmuij omt ftthkpt tm rhsmivh tdh mtdhrs. PrmehssmrAhrr sullhsthj tdft tdh sdmwgol me uofschrtfgofbih imcftgmo wmuij mphrfth igah tdh lmmj cfush

sdmwgol emr ogldt tgkh hxhcutgmo, f rhqugrhkhot tdft gs f stftutmry, omt cmostgtutgmofi, sm wmuij

omt bh subnhct tm fo hxciusgmofry rhkhjy. Zfb L, Ahrr Khkm 2/4/206:, ft 8.

Zdh Jhpfrtkhot frluhj tdgs prmpmshj ifoluflh kgldt rhqugrh f sdmwgol tdft mtdhr

govhstglftmry khfos dfvh bhho trghj foj efgihj mr frh uoigahiy tm succhhj, foj ’jrfw cmurts gotm fjhthrkgoftgmo me wdgcd govhstglftgvh sthps frh "rhfsmofbih" go f lgvho typh me cfsh.‛ Zfb E, JMN

Khkm 2/</206:, ft 3. Gt wmuij fism prhciujh ush me tdh ohw fkhojkhot go cfshs, sucd fs bmtoht

cfshs, wdhrh tdh imcftgmo me f cmkputhr gs fctufiiy aomwo tm bh mutsgjh me tdh jgstrgct. Gj.

C. Subcmkkgtthh‗s Rhcmkkhojftgmo

Zdh Subcmkkgtthh jhcgjhj omt tm pursuh tdh fithroftgvh fkhojkhot. Ft gts emurtd

cmoehrhoch cfii Kfrcd 62, tdh Subcmkkgtthh fpprmvhj tdh Jhpfrtkhot‗s rhvgshj prmpmsfi wgtdmoh jgsshotgol vmth. Zdh Subcmkkgtthh cmociujhj tdft gt wfs fpprmprgfth tm fjvfoch tdh

prmpmsfi tm pubigcftgmo foj tm shha pubigc cmkkhot.

4 ’ (5) f kflgstrfth nujlh wgtd futdmrgty go foy jgstrgct wdhrh fctgvgtghs rhifthj tm f crgkh kfy dfvh mccurrhj dfs

futdmrgty tm gssuh f wfrrfot futdmrgzgol rhkmth fcchss me hihctrmogc stmrflh khjgf tm mbtfgo hihctrmogcfiiy stmrhj

goemrkftgmo ge tdh jgstrgct (ge foy) go wdgcd tdh hihctrmogc stmrflh khjgf gs imcfthj cfoomt rhfsmofbiy bh

fschrtfgohj.‛ Zfb H, Ahrr Ruih :6 Prmpmsfi 2/3/206:, ft 3.








ZFB :B








Prmpmshj Fkhojkhot tm Ruih :6

* * * * *

6 (b) Futdmrgty tm Gssuh f \frrfot. Ft tdh rhquhst me f

2 ehjhrfi ifw hoemrchkhot meegchr mr fo fttmrohy emr tdh

3 lmvhrokhot>

: * * * * *

8 (5) f kflgstrfth nujlh wgtd futdmrgty go foy jgstrgct

5 wdhrh fctgvgtghs rhifthj tm f crgkh kfy dfvh mccurrhj dfs

< futdmrgty tm gssuh f wfrrfot tm ush rhkmth fcchss tm

4 shfrcd hihctrmogc stmrflh khjgf foj tm shgzh

7 hihctrmogcfiiy stmrhj goemrkftgmo imcfthj wgtdgo mr

60 mutsgjh tdft jgstrgct.

66 * * * * *

62 (e) Hxhcutgol foj Rhturogol tdh \frrfot>

63 (6) \frrfot tm Shfrcd emr foj Shgzh f Phrsmo mr

6: Prmphrty

68 * * * *

65 (C) Rhchgpt. Zdh meegchr hxhcutgol tdh wfrrfot

6< kust lgvh f cmpy me tdh wfrrfot foj f rhchgpt emr tdh

64 prmphrty tfaho tm tdh phrsmo ermk wdmk, mr ermk

67 wdmsh prhkgshs, tdh prmphrty wfs tfaho mr ihfvh f

20 cmpy me tdh wfrrfot foj rhchgpt ft tdh pifch wdhrh

26 tdh meegchr tmma tdh prmphrty. Emr f wfrrfot tm ush




22 rhkmth fcchss tm shfrcd hihctrmogc stmrflh khjgf foj

23 shgzh hihctrmogcfiiy stmrhj goemrkftgmo, tdh meegchr

2: kust kfah rhfsmofbih heemrts tm shrvh f cmpy mo tdh

28 phrsmo wdmsh prmphrty wfs shfrcdhj mr wdmsh

25 goemrkftgmo wfs shgzhj. Shrvgch kfy bh

2< fccmkpigsdhj by foy khfos, gociujgol Qrhigfbih[*

24 hihctrmogc khfos, rhfsmofbiy cficuifthj tm rhfcd tdft

27 phrsmo QFIZ> foy phrsmo wdmsh goemrkftgmo wfs

30 shgzhj mr wdmsh prmphrty wfs shfrcdhj[. QXpmo**

36 rhquhst me tdh lmvhrokhot, tdh kflgstrfth kfy jhify

32 omtgch fs prmvgjhj go Ruih :6(e)(3).[***

CMKKGZZHH OMZH

Subjgvgsgmo (b)(5). Zdh fkhojkhot gs gothojhj tm cifrgey tdft f

kflgstrfth nujlh wgtd futdmrgty go f jgstrgct wdhrh tdh fctgvgtghs

rhifthj tm f crgkh kfy dfvh mccurrhj kfy gssuh f wfrrfot tm ushrhkmth fcchss tm shfrcd hihctrmogc stmrflh khjgf foj shgzh

hihctrmogcfiiy stmrhj goemrkftgmo hvho wdho tdft khjgf mr

goemrkftgmo gs imcfthj mutsgjh me tdh jgstrgct. Zdh fkhojkhot jmhs

omt fjjrhss cmostgtutgmofi quhstgmos, sucd fs tdh sphcgegcgty me

jhscrgptgmo tdft tdh Emurtd Fkhojkhot kfy rhqugrh go f wfrrfot emr

rhkmthiy shfrcdgol hihctrmogc stmrflh khjgf mr shgzgol hihctrmogcfiiy

stmrhj goemrkftgmo, ihfvgol tdh fppigcftgmo me tdgs foj mtdhr

cmostgtutgmofi stfojfrjs tm molmgol cfsh ifw jhvhimpkhot.

Prmehssmr Agkbih dfs sullhsthj tdh gociusgmo me ’rhigfbih‛ sgoch tdft thrk gs ushj tdrmuldmut tdh ruihs go*

cmoohctgmo wgtd hihctrmogc khfos. Dmwhvhr, tdh prmpmshj ruih gtshie firhfjy rhqugrhs khfos ’rhfsmofbiy cficuifthj

tm rhfcd‛ tdh phrsmo wdm kust bh omtgeghj.

Zdh Rhpmrthrs dfvh sullhsthj tdh brfcahthj pdrfsh go rhspmosh tm Prmehssmr Agkbih‗s sdmrthohj rhehrhoch**

tm ’tdft phrsmo.‛

Prmehssmr Agkbih dfs sullhsthj tdgs prmvgsgmo gs uoohchssfry, sgoch Ruih :6(e)(3) prmvgjhs ’me foy omtgch***

rhqugrhj by tdgs ruih ge tdh jhify gs futdmrgzhj by stftuth.‛










ZFB :C





Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh 6<0 me :02Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh 6<0 me :02




Crgkgofi Jgvgsgmo

Fssgstfot Fttmrohy Lhohrfi \fsdgoltmo, J.C. 20830

Shpthkbhr 64,2063


Cdfgr, Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh mo tdh Crgkgofi Ruihs

<0:S Xogthj Stfths Cmurtdmush

228 Cfjkfo Pifzf Hfst

Brmmaiyo, O W 66206-6464

Jhfr Nujlh Rfllg>

Zdh Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch rhcmkkhojs fo fkhojkhot tm Ruih :6 me tdh Ehjhrfi Ruihs me

Crgkgofi Prmchjurh tm upjfth tdh prmvgsgmos rhiftgol tm tdh thrrgtmrgfi igkgts emr shfrcdhs me

hihctrmogc stmrflh khjgf. Zdh fkhojkhot wmuij hstfbigsd f cmurt-suphrvgshj erfkhwmra

tiumuld wdgcd ifw hoemrchkhot cfo succhsseuiiy govhstglfth foj prmshcuth smpdgstgcfthj Gothroht

crgkhs, by futdmrgzgol f cmurt go f jgstrgct wdhrh fctgvgtghs rhifthj tm f crgkh dfvh mccurrhj tm

gssuh f wfrrfot - tm bh hxhcuthj vgf rhkmth fcchss - emr hihctrmogc stmrflh khjgf foj

hihctrmogcfiiy stmrhj goemrkftgmo imcfthj wgtdgo mr mutsgjh tdft jgstrgct. Zdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot

wmuij bhtthr hofbih ifw hoemrchkhot tm govhstglfth foj prmshcuth bmtohts foj crgkhs govmivgol

Gothroht fomoykgzgol thcdomimlghs, bmtd wdgcd pmsh substfotgfi tdrhfts tm khkbhrs metdh pubigc.

Bfcalrmuoj

Ruih :6(b) me tdh Ehjhrfi Ruihs me Crgkgofi Prmchjurh futdmrgzhs kflgstrfth nujlhs tm

gssuh shfrcd wfrrfots. Go kmst cgrcukstfochs, shfrcd wfrrfots gssuh emr prmphrty tdft gs imcfthj

wgtdgo tdh nujlh's jgstrgct. Currhotiy, Ruih :6(b) futdmrgzhs mut-me-jgstrgct shfrcd wfrrfots emr >

(6) prmphrty g o tdh jgstrgct wdho tdh wfrrfot gs gssuhj tdft kgldt bh kmvhj mutsgjh tdh jgstrgct

bhemrh tdh wfrrfot gs hxhcuthj1 (2) trfcagol jhvgchs, wdgcd kfy bh kmogtmrhj mutsgjh tdh jgstrgct

g e gostfiihj wgtdgo tdh jgstrgct1 (3) govhstglftgmos me jmkhstgc mr gothroftgmofi thrrmrgsk1 foj

(:) prmphrty imcfthj go f Xogthj Stfths thrrgtmry mr f Xogthj Stfths jgpimkftgc mr cmosuifr kgssgmo.

Ruih :6(b) jmhs omt jgrhctiy fjjrhss tdh sphcgfi cgrcukstfochs tdft frgsh wdho meegchrshxhcuth shfrcd wfrrfots, vgf rhkmth fcchss, mvhr kmjhro cmkkuogcftgmos ohtwmras sucd fs tdh

Gothroht. Ruih :6 sdmuij bh fkhojhj tm fjjrhss twm gocrhfsgoliy cmkkmo sgtuftgmos> (6) wdhrh

tdh wfrrfot sueegcghotiy jhscrgbhs tdh cmkputhr tm bh shfrcdhj but tdh jgstrgct wgtdgo wdgcd tdft

cmkputhr gs imcfthj gs uoaomwo, foj (2) wdhrh tdh govhstglftgmo rhqugrhs ifw hoemrchkhot tm

cmmrjgofth shfrcdhs me oukhrmus cmkputhrs g o oukhrmus jgstrgcts.


63-CR-B




Pflh 2

Zdh egrst me tdhsh cgrcukstfochs - wdhrh govhstglftmrs cfo gjhotgey tdh tfrlht cmkputhr,

but omt tdh jgstrgct go wdgcd g t gs imcfthj - gs mccurrgol wgtd lrhfthr erhquhocy go rhchot yhfrs.Crgkgofis frh gocrhfsgoliy usgol smpdgstgcfthj fomoykgzgol thcdomimlghs wdho tdhy holflh go

crgkh mvhr tdh Gothroht. Emr hxfkpih, f erfujsthr hxcdfolgol hkfgi wgtd fo gothojhj vgctgk mr f

cdgij fbushr sdfrgol cdgij pmromlrfpdy mvhr tdh Gothroht kfy ush prmxy shrvgchs jhsglohj tm dgjh

dgs mr dhr truh GP fjjrhss. Prmxy shrvgchs euoctgmo fs gothrkhjgfrghs emr Gothroht

cmkkuogcftgmos> wdho moh cmkkuogcfths tdrmuld fo fomoykgzgol prmxy shrvgch, tdh

cmkkuogcftgmos pfss tdrmuld tdh prmxy, foj tdh rhcgpghot me tdh cmkkuogcftgmos rhchgvhs tdh

prmxy's GP fjjrhss, rftdhr tdfo tdh mrglgoftmr's truh GP fjjrhss. Zdhrh gs f substfotgfi pubigc

gothrhst go cftcdgol foj prmshcutgol crgkgofis wdm ush fomoykgzgol thcdomimlghs, but imcftgol

tdhk cfo bh gkpmssgbih emr ifw hoemrchkhot fbshot tdh fbgigty tm cmojuct f rhkmth shfrcd m e tdh

crgkgofi's cmkputhr. Ifw hoemrchkhot kfy go smkh cgrcukstfochs hkpimy smetwfrh tdft hofbihs

gt tdrmuld f rhkmth shfrcd tm jhthrkgoh tdh truh GP fjjrhss mr mtdhr gjhotgeygol goemrkftgmofssmcgfthj wgtd tdh crgkgofi's cmkputhr.

Wht hvho wdho govhstglftmrs cfo sftgsey tdh Emurtd Fkhojkhot's tdrhsdmij emr mbtfgogol

f wfrrfot emr tdh rhkmth shfrcd - by jhscrgbgol tdh cmkputhr tm bh shfrcdhj wgtd pfrtgcuifrgty

foj jhkmostrftgol prmbfbih cfush tm bhighvh tdft tdh hvgjhoch smuldt vgf tdh rhkmth shfrcd wgii

fgj go f pfrtgcuifr fpprhdhosgmo mr cmovgctgmo emr f pfrtgcuifr meehosh - f kflgstrfth nujlh kfy

jhcigoh tm gssuh tdh rhquhsthj wfrrfot. Emr hxfkpih, go f erfuj govhstglftgmo, moh kflgstrfth

nujlh rhchotiy ruihj tdft fo fppigcftgmo emr f wfrrfot emr f rhkmth shfrcd jgj omt sftgsey tdh

thrrgtmrgfi nurgsjgctgmo rhqugrhkhots m e Ruih : 6 . Shh Go rh \frrfot tm Shfrcd f Zfrlht Cmkputhr

ft Prhkgshs Xoaomwo, E. Supp. 2j , 2063 \I 6<27<58 (S.J. Zhx. Fpr. 22, 2063)

(omtgol tdft "tdhrh kfy whii bh f lmmj rhfsmo tm upjfth tdh thrrgtmrgfi igkgts me tdft ruih go igldt mefjvfocgol cmkputhr shfrcd thcdomimly").

Shcmoj, crgkgofis frh usgol kuitgpih cmkputhrs go kfoy jgstrgcts sgkuitfohmusiy fs pfrt

me cmkpihx crgkgofi scdhkhs, foj heehctgvh govhstglftgmo foj jgsruptgmo me tdhsh scdhkhs metho

rhqugrhs rhkmth fcchss tm Gothroht-cmoohcthj cmkputhrs go kfoy jgeehrhot jgstrgcts. Emr hxfkpih,

tdhets go moh jgstrgct kfy bh efcgigtfthj by smpdgstgcfthj fttfcas ifuocdhj ermk cmkputhrs go

kuitgpih mtdhr jgstrgcts. Fo gocrhfsgoliy cmkkmo emrk m e moigoh crgkh govmivhs tdh surrhptgtgmus

goehctgmo me kuitgpih cmkputhrs wgtd kfigcgmus smetwfrh tdft kfahs tdhk pfrt m e f "bmtoht" - f

cmiihctgmo m e cmkprmkgshj cmkputhrs uojhr tdh rhkmth cmkkfoj foj cmotrmi me f crgkgofi.

Bmtohts kfy rfolh go sgzh ermk duojrhjs tm kgiigmos me cmkprmkgshj cmkputhrs, gociujgol

dmkh, busgohss, foj lmvhrokhot systhks. Bmtohts frh f sglogegcfot tdrhft tm tdh pubigc> tdhy frhushj tm cmojuct ifrlh-scfih jhogfi me shrvgch fttfcas, sthfi phrsmofi foj egofocgfi jftf, foj

jgstrgbuth kfiwfrh jhsglohj tm govfjh tdh prgvfcy me ushrs me tdh dmst cmkputhrs.

Heehctgvh govhstglftgmos me tdhsh smpdgstgcfthj crgkhs metho rhqugrh ifw hoemrchkhot tm fct

go kfoy nujgcgfi jgstrgcts sgkuitfohmusiy. Xojhr tdh currhot Ruih : 6 dmwhvhr, hxchpt go cfshs me

jmkhstgc mr gothroftgmofi thrrmrgsk, govhstglftmrs kfy ohhj tm cmmrjgofth wgtd flhots,





Pflh 3

prmshcutmrs, foj kflgstrfth nujlhs go hvhry nujgcgfi jgstrgct go wdgcd tdh cmkputhrs frh imgmwo tm

bh imcfthj tm mbtfgo wfrrfots futdmrgzgol tdh rhkmth fcchss me tdmsh cmkputhrs. Emr hxfkpih, fifrlh bmtoht govhstglftgmo gs igahiy tm rhqugrh fctgmo g o fii 7: jgstrgcts, but cmmrjgoftgol 7:

sgkuitfohmus wfrrfots go tdh 7: jgstrgcts wmuij bh gkpmssgbih fs f prfctgcfi kftthr. Ft f

kgogkuk, rhqugrgol sm kfoy kflgstrfth nujlhs tm rhvghw vgrtufiiy gjhotgcfi prmbfbih cfush

feegjfvgts wfsths nujgcgfi foj govhstglftgvh rhsmurchs foj crhfths jhifys tdft kfy dfvh fjvhrsh

cmoshquhochs emr tdh govhstglftgmo. Futdmrgzgol f cmurt go f jgstrgct wdhrh fctgvgtghs rhifthj tm f

crgkh dfvh mccurrhj tm gssuh f wfrrfot emr hihctrmogc stmrflh khjgf wgtdgo mr mutsgjh tdh jgstrgct

wmuij bhtthr figlo Ruih :6 wgtd tdh hxthot me cmostgtutgmofiiy phrkgssgbih wfrrfots foj rhkmvh

fo uoohchssfry mbstructgmo currhotiy gkpfgrgol tdh fbgigty m e ifw hoemrchkhot tm govhstglfth

bmtohts foj mtdhr kuitg-jgstrgct Gothroht crgkhs.

Zdus, wdgih tdh Emurtd Fkhojkhot phrkgts wfrrfots tm gssuh emr rhkmth fcchss tmhihctrmogc stmrflh khjgf mr hihctrmogcfiiy stmrhj goemrkftgmo, Ruih :6 s ifoluflh jmhs omt

fotgcgpfth tdmsh typhs me wfrrfots go fii cfshs. Fkhojkhot gs ohchssfry tm cifrgey tdh prmchjurfi

ruihs tdft tdh lmvhrokhot sdmuij emiimw wdho gt wgsdhs tm fppiy emr tdhsh typhs me wfrrfot.

Ifoluflh me Prmpmshj Fkhojkhot

Mur prmpmshj fkhojkhot gociujhs twm pfrts. Egrst, wh prmpmsh fjjgol tdh emiimwgol

ifoluflh ft tdh hoj me subshctgmo (b)>

foj (5) f kflgstrfth nujlh wgtd futdmrgty go foy jgstrgct wdhrh fctgvgtghs rhifthj

tm f crgkh kfy dfvh mccurrhj dfs futdmrgty tm gssuh f wfrrfot, tm bh hxhcuthj vgfrhkmth fcchss, emr hihctrmogc stmrflh khjgf mr hihctrmogcfiiy stmrhj goemrkftgmo

imcfthj wgtdgo mr mutsgjh tdft jgstrgct.

Shcmoj, wh prmpmsh fjjgol tdh emiimwgol ifoluflh ft tdh hoj me subshctgmo

(e)(6)(C)>

Go f cfsh govmivgol f wfrrfot emr rhkmth fcchss tm hihctrmogc stmrflh khjgf

mr hihctrmogcfiiy stmrhj goemrkftgmo, tdh meegchr hxhcutgol tdh wfrrfot kust

kfah rhfsmofbih heemrts tm shrvh f cmpy me tdh wfrrfot mo fo mwohr mr mphrftmr

me tdh stmrflh khjgf. Shrvgch kfy bh fccmkpigsdhj by foy khfos, gociujgol

hihctrmogc khfos, rhfsmofbiy cficuifthj tm rhfcd tdh mwohr mr mphrftmr me tdhstmrflh khjgf. Xpmo rhquhst me tdh lmvhrokhot, tdh kflgstrfth nujlh kfy jhify

omtgch fs prmvgjhj go Ruih :6(e)(3).





Pflh :

Jgscussgmo me Prmpmshj Fkhojkhot

Zdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot futdmrgzhs f cmurt wgtd nurgsjgctgmo mvhr tdh meehosh bhgol

govhstglfthj tm gssuh f wfrrfot tm rhkmthiy shfrcd f cmkputhr g e fctgvgtghs rhifthj tm tdh crgkh

uojhr govhstglftgmo dfvh mccurrhj go tdh cmurt's jgstrgct. Go mtdhr cgrcukstfochs, tdh Ruihs mr

ehjhrfi ifw rhcmlogzh tdft g t cfo bh fpprmprgfth tm lgvh kflgstrfth nujlhs oftgmowgjh futdmrgty tm

gssuh shfrcd wfrrfots. Emr hxfkpih, go thrrmrgsk govhstglftgmos, tdh currhot Ruih :6(b)(3) fiimws

f kflgstrfth nujlh "go foy jgstrgct go wdgcd fctgvgtghs rhifthj tm tdh thrrmrgsk kfy dfvh mccurrhj"

tm gssuh f wfrrfot "emr f phrsmo mr prmphrty wgtdgo mr mutsgjh tdft jgstrgct." Zdgs fpprmfcd gs fism

sgkgifr tm tdh currhot ruih emr f wfrrfot rhqugrgol cmkkuogcftgmo shrvgch prmvgjhrs tm jgscimsh

hihctrmogc cmkkuogcftgmos> f cmurt wgtd "nurgsjgctgmo mvhr tdh meehosh bhgol govhstglfthj" cfo

gssuh sucd f wfrrfot. Shh 64 X.S.C. §§ 2<03(f) & 2<66(3)(F)(G)1 Xogthj Stfths v. Bfosfi,

553 E.3j 53:, 552 (3j Cgr. 2066)1 Xogthj Stfths v. Bhrams 8:3 E.3j 372, 37<-74 (<td Cgr. 2004).Kmbgih trfcagol jhvgch wfrrfots kfy futdmrgzh tdh ush me trfcagol jhvgchs mutsgjh tdh

nurgsjgctgmo me tdh cmurt, sm imol fs tdh jhvgch wfs gostfiihj go tdft nurgsjgctgmo.

Ehj. R. Crgk. P. :6(b)(:)1 64 X.S.C. § 366<(f). Gotdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot, tdh pdrfsh "foy

jgstrgct wdhrh fctgvgtghs rhifthj tm f crgkh kfy dfvh mccurrhj" gs tdh sfkh fs tdh ifoluflh shttgol

mut tdh nurgsjgctgmofi scmph m e Ruih :6(b)(3).

Zdh fkhojkhot prmvgjhs tdft omtgch m e tdh wfrrfot kfy bh fccmkpigsdhj by foy khfos

rhfsmofbiy cficuifthj tm rhfcd fo mwohr mr mphrftmr metdh cmkputhr mr - fs stfthj go tdh

fkhojkhot, wdgcd ushs hxgstgol Ruih :6 ifoluflh - tdh "stmrflh khjgf mr hihctrmogcfiiy stmrhj

goemrkftgmo." Go kfoy cfshs, omtgch gs igahiy tm bh fccmkpigsdhj hihctrmogcfiiy1 ifw hoemrchkhot

kfy omt dfvh f cmkputhr mwohr's ofkh foj strhht fjjrhss tm prmvgjh omtgch tdrmuld trfjgtgmofikhcdfogsks. Zdh fkhojkhot fism rhqugrhs tdft tdh hxhcutgol meegchr kfah rhfsmofbih heemrts tm

prmvgjh omtgch. Zdgs stfojfrj rhcmlogzhs tdft go uousufi cfshs, sucd fs wdhrh tdh meegchr cfoomt

rhfsmofbiy jhthrkgoh tdh gjhotgty mr wdhrhfbmuts me tdh mwohr me tdh stmrflh khjgf, tdh meegchr

kfy bh uofbih tm prmvgjh omtgch me tdh wfrrfot. Ce. 64 X.S.C. § 3<<6(c)(6) (meegchrs "sdfii kfah

tdhgr bhst heemrts tm shh tdft tdh crgkh vgctgks frh omtgeghj me ... tdh rgldts jhscrgbhj go

subshctgmo (f)").

Go igldt me tdh prhsukptgmo flfgost gothroftgmofi hxtrfthrrgtmrgfi fppigcftgmo, foj cmosgsthot

wgtd tdh hxgstgol ifoluflh m e Ruih :6(b)(3), tdgs fkhojkhot jmhs omt purpmrt tm futdmrgzh cmurts

tm gssuh wfrrfots tdft futdmrgzh tdh shfrcd me hihctrmogc stmrflh khjgf imcfthj go f emrhglo cmuotry

mr cmuotrghs. Zdh Emurtd Fkhojkhot jmhs omt fppiy tm shfrcdhs me tdh prmphrty m e omo-XogthjStfths phrsmos mutsgjh tdh Xogthj Stfths, shh Xogthj Stfths v. Uhrjulm-Xrqugjhz, :7: X.S. 287,

256 (6770), foj tdh Emurtd Fkhojkhot's wfrrfot rhqugrhkhot jmhs omt fppiy tm shfrcdhs me

Xogthj Stfths phrsmos mutsgjh tdh Xogthj Stfths. Shh Xogthj Stfths v. Stmahs, E.3j ,

2063 \I 37:47:7 ft *4-*7 (<td Cgr. Ful. 6, 2063)1 Go rh Zhrrmrgst Bmkbgols, 882 E.3j 68<,

6<0-<6 (2j Cgr. 2004). Gosthfj, hxtrfthrrgtmrgfi shfrcdhs me Xogthj Stfths phrsmos frh subnhct tm

tdh Emurtd Fkhojkhot's "bfsgc rhqugrhkhot me rhfsmofbihohss." Stmahs, 2063 \I 37:47:7 ft

Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh 6<: me :02Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh 6<: me :02




Pflh 8

*71 shh fism Go rh Zhrrmrgst Bmkbgols, 882 E.3j ft 6<0 o.<. Xojhr tdgs prmpmshj fkhojkhot, ifw

hoemrchkhot cmuij shha f wfrrfot hgtdhr wdhrh tdh hihctrmogc khjgf tm bh shfrcdhj frh wgtdgo tdhXogthj Stfths mr wdhrh tdh imcftgmo me tdh hihctrmogc khjgf gs uoaomwo. Go tdh iftthr cfsh, sdmuij

tdh khjgf shfrcdhj prmvh tm bh mutsgjh tdh Xogthj Stfths, tdh wfrrfot wmuij dfvh om

hxtrfthrrgtmrgfi heehct, but tdh hxgsthoch me tdh wfrrfot wmuij suppmrt tdh rhfsmofbihohss me tdh

shfrcd.

\h bhighvh tdft tgkhiy foj tdmrmuld cmosgjhrftgmo metdgs prmpmshj fkhojkhot by tdh

Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh gs fpprmprgfth. \h tdhrhemrh fsa tdft tdh Cmkkgtthh fct ft gts Omvhkbhr

khhtgol tm hstfbigsd f subcmkkgtthh tm hxfkgoh tdgs gkpmrtfot gssuh. Crgkgofis frh gocrhfsgoliy

usgol smpdgstgcfthj thcdomimlghs tdft pmsh thcdogcfi cdfiiholhs tm ifw hoemrchkhot, foj rhkmthshfrcdhs me cmkputhrs frh metho hsshotgfi tm tdh succhsseui govhstglftgmo me bmtohts foj crgkhs

govmivgol Gothroht fomoykgzgol thcdomimlghs. Kmrhmvhr, tdgs prmpmsfi wmuij hosurh f cmurt-

suphrvgshj erfkhwmra tdrmuld wdgcd ifw hoemrchkhot cmuij succhsseuiiy govhstglfth foj

prmshcuth sucd crgkhs.

\h imma emrwfrj tm jgscussgol tdgs wgtd ymu foj tdh Cmkkgtthh.

*

Sgochrhiy,

Kytdgig Rfkfo

Fctgol Fssgstfot Fttmrohy Lhohrfi

cc> Prmehssmr Sfrf Suo Bhfih, Rhpmrthr

Prmehssmr Ofocy N. Agol, Rhpmrthr






ZFB :J

Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh 6<< me :02Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh 6<< me :02








Crgkgofi Jgvgsgmo


Nfoufry 206:

KHKMRFOJXK

ZM> Nujlh Nmdo E. Ahhofo

Cdfgr, Subcmkkgtthh mo Ruih ERMK> Nmoftdfo N. \rmbihwsag, Jgrhctmr

Meegch me Pmigcy foj Ihlgsiftgmo

SXBNHCZ> Prmpmshj Fkhojkhot tm Ruih me tdh Ehjhrfi Ruihs me Crgkgofi Prmchjurh

Zdgs khkmrfojuk gs f emiimw-up tm tdh Subcmkkgtthh's Jhchkbhr cmoehrhoch cfii

foj tdh rhquhst emr hxfkpihs me wfrrfots tdft wmuij bh cmvhrhj uojhr tdh Jhpfrtkhot's prmpmsfi

tm fkhoj Ruih me tdh Ehjhrfi Ruihs me Crgkgofi Prmchjurh. Zdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot wmuij

futdmrgzh f cmurt go f jgstrgct wdhrh fctgvgtghs rhifthj tm f crgkh dfvh mccurrhj tm gssuh f wfrrfot,

tm bh hxhcuthj by rhkmth fcchss, emr hihctrmogc stmrflh khjgf foj hihctrmogcfiiy stmrhjgoemrkftgmo imcfthj wgtdgo mr mutsgjh tdft jgstrgct. \h dfvh fttfcdhj tdrhh wfrrfot hxfkpihs tm

tdgs khkmrfojuk> twm rhifth tm crgkh govmivgol tdh ush me Gothroht fomoykgzgol thcdomimlghs,

foj moh rhifths tm crgkh govmivgol tdh ush me f bmtoht.

Zdh egrst hxfkpih gs bfshj mo f wfrrfot ushj go fo govhstglftgmo me f shrghs me bmkb

tdrhfts foj tdrhfts m e mtdhr vgmihot crgkhs. Go tdgs foj sgkgifr cfshs, govhstglftmrs kfy aomw tdft

tdh susphct dfs ushj f pfrtgcuifr hkfgi fjjrhss, but bhcfush tdh susphct fism ushs fomoykgzgol

thcdomimlghs, ifw hoemrchkhot kfy omt bh fbih tm gjhotgey tdh susphct wgtdmut tdh ush me f

ohtwmra govhstglftgvh thcdogquh ("OGZ"). Zdh wfrrfot futdmrgzhs tdh lmvhrokhot tm ush tdh OGZ

tm cmiihct tdh GP fjjrhss, KFC fjjrhss, foj mtdhr sgkgifr gjhotgeygol goemrkftgmo ermk tdh

cmkputhr tdft gs fcchssgol tdh hkfgi fccmuot. Xitgkfthiy, go tdh cfsh upmo wdgcd tdgs wfrrfot gsbfshj, govhstglftmrs whrh fbih tm ush tdh OGZ tm gjhotgey tdh gojgvgjufi kfagol tdh tdrhfts. Gt

sdmuij bh omthj tdft go tdgs cfsh, tdh cmurt dfj cihfr nurgsjgctgmo tm gssuh tdh wfrrfot uojhr

Ruih fs tdh govhstglftgmo govmivhj dmfxhs foj tdrhfts rhifthj tm thrrmrgsk. Zdh

Jhpfrtkhot's prmpmsfi gs gothojhj tm cifrgey tdft tdh gssufoch me sucd f wfrrfot gs prmphr go mtdhr

crgkgofi govhstglftgmos fs whii.




Zdh shcmoj hxfkpih gs bfshj mo f wfrrfot ushj g o fo govhstglftgmo me f cdgij

pmromlrfpdy whbsgth mphrftgol fs f "dgjjho shrvgch" mo tdh Zmr ohtwmra. Zmr kfsas gts ushrs'

fctufi GP fjjrhsshs by rmutgol tdhgr cmkkuogcftgmos tdrmuld f jgstrgbuthj ohtwmra me rhify

cmkputhrs ruo by vmiuothhrs frmuoj tdh wmrij. Go tdgs cfsh, ifw hoemrchkhot aohw tdh pdysgcfi

imcftgmo me tdh shrvhr ushj tm dmst tdh dgjjho shrvgch. Dmwhvhr, wgtdmut ush me f OGZ,

govhstglftmrs cmuij omt gjhotgey tdh fjkgogstrftmrs mr ushrs dgjjho shrvgch. Zdgs wfrrfotwmuij futdmrgzh tdh cmiihctgmo me GP fjjrhsshs, KFC fjjrhsshs, foj mtdhr sgkgifr goemrkftgmo

ermk ushrs foj fjkgogstrftmrs me tdh whbsgth.

Zdh egofi hxfkpih gs bfshj mo tdh smrt me wfrrfot wh fotgcgpfth shhagol go f bmtoht

govhstglftgmo. Emr gjhotgeghj cmkputhrs go tdh bmtoht, tdh wfrrfot wmuij futdmrgzh ifw

hoemrchkhot tm shfrcd emr foj shgzh pfrtgcuifr goemrkftgmo, wdgcd wmuij g o turo hofbih ifw

hoemrchkhot tm lftdhr eurtdhr hvgjhoch fbmut tdh scmph me tdh bmtoht foj dmw tdh bmtoht kgldt bh

jgskfotihj.

\h dmph tdhsh jmcukhots frh rhspmosgvh tm tdh Subcmkkgtthh's rhquhst. \h imma

emrwfrj tm jgscussgol fii me tdgs wgtd tdh Subcmkkgtthh mo mur cfii ohxt whha. Pihfsh iht us

aomw g e tdhrh gs foy eurtdhr goemrkftgmo wh cfo prmvgjh.

- 2 -




GO ZDH XOGZHJ SZFZHS JGSZRGCZ CMXRZ

EMR ZDH JGSZRGCZ ME ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

GO ZDH KFZZHR ME ZDH SHFRCD MECMKPXZHR ZDFZ FCCHSSHS

[email protected] Om. ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

FEEGJFUGZ GO SXPPMRZ ME FO FPPIGCFZGMO XOJHR

RXIH :6 EMR F \FRRFOZ ZM SHFRCD FOJ SHG^H

G, Nfoh Skgtd, bhgol egrst juiy swmro, dhrhby jhpmsh foj stfth fs emiimws>

GOZRMJXCZGMO FOJ FLHOZ BFCALRMXOJ

6. G kfah tdgs feegjfvgt go suppmrt me fo fppigcftgmo uojhr Ruih :6 me tdh Ehjhrfi

Ruihs me Crgkgofi Prmchjurh emr f wfrrfot tm shfrcd tdh ZFRLHZ CMKPXZHR, eurtdhr

jhscrgbhj bhimw foj go Fttfcdkhot F, emr tdh goemrkftgmo jhscrgbhj go Fttfcdkhot B. Fs sht

emrtd bhimw, G subkgt tdft tdhrh gs prmbfbih cfush tm bhighvh tdft hvgjhoch me wdm gs cmkkgttgol

vgmiftgmos me Zgtih 64, Xogthj Stfths Cmjh, Shctgmo 6034 (Efish goemrkftgmo foj dmfxhs) wgii bh

emuoj go tdh imcftgmo jhscrgbhj go Fttfcdkhot F, wdgcd goemrkftgmo, jhscrgbhj go Fttfcdkhot B,

kfy bh lftdhrhj ermk tdh cmkputhr jhscrgbhj go Fttfcdkhot F by ush me tdh ohtwmra

govhstglftgvh thcdogquh jhscrgbhj dhrhgo.

2. G fk f Sphcgfi Flhot wgtd tdh Ehjhrfi Burhfu me Govhstglftgmo foj dfvh bhho

sgoch Jhchkbhr 24, 2002. G dmij bmtd bfcdhimrs foj kfsthrs jhlrhhs go crgkgofi nustgch foj fk

f lrfjufth me tdh Ehjhrfi Ifw Hoemrchkhot Zrfgogol Fcfjhky. G dfvh ihj oukhrmus

govhstglftgmos me tdh typhs me meehoshs bhgol govhstglfthj go tdgs fppigcftgmo, kfoy me wdgcd dfvh

govmivhj tdh cmiihctgmo me hvgjhoch ermk hkfgi fccmuots foj cmkputhrs.




2

3. Zdh efcts sht emrtd go tdgs feegjfvgt frh bfshj mo ky phrsmofi aomwihjlh,

goemrkftgmo mbtfgohj ermk mtdhr gojgvgjufis, gociujgol mtdhr ifw hoemrchkhot meegchrs, ky

rhvghw me jmcukhots, foj goemrkftgmo lfgohj tdrmuld ky trfgogol foj hxphrghoch. Zdgs feegjfvgt

gs gothojhj tm sdmw moiy tdft tdhrh gs sueegcghot prmbfbih cfush emr tdh rhquhsthj wfrrfot foj jmhs

omt sht emrtd fii me ky aomwihjlh fbmut tdgs kftthr.

GJHOZGEGCFZGMO ME ZDH ZFRLHZ CMKPXZHR

:. Zdh ZFRLHZ CMKPXZHR gs gjhotgeghj fs tdh cmkputhr tdft wgii fcchss tdh h-

kfgi fccmuot [email protected] foj rhtrghvh fo h-kfgi tdft wgii bh shot tm tdft fccmuot

go eurtdhrfoch me tdh rhquhsthj wfrrfot foj fctgvfth smetwfrh jhsglohj tm cmiihct foj tm kfah

fvfgifbih tm govhstglftmrs tdh goemrkftgmo jhscrgbhj go Fttfcdkhot B. Zdh thrk ZFRLHZ

CMKPXZHR rhehrs tm tdh cmkputhr gtshie foj fism tm foy stmrflh khjgf bugit gotm mr ushj by tdh

ZFRLHZ CMKPXZHR, foy rfojmk-fcchss khkmry (RFK), foj foy dfrjwfrh jhvgchs fttfcdhj

tm tdh cmkputhr.

PRMBFBIH CFXSH

8. Mo Nfoufry 6, 206:, ft 7>0: fk, tdh Sprgoleghij Pmigch Jhpfrtkhot go tdgs jgstrgct

rhchgvhj fo hkfgi khssflh ermk [email protected]. Zdh hkfgihr jhkfojhj tdh rhihfsh

me f phrsmo go tdh pmigch jhpfrtkhot‗s custmjy, Nhrmj Kgiihr. Zdh hkfgi stfthj tdft, ge dgs

jhkfojs whrh omt kht, dh wmuij bimw up tdh pmigch stftgmo wgtd f pfrtgcuifr hxpimsgvh cdhkgcfi

cmkbgoftgmo. Zdh hkfgihr stfthj tdft dh ’dfs pihoty me dhip,‛ bmfstgol tdft ’ymu cfo‗t egoj fii me

us foj tdh ifst kfo stfojgol wgii egogsd tdh nmb.‛

5. Mvhr tdh ohxt shvhrfi dmurs, Meegchr Zmk Kfoogol cmrrhspmojhj wgtd tdh

gojgvgjufi ft [email protected] oukhrmus tgkhs. Jurgol tdh cmrrhspmojhoch, tdh




3

hkfgihr rhphfthj shvhrfi tgkhs dgs gothotgmo tm ush hxpimsgvhs tm bimw up tdh Sprgoleghij Pmigch

Jhpfrtkhot ge Nhrmj Kgiihr wfs omt rhihfshj ermk custmjy. Zdh hkfgihr whot mo tm sfy ’foj gt

wmot Qsgc[ stmp tdhrh. Kmrh phmpih wgii jgh uotgi wh lht wdft wh wfot.‛

<. Mvhr tdh cmursh me shvhrfi jfys bhlgoogol mo Nfoufry 6, 206:, tdrhh fgrpmrts

(Jgstrgct Gothroftgmofi Fgrpmrt, Sprgoleghij Fgrpmrt, foj Zdmkpsmo Fgreghij), twm scdmmis

(\fsdgoltmo Dgld Scdmmi foj Stfth Xogvhrsgty) foj ft ihfst moh mtdhr pubigc pifch (Uhthrfos

Stfjguk) rhchgvhj bmkb tdrhfts ermk [email protected]. Go hfcd tdrhft, tdh hkfgi

stfthj tdft tdh imcftgmo wmuij bh bimwo up usgol tdh sfkh pfrtgcuifr cdhkgcfi cmkpmuoj.

Shvhrfi sucd hkfgis sphcgegcfiiy rhehrrhj tm tdh ifrlh oukbhr me phmpih wdm wmuij bh agiihj by

sucd hxpimsgmos, stftgol tdft agiigol fs kfoy phmpih fs pmssgbih wmuij bh f lmfi me tdh

hxpimsgmos.

4. Govhstglftmrs mbtfgohj tdh iml go rhcmrjs emr tdh [email protected]

fccmuot ermk tdh hkfgi shrvgch prmvgjhr. Zdh imls rhcmrjhj tdft tdh hkfgi fjjrhss wfs

rhphfthjiy fcchsshj, gociujgol jurgol tdh phrgmj me Nfoufry 6, 206: tdrmuld Nfoufry :, 206:,

ermk GP fjjrhsshs 672.654.0.6, fo GP fjjrhss bhimolgol tm Gothroht Prmxy Shrvgch, f prmxy

shrvgch meehrhj mo tdh Gothroht tdft rmuths trfeegc tm foj ermk gts ushrs tdrmuld gts mwo cmkputhrs

go mrjhr tm dgjh gts ushrs‗ truh GP fjjrhsshs. Gothroht Prmxy Shrvgch fjvgshj govhstglftmrs tdft gt

jgj omt pmsshss rhcmrjs tdft wmuij cmrrhifth moh me gts ushrs wgtd tdh GP fjjrhss imllgol gotm tdh

[email protected] fjjrhss.

FXZDMRG^FZGMO RHVXHSZ1 JHIFWHJ OMZGCH

7. Zdgs fppigcftgmo shhas f wfrrfot futdmrgzgol tdh gostfiiftgmo mo tdh ZFRLHZ

CMKPXZHR me cmkputhr smetwfrh tdft, fethr succhsseui gostfiiftgmo, wgii hxtrfct goemrkftgmo




:

ermk tdh ZFRLHZ CMKPXZHR foj kfah gt fvfgifbih tm meegchrs futdmrgzhj tdh hxhcuth tdgs

wfrrfot, igahiy wgtdmut tdh aomwihjlh me tdh ZFRLHZ CMKPXZHR‗s ushrs.

60.

Zdus, tdh wfrrfot fppighj emr wmuij futdmrgzh tdh cmpygol me hihctrmogcfiiy stmrhj

goemrkftgmo uojhr Ruih :6(h)(2)(B).

66. G stfth tdh emiimwgol go suppmrt me tdh lmvhrokhot‗s rhquhst, uojhr 64 X.S.C. §

3603f(b) foj Ehjhrfi Ruih me Crgkgofi Prmchjurh :6(e)(3), tdft tdh Cmurt futdmrgzh tdh meegchr

hxhcutgol tdh wfrrfot tm jhify omtgch uotgi 30 jfys fethr tdh cmiihctgmo futdmrgzhj by tdh wfrrfot

dfs bhho cmkpihthj>

f. Zdhrh gs rhfsmofbih cfush tm bhighvh tdft prmvgjgol gkkhjgfth omtgegcftgmo me tdh

wfrrfot kfy dfvh fo fjvhrsh rhsuit, fs jhegohj go 64 X.S.C. § 2<08. Prmvgjgol

gkkhjgfth omtgch tm tdh mwohr mr ushr me tdh ZFRLHZ CMKPXZHR wmuij

shrgmusiy nhmpfrjgzh tdh molmgol govhstglftgmo, fs sucd f jgscimsurh wmuij lgvh

tdft phrsmo fo mppmrtuogty tm jhstrmy hvgjhoch, cdfolh pftthros me bhdfvgmr,

omtgey cmoehjhrfths, foj eihh ermk prmshcutgmo. Shh 64 X.S.C. § 3603f(b)(6).

b. Fs eurtdhr sphcgeghj go Fttfcdkhot B, wdgcd gs gocmrpmrfthj gotm tdh wfrrfot, tdh

fppighj-emr wfrrfot jmhs omt futdmrgzh tdh pdysgcfi shgzurh me foy tfolgbih

prmphrty.

c. Zm tdh hxthot tdft Fttfcdkhot B jhscrgbhs stmrhj wgrh mr hihctrmogc goemrkftgmo,

tdhrh gs rhfsmofbih ohchssgty emr gts shgzurh. Shh 64 X.S.C. § 3603f(b)(2).




8

62. G eurtdhr rhquhst tdft tdh Cmurt futdmrgzh hxhcutgmo me tdh wfrrfot ft foy tgkh me

jfy mr ogldt, fs tdh wfrrfot jmhs omt futdmrgzh tdh pdysgcfi shgzurh me tfolgbih prmphrty.


Nfoh SkgtdSphcgfi FlhotEhjhrfi Burhfu me Govhstglftgmo

Subscrgbhj foj swmro tm bhemrh khmo Nfoufry 6<, 206:>

]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]Dmomrfbih Fky Nmohs

XOGZHJ SZFZHS KFLGSZRFZH NXJLH




FZZFCDKHOZ F

Zdgs wfrrfot futdmrgzhs tdh ush me f ohtwmra govhstglftgvh thcdogquh jhscrgbhj go

Fttfcdkhot B mo tdh ZFRLHZ CMKPXZHR.

Zdh ZFRLHZ CMKPXZHR gs gjhotgeghj fs tdh cmkputhr tdft wgii fcchss tdh hkfgi

fccmuot [email protected], rhtrghvh fo hkfgi tdft wgii bh shot tm tdft fccmuot go

eurtdhrfoch me tdh rhquhsthj wfrrfot foj fctgvfth smetwfrh jhsglohj tm cmiihct foj tm kfah

fvfgifbih tm govhstglftmrs tdh goemrkftgmo jhscrgbhj go Fttfcdkhot B. Zdh thrk ZFRLHZ

CMKPXZHR rhehrs tm tdh cmkputhr gtshie foj fism tm foy stmrflh khjgf bugit gotm mr ushj by tdh

ZFRLHZ CMKPXZHR, foy rfojmk-fcchss khkmry (RFK), foj foy dfrjwfrh jhvgchs fttfcdhj

tm tdh cmkputhr.




2

FZZFCDKHOZ B

Zdgs wfrrfot futdmrgzhs tdh gostfiiftgmo mo tdh ZFRLHZ CMKPXZHR me cmkputhr

smetwfrh (tdh ’OH\ SMEZ\FRH‛) foj tdh ush me tdh OH\ SMEZ\FRH tm hxtrfct tdh

emiimwgol goemrkftgmo ermk tdh ZFRLHZ CMKPXZHR foj kfah tdft goemrkftgmo fvfgifbih tm

meegchrs futdmrgzhj tdh hxhcuth tdgs wfrrfot>

6. tdh ZFRLHZ CMKPXZHR‗s fctufi GP fjjrhss, foj tdh jfth foj tgkh tdft tdh

OGZ jhthrkgohs wdft tdft GP fjjrhss gs1

2. tdh typh me mphrftgol systhk ruoogol mo tdh ZFRLHZ CMKPXZHR, gociujgol

typh (h.l., \gojmws), vhrsgmo (h.l., \gojmws <), foj frcdgthcturh (h.l., x 45)1

3. Zdh ZFRLHZ CMKPXZHR‗s tgkh zmoh goemrkftgmo1

:. tdh ZFRLHZ CMKPXZHR‗s Dmst Ofkh1

8. tdh ZFRLHZ CMKPXZHR‗s khjgf fcchss cmotrmi (’KFC‛) fjjrhss1

5. Zdh ZFRLHZ CMKPXZHR‗s rhlgsthrhj cmkputhr ofkh foj rhlgsthrhj cmkpfoy

ofkh1

<. Zdh ZFRLHZ CMKPXZHR‗s currhot imllhj-go ushr ofkh foj igst me ushr

fccmuots

fii me wdgcd gs hvgjhoch me vgmiftgmos me 64 X.S.C. § 6034.

Prmvgjhj, dmwhvhr, tdft fii goemrkftgmo wgii bh hxtrfcthj ermk tdh ZFRLHZ

CMKPXZHR om ifthr tdfo 30 jfys fethr tdh jfth me tdgs wfrrfot.

Zdgs wfrrfot jmhs omt futdmrgzh tdh pdysgcfi shgzurh me foy tfolgbih prmphrty. Go

fpprmvgol tdgs wfrrfot, tdh Cmurt egojs rhfsmofbih ohchssgty emr tdh shgzurh me stmrhj wgrh foj

hihctrmogc goemrkftgmo fs jhscrgbhj fbmvh. Shh 64 X.S.C. § 3603f(b)(2).










2

Sphcgfi Flhot wgtd tdh EBG, foj cmkkuogcftgmo wgtd cmkputhr emrhosgc prmehssgmofis fssgstgol wgtd

tdh jhsglo foj gkpihkhotftgmo me tdh OGZ.

RHIHUFOZ SZFZXZHS

8. Zdgs govhstglftgmo cmochros fiihlhj vgmiftgmos me> 64 X.S.C. § 2282F(l), Holflgol go

f Cdgij Hxpimgtftgmo Hothrprgsh1 64 X.S.C. §§ 2286(j)(6) foj mr (h), Fjvhrtgsgol foj Cmospgrfcy tm

Fjvhrtgsh Cdgij Pmromlrfpdy1 64 X.S.C. §§ 2282F(f)(2)(F) foj (b)(6), Rhchgpt foj Jgstrgbutgmo me,

foj Cmospgrfcy tm Rhchgvh foj Jgstrgbuth Cdgij Pmromlrfpdy1 foj/mr 64 X.S.C. § 2282F(f)(8)(B)

foj (b)(2), Aomwgol Fcchss mr Ftthkpthj Fcchss \gtd Gothot tm Ughw Cdgij Pmromlrfpdy.

JHEGOGZGMOS ME ZHCDOGCFI ZHRKS XSHJ GO ZDGS FEEGJFUGZ

5. Zdh emiimwgol jhegogtgmos fppiy tm tdgs Feegjfvgt>

f. ’Cdgij Pmromlrfpdy,‛ fs ushj dhrhgo, gs jhegohj go 64 X.S.C. § 2285 (foy vgsufi

jhpgctgmo me shxufiiy hxpigcgt cmojuct wdhrh (f) tdh prmjuctgmo me tdh vgsufi jhpgctgmo

govmivhj tdh ush me f kgomr holflhj go shxufiiy hxpigcgt cmojuct, (b) tdh vgsufi

jhpgctgmo gs f jglgtfi gkflh, cmkputhr gkflh, mr cmkputhr-lhohrfthj gkflh tdft gs, mr

gs gojgstgolugsdfbih ermk, tdft me f kgomr holflhj go shxufiiy hxpigcgt cmojuct, mr (c)

tdh vgsufi jhpgctgmo dfs bhho crhfthj, fjfpthj, mr kmjgeghj tm fpphfr tdft fo

gjhotgegfbih kgomr gs holflhj go shxufiiy hxpigcgt cmojuct).

b. ’Cmkputhr,‛ fs ushj dhrhgo, gs jhegohj pursufot tm 64 X.S.C. § 6030(h)(6) fs ’fo

hihctrmogc, kflohtgc, mptgcfi, hihctrmcdhkgcfi, mr mtdhr dgld sphhj jftf prmchssgol

jhvgch phremrkgol imlgcfi mr stmrflh euoctgmos, foj gociujhs foy jftf stmrflh efcgigty

mr cmkkuogcftgmos efcgigty jgrhctiy rhifthj tm mr mphrftgol go cmonuoctgmo wgtd sucd

jhvgch.‛




3

c. ’Cmkputhr Shrvhr‛ mr ’Shrvhr,‛ fs ushj dhrhgo, gs f cmkputhr tdft gs fttfcdhj tm f

jhjgcfthj ohtwmra foj shrvhs kfoy ushrs. F whb shrvhr, emr hxfkpih, gs f cmkputhr

wdgcd dmsts tdh jftf fssmcgfthj wgtd f whbsgth. Zdft whb shrvhr rhchgvhs rhquhsts

ermk f ushr foj jhigvhrs goemrkftgmo ermk tdh shrvhr tm tdh ushr‗s cmkputhr vgf tdh

Gothroht. F JOS (jmkfgo ofkh systhk) shrvhr, go hsshoch, gs f cmkputhr mo tdh

Gothroht tdft rmuths cmkkuogcftgmos wdho f ushr typhs f jmkfgo ofkh, sucd fs

www.coo.cmk, gotm dgs mr dhr whb brmwshr. Hsshotgfiiy, tdh jmkfgo ofkh kust bh

trfosifthj gotm fo Gothroht Prmtmcmi (GP) fjjrhss sm tdh cmkputhr dmstgol tdh whb sgth

kfy bh imcfthj, foj tdh JOS shrvhr prmvgjhs tdgs euoctgmo.

j. ’Dyphrigoa‛ rhehrs tm fo gthk mo f whb pflh wdgcd, wdho shihcthj, trfosehrs tdh ushr

jgrhctiy tm fomtdhr imcftgmo go f dyphrthxt jmcukhot mr tm smkh mtdhr whb pflh.

h. Zdh Gothroht gs f limbfi ohtwmra me cmkputhrs foj mtdhr hihctrmogc jhvgchs tdft

cmkkuogcfth wgtd hfcd mtdhr. Juh tm tdh structurh me tdh Gothroht, cmoohctgmos

bhtwhho jhvgchs mo tdh Gothroht metho crmss stfth foj gothroftgmofi bmrjhrs, hvho

wdho tdh jhvgchs cmkkuogcftgol wgtd hfcd mtdhr frh go tdh sfkh stfth.

e. ’Gothroht Shrvgch Prmvgjhrs‛ (GSPs), fs ushj dhrhgo, frh cmkkhrcgfi mrlfogzftgmos tdft

frh go busgohss tm prmvgjh gojgvgjufis foj busgohsshs fcchss tm tdh Gothroht. GSPs

prmvgjh f rfolh me euoctgmos emr tdhgr custmkhrs gociujgol fcchss tm tdh Gothroht, whb

dmstgol, h-kfgi, rhkmth stmrflh, foj cm-imcftgmo me cmkputhrs foj mtdhr

cmkkuogcftgmos hqugpkhot. GSPs cfo meehr f rfolh me mptgmos go prmvgjgol fcchss tm

tdh Gothroht gociujgol thihpdmoh bfshj jgfi-up, brmfjbfoj bfshj fcchss vgf jglgtfi

subscrgbhr igoh (JSI) mr cfbih thihvgsgmo, jhjgcfthj cgrcugts, mr sfthiigth bfshj




:

subscrgptgmo. GSPs typgcfiiy cdfrlh f ehh bfshj upmo tdh typh me cmoohctgmo foj

vmiukh me jftf, cfiihj bfojwgjtd, wdgcd tdh cmoohctgmo suppmrts. Kfoy GSPs fssglo

hfcd subscrgbhr fo fccmuot ofkh – f ushr ofkh mr scrhho ofkh, fo "h-kfgi fjjrhss,"

fo h-kfgi kfgibmx, foj f phrsmofi pfsswmrj shihcthj by tdh subscrgbhr. By usgol f

cmkputhr hqugpphj wgtd f kmjhk, tdh subscrgbhr cfo hstfbigsd cmkkuogcftgmo wgtd

fo GSP mvhr f thihpdmoh igoh, tdrmuld f cfbih systhk mr vgf sfthiigth, foj cfo fcchss

tdh Gothroht by usgol dgs mr dhr fccmuot ofkh foj phrsmofi pfsswmrj.

l. ’Gothroht Prmtmcmi fjjrhss‛ mr ’GP fjjrhss‛ rhehrs tm f uogquh oukbhr ushj by f

cmkputhr tm fcchss tdh Gothroht. GP fjjrhsshs cfo bh jyofkgc, khfogol tdft tdh

Gothroht Shrvgch Prmvgjhr (GSP) fssglos f jgeehrhot uogquh oukbhr tm f cmkputhr hvhry

tgkh gt fcchsshs tdh Gothroht. GP fjjrhsshs kgldt fism bh stftgc, ge fo GSP fssglos f

ushr‗s cmkputhr f pfrtgcuifr GP fjjrhss wdgcd gs ushj hfcd tgkh tdh cmkputhr

fcchsshs tdh Gothroht. GP fjjrhsshs frh fism ushj by cmkputhr shrvhrs, gociujgol whb

shrvhrs, tm cmkkuogcfth wgtd mtdhr cmkputhrs.

d. ’Kgomr‛ khfos foy phrsmo uojhr tdh flh me hgldthho yhfrs. Shh 64 X.S.C. § 2285(6).

g. ’Shxufiiy hxpigcgt cmojuct‛ khfos fctufi mr sgkuifthj (f) shxufi gothrcmursh,

gociujgol lhogtfi-lhogtfi, mrfi-lhogtfi, mr mrfi-fofi, wdhtdhr bhtwhho phrsmos me tdh

sfkh mr mppmsgth shx1 (b) bhstgfigty1 (c) kfsturbftgmo1 (j) sfjgstgc mr kfsmcdgstgc

fbush1 mr (h) ifscgvgmus hxdgbgtgmo me tdh lhogtfis mr pubgc frhf me foy phrsmo. Shh 64

X.S.C. § 2285(2).

n. ’Ugsufi jhpgctgmos‛ gociujh uojhvhimphj egik foj vgjhmtfph, foj jftf stmrhj mo

cmkputhr jgsa mr by hihctrmogc khfos, wdgcd gs cfpfbih me cmovhrsgmo gotm f vgsufi




8

gkflh. Shh 64 X.S.C. § 2285(8).

a. ’\hbsgth‛ cmosgsts me thxtufi pflhs me goemrkftgmo foj fssmcgfthj lrfpdgc gkflhs.

Zdh thxtufi goemrkftgmo gs stmrhj go f sphcgegc emrkft aomwo fs Dyphr-Zhxt Kfra-up

Ifoluflh (DZKI) foj gs trfoskgtthj ermk whb shrvhrs tm vfrgmus whb cighots vgf

Dyphr-Zhxt Zrfospmrt Prmtmcmi (DZZP).

PRMBFBIH CFXSH

Zdh Zmr Ohtwmra

<. Zdh tfrlhts me tdh govhstglftgvh thcdogquh jhscrgbhj dhrhgo frh tdh fjkgogstrftmrs foj

ushrs me f cdgij pmromlrfpdy whbsgth wdm rhluifriy shoj foj rhchgvh giihlfi cdgij pmromlrfpdy vgf f

whbsgth tdft mphrfths fs f ’dgjjho shrvgch‛ imcfthj mo tdh Zmr ohtwmra, jhscrgbhj bhimw foj rhehrrhj

tm dhrhgo fs \hbsgth F. \hbsgth F gs jhjgcfthj tm tdh fjvhrtgshkhot foj jgstrgbutgmo me cdgij

pmromlrfpdy, tdh jgscussgmo me kftthrs phrtgohot tm cdgij shxufi fbush, gociujgol khtdmjs foj tfctgcs

meehojhrs ush tm fbush cdgijrho, fs whii fs khtdmjs foj tfctgcs meehojhrs ush tm fvmgj ifw

hoemrchkhot jhthctgmo wdgih phrphtrftgol moigoh cdgij shxufi hxpimgtftgmo crgkhs sucd fs tdmsh

jhscrgbhj go pfrflrfpd 8 me tdgs feegjfvgt.

4. \hbsgth F mphrfths mo fo fomoykgty ohtwmra fvfgifbih tm Gothroht ushrs aomwo fs

’Zdh Mogmo Rmuthr‛ mr ’Zmr‛ ohtwmra. Zmr wfs mrglgofiiy jhsglohj, gkpihkhothj, foj jhpimyhj fs f

prmnhct me tdh X.S. Ofvfi Rhshfrcd Ifbmrftmry emr tdh prgkfry purpmsh me prmthctgol lmvhrokhot

cmkkuogcftgmos. Gt gs omw fvfgifbih tm tdh pubigc ft ifrlh. Goemrkftgmo jmcukhotgol wdft Zmr gs

foj dmw gt wmras gs prmvgjhj mo tdh pubigciy fcchssgbih whbsgth www.tmrprmnhct.mrl. Go mrjhr tm

fcchss tdh Zmr ohtwmra, f ushr kust gostfii Zmr smetwfrh hgtdhr by jmwoimfjgol fo fjj-mo tm tdh

ushr‗s whb brmwshr mr by jmwoimfjgol tdh erhh ’Zmr brmwshr buojih‛ fvfgifbih ft




5

www.tmrprmnhct.mrl.6

7. Zdh Zmr smetwfrh prmthcts ushrs‗ prgvfcy moigoh by rmutgol tdhgr cmkkuogcftgmos

tdrmuld f jgstrgbuthj ohtwmra me rhify cmkputhrs ruo by vmiuothhrs fii frmuoj tdh wmrij, tdhrhby

kfsagol tdh ushr‗s fctufi GP fjjrhss wdgcd cmuij mtdhrwgsh bh ushj tm gjhotgey f ushr. Gt prhvhots

smkhmoh ftthkptgol tm kmogtmr fo Gothroht cmoohctgmo ermk ihfrogol wdft sgths f ushr vgsgts, prhvhots

tdh sgths tdh ushr vgsgts ermk ihfrogol tdh ushr‗s pdysgcfi imcftgmo, foj ihts tdh ushr fcchss sgths wdgcd

cmuij mtdhrwgsh bh bimcahj. Bhcfush me tdh wfy Zmr rmuths cmkkuogcftgmos tdrmuld mtdhr

cmkputhrs, trfjgtgmofi GP gjhotgegcftgmo thcdogquhs frh omt vgfbih. \dho f ushr mo tdh Zmr ohtwmra

fcchsshs f whbsgth, emr hxfkpih, tdh GP fjjrhss me f Zmr ’hxgt omjh,‛ rftdhr tdfo tdh ushr‗s fctufi GP

fjjrhss, sdmws up go tdh whbsgth‗s GP iml. Fo hxgt omjh gs tdh ifst cmkputhr tdrmuld wdgcd f ushr‗s

cmkkuogcftgmos whrh rmuthj. Zdhrh gs om prfctgcfi wfy tm trfch tdh ushr‗s fctufi GP bfca tdrmuld

tdft Zmr hxgt omjh GP. Go tdft wfy, usgol tdh Zmr ohtwmra mphrfths sgkgifriy tm f prmxy shrvhr.

60. Zmr fism kfahs gt pmssgbih emr ushrs tm dgjh tdhgr imcftgmos wdgih meehrgol vfrgmus

agojs me shrvgchs, sucd fs whb pubigsdgol, emruk/whbsgth dmstgol, mr fo gostfot khssflgol shrvhr.

\gtdgo tdh Zmr ohtwmra gtshie, hotgrh whbsgths cfo bh sht up fs ’dgjjho shrvgchs.‛ ’Dgjjho shrvgchs‛

mphrfth tdh sfkh fs rhluifr pubigc whbsgths wgtd moh crgtgcfi hxchptgmo. Zdh GP fjjrhss emr tdh whb

shrvhr gs dgjjho foj gosthfj gs rhpifchj wgtd f Zmr-bfshj whb fjjrhss, wdgcd gs f shrghs me filmrgtdk-

lhohrfthj cdfrfcthrs, sucd fs ’fsjia4es7jeiau<e‛ emiimwhj by tdh sueegx ’.mogmo.‛ F ushr cfo moiy

rhfcd tdhsh ’dgjjho shrvgchs‛ ge tdh ushr gs usgol tdh Zmr cighot foj mphrftgol go tdh Zmr ohtwmra.

Foj uoigah fo mpho Gothroht whbsgth, gs omt pmssgbih tm jhthrkgoh tdrmuld pubigc immaups tdh GP

6 Xshrs kfy fism fcchss tdh Zmr ohtwmra tdrmuld sm-cfiihj ’lfthwfys‛ mo tdh mpho Gothroht sucd fs ’mogmo.tm‛ foj

’tmr2whb.mrl,‛ dmwhvhr, ush me tdmsh lfthwfys jmhs omt prmvgjh ushrs wgtd tdh fomoykgzgol bhohegts me tdh Zmr

ohtwmra.




<

fjjrhss me f cmkputhr dmstgol f Zmr ’dgjjho shrvgch.‛ Ohgtdhr ifw hoemrchkhot omr ushrs cfo

tdhrhemrh jhthrkgoh tdh imcftgmo me tdh cmkputhr tdft dmsts tdh whbsgth tdrmuld tdmsh pubigc immaups.

Egojgol foj Fcchssgol \hbsgth F

66. Bhcfush \hbsgth F gs f Zmr dgjjho shrvgch, gt jmhs omt rhsgjh mo tdh trfjgtgmofi mr

’mpho‛ Gothroht. F ushr kfy moiy fcchss \hbsgth F tdrmuld tdh Zmr ohtwmra. Hvho fethr cmoohctgol

tm tdh Zmr ohtwmra, dmwhvhr, f ushr kust aomw tdh whb fjjrhss me tdh whbsgth go mrjhr tm fcchss tdh

sgth. Rftdhr tdfo f pifgo ifoluflh fjjrhss cmotfgogol tdh ofkh me tdh whbsgth sucd fs www.coo.cmk,

f Zmr whb fjjrhss gs f shrghs me filmrgtdk-lhohrfthj cdfrfcthrs, sucd fs ’fsjia4es7jeiau<e‛ emiimwhj

by tdh sueegx ’.mogmo.‛ Kmrhmvhr, Zmr dgjjho shrvgchs frh omt gojhxhj igah whbsgths mo tdh

trfjgtgmofi Gothroht. Fccmrjgoliy, uoigah mo tdh trfjgtgmofi Gothroht, f ushr kfy omt sgkpiy phremrk f

Lmmlih shfrcd emr tdh ofkh me moh me tdh whbsgths mo Zmr tm mbtfgo foj cigca mo f igoa tm tdh sgth. F

ushr kgldt mbtfgo tdh whb fjjrhss jgrhctiy ermk cmkkuogcftgol wgtd mtdhr ushrs me tdh bmfrj, mr

ermk Gothroht pmstgols jhscrgbgol tdh smrt me cmothot gs fvfgifbih mo moh me tdh \hbsgth F fs whii fs

tdh whbsgth‗s imcftgmo. Emr hxfkpih, tdhrh gs f Zmr ’dgjjho shrvgch‛ pflh tdft gs jhjgcfthj tm

phjmpdgigf foj cdgij pmromlrfpdy. Zdft ’dgjjho shrvgch‛ cmotfgos f shctgmo wgtd igoas tm Zmr dgjjho

shrvgchs tdft cmotfgo cdgij pmromlrfpdy. \hbsgth F gs igsthj go tdft shctgmo. Fcchssgol \hbsgth F

tdhrhemrh rhqugrhs oukhrmus feegrkftgvh sthps by tdh ushr, kfagol gt hxtrhkhiy uoigahiy tdft foy ushr

cmuij sgkpiy stukbih upmo \hbsgth F wgtdmut uojhrstfojgol gts purpmsh foj cmothot. Fccmrjgoliy,

tdhrh gs prmbfbih cfush tm bhighvh tdft, emr tdh rhfsmos jhscrgbhj bhimw, foy ushr wdm succhsseuiiy

fcchsshs \hbsgth F dfs aomwgoliy fcchsshj gt wgtd tdh gothot tm vghw cdgij pmromlrfpdy.

Gjhotgegcftgmo me tdh Cmkputhr Shrvhr Dmstgol \hbsgth F

62. Zdrmuld govhstglftgmo, tdh EBG gjhotgeghj tdh pdysgcfi cmkputhr shrvhr tdft dmsts




4

\hbsgth F. Zdft cmkputhr gs imcfthj go tdgs jgstrgct. Dmwhvhr, tdh gjhotgtghs me tdh fjkgogstrftmrs

foj ushrs me \hbsgth F rhkfgo uoaomwo. Xshrs me Zmr-bfshj whbsgths cfoomt bh gjhotgeghj ermk tdh

GP fjjrhss imls me tdh whbsgth. Sucd imls wgii cmotfgo moiy tdh GP fjjrhsshs me Zmr ’hxgt omjhs‛

utgigzhj by tdh ushrs. Gosthfj, tdh gjhotgtghs me tdh fjkgogstrftmrs foj ushrs me \hbsgth F cfo

pmthotgfiiy bh jhthrkgohj usgol tdh Ohtwmra Govhstglftgvh Zhcdogquh jhscrgbhj bhimw. Zdh ohtwmra

govhstglftgvh thcdogquh kfy fssgst govhstglftmrs tm imcfth foj fpprhdhoj meehojhrs gociujgol ushrs me

\hbsgth F wdm frh holflgol go tdh cmotgougol shxufi fbush foj hxpimgtftgmo me cdgijrho, foj tm

imcfth foj rhscuh cdgijrho ermk tdh gkkgohot dfrk me molmgol fbush foj hxpimgtftgmo.

Jhscrgptgmo me \hbsgth F foj Gts Cmothot

\hbsgth F

63. Mo Nfoufry 6, 206:, fo EBG Sphcgfi Flhot mphrftgol go tdgs jgstrgct cmoohcthj tm tdh

Gothroht vgf tdh Zmr Brmwshr foj fcchsshj tdh Zmr dgjjho shrvgch ft tdh XRI hxfkpih.mogmo

(dhrhgofethr rhehrrhj tm fs ’\hbsgth F‛). \hbsgth F gs f Zmr ohtwmra dgjjho shrvgch wdmsh prgkfry

purpmsh gs tdh prmjuctgmo foj jgsshkgoftgmo me ohw cdgij pmromlrfpdy bhtwhho foj fkmol

prmjuchrs me cdgij pmromlrfpdy‚g.h., gojgvgjufis wdm shxufiiy fbush cdgijrho, jmcukhot tdft shxufi

fbush vgf pdmtms mr vgjhm, foj sdfrh tdft jmcukhothj shxufi fbush wgtd mtdhrs. \hbsgth F rhqugrhs

ushrs tm bmtd rhlgsthr foj upimfj cdgij pmromlrfpdy tm tdh sftgsefctgmo me tdh sgth‗s fjkgogstrftmrs

bhemrh tdhy frh fiimwhj tm fcchss tdh cdgij pmromlrfpdy mo tdh sgth.

6:. F rhvghw me tdh gogtgfi whb pflh rhvhfihj gt wfs f khssflh bmfrj tdft cmotfgohj tdh

ofkh me tdh sgth foj tdh wmrjs ’Prgvfth Sdfrgol Cmkkuogty.‛ Imcfthj bhimw tdh tgtih wfs tdh

currhot jfth foj tgkh, fimol wgtd tdh thxt ’\hicmkh, Luhst.‛ F jftf-hotry eghij wgtd f

cmrrhspmojgol buttmo hotgtihj ’Imlgo‛ foj tdh thxt, ’Pihfsh imlgo mr rhlgsthr. Imlgo wgtd ushrofkh




7

foj pfsswmrj,‛ wfs imcfthj bhimw tdh ’\hicmkh Luhst‛ thxt.

68. Imcfthj bhimw tdh imlgo eghij whrh tdrhh tfbs hotgtihj ’Dmkh,‛ ’Imlgo‛ foj

’Rhlgsthr.‛ F rhvghw me tdh ’Dmkh‛ tfb, wdgcd wfs tdh jhefuit tfb, rhvhfihj tdh emiimwgol emruks

foj cmrrhspmojgol tmpgcs foj pmsts, wdgcd whrh vgsgbih tm foy ushr wdm fcchsshj tdh sgth>

Emruk Zmpgcs Pmsts

Lhohrfi Bmfrjs

\hicmkh tm Q\hbsgth F[ 6 6

Rhfj tdgs bhemrh ymu rhlgsthr.

Mpho Bmfrjs - Lgvgol ymu mur mij stuee sm ymu cfo dfvh smkhtdgol ohw

Mpho Lgris Pmsts 0 0

Mpho Bmys Pmsts 0 0

65. F rhvghw me tdh ’\hicmkh tm Q\hbsgth F[‛ emruk rhvhfihj moh tmpgc hotgtihj

’\hicmkh V&F,‛ wdgcd cmotfgohj moh pmst wgtd tdh sfkh tgtih. Zdgs pmst wfs kfjh mo Nfoufry 6,

2063 by f ushr wdm wfs igsthj fs fo fjkgogstrftmr me tdh bmfrj. Zdgs pmst cmotfgohj tdh emiimwgol

thxt>

\hicmkh tm Q\hbsgth F[!

V> \dft gs Q\hbsgth F[=F> \h frh f emruk emr prmjuchrs me prh-thho kfthrgfi

V> Dmw jm G bhcmkh f khkbhr=

F> egrstiy jhcgjh mo ymur OH\ ogcaofkh. \h jm OMZ wfot phmpih usgol ogcas

tdft tdhy ush hishwdhrh go tdh cmkkuogty, gt wgii moiy stmp ymu ermk pfrtgcgpftgol

prmphriy dhrh. Jhcgjh mo smkhtdgol mrglgofi. Rfojmk ihtthrhj ogcas wgii omt bh

fcchpthj ft fii. Fethr ymu dfvh rhlgsthrhj fs f khkbhr mo tdh bmfrj ymu kust

subkgt fo fppigcftgmo pmst emr tdh Fjkgos tm fpprmvh. Xotgi tdh Fjkgos dfvh

fpprmvhj ymur fppigcftgmo ymu wgii omt bh fbih tm shh foy cmothot me tdh bmfrj.

V> \dft kfthrgfi cfo G ush emr fppigcftgmo=

F> Fppigcftgmo pmsts kust cmotfgo shie-prmjuchj kfthrgfi me f PRHZHHO (Bhemrh

Pubhrty) Lgri mr Bmy mr gt wgii omt bh fcchpthj.

Honmy ymur tgkh dhrh, cmotrgbuth foj kfah gt ifst..iura foj wftcd gt sigp fwfy.

Zdh Q\hbsgth F fbbrhvgftgmo[ Fjkgos.

6<. Bfshj mo ky trfgogol foj hxphrghoch, G bhighvh tdft ’shie-prmjuchj kfthrgfi‛ rhehrs tm




60

cdgij pmromlrfpdy gkflhs mr vgjhms tdft tdh ushr dfs phrsmofiiy prmjuchj by vgjhmtfpgol mr

pdmtmlrfpdgol f kgomr tdft gs holflhj go shxufiiy hxpigcgt cmojuct. Fism bfshj mo ky trfgogol foj

hxphrghoch, G bhighvh tdft tdh rhehrhoch tm tdh thrk ’cmkkuogty‛ go tdh fbmvh qumthj pmst gs tm tdh

cmkkuogty me gojgvgjufis wdm shxufiiy hxpimgt cdgijrho moigoh tdrmuld whbsgths sucd fs \hbsgth F.

64. Rhlgstrftgmo mo \hbsgth F gs mpho tm foy ushr foj rhqugrhs moiy tdh crhftgmo me f

ushrofkh foj pfsswmrj. Fethr rhlgsthrgol fo fccmuot vgf tdh ’Rhlgstrftgmo‛ tfb foj imllgol gotm tdh

sgth fs f rhlgsthrhj ushr, f rhvghw me tdh ’Dmkh‛ tfb rhvhfihj twm fjjgtgmofi emruks go tdh Lhohrfi

Bmfrjs shctgmo, fs emiimws>

Emruk Zmpgcs PmstsLhohrfi Bmfrjs

Ruihs 3 3

Rhfj tdgs bhemrh jmgol foytdgol hish foj stfy upjfthj!

Fppigcftgmo Pmsts 2 66

Fppiy dhrh emr fcchss tm Khkbhr lrmups. Zmpgcs gs moiy vgsgbih tm tmpgc stfrthr

foj Fjkgos.

67. F rhvghw me tdh ’Ruihs‛ emruk rhvhfihj gt cmotfgohj tdh emiimwgol tdrhh tmpgcs>

Lhttgol f Khkbhrsdgp

Egihdmsts emr ymur upimfjs & Bfoohj Dmsts RHFJ!Ruihs

20. Zdh egrst twm tmpgcs whrh crhfthj by f ushr wdm wfs igsthj fs fo fjkgogstrftmr me tdh

sgth foj tdh ifst tmpgc wfs crhfthj by f shcmoj ushr wdm wfs fism igsthj fs fo fjkgogstrftmr me tdh

sgth. Zdh ’Lhttgol f Khkbhrsdgp‛ tmpgc cmotfgohj moh pmst, kfjh by moh me tdh fjkgogstrftmrs,

wdgcd cmotfgohj tdh emiimwgol thxt>

MA, sm ymu nust sglohj up foj omw ymu wmojhr wdhrh fii tdh ogch stuee gs=

Khkbhrsdgps

\h dfvh twm typhs me khkbhrsdgp. Wmu fppiy emr f khkbhrsdgp go tdh

’Fppigcftgmo Bmfrj.‛ Wmur fppigcftgmo gs moiy vgsgbih tm ymu foj tdh fjkgos - omt

tm mtdhr khkbhrs. Fppigcftgmos wgii tdho bh prmchsshj by tdh Fjkgos wdm wgii






62

:. Zdh Prmme Kfthrgfi kust sdmw jgeehrhot pmsgtgmos / pmshs me tdh Cdgij = fii wgtd

tdh cfojih foj sglo vgsgbih.

8. Zdh Prmme Kfthrgfi kust sdmw kust me tdh Cdgijs Bmjy. \h jm omt fcchpt

cimsh-ups gkflhs moiy.

5. Zdh Prmme Kfthrgfi cfo omt bh f pfrt me tdh Hotry Pmst. Zdh prmme gs emr tdh

Fjkgos moiy foj tdh Hotry Pmst emr tdh mtdhr Prmjuchrs.\h dmph ymu uojhrstfoj tdft tdh strgct rhqugrhkhots gs emr ymur mwo foj tdh mtdhr

Prmjuchrs sfehty. Om moh igahs tdh wrmol phmpih (scfkkhrs) tm lht gotm tdh

Prmjuchrs Bmfrjs.

\h imma emrwfrj tm ymur fppigcftgmo. Zdh Fjkgo Zhfk.

23. Om eurtdhr \hbsgth F cmothot wfs fcchssgbih tm tdh uojhrcmvhr ifw hoemrchkhot

meegchr, wdm jgj omt fppiy emr prgvfth mr prmjuchr khkbhrsdgp bhcfush me tdh whbsgth‗s rhqugrhkhot,

jhscrgbhj fbmvh, tdft ushrs pmst sphcgegc cdgij pmromlrfpdy go mrjhr tm lfgo tdmsh ihvhis me

khkbhrsdgp.

2:. Fethr rhlgsthrgol fo fccmuot vgf tdh ’Rhlgstrftgmo‛ tfb foj imllgol gotm tdh sgth fs f

rhlgsthrhj ushr, fo fjjgtgmofi tfb hotgtihj ’Ky Khssflhs‛ wfs mbshrvhj go tdh sfkh frhf fs tdh

’Dmkh‛ tfb. Eurtdhr, f dyphrigoa wfs mbshrvhj ohfr tdh bmttmk me tdh dmkh pflh hotgtihj ’Phrsmofi

Khssflhs‛ foj tdh thxt ’Wmu‗vh lmt 0 khssflhs….Cigca dhrh tm vghw tdhk.‛ Zdgs ’Phrsmofi

Khssflhs‛ euoctgmo fpphfrhj tm bh f ehfturh tdft fiimwhj ushrs tm shoj hfcd mtdhr prgvfth mr

’phrsmofi‛ khssflhs.

ZDH OHZ\MRA GOUHSZGLFZGUH ZHCDOGVXH

28. Bfshj mo ky trfgogol, hxphrghoch, foj tdh govhstglftgmo jhscrgbhj fbmvh, G dfvh

cmociujhj tdft usgol f ohtwmra govhstglftgvh thcdogquh kfy dhip EBG flhots imcfth tdh ushrs me tdh

cdgij pmromlrfpdy \hbsgth F. Fccmrjgoliy, G rhquhst futdmrgty tm ush tdh OGZ, wdgcd wgii bh

jhpimyhj mo \hbsgth F tm govhstglfth foy ushr mr fjkgogstrftmr wdm imls gotm foy me \hbsgth F by

hothrgol f ushrofkh foj pfsswmrj.




63

25. Go tdh omrkfi cmursh me mphrftgmo, whbsgths shoj cmothot tm vgsgtmrs. F ushr‗s

cmkputhr jmwoimfjs tdft cmothot foj ushs gt tm jgspify whb pflhs mo tdh ushr‗s cmkputhr. Xojhr tdh

OGZ futdmrgzhj by tdgs wfrrfot, tdh whbsgth wmuij fulkhot tdft cmothot wgtd smkh fjjgtgmofi

cmkputhr gostructgmos. \dho f cmkputhr succhsseuiiy jmwoimfjs tdmsh gostructgmos ermk \hbsgth F,

tdh gostructgmos frh jhsglohj tm cfush tdh ’fctgvftgol‛ cmkputhr tm jhigvhr chrtfgo goemrkftgmo tm f

cmkputhr cmotrmiihj by mr aomwo tm tdh lmvhrokhot. Zdft goemrkftgmo gs jhscrgbhj wgtd pfrtgcuifrgty

mo tdh wfrrfot (go Fttfcdkhot B me tdgs feegjfvgt), foj tdh wfrrfot futdmrgzhs mbtfgogol om mtdhr

goemrkftgmo. Zdh OGZ wgii omt jhoy tdh ushr me tdh ’fctgvftgol‛ cmkputhr fcchss tm foy jftf mr

euoctgmofigty me tdft cmkputhr.

2<. Zdh OGZ wgii rhvhfi tm tdh lmvhrokhot hovgrmokhotfi vfrgfbihs foj chrtfgo rhlgstry-

typh goemrkftgmo tdft kfy fssgst go gjhotgeygol tdh cmkputhr, gts imcftgmo, foj tdh ushr me tdh

cmkputhr, wdgcd cmostgtuth hvgjhoch me vgmiftgmos me tdh stftuths cgthj go pfrflrfpd 8. Go pfrtgcuifr,

tdh OGZ wgii rhvhfi tm tdh lmvhrokhot om goemrkftgmo mtdhr tdfo tdh emiimwgol gthks, wdgcd frh fism

jhscrgbhj go Fttfcdkhot B>

• Zdh ’fctgvftgol‛ cmkputhr‗s fctufi GP fjjrhss, foj tdh jfth foj tgkh tdft tdh

OGZ jhthrkgohs wdft tdft GP fjjrhss gs1

• F uogquh gjhotgeghr (h.l., f shrghs me oukbhrs, ihtthrs, foj/mr sphcgfi

cdfrfcthrs) tm jgstgolugsd tdh jftf ermk tdft me mtdhr ’fctgvftgol‛ cmkputhrs.

Zdft uogquh gjhotgeghr wgii bh shot wgtd foj cmiihcthj by tdh OGZ1

• Zdh typh me mphrftgol systhk ruoogol mo tdh cmkputhr, gociujgol typh (h.l.,

\gojmws), vhrsgmo (h.l., \gojmws <), foj frcdgthcturh (h.l., x 45)1








65

tdh gjhotgty me tdh gojgvgjufis tdft pfrtgcgpfth go tdgs cmospgrfcy, foj cmiihct hvgjhoch me, foj prmphrty

ushj go cmkkgttgol, tdh crgkhs (fo fjvhrsh rhsuit uojhr 64 X.S.C. §3603f(b)(6) foj 64 X.S.C. §

2<08).

32. Eurtdhrkmrh, tdh govhstglftgmo dfs omt yht gjhotgeghj fo fpprmprgfth phrsmo tm wdmk

sucd omtgch cfo bh lgvho. Zdus, tdh lmvhrokhot rhquhsts futdmrgzftgmo, uojhr 64 X.S.C. §3603f, tm

jhify foy omtgch mtdhrwgsh rhqugrhj by Ehjhrfi Ruih me Crgkgofi Prmchjurh :6(e), uotgi 30 jfys fethr

foy gojgvgjufi fcchssgol \hbsgth F dfs bhho gjhotgeghj tm f sueegcghot jhlrhh fs tm prmvgjh omtgch,

uoihss tdh Cmurt egojs lmmj cfush emr eurtdhr jhifyhj jgscimsurh.

33. Zdh lmvhrokhot eurtdhr subkgts tdft, tm tdh hxthot tdft ush me tdh OGZ cfo bh

cdfrfcthrgzhj fs f shgzurh me fo hihctrmogc cmkkuogcftgmo mr hihctrmogc goemrkftgmo uojhr 64 X.S.C.

§ 3603f(b)(2), sucd f shgzurh gs rhfsmofbiy ohchssfry, bhcfush wgtdmut tdgs shgzurh, tdhrh wmuij bh

om mtdhr wfy, tm ky aomwihjlh, tm vghw tdh goemrkftgmo foj tm ush gt tm eurtdhr tdh govhstglftgmo.

Eurtdhrkmrh, tdh OGZ jmhs omt jhoy tdh ushrs mr fjkgogstrftmrs fcchss tm \hbsgth F mr tdh

pmsshssgmo mr ush me tdh goemrkftgmo jhigvhrhj tm tdh cmkputhr cmotrmiihj by mr aomwo tm tdh

lmvhrokhot, omr jmhs tdh OGZ phrkfohotiy fithr foy smetwfrh mr prmlrfks mo tdh ushr‗s cmkputhr.

ZGKGOL ME SHG^XRH/RHUGH\ ME GOEMRKFZGMO

3:. Ruih :6(h)(2) rhqugrhs tdft tdh wfrrfot cmkkfoj EBG ’tm hxhcuth tdh wfrrfot wgtdgo f

sphcgeghj phrgmj me tgkh om imolhr tdfo emurthho jfys‛ foj tm ’hxhcuth tdh wfrrfot jurgol tdh

jfytgkh, uoihss tdh nujlh emr lmmj cfush hxprhssiy futdmrgzhs hxhcutgmo ft fomtdhr tgkh.‛ Zdh

lmvhrokhot rhquhsts futdmrgty tm jhpimy tdh OGZ motm \hbsgth F ft foy tgkh me jfy, wgtdgo emurthho

jfys me tdh Cmurt‗s futdmrgzftgmo. Zdh OGZ wgii bh ushj mo \hbsgth F emr omt kmrh tdfo 30 jfys

ermk tdh jfth me tdh gssufoch me tdh wfrrfot.




6<

38. Emr tdh rhfsmos fbmvh foj eurtdhr, bhcfush ushrs me \hbsgth F cmkkuogcfth mo tdh

bmfrj ft vfrgmus dmurs me tdh jfy, gociujgol mutsgjh tdh tgkh phrgmj bhtwhho 5>00 f.k. foj 60>00

p.k., foj bhcfush tdh tgkgol me tdh ushr‗s cmkkuogcftgmo mo tdh bmfrj gs smihiy jhthrkgohj by wdho

tdh ushr cdmmshs tm fcchss tdh bmfrj, rftdhr tdfo by ifw hoemrchkhot, G rhquhst futdmrgty emr tdh OGZ

tm bh hkpimyhj ft foy tgkh f ushr‗s cmkputhr fcchsshs \hbsgth F, hvho ge tdft mccurs mutsgjh tdh

dmurs me 5>00 f.k. foj 60>00 p.k. Eurtdhr, G shha phrkgssgmo tm rhvghw goemrkftgmo trfoskgtthj tm f

cmkputhr cmotrmiihj by mr aomwo tm tdh lmvhrokhot, fs f rhsuit me tdh OGZ, ft wdfthvhr tgkh me jfy

mr ogldt tdh goemrkftgmo gs rhchgvhj.

35. Zdh lmvhrokhot jmhs omt currhotiy aomw tdh hxfct cmoeglurftgmo me tdh cmkputhrs

tdft kfy bh ushj tm fcchss \hbsgth F. Ufrgftgmos go cmoeglurftgmo, h.l., jgeehrhot mphrftgol systhks,

kfy rhqugrh tdh lmvhrokhot tm shoj kmrh tdfo moh cmkkuogcftgmo go mrjhr tm lht tdh OGZ tm fctgvfth

prmphriy. Fccmrjgoliy, G rhquhst tdft tdgs Cmurt futdmrgzh tdh lmvhrokhot tm cmotgouh tm shoj

cmkkuogcftgmos tm tdh fctgvftgol cmkputhrs emr up tm 30 jfys fethr tdgs wfrrfot gs futdmrgzhj.

3<. Zdh Lmvhrokhot kfy, ge ohchssfry, shha eurtdhr futdmrgzftgmo ermk tdh Cmurt tm

hkpimy tdh OGZ mo \hbsgth F bhymoj tdh 30-jfy phrgmj futdmrgzhj by tdgs wfrrfot.

SHFRCD FXZDMRG^FZGMO RHVXHSZS

34. Fccmrjgoliy, gt gs rhsphcteuiiy rhquhsthj tdft tdgs Cmurt gssuh f shfrcd wfrrfot

futdmrgzgol tdh emiimwgol>

f. tdh OGZ kfy cfush fo fctgvftgol cmkputhr – wdhrhvhr imcfthj – tm shoj tm f

cmkputhr cmotrmiihj by mr aomwo tm tdh lmvhrokhot, ohtwmra ihvhi khssflhs

cmotfgogol goemrkftgmo tdft kfy fssgst go gjhotgeygol tdh cmkputhr, gts imcftgmo,




64

mtdhr goemrkftgmo fbmut tdh cmkputhr foj tdh ushr me tdh cmkputhr, fs jhscrgbhj

fbmvh foj go Fttfcdkhot B1

b. tdh ush me kuitgpih cmkkuogcftgmos, wgtdmut prgmr foomuochkhot, wgtdgo 30 jfys

ermk tdh jfth tdgs Cmurt gssuhs tdh rhquhsthj wfrrfot1

c. tdft tdh lmvhrokhot kfy rhchgvh foj rhfj, ft foy tgkh me jfy mr ogldt, wgtdgo 30

jfys ermk tdh jfth tdh Cmurt futdmrgzhs me ush me tdh OGZ, tdh goemrkftgmo tdft

tdh OGZ cfushs tm bh shot tm tdh cmkputhr cmotrmiihj by mr aomwo tm tdh

lmvhrokhot1

j. tdft, pursufot tm 64 X.S.C. § 3603f(b)(3), tm sftgsey tdh omtgegcftgmo rhqugrhkhot

me Ruih :6(e)(3) me tdh Ehjhrfi Ruihs me Crgkgofi Prmchjurh, tdh lmvhrokhot kfy

jhify prmvgjgol f cmpy me tdh shfrcd wfrrfot foj tdh rhchgpt emr foy prmphrty

tfaho emr tdgrty (30) jfys fethr f ushr me fo ’fctgvftgol‛ cmkputhr tdft fcchsshj

\hbsgth F dfs bhho gjhotgeghj tm f sueegcghot jhlrhh fs tm prmvgjh omtgch, uoihss

omtgegcftgmo gs eurtdhr jhifyhj by cmurt mrjhr.

CMOCIXSGMO

37. Bfshj mo tdh goemrkftgmo gjhotgeghj fbmvh, goemrkftgmo prmvgjhj tm kh, foj ky

hxphrghoch foj trfgogol, G dfvh prmbfbih cfush tm bhighvh tdhrh hxgsts hvgjhoch, erugts, foj

gostrukhotfigtghs me crgkgofi fctgvgty rhifthj tm tdh shxufi hxpimgtftgmo me cdgijrho mo cmkputhrs tdft

fcchss \hbsgth F, go vgmiftgmo me 64 X.S.C. § 2282F(l), Holflgol go f Cdgij Hxpimgtftgmo

Hothrprgsh1 64 X.S.C. §§ 2286(j)(6) foj mr (h), Fjvhrtgsgol foj Cmospgrfcy tm Fjvhrtgsh Cdgij

Pmromlrfpdy1 64 X.S.C. §§ 2282F(f)(2)(F) foj (b)(6), Rhchgpt foj Jgstrgbutgmo me, foj Cmospgrfcy




67

tm Rhchgvh foj Jgstrgbuth Cdgij Pmromlrfpdy1 foj/mr 64 X.S.C. § 2282F(f)(8)(B) foj (b)(2),

Aomwgol Fcchss mr Ftthkpthj Fcchss \gtd Gothot tm Ughw Cdgij Pmromlrfpdy.

:0. Bfshj mo tdh goemrkftgmo jhscrgbhj fbmvh, tdhrh gs prmbfbih cfush tm bhighvh tdft tdh

goemrkftgmo jhscrgbhj go Fttfcdkhot B cmostgtuths hvgjhoch foj gostrukhotfigtghs me tdhsh crgkhs.

:6. Bfshj mo tdh goemrkftgmo jhscrgbhj fbmvh, tdhrh gs prmbfbih cfush tm bhighvh tdft

hkpimygol f OGZ mo \hbsgth F, tm cmiihct goemrkftgmo jhscrgbhj go Fttfcdkhot B, wgii rhsuit go tdh

EBG mbtfgogol tdh hvgjhoch foj gostrukhotfigtghs me tdh cdgij hxpimgtftgmo crgkhs jhscrgbhj fbmvh.






26

FZZFCDKHOZ F

Imcftgmos tm bh Shfrcdhj

Zdgs wfrrfot futdmrgzhs tdh ush me f ohtwmra govhstglftgvh thcdogquh (’OGZ‛) tm bh jhpimyhj

mo tdh cmkputhr shrvhr jhscrgbhj bhimw, mbtfgogol goemrkftgmo jhscrgbhj go Fttfcdkhot B ermk tdh

fctgvftgol cmkputhrs jhscrgbhj bhimw.

Zdh cmkputhr shrvhr gs tdh shrvhr mphrftgol tdh Zmr ohtwmra cdgij pmromlrfpdy whbsgth

rhehrrhj tm dhrhgo fs \hbsgth F, fs gjhotgeghj by tdh Zmr XRI hxfkpih.mogmo, wdgcd gs imcfthj go tdgs

jgstrgct.

Zdh fctgvftgol cmkputhrs frh tdmsh me foy ushr mr fjkgogstrftmr wdm imls gotm \hbsgth F by

hothrgol f ushrofkh foj pfsswmrj.

Zdh lmvhrokhot wgii omt hkpimy tdgs ohtwmra govhstglftgvh thcdogquh fethr 30 jfys fethr tdgs

wfrrfot gs futdmrgzhj, wgtdmut eurtdhr futdmrgzftgmo.




22

FZZFCDKHOZ B

Goemrkftgmo tm bh Shgzhj

Ermk foy ’fctgvftgol‛ cmkputhr jhscrgbhj go Fttfcdkhot F>

6. tdh ’fctgvftgol‛ cmkputhr‗s fctufi GP fjjrhss, foj tdh jfth foj tgkh tdft tdh OGZ jhthrkgohs

wdft tdft GP fjjrhss gs1

2. f uogquh gjhotgeghr (h.l., f shrghs me oukbhrs, ihtthrs, foj/mr sphcgfi cdfrfcthrs) tm jgstgolugsd

jftf ermk tdft me mtdhr ’fctgvftgol‛ cmkputhrs, tdft wgii bh shot wgtd foj cmiihcthj by tdh OGZ1

3. tdh typh me mphrftgol systhk ruoogol mo tdh cmkputhr, gociujgol typh (h.l., \gojmws),

vhrsgmo (h.l., \gojmws <), foj frcdgthcturh (h.l., x 45)1

:. goemrkftgmo fbmut wdhtdhr tdh OGZ dfs firhfjy bhho jhigvhrhj tm tdh ’fctgvftgol‛ cmkputhr1

8. tdh ’fctgvftgol‛ cmkputhr‗s Dmst Ofkh1

5. tdh ’fctgvftgol‛ cmkputhr‗s khjgf fcchss cmotrmi (’KFC‛) fjjrhss1

tdft gs hvgjhoch me vgmiftgmos me 64 X.S.C. § 2282F(l), Holflgol go f Cdgij Hxpimgtftgmo Hothrprgsh1 64

X.S.C. §§ 2286(j)(6) foj mr (h), Fjvhrtgsgol foj Cmospgrfcy tm Fjvhrtgsh Cdgij Pmromlrfpdy1 64 X.S.C. §§

2282F(f)(2)(F) foj (b)(6), Rhchgpt foj Jgstrgbutgmo me, foj Cmospgrfcy tm Rhchgvh foj Jgstrgbuth Cdgij

Pmromlrfpdy1 foj/mr 64 X.S.C. § 2282F(f)(8)(B) foj (b)(2), Aomwgol Fcchss mr Ftthkpthj Fcchss \gtd

Gothot tm Ughw Cdgij Pmromlrfpdy.








3

vgctgks, eurtdhrgol tdh gjhotgegcftgmo me phrphtrftmrs, foj/mr tfagol sthps tm jgsrupt

tdh cmkkfoj foj cmotrmi euoctgmos me tdh bmtoht.[

8. Zdh EBG dfs jhvhimphj f rhkmth ohtwmra thcdogquh go wdgcd ifw hoemrchkhot

flhots dfvh tdh cfpfbgigty tm trfoskgt tm tdh cmkputhrs gjhotgeghj go Fttfcdkhot F cmjh foj/mr

cmkkfojs tdft wgii lftdhr tdh goemrkftgmo jhscrgbhj go Fttfcdkhot B.

FXZDMRG^FZGMO RHVXHSZ1 JHIFWHJ OMZGCH

5. G stfth tdh emiimwgol go suppmrt me tdh lmvhrokhot‗s rhquhst, uojhr 64 X.S.C. §

3603f(b), tdft tdh Cmurt futdmrgzh tdh meegchr hxhcutgol tdh wfrrfot tm jhify omtgeygol tdh mwohrs

me tdh ZFRLHZ CMKPXZHRS emr 30 jfys fethr tdh rhkmth ohtwmra thcdogquh futdmrgzhj by tdh

wfrrfot dfs bhho ushj>

f. QHstfbigsd pmthotgfi ’fjvhrsh rhsuit‛ ermk omtgegcftgmo, fs jhegohj go 64 X.S.C. §

2<08, dhrh1 emr hxfkpih> Gkkhjgfth omtgegcftgmo me tdh mwohrs me tdh ZFRLHZ

CMKPXZHRS kfy dfvh tdh fjvhrsh rhsuit me ihfjgol tm tdh jhstructgmo me mr

tfkphrgol wgtd hvgjhoch. Gkkhjgfth omtgegcftgmo me tdh mwohrs me tdh ZFRLHZ

CMKPXZHRS, ft tdgs pmgot, wmuij fs f prfctgcfi kftthr fism fkmuot tm

omtgegcftgmo me tdh bmtoht cmotrmiihrs1 foj, aomwgol wdft tdh lmvhrokhot dfs

jmoh, tdhrh gs rhfsmo tm bhighvh bfshj tdft tdmsh bmtoht cmotrmiihrs cmuij tfah sthps

tm gkprmvh tdh bmtoht‗s jhehoshs, mr tm jhstrmy hvgjhoch me tdh crgkh tdft kfy bh

go mtdhr imcftgmos.[




:

<. G eurtdhr rhquhst tdft tdh Cmurt futdmrgzh hxhcutgmo me tdh wfrrfot ft foy tgkh me

jfy mr ogldt, fs tdh wfrrfot jmhs omt futdmrgzh tdh pdysgcfi shgzurh me tfolgbih prmphrty.

EFCZS RHIHUFOZ ZM ZDGS CMXRZ‗S FXZDMRGZW FOJ NXRGSJGCZGMO

4. Zdh goehcthj cmkputhrs jhscrgbhj mo Fttfcdkhot F frh ’prmphrty . . . gothojhj emr

ush Qfoj[ ushj go cmkkgttgol f crgkh‛ uojhr Ruih :6(c)(3) bhcfush, fs hxpifgohj fbmvh, tdh

goehcthj cmkputhrs dfvh bhho ushj tm sthfi imlgo crhjhotgfis.


QQFLHOZ OFKH[[Sphcgfi Flhot

Ehjhrfi Burhfu me Govhstglftgmo

Subscrgbhj foj swmro tm bhemrh kh

mo Nfoufry 6<, 206:>

]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

XOGZHJ SZFZHS KFLGSZRFZH NXJLH




FZZFCDKHOZ F

Zdgs wfrrfot futdmrgzhs tdh ush me f rhkmth ohtwmra thcdogquh jhscrgbhj go Fttfcdkhot B

mo cmkputhrs tdft rhchgvh cmkkuogcftgmos ermk Qjhscrgbh tdh cmkkmo cmkkfoj foj cmotrmi

goerfstructurh ermk wdgcd tdh thcdogquh wgii bh shot, gociujgol fs kfoy uogquh cdfrfcthrgstgcs me

tdh bmtoht fs pmssgbih[ (tdh ZFRLHZ CMKPXZHRS).




FZZFCDKHOZ B

Zdgs wfrrfot futdmrgzhs f rhkmth ohtwmra thcdogquh go wdgcd ifw hoemrchkhot flhots

wgii trfoskgt tm hfcd me tdh ZFRLHZ CMKPXZHRS jhscrgbhj go Fttfcdkhot F cmjh foj/mr

cmkkfojs gothojhj kfah tdh emiimwgol goemrkftgmo fvfgifbih tm meegchrs futdmrgzhj tm hxhcuth

tdgs wfrrfot>

(6) tdh ZFRLHZ CMKPXZHR‗s fctufi GP fjjrhss, foj tdh jfth foj tgkh tdft tdh GP

fjjrhss gs jhthrkgohj1

(2) Zdh ZFRLHZ CMKPXZHR‗S Cmkputhr Ofkh foj Khjgf Fcchss Cmotrmi Fjjrhss1foj

(3) f uogquh gjhotgeghr (h.l., f shrghs me oukbhrs, ihtthrs, foj/mr sphcgfi cdfrfcthrs) emr tdh

ZFRLHZ CMKPXZHR.




FEEGJFUGZ

Kfttdhw Egoh, bhgol juiy swmro fccmrjgol tm ifw jhpmshs foj sfys>

6. G fk f Sphcgfi Flhot me tdh Ehjhrfi Burhfu me Govhstglftgmo (EBG) foj dfvh

bhho sgoch Kfy 6777. G fk currhotiy fssglohj tm tdh Pdgifjhipdgf Jgvgsgmo me tdh EBG wdhrh G

fk rhspmosgbih emr tdh govhstglftgmo me, fkmol mtdhr tdgols, cmkputhr gotrusgmo meehoshs. Go

fjjgtgmo tm lrfjuftgol ermk tdh EBG Fcfjhky, Vufotgcm, Ugrlgogf (UF), ky prgmr mccupftgmo

wfs tdft me f cmkputhr ohtwmra holgohhr emr twm yhfrs ft tdh Oftgmofi Cfochr Gostgtuth. G

dfvh fism ftthojhj tdh emiimwgol bfsgc foj fjvfochj cmkputhr govhstglftgmo cmurshs prmvgjhj

by tdh EBG>

2.) Bfsgc Gothroht Erfuj Govhstglftgmos

3.) Bfsgc Ohtwmra Govhstglftgmo Zhcdogquhs

:.) Xogx emr Govhstglftmrs Pfrt G

8.) Ohtwmra Govhstglftgmo Zhcdogquhs emr Flhots

5.) Xogx emr Govhstglftmrs Pfrt GG

<.) Xogx Gotrusgmo Zhcdogquhs emr Flhots

4.) Gotrmjuctgmo tm Suo Smifrgs

7.) Gotrmjuctgmo tm Cgscm Systhks

60.) Fjvfochj Ohtwmra Govhstglftgmo Zhcdogquhs66.) Fjvfochj Gotrusgmo Zhcdogquhs

2. G fk fo govhstglftgvh mr ifw hoemrchkhot meegchr me tdh Xogthj Stfths wgtdgo tdh

khfogol me Shctgmo 2860(<) me Zgtih 64, Xogthj Stfths Cmjh, go tdft G fk hkpmwhrhj by ifw

tm cmojuct govhstglftgmos foj tm kfah frrhsts emr ehjhrfi ehimoy meehoshs.

3. Zdgs feegjfvgt gs subkgtthj go suppmrt me fo fppigcftgmo emr f shfrcd wfrrfot tm

phrkgt kh go cmonuoctgmo wgtd mtdhr flhots me tdh EBG foj tdh Goemrkftgmo Zhcdomimly stfee

me (Ftdh Cmiihlh@), tm ush f tmmi aomwo f Cmkputhr foj

Gothroht Prmtmcmi Fjjrhss Uhrgeghr (CGPFU) emr tdh purpmsh me gjhotgeygol foj imcftgol tdh

phrsmo wdm dfs bhho kfagol uoifweui fcchss tm tdh cmkputhrs me tdh Cmiihlh foj dfs bhho








:

wmrijwgjh.




8

60. Zdh cmkputhr imls me tdh Cmiihlh sdmwhj tdft tdh fcchss tm tdgs fccmuot wfs

ermk Gothroht Prmtmcmi (GP) fjjrhsshs 34.667.60<.<5, 34.667.60<.44, foj 34.667.60<.47,

Zdmsh GP fjjrhsshs frh fssglohj tm Phremrkfoch Systhks Gothroftgmofi Goc. (PSGOHZ). Fo GP

fjjrhss gs f uogquh fjjrhss tdft gs fssglohj by fo Gothroht Shrvgch Prmvgjhr tm hfcd custmkhr

fs tdft custmkhr imls motm tdh Gothroht. Om cmkputhr cfo bh cmoohcthj tm tdh Gothroht wgtd

mut fo GP fjjrhss. Om twm cmkputhrs cmoohcthj tm tdh Gothroht cfo dfvh tdh sfkh GP fjjrhss

ft tdh sfkh tgkh. Fo GP fjjrhss fiwfys dfs emur pfrts, hfcd pfrt shpfrfthj by f phrgmj. Go

hfcd pfrt tdhrh wgii bh oukbhrs rfolgol ermk 0 tm 288. Fo GP fjjrhss gs fofimlmus tm f

thihpdmoh oukbhr. Zdh Gothroht ushs GP fjjrhsshs tm rmuth trfeegc. Hfcd tgkh f cmkputhr shojs

goemrkftgmo (sucd fs f rhquhst emr f whb pflh mr fo h-kfgi) tdh khssflh gs brmaho gotm skfii

pfcahts, hfcd moh cmotfgogol f dhfjhr. Zdh dhfjhr gociujhs tdh smurch foj jhstgoftgmo GP

fjjrhsshs. \gtd f rhquhst emr f whb pflh, emr hxfkpih, tdh jhstgoftgmo GP fjjrhss thiis tdh

rmuthrs fimol tdh Gothroht wdhrh tdgs pfcaht sdmuij bh shot. \dho tdh jhstgoftgmo whb shrvhr

rhchgvhs tdh goemrkftgmo, gt immas tm tdh smurch GP fjjrhss tm ihfro wdhrh gt sdmuij shoj tdh

rhquhsthj goemrkftgmo.2

2Fo Gothroht shrvgch prmvgjhr (GSP) omrkfiiy cmotrmis f rfolh me shvhrfi duojrhj (mr hvho

tdmusfojs me) GP fjjrhsshs, wdgcd gt ushs tm gjhotgey gts custmkhrs ; cmkputhrs. GP fjjrhsshs frh usufiiy

fssglohj Fjyofkgcfiiy.@ Hfcd tgkh tdh ushr jgfis gotm tdh GSP tm cmoohct tm tdh Gothroht, tdh custmkhr's

cmkputhr gs rfojmkiy fssglohj moh me tdh fvfgifbih GP fjjrhsshs cmotrmiihj by tdh GSP. Zdh custmkhr's

cmkputhr rhtfgos tdft GP fjjrhss uotgi tdh ushr jgscmoohcts, foj tdh GP fjjrhss cfoomt bh fssglohj tm

fomtdhr ushr jurgol tdft phrgmj. Moch tdh ushr jgscmoohcts, dmwhvhr, tdft GP fjjrhss bhcmkhs fvfgifbih tmmtdhr custmkhrs wdm jgfi go tdhrhfethr. Zdus, tdh GP fjjrhss fssglohj tm f ushr omrkfiiy jgeehrs hfcd tgkh

dh jgfis gotm tdh GSP. By cmotrfst, fo GSP's busgohss custmkhr wgii cmkkmoiy dfvh f phrkfohot, 2:-dmur

Gothroht cmoohctgmo tm wdgcd f Fstftgc@ (g.h., egxhj) GP fjjrhss gs fssglohj. Prfctgchs emr fssglogol GP

fjjrhsshs tm cfbih Gothroht ushrs vfry, wgtd kfoy prmvgjhrs fssglogol shkg-phrsgsthot oukbhrs tdft kfy bh

fiimcfthj tm f sgolih ushr emr f phrgmj me jfys mr whhas, foj tdho rhfssglohj.




5

66. Fs pfrt me tdh govhstglftgmo tdh Systhks Fjkgogstrftmr me tdh Cmiihlh trfchj

tdgs GP fjjrhss eurtdhr foj jhthrkgohj tdft gt dfj bhho ihfshj tm Sthrigol Shcurgty Rhshfrcd,

Goc, fo fomoykgzhr sgth. Fo fomoykgzhr sgth dhips ushrs cmochfi tdhgr mrglgoftgol GP

fjjrhsshs. Fo fomoykgzhr sgth fcts fs fo gothrkhjgfry bhtwhho tdh ushr foj tdh cmkputhrs tm

wdgcd tdh ushr uitgkfthiy shojs cmkkuogcftgmos. Zdh rhsuit gs tdft foy rhcmrjs rhtfgohj by

tdhsh uitgkfth cmkputhrs jm omt rhvhfi tdh ushr ;s mrglgoftgol GP fjjrhss, but rftdhr sdmw moiy

tdh GP fjjrhss fssglohj tm tdh fomoykgzhr. Go fjjgtgmo, tdh smetwfrh cmotrmiigol kmst

fomoykgzhr sgths dfvh bhho gothotgmofiiy jhsglohj omt tm rhtfgo rhcmrjs rhlfrjgol tdh ushrs me

tdh fomoykgzhr sgth, gociujgol f ushr ;s mrglgoftgol GP fjjrhss, emr kmrh tdfo f ehw dmurs.

Dhoch, wdho f phrsmo ushs fo fomoykgzhr tm shoj fo h-kfgi, tdh fomoykgzhr cmkputhr

typgcfiiy cfo bh hxphcthj tm rhtfgo tdft phrsmo;s mrglgoftgol GP fjjrhss moiy emr f ehw dmurs.

62. Zdh Sthrigol whbsgth fjvhrtgshs, FSure fomoykmusiy, wgtdmut rhvhfigol ymur

truh gjhotgty.@ Zdh sgth fism sfys, FWmur truh GP fjjrhss wgii bh sdghijhj fs ge gt gs cmkgol ermk

mur shrvhr.@

63. Zdh nr fccmuot wfs jmwoimfjgol goemrkftgmo ermk tdh khkbhrsdgp

jftfbfsh tdft gs moiy fvfgifbih tm khkbhrs me tdh Cmiihlh. Zdh Cmiihlh whbsgth stfths tdft

khkbhrs frh omt fiimwhj tm cmiihct foj fllrhlfth tdh khkbhrsdgp goemrkftgmo.

6:. Mo Nfoufry 25, 2008 ft fpprmxgkfthiy 60>30 FK, tdh Cmiihlh sdut jmwo tdh

fccmuot tm stmp tdh jmwoimfjgol.

68. Fs smmo fs tdh fccmuot wfs jgsfbihj, tdhrh wfs f shrghs me ftthkpts tm iml mo tm

tdgs fccmuot. Zdh oukbhr me ftthkpts wfs go tdh tdmusfojs. Bfshj upmo ky trfgogol foj









7

35. Ft <>06>38 PK tdh fccmuot me h bhlfo tm jmwoimfj rhcmrjs ermk tdh

jftfbfsh. Fcchss tm tdgs fccmuot wfs kfjh ermk tdh sfkh GP fjjrhss go Bfdrfgo.

3<. Ft <>07 PK, tdh stfee me tdh cmiihlh jhfctgvfthj tdh h fccmuot.

34. Ft <>07>20 PK, tdh fccmuot me j bhlfo tm jmwoimfj rhcmrjs ermk tdh

jftfbfsh. Fcchss tm tdgs fccmuot wfs kfjh ermk tdh sfkh GP fjjrhss go Bfdrfgo.

37. Ft <>6< PK, tdh stfee me tdh Cmiihlh jhfctgvfthj tdh j fccmuot.

:0. Ft <>6<>25 PK, tdh fccmuot me k bhlfo tm jmwoimfj rhcmrjs ermk

tdh jftfbfsh. Fcchss tm tdft fccmuot wfs kfjh ermk tdh sfkh GP fjjrhss go Bfdrfgo.

:6. Ft <>23 PK, tdh stfee me tdh Cmiihlh bimcahj tdh rfolh me GP fjjrhsshs,

42.67:.52.xxx.

:2. Ft fpprmxgkfthiy 7>3< PK, tdh a fccmuot kfjh bhlfo jmwoimfjgol

rhcmrjs ermk tdh jftfbfsh. Fcchss tm tdft fccmuot wfs kfjh ermk GP fjjrhss 40.84.8.238, tdft

gs fssglohj tm Zhihemogcf jh Hspfof go Kfjrgj, Spfgo.

:3. Ft fpprmxgkfthiy 60>00 PK, tdh stfee me tdh Cmiihlh tmma tdh jftfbfsh meeigoh

foj ihet gt meeigoh emr tdh hotgrh whhahoj.

::. Mo Sfturjfy, Nfoufry 27, 2008, tdh Cmiihlh rhchgvhj twm h-kfgis ermk f

, fsagol wdy tdh jftfbfsh wfs jmwo foj goqugrgol wdho gt wmuij bh bfca go shrvgch.

Zdhrh gs f wdm gs f khkbhr me tdh Cmiihlh. Dh dfs omt yht rhturohj cfiis ermk tdh

Cmiihlh rhlfrjgol tdgs goqugry. Dmwhvhr, dgs meegch jgj cfii tdh lhohrfi khkbhrsdgp shrvgch

oukbhr ft tdh Cmiihlh go rhspmosh tm tdh pdmoh cfii. Dgs stfee sfgj tdh ;s h-kfgi

fjjrhss gs @khrgtcfrh.cmk. Zdh h-kfgi tdft wfs shot tm tdh Cmiihlh cfkh ermk f




60

Wfdmm! fccmuot, @yfdmm.cmk. Wfdmm! prmvgjhs erhh h-kfgi fccmuots foj tdh

rhlgstrftgmo goemrkftgmo emr fccmuots gs usufiiy efish. Zdh dhfjhrs mo tdh h-kfgi sdmwhj tdft

tdh Wfdmm! fccmuot wfs fcchsshj ermk GP fjjrhss, 34.667.60<.44. Zdgs gs tdh sfkh GP

fjjrhss tdft wfs ushj tm fcchss tdh jftfbfsh mo Nfoufry 2:, 2008 ermk tdh fccmuot me

n tdh egrst gotrusgmo.

:8. Mo Kmojfy, Nfoufry 36, 2008, tdh stfee me tdh Cmiihlh cmotfcthj tdh EBG.

:5. Mo \hjohsjfy, Ehbrufry 2, 2008, ft fpprmxgkfthiy ommo, tdh stfee h-kfgihj

ft tdh Wfdmm! fjjrhss foj sfgj tdft tdh jftfbfsh wfs bfca mo igoh. Zdh stfee fism

uobimcahj tdh GP fjjrhsshs tdft frh fssglohj tm Xogthj Stfths GSPs.

:<. Ft :>66 PK foj ft <>8< PK tdhrh whrh brghe cmotfcts wgtd tdh Cmiihlh;s

whbsgth ermk GP fjjrhss 34.667.60<.47. Zdgs wfs tdh sfkh GP fjjrhss ushj go tdh egrst

gotrusgmo foj tdft wfs ushj tm fcchss tdh Wfdmm! kfgi fccmuot me . Zdhrh wfs om

iml go, dmwhvhr.

:4. Mo Zdursjfy, Ehbrufry 3, 2008, tdh fccmuot me t jmwoimfjhj egihs ermk

tdh jftfbfsh shvhrfi tgkhs jurgol tdh jfy. Zdh t fccmuot wfs fcchsshj ermk GP

fjjrhss 2:.74.28:.282, fo GP fjjrhss tdft gs fssglohj tm Cmkcfst.

:7. Mo Ehbrufry 3, 2008, tdh stfee me tdh Cmiihlh fism igkgthj tdh oukbhr me

jmwoimfjs tm 680 phr jfy.

80.

Mo Ehbrufry :, 200:, tdh stfee me tdh Cmiihlh flfgo tmma tdh jftfbfsh meeigoh ft

fpprmxgkfthiy 8>00 PK foj ihet gt meeigoh emr tdh hotgrh whhahoj.






62

jgscusshj go turo. \h pifo tm ush tdh lftdhr tdrhh typhs me goemrkftgmo> GP fjjrhsshs foj

hovgrmokhotfi vfrgfbihs1 KFC fjjrhsshs1 foj rhlgstry goemrkftgmo.

88. Zdh egrst typh me goemrkftgmo tdft tdh CGPFU wgii lftdhr frh wdft frh rhehrrhj

tm fs GP fjjrhsshs foj Fhovgrmokhot vfrgfbihs.@ GP fjjrhsshs frh jgscusshj fbmvh go

Pfrflrfpd 60. Gt gs tdh hqugvfihot me f thihpdmoh oukbhr mo tdh Gothroht. 3 Hovgrmokhot

vfrgfbihs frh goemrkftgmo tdft tdh rhquhstgol cmkputhr shojs tm f shrvhr sm tdft tdh shrvhr

aomws, emr hxfkpih, dmw tm emrkft f rhspmosh tdft tdh rhquhstgol cmkputhr cfo rhfj foj

rhojhr emr tdh vghwhr tm ush. Emr hxfkpih, ge f phrsmo ftthkpts tm vghw f whbsgth, dgs/dhr

cmkputhr wgii shoj goemrkftgmo fbmut tdh typh me Gothroht brmwshr tdh ushr gs hkpimygol sm

tdft tdh rhquhsthj shrvhr wgii aomw wdft typh me goemrkftgmo tm shoj bfca.

3Zm tdh hxthot tdft tdh CGPFU lftdhrs tdh GP fjjrhss, gt gs fofimlmus tm Cfiihr GJ go tdh thihpdmoh

wmrij. Cfiihr GJ wmras bhcfush tdh jgfigol thihpdmoh shojs, fs pfrt me gts cmkkuogcftgmo goemrkftgmo, gts

thihpdmoh oukbhr. Zdgs phrkgts tdh rhchgvgol thihpdmoh tm goemrk gts mwohr tdh oukbhr me tdh phrsmo

cfiigol.

Zdh cmurt sdmuij fism vghw tdh lftdhrgol me GP fjjrhss goemrkftgmo fs tdh hqugvfihot me f pho

rhlgsthr/trfp foj trfch jhvgch. F phrsmo dfs om rhfsmofbih hxphctftgmo me prgvfcy go tdgs typh me

goemrkftgmo. Skgtd v. Kfryifoj , ::2 X.S. <35 (67<7). Zdh ush me sucd jhvgchs gs lmvhrohj by 64 X.S.C.' 3626 ht. shq. Zdh jhegogtgmos me tdhsh pho rhlgsthrs foj trfp foj trfchs jhvgchs gociujh jhvgchs mr

prmchsshs tdft lftdhr Frmutgol, fjjrhssgol foj sglofigol goemrkftgmo.@ 64 X.S.C. ' 362<. Zm mbtfgo f

cmurt mrjhr emr sucd f jhvgch tdh lmvhrokhot khrhiy dfs tm chrtgey tdft tdh goemrkftgmo igahiy tm bh lftdhrhj

by sucd jhvgchs gs rhihvfot tm fo molmgol crgkgofi govhstglftgmo. Go tdgs cfsh, tm bh cfutgmus, wh frh

rhquhstgol f shfrcd wfrrfot bfshj upmo prmbfbih cfush.

85. Zdh shcmoj typh me goemrkftgmo tdft wh wgii lftdhr wgii bh tdh KFC fjjrhss

me tdh cmkputhr tdft rhfjs tdh h-kfgi. Cmkputhrs tdft fcchss, foj cmkkuogcfth mo Imcfi

Frhf Ohtwmras (IFOs) jm sm vgf f ohtwmra gothrefch cfrj (OGC) gostfiihj go tdh cmkputhr.

Zdh OGC gs f dfrjwfrh jhvgch foj hvhry OGC cmotfgos gts mwo uogquh khjgf fcchss cmotrmi

(KFC) fjjrhss. F KFC fjjrhss gs fo uogquh oukhrgc fjjrhss me tdh ohtwmra gothrefch cfrj




63

go f cmkputhr. Hovgrmokhot vfrgfbihs tdft kfy bh trfoskgtthj gociujh> mphrftgol systhk typh

foj vhrsgmo, brmwshr typh foj vhrsgmo, tdh ifoluflh tdh brmwshr gs usgol, htc. Hvhry tgkh f

cmkputhr cmoohcthj tm f IFO cmkkuogcfths mo tdh IFO, tdh cmkputhr brmfjcfsts gts KFC

fjjrhss tm cmkputhrs mo tdh IFO. Zdus, tdgs typh me goemrkftgmo gs sdfrhj wgtd mtdhr

cmkputhrs mo f ohtwmra, but gt gs omt brmfjcfst mvhr tdh Gothroht. Bhcfush tdgs goemrkftgmo gs

sdfrhj wgtd mtdhrs, fo gojgvgjufi cmkputhr ushr prmbfbiy dfs om rhfsmofbih hxphctftgmo me

prgvfcy go gt. Dmwhvhr, tm bh cfutgmus, tdh lmvhrokhot shhas f shfrcd wfrrfot tm mbtfgo tdgs

goemrkftgmo. Zdgs goemrkftgmo wgii bh dhipeui go tdh hvhot tdft tdh cmkputhr bhgol ushj gs pfrt

me f ohtwmra. Zdgs wgii fiimw us tm emcus foy euturh shfrcd mo f pfrtgcuifr cmkputhr mo tdh

ohtwmra.

8<. Zdh egofi pghch me goemrkftgmo gs tdh rhlgstry goemrkftgmo. Zdh dfrj-jrgvh me

smkh cmkputhrs cmotfgo rhlgstry-typh goemrkftgmo. F rhlgstry cmotfgos, fkmol mtdhr tdgols,

goemrkftgmo fbmut wdft mphrftgol systhk smetwfrh foj vhrsgmo gs gostfiihj, tdh prmjuct shrgfi

oukbhr me tdft smetwfrh, foj tdh ofkh me tdh rhlgsthrhj ushr me tdh cmkputhr. Smkhtgkhs

wdho f cmkputhr fcchsshs tdh Gothroht foj cmoohcts tm f smetwfrh vhojmr's whb sgth emr tdh

purpmsh me mbtfgogol f smetwfrh uplrfjh, tdh whb sgth rhtrghvhs tdh cmkputhr's rhlgstry

goemrkftgmo stmrhj mo gts gothrofi dfrj jrgvh. Zdh rhlgstry goemrkftgmo fssgsts tdh smetwfrh

vhojmr go jhthrkgogol ge tdft cmkputhr gs ruoogol, fkmol mtdhr goemrkftgmo, f ihlgtgkfth

cmpy me tdhgr smetwfrh bhcfush tdh rhlgstry goemrkftgmo cmotfgos tdh smetwfrh's prmjuct

rhlgstrftgmo oukbhr. Rhlgstry goemrkftgmo, sucd fs tdh shrgfi oukbhr me tdh mphrftgol systhk

smetwfrh foj tdh cmkputhr's rhlgsthrhj mwohr, kfy fssgst us go imcftgol tdh cmkputhr foj




6:

gjhotgeygol gts ushr(s). Dmwhvhr, wh dfvh om wfy me aomwgol ge tdh ushr me tdgs cmkputhr dfs

hvhr uplrfjhj tdh smetwfrh mo gt. Zdus, tdhrh gs om wfy me aomwgol ge tdh goemrkftgmo dfs

bhho sdfrhj wgtd foymoh hish mr omt. Zdus, tdhrh kfy bh f rhfsmofbih hxphctftgmo me prgvfcy

go tdgs goemrkftgmo.

NXSZGEGCFZGMO EMR ZDH XSH ME ZDH ZHCDOGVXH

84. Zdhrh gs prmbfbih cfush tm bhighvh tdft f sgolih phrsmo gs kfagol uofutdmrgzhj

fcchss gotm tdh cmkputhrs me tdh Cmiihlh foj ftthkptgol tm dgjh dgs/dhr gjhotgty wdgih jmgol

sm. Zdh ush me kuitgpih ushr fccmuots foj tdh rfpgj, futmkfthj cdfolgol me fccmuots wdho

fcchss gs bimcahj ihfjs tm tdgs cmociusgmo. Zdh efct tdft tdh phrsmo imllgol go gs usgol

fomoykgzhr sgths foj sgths go Spfgo foj go Bfdrfgo gs f eurtdhr gojgcftgmo. G dfvh cfushj

subpmhofs tm bh gssuhj tm PSGOHZ, Rmfj Ruoohr, foj Cmkcfst shhagol tdh gjhotgtghs me tdh

phrsmos tdft dhij tdh GP fjjrhsshs ft tdh rhihvfot tgkhs. Bhcfush me tdh ofturh me tdh

gotrusgmos foj tdh rfpgj cdfolh me GP fjjrhsshs, G bhighvh tdft tdhsh fjjrhsshs bhimol tm

cmkprmkgshj cmkputhrs (g.h., mohs tm wdgcd tdh gotrujhr dfs lfgohj fcchss wgtdmut tdh

aomwihjlh mr cmoshot me tdhgr mwohrs). Zdus, gothrvghwgol tdmsh phrsmos wgii omt igahiy prmvh

erugteui. G dfvh fism cfushj f subpmhof tm bh gssuhj tm Wfdmm! emr gjhotgeygol goemrkftgmo emr

tdh fccmuot me , but bhcfush Wfdmm! gs f erhh fccmuot, kucd me tdh rhlgsthrgol

goemrkftgmo emr Wfdmm! fccmuots gs hfsgiy efisgeghj. Wfdmm! kfahs om heemrt tm vhrgey foy me

tdh goemrkftgmo prmvgjhj by gts subscrgbhrs. G jm omt hxphct tdft tdh goemrkftgmo tdft Wfdmm!

wgii prmvgjh wgii bh usheui. Mtdhr tdfo Cmkcfst, omoh me tdh GSPs dfs yht rhspmojhj tm tdh

subpmhofs. Cmkcfst rhspmojhj tdft gt gs uofbih tm prmvgjh tdh goemrkftgmo bhcfush Ftdh iml




68

egihs wh ush tm kfah subscrgbhr fccmuot gjhotgegcftgmos whrh hgtdhr gocmkpihth mr cmotfgohj

fo hrrmr fssmcgfthj wgtd tdh rhlgstrftgmo me tdh cfbih kmjhk mr mtdhr jhvgch go quhstgmo.@

87. Zdus, tdhrh gs prmbfbih cfush tm bhighvh tdft tdh gotrujhr dfs kfsahj dgs/dhr

mwo GP fjjrhss foj tdgs thcdogquh gs ohchssfry tm jgscmvhr tdft goemrkftgmo.

JHIFW ME OMZGCH

50. G eurtdhr rhquhst tdft tdh Cmurt phrkgt tdh ush me tdh CGPFU wgtdmut prgmr

omtgch me gts ush. Foomuocgol tdh ush me tdh CGPFU wmuij fssgst tdh phrsmo cmotrmiigol tdh

tfrlht h-kfgi fccmuot tm hvfjh rhvhfigol dgs mr dhr mrglgoftgol GP fjjrhss foj mtdhr

goemrkftgmo, tdhrhby jhehftgol tdh purpmsh me tdh CGPFU.

56. Zgtih 64, Xogthj Stfths Cmjh, Shctgmo 3603f(b) phrkgts f cmurt tm fiimw

jhifyhj omtgegcftgmo ge>

f. tdhrh gs rhfsmofbih cfush tm bhighvh tdft prmvgjgol gkkhjgfth omtgegcftgmo kfy

dfvh fo fjvhrsh rhsuit (fs jhegohj go Shctgmo 2<08)1

b. tdh wfrrfot prmdgbgts tdh shgzurh me foy tfolgbih prmphrty, foy wgrh mr

hihctrmogc cmkkuogcftgmo (fs jhegohj go Shctgmo 2860) mr, hxchpt fs hxprhssiy

prmvgjhj go Cdfpthr 626, foy stmrhj wgrh mr hihctrmogc goemrkftgmo, hxchpt

wdhrh tdh cmurt egojs rhfsmofbih ohchssgty emr tdh shgzurh1 foj

c. tdh wfrrfot prmvgjhs emr tdh lgvgol me sucd omtgch wgtdgo f rhfsmofbih phrgmj me

tgkh fethr gts hxhcutgmo.

52. Fo Ffjvhrsh rhsuit@ gs jhegohj go Zgtih 64, Xogthj Stfths Cmjh, Shctgmo

2<08(f)(2) fs gociujgol F(F) hojfolhrgol tdh igeh mr pdysgcfi sfehty me fo gojgvgjufi1 (B)




65

eigldt ermk prmshcutgmo1 (C) jhstructgmo mr tfkphrgol wgtd hvgjhoch1 (J) gotgkgjftgmo me

pmthotgfi wgtohsshs1 mr (H) mtdhrwgsh shrgmusiy nhmpfrjgzgol fo govhstglftgmo mr uojuiy

jhifygol f trgfi.@

53. Zm tdh hxthot tdft ush me f CGPFU tm mbtfgo fo GP fjjrhss, Fvfrgfbihs,@ tdh

KFC fjjrhss foj tdh rhlgstry goemrkftgmo cfo bh cdfrfcthrgzhj fs f shgzurh me fo hihctrmogc

cmkkuogcftgmo mr hihctrmogc goemrkftgmo uojhr 64 X.S.C. ' 3603f(b)(2), sucd f shgzurh gs

rhfsmofbiy ohchssfry emr tdh rhfsmos tdft G dfvh sht emrtd fbmvh go pfrflrfpds 83 tm 87.

5:. Eurtdhrkmrh, fs omthj fbmvh go pfrflrfpd 50, omtgch me tdh CGPFU wgii

nhmpfrjgzh tdh govhstglftgmo. Go fjjgtgmo, omtgch me tdh ush me tdh CGPFU cmuij rhsuit go tdh

jhstructgmo mr tfkphrgol wgtd hvgjhoch fs tdh gotrujhr cmuij hrfsh tdh jftf mo dgs/dhr

cmkputhr ge dh/sdh rhfigzhs tdft dgs/dhr gjhotgty dfs bhho jgscmvhrhj.

58. Emr tdhsh rhfsmos, G rhquhst tdft tdh Cmurt phrkgt f jhify go tdh omtgegcftgmo

rhqugrhkhot emr f phrgmj me tdgrty (30) jfys fethr tdh ofkh foj imcftgmo me tdh mwohr mr ushr

me tdh fctgvftgol cmkputhr gs pmsgtgvhiy gjhotgeghj.

ZGKH ME SHFRCD




6<

55. Ruih :6(c)(6) rhqugrhs tdft (F) tdh wfrrfot cmkkfoj tdh EBG Ftm shfrcd,

wgtdgo f sphcgeghj phrgmj me tgkh omt tm hxchhj tho jfys@ tdh phrsmo mr prmphrty ft gssuh foj

(B) tdft tdh wfrrfot F bh shrvhj go tdh jfytgkh, uoihss tdh gssugol futdmrgty . . . futdmrgzhs gts

hxhcutgmo ft tgkhs mtdhr tdfo jfytgkh.@ Go mrjhr tm cmkpiy wgtd Ruih :6, tdh Lmvhrokhot

wgii moiy shoj CGPFU h-kfgis tm tdh tfrlht fccmuot bhtwhho tdh dmurs me 5>00 f.k. foj 60>00

p.k. (Hfsthro Stfojfrj Zgkh) jurgol fo gogtgfi 60-jfy phrgmj. Dmwhvhr, tdh Lmvhrokhot

shhas phrkgssgmo tm rhfj foy khssflhs lhohrfthj by tdh fctgvftgol cmkputhr fs f rhsuit me f

CGPFU rhlfrjihss me wdho tdhy whrh lhohrfthj (g.h., ft foy tgkh me jfy mr ogldt) jurgol tdh

gogtgfi 60-jfy phrgmj. Zdgs gs bhcfush tdh ushr me tdh tfrlht h-kfgi fccmuot kfy fctgvfth tdh

CGPFU fethr 60>00 p.k. mr bhemrh 5>00 f.k., foj ifw hoemrchkhot wmuij shha tm rhfj tdh

goemrkftgmo gt rhchgvhs fs smmo fs gt gs fwfrh me tdh CGPFU rhspmosh lgvho tdh hkhrlhot

ofturh me tdgs govhstglftgmo. Go fjjgtgmo, bhcfush wh jm omt aomw wdhrh tdh susphct gs

imcfthj, fo h-kfgi shot bhtwhho 5 FK foj 60 PK, HSZ kfy bh rhfj by tdh rhcgpghot mutsgjh

me tdh 5 FK tm 60 PK rfolh go dgs/dhr imcfi tgkh. Ge f pfrtgcuifr CGPFU h-kfgi gs omt

fctgvfthj by foy ushr me tdh tfrlht h-kfgi fccmuot wgtdgo tdh gogtgfi 60-jfy phrgmj, tdh

Lmvhrokhot wgii shha eurtdhr futdmrgzftgmo ermk tdh Cmurt tm rhfj foy goemrkftgmo shot tm tdh

cmkputhr cmotrmiihj by tdh EBG fs f rhsuit me tdft CGPFU h-kfgi fethr tdh 60 td jfy ermk tdh

jfth tdh Cmurt futdmrgzhs tdh ush me tdh egrst CGPFU.

5<.

Bhcfush tdh EBG cfoomt prhjgct wdhtdhr foy pfrtgcuifr emrkuiftgmo me f

CGPFU tm bh ushj wgii cfush f phrsmo cmotrmiigol tdh tfrlht h-kfgi fccmuot tm fctgvfth f




64

CGPFU, G rhquhst tdft tdgs Cmurt futdmrgzh tdh EBG tm ush kuitgpih CGPFUs go cmonuoctgmo

wgtd tdh tfrlht fccmuot wgtdgo 60 jfys me tdgs Cmurt futdmrgzgol tdh ush me tdh egrst CGPFU.

UHOXH

54. G jm omt aomw wdhrh tdh gotrujhr gs pdysgcfiiy imcfthj. Zdus, mbtfgogol f

shfrcd wfrrfot go tdft jgstrgct gs gkpmssgbih. Zdh vgctgk gs imcfthj go tdgs jgstrgct foj tdh

h-kfgi cmotfgogol tdh CGPFU wgii bh shot ermk tdh vgctgk;s cmkputhr go tdgs jgstrgct. Zdh EBG

cmkputhr tdft wgii rhchgvh tdh goemrkftgmo ermk tdh ush me tdh CGPFU wgii bh imcfthj go tdh

Hfsthro Jgstrgct me Ugrlgogf. Subshquhotiy, tdh goemrkftgmo wgii bh hihctrmogcfiiy trfoskgtthj

tm kh go tdh Hfsthro Jgstrgct me Phoosyivfogf.

CMOCIXSGMO

57. Fccmrjgoliy, gt gs rhsphcteuiiy rhquhsthj tdft tdgs Cmurt gssuh f shfrcd wfrrfot

futdmrgzgol tdh emiimwgol>

f. tdh ush me kuitgpih CGPFUs go cmonuoctgmo wgtd tdh tfrlht h-kfgi fccmuot

wgtdmut prgmr foomuochkhot wgtdgo 60 jfys ermk tdh jfth tdgs Cmurt futdmrgzhs

tdh ush me tdh egrst CGPFU h-kfgi1

b. tdh CGPFU kfy cfush fo fctgvftgol cmkputhr B wdhrhvhr imcfthj B tm shoj f

ohtwmra ihvhi khssflh cmotfgogol tdh fctgvftgol cmkputhr ;s GP fjjrhss tm f

cmkputhr cmotrmiihj by tdh EBG1

c.

tdft tdh EBG kfy rhchgvh foj rhfj, ft foy tgkh me jfy mr ogldt, wgtdgo 60 jfys

ermk tdh jfth me tdh Cmurt futdmrgzhs me ush me tdh egrst CGPFU h-kfgi, tdh




67

goemrkftgmo tdft foy CGPFU cfushs tm bh shot tm tdh cmkputhr cmotrmiihj by

tdh EBG1 foj

j. tdh jhify me omtgegcftgmo emr f phrgmj me tdgrty (30) jfys fethr tdh ofkh foj

imcftgmo me tdh mwohr mr ushr me tdh fctgvftgol cmkputhr gs pmsgtgvhiy gjhotgeghj.

<0. Gt gs eurtdhr rhquhsthj tdft tdgs Fppigcftgmo foj tdh rhifthj jmcukhots bh egihj

uojhr shfi. Zdh goemrkftgmo tm bh mbtfgohj gs rhihvfot tm fo mo-lmgol govhstglftgmo.

Prhkfturh jgscimsurh me tdgs Fppigcftgmo foj rhifthj jmcukhots kfy nhmpfrjgzh tdh succhss

me tdh fbmvh-jhscrgbhj govhstglftgmo.

\DHRHEMRH, G rhsphcteuiiy rhquhst tdft f wfrrfot bh gssuhj futdmrgzgol tdh EBG tm

utgigzh CGPFUs foj rhchgvh tdh ftthojfot goemrkftgmo fccmrjgol tm tdh thrks sht emrtd go tdgs

Feegjfvgt.

KFZZDH\ EGOH

Sphcgfi Flhot

Ehjhrfi Burhfu me Govhstglftgmo

Swmro tm bhemrh kh tdgs ]]]]] jfy me Ehbrufry, 2008.

DMOMRFBIH K. EFGZD FOLHII

Cdghe Xogthj Stfths Kflgstrfth Nujlh








ZFB :H








"

KHKMRFOJXK

Zm> Khkbhrs me tdh Ruih :6 Subcmkkgtthh

Ermk> Mrgo Ahrr

Rh> Prmpmsfi tm Ofrrmw tdh Fkhojkhot tm Ruih :6

Jfth> Ehbrufry 3, 206:

G fk wrgtgol tdgs khkm tm meehr foj nustgey ifoluflh ofrrmwgol tdh scmph me tdh

prmpmshj fkhojkhot tm Ruih :6. G wgii bhlgo by hxpifgogol ky cmochros wgtd tdh currhot

prmpmsfi, foj G wgii tdho turo tm ky prmpmshj ifoluflh tdft wmuij fkhoj tdh prmpmsfi.

Fccmrjgol tm JMN's 7/64/63 khkm, JMN's prmpmsfi gs jhsglohj tm smivh twm

jgeehrhot prmbihks. Egrst, gt cmrrhcts tdh rhsuit me Kflgstrfth Nujlh Skgtd's mpgogmo go Go

rh \frrfot , 2603 \I 6<27<8 (S.J. Zhx 2063), bfrrgol rhkmth shfrcdhs wdho tdh

imcftgmo me tdh cmkputhr gs uoaomwo. Shcmoj, gt gs fism jhsglohj tm futdmrgzh shfrcdhs me

oukhrmus cmkputhrs go oukhrmus jgstrgcts uojhr f sgolih wfrrfot, wdgcd gs f sgtuftgmotdft dfs omt yht frgsho go rhpmrthj cfshs.

G prmpmsh tdft mur egx tm Ruih :6 sdmuij fjjrhss tdh egrst prmbihk but omt tdh

shcmoj prmbihk. Zdh egrst prmbihk sdmuij bh fjjrhsshj bhcfush gt gs sgkpih foj

strfgldtemrwfrj. \h fii flrhh tdft ge tdh lmvhrokhot dfs prmbfbih cfush tm shfrcd f

cmkputhr rhkmthiy, tdh efct tdft tdh lmvhrokhot jmhso‗t aomw tdh cmkputhr‗s imcftgmosdmuij omt bh fo gkphjgkhot tm mbtfgogol f wfrrfot. Sm gt kfahs shosh tm fkhoj Ruih :6

tm hosurh tdft wfrrfots frh fvfgifbih go sucd cfshs.

Mo tdh mtdhr dfoj, G tdgoa gt gs prhkfturh tm fkhoj Ruih :6 go rhspmosh tm tdh

shcmoj prmbihk, tdft me shfrcdhs me kuitgpih cmkputhrs go kuitgpih jgstrgcts. G‗krhiuctfot tm fjjrhss tdh shcmoj prmbihk ft tdgs tgkh emr tdrhh rhfsmos>

(6) \dhtdhr Ruih :6 sdmuij fiimw kuitgpih shfrcdhs me kuitgpih jgstrgcts uojhr fsgolih wfrrfot gs f sglogegcfot pmigcy quhstgmo, foj wh dfvho‗t yht dfj tdh jgscussgmo me

gts khrgts fs f kftthr me pmigcy. Gkpmrtfotiy, tdgs gs f jgeehrhot agoj me gssuh tdfo tdft

rfgshj by Kflgstrfth Nujlh Skgtd‗s mpgogmo. Go tdh Skgtd cfsh, tdh gssuh wfs wdhtdhr tdh

Ruihs fiimw f wfrrfot tm bh gssuhj wdho tdh imcftgmo gs uoaomwo. Dhrh, by cmotrfst,tdhrh gs om quhstgmo tdft f wfrrfot cfo bh mbtfgohj> Zdh gssuh gs moiy wdhtdhr tdh

lmvhrokhot ohhjs kuitgpih wfrrfots mr moiy moh wfrrfot.

Zdgs gs fo gkpmrtfot quhstgmo bhcfush wh igvh go fo gocrhfsgoliy ohtwmrahj wmrij,go wdgcd kmrh foj kmrh goemrkftgmo gs fvfgifbih moigoh. Fcchss tm moh cmkputhr

prmvgjhs pmthotgfi rhkmth fcchss tm duojrhjs me kgiigmos me mtdhr cmkputhrs. \dhtdhr

tdh ifw sdmuij fiimw f sgolih wfrrfot tm rhkmthiy shfrcd kfoy imcftgmos cmoohcthj mvhr fohtwmra strgahs kh fs f smkhwdft cmkpihx quhstgmo tdft gs lmgol tm cmkh up go jgvhrsh

shttgols. Gt kgldt cmkh up go tdh sphcgegc agojs me shttgols tdft frh cmothkpifthj go tdh

wfrrfot fppigcftgmos wh sfw ifst kmotd. But gt kgldt cmkh up go hotgrhiy rmutgoh cfshs go




#

wdgcd wfrrfots frh hxhcuthj foj tdh lmvhrokhot egojs fo Gothroht-cmoohcthj cmkputhr

jurgol tdh shfrcd.

Emr hxfkpih, gkflgoh tdh lmvhrokhot gs hxhcutgol f shfrcd me f dmkh emr

hvgjhoch me cdgij pmromlrfpdy. Flhots cmkh fcrmss f cmkputhr cmoohcthj tm tdh

Gothroht. Zdh wfrrfot fiimws tdh lmvhrokhot tm shfrcd tdh cmkputhr, but jmhs gt fismfiimw tdh lmvhrokhot tm shfrcd ’tdh cimuj‛ wdho gt cfo bh fcchsshj ermk tdh phrsmo‗s

dmkh cmkputhr= Gkflgoh tdft tdh susphct dfs f Jrmpbmx fccmuot cmoohcthj tm dgs dmkh

cmkputhr. Cfo tdh flhot fcchss tdh Jrmpbmx fccmuot, fcchssgol egihs mo Jrmpbmx‗s

shrvhr= Foj wh cfo gkflgoh tdh sfkh jyofkgc go tdh cfsh me f wfrrfot hxhcuthj ft fcmrpmrfth dhfjqufrthrs, sucd fs ge flhots cmkh fcrmss f cmkputhr tdft cfo cmoohct tm tdh

cmrpmrfth ohtwmra but tdh shrvhrs frh mee-sgth. Phrdfps tdh ifw sdmuij rhqugrh tdh

lmvhrokhot tm lht f wfrrfot go hfcd jgstrgct wdhrh tdh shrvhrs frh imcfthj, wdgcd wmuij

fiihvgfth cmochros me emruk-sdmppgol. Mo tdh mtdhr dfoj, phrdfps tdh ifw sdmuij fiimwtdh lmvhrokhot tm cmojuct f rhkmth shfrcd me fii me tdh phrsmo‗s egihs ermk tdh moh fcchss

pmgot, wdgcd fiihvgfth tdh burjho mo tdh lmvhrokhot tm lht shpfrfth wfrrfots tm mbtfgo tdh

egihs ermk tdh rhkmth prmvgjhr.

G‗k mpho tm jhbfth mo wdgcd gs tdh bhtthr ruih. But gt shhks igah fo gkpmrtfot foj

omo-trgvgfi quhstgmo tdft gs uorhifthj tm tdh gssuhs rfgshj by Kflgstrfth Nujlh Skgtd‗s

mpgogmo. Lgvho tdft, G‗k omt surh gt gs wgsh tm fkhoj Ruih :6 ft tdgs tgkh tm fiimw sucd

shfrcdhs wgtdmut egrst dfvgol f tdmrmuld jgscussgmo me tdh pmthotgfiiy efr-rhfcdgolcmoshquhochs me sucd f ruih cdfolh.

(2) F shcmoj rhfsmo G fk rhiuctfot tm fjjrhss tdh kuitgpih-cmkputhrs-go-kuitgpih-jgstrgct prmbihks ft tdgs pmgot gs tdft foswhrgol tdft quhstgmo gkpigcgtiy foswhrs fo

fothchjhot quhstgmo> Sdmuij Ruih :6 futdmrgzh hxtrfthrrgtmrgfi dfcagol= Zdft gs, sdmuij

Ruih :6 higkgofth tdh trfjgtgmofi ruih me moiy fiimwgol thrrgtmrgfi wfrrfots sgkpiy bhcfushtdh hvgjhoch gs fvfgifbih tm bh cmiihcthj rhkmthiy= Flfgo, G tdgoa tdgs gs f jhbftfbihquhstgmo. Gkflgoh govhstglftmrs go moh jgstrgct aomw tdft f susphct dfs hvgjhoch mo dgs

Gothroht-cmoohcthj cmkputhr go fomtdhr jgstrgct. Ge tdh govhstglftmrs wfot tm mbtfgo f

wfrrfot tm dfca gotm tdh cmkputhr rhkmthiy, sdmuij tdh govhstglftmrs dfvh tm lht futdmrgty

ermk f kflgstrfth wdhrh tdh cmkputhr gs imcfthj=

G cfo shh frlukhots mo bmtd sgjhs. Mo moh dfoj, gt gs kmrh cmovhoghot emr tdh

lmvhrokhot tm bh fbih tm jm fii gts dfcagol ermk moh jgstrgct. But tdhrh frh cmosgjhrftgmos

mo tdh mtdhr sgjh, tmm, bhymoj tdh cmochro wgtd emruk-sdmppgol. Emr hxfkpih, ge tdhsusphct rhchgvhs omtgch me tdh hvgjhoch-cmiihctgmo foj wfots tm egih f Ruih :6 kmtgmo emr

rhturo me tdh goemrkftgmo, wdhrh gs tdh kmtgmo egihj= Jmhs tdh susphct dfvh tm egih tdhkmtgmo go tdh jgstrgct wdhrh tdh wfrrfot wfs gssuhj, wdgcd cmuij bh tdmusfojs me kgihs

fwfy= Foj wdft gs tdh khfogol me tdh igkgtftgmo go tdh prmpmsfi, cmpghj ermk Ruih:6(b)(8), tdft tdh kflgstrfth cfo gssuh tdh wfrrfot ’go foy jgstrgct wdhrh fctgvgtghs rhifthj

tm tdh crgkh kfy dfvh mccurrhj‛= Fs efr fs G aomw, om cfshs dfvh gothrprhthj tdft

ifoluflh. Jmhs tdft pdrfsh khfo wdhrh tdhrh wmuij bh vhouh mvhr tdh meehosh, fssukgol

tdh fiihlhj efcts frh truh= Mr jmhs gt khfo smkhtdgol hish= Zdft pdrfsh cfo bh vfluh go:6(b)(8) bhcfush :6(b)(8) dfs moiy f vhry ofrrmw fppigcftgmo, but G tdgoa tdh prmpmshj










ZFB :E









Crgkgofi Jgvgsgmo


Ehbrufry <,

KHKMRFOJXK

ZM> Nujlh Nmdo E. Ahhofo

Cdfgr, Subcmkkgtthh mo Ruih ERMK>

Nmoftdfo N. \rmbihwsag,

Meegch me Pmigcy foj Ihlgsiftgmo SXBNHCZ> Prmpmshj Fkhojkhot tm Ruih me tdh Ehjhrfi Ruihs me Crgkgofi Prmchjurh

\h vhry kucd fpprhcgfth Prmehssmr Ahrr ifygol mut go dgs khkmrfojuk dgs cmochros

surrmuojgol tdh Jhpfrtkhot's prmpmsfi tm fkhoj Ruih :6. Prmehssmr Ahrr hojmrshs pfrt me tdh

prmpmsfi but tdho sullhsts jhehrrgol cmosgjhrftgmo me fomtdhr gkpmrtfot pfrt. Sphcgegcfiiy, dh

sullhsts tdh Subcmkkgtthh ihfvh uofjjrhsshj wdhtdhr f ehjhrfi nujlh sdmuij bh futdmrgzhj tm

gssuh f wfrrfot emr f rhkmth shfrcd me hihctrmogc khjgf imcfthj go f aomwo imcftgmo mutsgjh dhr

jgstrgct, gociujgol go tdmsh cfshs wdho f shfrcd wmuij rhqugrh cmmrjgoftgmo me sgkuitfohmus

fctgmo go kfoy jgstrgcts ft moch sucd fs wdho ifw hoemrchkhot cmoermots f bmtoht.

Mo prmchss - \h tdgoa tdh Cmkkgtthh sdmuij fjjrhss Prmehssmr Ahrr's cmochros mo mur

upcmkgol cfii foj omt jhehr cmosgjhrftgmo gojhegogthiy. Fs ymu aomw, tdh ruihs fkhojkhot

prmchss, ft gts efsthst, spfos tdrhh yhfrs ermk prmpmsfi tm euii hofctkhot. Eurtdhr, tdh Stfojgol

Cmkkgtthh dfs gojgcfthj go tdh pfst tdft rhphfthjiy rhvgsgtgol f sgolih prmchjurfi ruih emr

fkhojkhot gs tm bh fvmgjhj bhcfush gt crhfths uoohchssfry cmoeusgmo emr tdh ushrs ruihs.

Zdh Stfojgol Cmkkgtthh dfs sullhsthj tdft g e f Cmkkgtthh gs cmosgjhrgol f prmchjurfi gssuh, gt

sdmuij fjjrhss fi i fsphcts me tdft gssuh ft moch rftdhr tdfo go f pghchkhfi bfsgs. Fs tdh fbgigty tm

heehctgvhiy foj heegcghotiy govhstglfth jftf stmrhj go kuitgpih nurgsjgctgmos gs f prhshot foj

lrmwgol gssuh, wh tdgoa tdh Subcmkkgtthh sdmuij tfah tdh tgkh ohchssfry tm cmosgjhr f bhtthr

ruih omw tm jhfi wgtd tdhsh gssuhs.6

Mo ifoluflh - Prmehssmr Ahrr rhphfthjiy ushs tdh wmrj "dfcagol" go dgs khkmrfojuk tm jhscrgbh wdft tdh

lmvhrokhot gs shhagol tm jm dhrh. Zdh Jgctgmofry jhegogtgmo me f dfcahr gs "f phrsmo wdm giihlfiiy

lfgos fcchss tm foj smkhtgkhs tfkphrs wgtd goemrkftgmo go f cmkputhr systhk." Shh, k-w.cmk. Fs go tdh pdysgcfi

wmrij, tdh lmvhrokhot wgi i , ermk tgkh tm tgkh, ohhj tm shfrcd cmkputhrs govmivhj go crgkgofi fctgvgty go mrjhr tm

euiegii gts pubigc sfehty kgssgmo. \h dfvh kfjh mur prmpmsfi tm tdh Cmkkgtthh tm efcgigtfth tdh prmchss me shhagol

cmurt futdmrgzftgmo emr sucd shfrcdhs wdhrh rhqugrhj uojhr tdh ifw.




Mo tdh substfoch me Prmehssmr cmochros - Prmehssmr Ahrr's cdghe cmochro

surrmuojs tdh cmostgtutgmofi rhqugrhkhots emr wfrrfots emr shfrcdhs me hihctrmogc goemrkftgmo.

Emr hxfkpih, Prmehssmr Ahrr gs cmochrohj wgtd shfrcdhs me kuitgpih cmkputhrs tdrmuld f sgolih

wfrrfot. \h rhcmlogzh tdft tdgs gs fo gkpmrtfot gssuh foj kfy bh igtglfthj go fo fpprmprgfth cfsh.

But fs wh jgscusshj bhemrh go hxpimrgol smkh khkbhrs' cmochros mvhr tdh pfrtgcuifrgty

rhqugrhkhot emr wfrrfots emr hihctrmogc goemrkftgmo, tdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot cfoomt foj jmhs

omt fjjrhss substfotgvh cmostgtutgmofi quhstgmos. Zdh ifoluflh me mur prmpmshj ruih jmhs omt

fjjrhss tdh quhstgmo me kuitgpih shfrcdhs usgol f sgolih wfrrfot. Foj fs rhquhsthj, wh dfvh

jrfethj Cmkkgtthh Omth ifoluflh wgtd tdh Cmkkgtthh rhpmrthrs tm hfsh tdh cmochros tdft tdh

fkhojkhot kgldt bh rhfj fs fo ftthkpt tm goeiuhoch rhsmiutgmo me tdgs mr mtdhr cmostgtutgmofi

gssuhs.

Mo tdh mtdhr dfoj, wh frh gojhhj shhagol f ruih tdft wmuij futdmrgzh f ehjhrfi tm

gssuh f wfrrfot emr f rhkmth shfrcd me hihctrmogc khjgf imcfthj go f aomwo - mr uoaomwo -

imcftgmo mutsgjh dhr jgstrgct wdhrh tdh crgkh mccurrhj go tdh jgstrgct, gociujgol emr tdmsh cfshs

wdho f shfrcd wmuij rhqugrh cmmrjgoftgmo me sgkuitfohmus fctgmo go kfoy jgstrgcts ft moch.

Jhspgth Prmehssmr Ahrr's cmochros, wh tdgoa tdgs gs tdh rgldt pmigcy foj tdh rgldt ruih emr shvhrfi

rhfsmos.

Egrst, Cmolrhss foj tdh ehjhrfi cmurts dfvh firhfjy rhcmlogzhj tdft bhcfush me tdh vhry

ofturh me hihctrmogc goemrkftgmo, nujgcgfi futdmrgzftgmo emr mbtfgogol sucd

goemrkftgmo gs lmmj pubigc pmigcy. Go tdh cmothxt me pho rhlgsthrs, wgrhtfps foj tdh Hihctrmogc

Cmkkuogcftgmos Prgvfcy Fct, kuitgnurgsjgctgmofi futdmrgzftgmo emr mbtfgogol hihctrmogc

goemrkftgmo gs firhfjy tdh ifw.

Emr hxfkpih, Prmehssmr Ahrr omths go dgs khkmrfojuk tdft tdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot

cmuij bh ushj tm mbtfgo wfrrfots go kuitg-jgstrgct cfshs tdft jm omt govmivh bmtohts, sucd fs wdhrh

f susphct ushs f Jrmpbmx fccmuot tm stmrh goemrkftgmo. Dh gs cmrrhct. Go sucd cfshs, dmwhvhr,

Cmolrhss dfs firhfjy futdmrgzhj f nujlh go tdh jgstrgct wdhrh tdh crgkh mccurrhj rftdhr tdfo gotdh jgstrgct wdhrh tdh jftf gs stmrhj - tm gssuh fo mrjhr emr ifw hoemrchkhot tm mbtfgo tdh

goemrkftgmo. Shh 64 X.S.C. §§2<03(f), foj (futdmrgzgol f cmurt

wgtd "nurgsjgctgmo mvhr tdh meehosh bhgol govhstglfthj" tm gssuh fo mrjhr rhqugrgol fo moigoh

shrvgch prmvgjhr tm jgscimsh goemrkftgmo gt stmrhs rhlfrjgol f custmkhr). Zdhsh hxgstgol

kuitgnurgsjgctgmofi futdmrgzftgmos dfvh rfgshj om shrgmus cmochros foj mur prmpmsfi gs cmosgsthot

wgtd tdhk.

Shcmoj, fs wh dfvh prhvgmusiy gojgcfthj, govhstglftgmos tdft rhqugrh mbtfgogol wfrrfots go

kuitgpih jgstrgcts emr shfrcdhs me cmkputhrs govmivhj g o f sgolih crgkh crhfth shrgmus prfctgcfi

mbstfcihs emr ifw hoemrchkhot wdgih fism wfstgol nujgcgfi rhsmurchs. Ruih firhfjy rhcmlogzhs

tdhsh rhfigtghs go thrrmrgsk cfshs foj prmvgjhs emr kuitgnurgsjgctgmofi rhfcd go tdmsh cfshs.

Zdgrj, prmvgjgol kuitgnurgsjgctgmofi rhfcd emr shfrcdhs me hihctrmogc khjgf wgii efcgigtfth f

kmrh rmbust rhvghw me tdh wfrrfot Gt wgii phrkgt f sgolih nujlh wgtd aomwihjlh me

tdh govhstglftgmo - go tdh jgstrgct wdhrh tdh govhstglftgmo gs tfagol pifch - tm rhvghw fii wfrrfot

- 2 -




rhquhsts rhifthj tm tdh cfsh. Zdft nujlh wgi i bh go f bhtthr pmsgtgmo tm quhstgmo - efch-tm-efch g e

ohhj bh - tdh govhstglftmrs ihfjgol tdh Kmrhmvhr, wh dfvh shrgmus cmochros wgtd Prmehssmr Ahrr's prmpmsfi wdgcd wmuij rhqugrh

flhots shhagol f wfrrfot tm hstfbigsd tdft "tdh jgstrgct (g e foy) go wdgcd tdh hihctrmogc stmrflh

khjgf gs imcfthj cfoomt rhfsmofbiy bh fschrtfgohj." Gt gs uocihfr dmw ifw hoemrchkhot wmuij

sftgsey tdgs rhqugrhkhot go prfctgch. Zdh prmpmsfi kgldt rhqugrh f sdmwgol tdft mtdhr

govhstglftmry khfos dfvh bhho trghj foj efgihj mr frh uoigahiy tm succhhj. \frrfots gssuhj uojhr

sucd f prmvgsgmo wmuij igahiy rmutgohiy rhsuit go Erfoas dhfrgols mo wdhtdhr flhots jgscimshj

hvhry efct tdft kgldt dfvh sullhsthj f pmssgbih imcftgmo me tdh cmkputhr, foj wmuij fism jrfw

cmurts gotm f jhthrkgoftgmo me wdgcd govhstglftgvh sthps frh "rhfsmofbih" go f lgvho typh me cfsh.

Kmrhmvhr, tdh rhqugrhkhot wmuij prhciujh ush m e tdh ohw fkhojkhot go cfshs, sucd fs bmtoht

cfshs, wdhrh tdh imcftgmo me tdh cmkputhr gs fctufiiy aomwo.

\h fpprhcgfth tdh mppmrtuogty tm fjjrhss Prmehssmr Ahrr's cmochros bhemrh mur cfii. \h

hocmurflh tdh Subcmkkgtthh tm euiiy cmosgjhr tdhk. \h fism bhighvh, tdmuld, tdft tdh

Subcmkkgtthh sdmuij fjmpt tdh prmpmsfi wh cgrcuifthj hfrighr tdgs whha emr tdh rhfsmos

jgscusshj go tdgs khkmrfojuk foj mo mur prhvgmus cfiis. \h imma emrwfrj tm mur jgscussgmo mo

Kmojfy.

Prmehssmr Ahrr rfgshs quhstgmos fbmut tdh khfogol me tdh pdrfsh "foy jgs trgct wdhrh fctgvgtghs rhifthj tm tdh crgkh

kfy dfvh mccurrhj." Fs Prmehssmr Ahrr rhcmlogzhs, tdmuld, tdh Jhpfrtkhot's prmpmshj ifoluflh gs jrfwo ermk

hxgstgol Ruih :6(b)(3) foj (b)(8). Zdgs ifoluflh dfs omt cfushj cmoeusgmo mr cmochros wgtd cmurts mr cmkkhotftmrs

tm jfth, foj wh shh om rhfsmo tm bhighvh gt wgi i go tdh euturh go tdh vfst kfnmrgty me cfshs. Kmrhmvhr, Prmehssmr Ahrr

dgkshie rhtfgos tdgs vhry ifoluflh go dgs mwo prmpmsfi.

- 3 -

Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh 2:< me :02Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh 2:< me :02







ZFB :L








"

KHKMRFOJXK

Zm> Khkbhrs me tdh Ruih :6 Subcmkkgtthh

Ermk> Mrgo Ahrr

Rh> Rhspmosh tm Kr. \rmbihwsag‗s Ehbrufry <td KhkmrfojukJfth> Ehbrufry 4, 206:

G vhry kucd fpprhcgfth Kr. \rmbihwsag‗s khkmrfojuk go rhspmosh tm kyEhbrufry :td khkmrfojuk. Bhcfush gt kgldt fssgst tdh subcmkkgtthh‗s jhigbhrftgmos tm

dfvh ky rhspmosh omw rftdhr tdfo mo Kmojfy‗s cfii, dhrh frh ky tdmuldts go rhspmosh.

Iht kh bhlgo by egrst hxpfojgol mo ky cmochros, foj by ohxt rhspmojgol tm Kr.

\rmbihwsag‗s substfotgvh frlukhots. G cmociujh wgtd f brghe tdmuldt mo prmchss.

G. F Kmrh Zdmrmuld Hxpifoftgmo me Ky Pmigcy Cmochros

Kr. \rmbihwsag‗s khkmrfojuk stfths tdft ’Prmehssmr Ahrr's cdghe cmochro

surrmuojs tdh cmostgtutgmofi rhqugrhkhots emr wfrrfots emr shfrcdhs me hihctrmogc

goemrkftgmo.‛ Zdft gs omt tdh cfsh, sm iht kh try tm hxpifgo kmrh cfrheuiiy tdh substfotgvh

bfsgs me ky mbnhctgmo.

Ky prgkfry cmochro wgtd ftthkptgol tm fjjrhss tdh brmfjhr gssuh me

hxtrfthrrgtmrgfi rhkmth shfrcdhs gs tdft JMN‗s prmpmsfi wmuij cmosgjhrfbiy fithr

prhvfgigol ifw hoemrchkhot prfctgchs go wfys tdft rfgsh gkpmrtfot foj qugth jgeegcuit

quhstgmos me dmw tm bfifoch ifw hoemrchkhot foj cgvgi igbhrtghs gothrhsts. G fk omt surhdmw G cmkh mut mo tdhsh quhstgmos. But G tdgoa tdhy frh gkpmrtfot foj cmkpihx quhstgmos

emr wdgcd tdhrh frh cmosgjhrfbih frlukhots flfgost JMN‗s vghw. Ft tdh vhry ihfst, JMN‗s

pmsgtgmo lgvhs kh sglogegcfot pfush.

Zm shh tdh sglogegcfoch me tdh gssuh, cmosgjhr currhot shfrcd foj shgzurh prfctgchs

go cfshs tdft govmivh jglgtfi hvgjhoch. Zmjfy, tdhrh frh twm bfsgc agojs me wfrrfot

shfrcdhs go sucd cfshs. Zdh stfojfrj agoj me wfrrfot shfrcd gs f pdysgcfi shfrcd.Meegchrs sdmw up ft tdh pifch tm bh shfrcdhj, aomca foj foomuoch, foj imma emr jglgtfi

stmrflh jhvgchs. Cmkputhrs frh shgzhj, tfaho mee sgth, foj gkflhj, foj tdh gkflhs frh

tdho shfrcdhj emr hvgjhoch. Zdh shcmoj agoj me wfrrfot gs f wfrrfot uojhr 64 X.S.C.

2<03 me tdh Hihctrmogc Cmkkuogcftgmos Prgvfcy Fct (HCPF). \dho goemrkftgmo fbmut fphrsmo gs stmrhj go ’tdh cimuj‛ wgtd f tdgrj-pfrty ohtwmra prmvgjhr, tdh omrk gs tm wmra

wgtd tdh prmvgjhr tm mbtfgo fo HCPF wfrrfot. Go sucd cfshs, tdh lmvhrokhot mbtfgos f

wfrrfot emr hfcd prmvgjhr foj shrvhs tdh wfrrfot mo tdh prmvgjhr kucd igah f subpmhof,sucd fs by efxgol mr h-kfgigol tdh wfrrfot tm tdh prmvgjhr. Zdh prmvgjhr tdho shojs bfca

tdh goemrkftgmo tm tdh lmvhrokhot.




#

Fkhojgol Ruih :6 tm futdmrgzh hxtrfthrrgtmrgfi rhkmth cmkputhr shfrcdhs wmuij

igahiy cdfolh tdhsh prhvfgigol prfctgchs go f sglogegcfot wfy. Kmrh foj kmrh jglgtfistmrflh jhvgchs frh cmoohcthj tm tdh Gothroht, wdgcd khfos tdft tdhy cfo bh fcchsshj

rhkmthiy. Ge flhots aomw tdft tdhy cfo cmojuct rhkmth shfrcdhs ermk foywdhrh, tdhy

wgii bh sglogegcfotiy kmrh gocigohj tm cmojuct rhkmth shfrcdhs gosthfj me pursugol tdh

currhot twm mptgmos me pdysgcfi shfrcdhs foj mbtfgogol HCPF wfrrfots.

Ky cmochro gs tdft swgtcdgol mvhr ermk tdh currhot rhlgkh me pdysgcfi wfrrfots

foj HCPF wfrrfots tm fo fithroftgvh rhlgkh me rhkmth shfrcd wfrrfots wgii dfvh twm

kfnmr pmigcy gkpigcftgmos. Egrst, cmojuctgol rhkmth shfrcdhs gosthfj me pdysgcfi shfrcdhswgii emsthr f sdget tm jhifyhj-omtgch shfrcdhs. Shcmoj, cmojuctgol rhkmth shfrcdhs gosthfj

me mbtfgogol HCPF wfrrfots wgii fiimw tdh lmvhrokhot tm fvmgj tdh stftutmry gojgvgjufi-

wfrrfot stfojfrj me HCPF wfrrfots. Iht‗s cmosgjhr hfcd go turo.

Ermk pdysgcfi-shfrcd wfrrfots tm rhkmth-shfrcd wfrrfots. Go f pdysgcfi shfrcd,

tdh omrk gs tm prmvgjh omtgch tm tdh dmkhmwohr1 wdho tdh shfrcd mccurs, tdh dmkhmwohr

mrjgofrgiy aomws fbmut tdh govhstglftgmo. Zm bh surh, ehjhrfi ifw fiimws emr futdmrgty tmjhify omtgch. Shh 64 X.S.C. 3603f. But tdft gs tdh hxchptgmo rftdhr tdfo tdh omrk go tdhcfsh me pdysgcfi shfrcdhs, go pfrt bhcfush tdh jhifyhj omtgch prmvgsgmo moiy fppighs wdho

om tfolgbih hvgjhoch gs shgzhj. Shh gj . ft 3603f(b)(2). Zdh mppmsgth gs truh wgtd rhkmth

shfrcdhs. Go tdh cfsh me rhkmth shfrcdhs, tdh stfojfrj cmursh gs tm jhify omtgch. Bhcfush

om tfolgbih hvgjhoch gs shgzhj, tdh stfojfrj me 3603f(b) gs hfsy tm khht go kmst rhkmthshfrcd cfshs. Foj bhcfush tdh rhkmth shfrcd gs godhrhotiy shcrht, tdhrh gs omtdgol fbmut

tdh shfrcd gtshie tdft wgii prmvgjh omtgch. Zdgs sglofis f vhry sglogegcfot cdfolh, G tdgoa. Gt

khfos tdft tdh sdget ermk pdysgcfi shfrcdhs tm rhkmth shfrcdhs gs fism f sdget ermk fstfojfrj me omtgch shfrcdhs tm f stfojfrj me jhifyhj omtgch (faf ’sohfa foj phha‛)

shfrcdhs.

Ermk HCPF wfrrfots tm rhkmth wfrrfots. Shcmoj, tdh fiimwfoch mehxtrfthrrgtmrgfi rhkmth ohtwmra shfrcdhs fism kfy dfvh gkpmrtfot gkpigcftgmos emr tdh

stfojfrj me prmbfbih cfush wdho tdh lmvhrokhot shhas tm mbtfgo cmothots me

cmkkuogcftgmos dhij by rhkmth ohtwmra prmvgjhrs. Go igldt me 64 X.S.C. 2<03(f) foj

Emurtd Fkhojkhot prhchjhots sucd fs Xogthj Stfths v. \frsdfa , 536 E.3j 255, 244 (5tdCgr. 2060), tdh lmvhrokhot mrjgofrgiy kust mbtfgo f wfrrfot tm mbtfgo tdh cmothots me tdh

fccmuot ermk prmvgjhrs. Foj bhcfush tdh prmvgjhrs fct fs f tdgrj-pfrty gothrkhjgfry, tdh

prmvgjhrs lhohrfiiy jhkfoj f wfrrfot sphcgegc tm tdhgr mwo shrvgchs. Emr hxfkpih, ge tdh

lmvhrokhot wfots tdh rhkmthiy stmrhj egihs me f susphct wdm dfs f Jrmpbmx fccmuot, fLmmlih Cimuj fccmuot, foj fo Fkfzmo Cimuj Jrgvh fccmuot, tdh lmvhrokhot kust

mbtfgo tdrhh shpfrfth wfrrfots, omt moh. Crgtgcfiiy, tdgs khfos tdft tdh lmvhrokhot kustsdmw prmbfbih cfush fs tm hfcd shrvgch. Gt kust sdmw tdft tdhrh gs prmbfbih cfush tm

bhighvh tdft tdhrh gs hvgjhoch go tdh Jrmpbmx fccmuot1 prmbfbih cfush tm bhighvh tdft tdhrhgs hvgjhoch go tdh Lmmlih Cimuj fccmuot1 foj prmbfbih cfush tm bhighvh tdft tdhrh gs

hvgjhoch go tdh Fkfzmo Cimuj Jrgvh fccmuot.

G lftdhr tdft tdgs wmuij om imolhr bh truh uojhr Kr. \rmbihwsag‗s prmpmshj ruih.Bhcfush fii me tdh fccmuots wmuij bh fcchssgbih tdrmuld rhkmth fcchss, tdh lmvhrokhot




$

cmuij mbtfgo f sgolih wfrrfot tm shfrcd tdh tfrlht‗s dmkh foj fii me tdhgr cimuj shrvgchs

tmlhtdhr. Govhstglftmrs cmuij shfrcd jgrhctiy gosthfj me mbtfgogol HCPF wfrrfots. Zdhrhwmuij moiy ohhj tm bh moh sdmwgol me prmbfbih cfush, omt kfoy. Zdh moiy gssuh wmuij

bh hxgsthoch me prmbfbih cfush smkhwdhrh go cmkputhrs mwohj foj mphrfthj by tdft

phrsmo, rftdhr tdfo prmbfbih cfush fs tm hvgjhoch bhgol imcfthj go hfcd pifch (wdhtdhr

pdysgcfi mr go tdh cimuj) wdhrh tdh wfrrfot wmuij bh hxhcuthj.

G cfo fpprhcgfth tdh vghw tdft tdhsh twm cdfolhs frh bhohegcgfi cdfolhs. Zdhy frh

uojhrstfojfbiy fttrfctgvh tm ifw hoemrchkhot> Zdhy hofbih tdh lmvhrokhot tm shfrcd

kmrh foj wgtd ihss omtgch tm tfrlhts. Rhpifcgol pdysgcfi shfrcdhs wgtd rhkmth shfrcdhsfism dfs tdh sfiutfry heehct me ihss gotrusgvh shfrcdhs, ft ihfst ge tdh rhkmth shfrcdhs frh

omt ifthr emiimwhj by subshquhot pdysgcfi shfrcdhs. Ft tdh sfkh tgkh, tdhrh frh fism

sglogegcfot frlukhots mo tdh mtdhr sgjh. Smkh kfy prhehr f strmolhr omtgch rhqugrhkhot

foj kfy mbnhct tm f ohw omrk me jhifyhj-omtgch rhkmth shfrcdhs. Mtdhrs kfy prhehrrhqugrgol tdh lmvhrokhot sdmw prmbfbih cfush fs tm hfcd cimuj shrvgch. Hgtdhr wfy,

cdmmsgol bhtwhho tdh twm ruihs rhqugrhs jgeegcuit jhcgsgmos fbmut dmw tm bfifoch ifw

hoemrchkhot foj cgvgi igbhrtghs cmochros.

GG. F Rhspmosh tm Kr. \rmbihwsag‗s Substfotgvh Frlukhots

Kr. \rmbihwsag‗s khkmrfojuk kfahs shvhrfi substfotgvh frlukhots tdft G tdgoa

frh jhshrvgol me fjjgtgmofi scrutgoy. G cmosgjhr tdhk go tdh mrjhr tdhy fpphfr>

6) Egrst, Kr. \rmbihwsag pmgots mut tdft HCPF cmurt mrjhrs frh oftgmowgjh go

scmph. ’Zdhsh hxgstgol kuitgnurgsjgctgmofi futdmrgzftgmos dfvh rfgshj om shrgmuscmochros,‛ dh wrgths, ’foj mur prmpmsfi gs cmosgsthot wgtd tdhk.‛ G rhcmlogzh tdgs

frlukhot, but G tdgoa tdhrh frh sglogegcfot jgeehrhochs bhtwhho HCPF cmurt mrjhrs shrvhj

mo f tdgrj-pfrty prmvgjhrs foj rhkmth fcchss wfrrfots tdft futdmrgzh dfcagol gotm ftfrlht‗s kfcdgoh.6

Smkh bfcalrmuoj kfy bh dhipeui. Ehjhrfi ifw wfs fkhojhj go 2006 tm fiimw

oftgmowgjh HCPF cmurt mrjhrs bhcfush govhstglftmrs cmuij omt aomw go wdft jgstrgct tdh

goemrkftgmo wfs fctufiiy imcfthj wdho mbtfgogol HCPF mrjhrs tm shrvh mo tdgrj-pfrtyohtwmra prmvgjhrs. HCPF mrjhrs frh shrvhj igah subpmhofs1 tdhy frh efxhj mr h-kfgihj tm

tdgrj-pfrty prmvgjhrs. Fs JMN hxpifgohj ft tdh tgkh go tdh cmothxt me pho/trfp mrjhrs, f

" %r. \rmbihwsag sullhsts tdft ush me tdh wmrj ’dfcagol‛ kfy bh gofpprmprgfth bhcfush tdh

Khrrgfk-\hbsthr Jgctgmofry jhegogtgmo me f dfcahr gs ’f phrsmo wdm giihlfi lfgos fcchss tm foj smkhtgkhs

tfkphrs wgtd goemrkftgmo go f cmkputhr systhk.‛ Shh \rmbihwsag Khkm ft o.6 (cgtgol k-w.cmk). Zm bhcihfr, G jm omt ush tdh wmrj ’dfcagol‛ tm gkpiy foy giihlfigty. G ush gt moiy fs sdmrtdfoj emr shcrht rhkmth

fcchss tm f cmkputhr systhk tdft gs omt futdmrgzhj by gts mwohr mr mphrftmr. Om mtdhr wmrj go tdh Holigsd

ifoluflh fpprmxgkfths tdgs khfogol, foj G tdgoa tdh sdmrtdfoj cfo bh usheui dhrh. Fism, tm tdh hxthot tdh

Khrrgfk-\hbsthr Jgctgmofry gs mur lugjh, gt gs phrdfps wmrtd omtgol tdft tdh jhegogtgmo Kr. \rmbihwsag

qumths gs moiy tdh egetd foj ifst fithroftgvh jhegogtgmo me tdh wmrj dfcahr. Zdh egrst foj prgkfry jhegogtgmo

prmvgjhj by tdh Khrrgfk-\hbsthr Jgctgmofry gs ’f phrsmo wdm shcrhtiy lhts fcchss tm f cmkputhr systhk go

mrjhr tm lht goemrkftgmo, cfush jfkflh, htc.‛ Shh dttp>//www.khrrgfk-whbsthr.cmk/jgctgmofry/dfcahr.

Bfshj mo tdft jhegogtgmo, G bhighvh tdh wmrj gs ushj fccurfthiy go tdgs cmothxt. But G fk dfppy tm swgtcd tm f

ihss cmotrmvhrsgfi thrk, sucd fs ’rhkmth-fcchss ohtwmra shfrcdhs,‛ ge mtdhrs prhehr.






'

tdmusfojs me shfrcdhs ft moch -- gosthfj me kfoy nujlhs rhvghwgol kfoy wfrrfots tm

cmojuct kfoy shfrcdhs. Zdh rhsuit wgii bh f sdget tm ihss rhvghw me tdh wfrrfot, go pfrtbhcfush tdh stfojfrj me prmbfbih cfush wgii bh imwhr foj go pfrt bhcfush tdh feegjfvgt wgii

prmvgjh ihss goemrkftgmo fbmut hfcd gojgvgjufi shfrcd.

3) Kr. \rmbihwsag meehrs tdh emiimwgol frlukhots flfgost tdh ’rhfsmofbiyfschrtfgofbih‛ stfojfrj G prmpmsh (wgtd ky ihtthrgol fjjhj)>

Qf[ Zdh prmpmsfi kgldt rhqugrh f sdmwgol tdft mtdhr govhstglftmry khfos dfvh

bhho trghj foj efgihj mr frh uoigahiy tm succhhj. Qb[ \frrfots gssuhj uojhr sucd f

prmvgsgmo wmuij igahiy rmutgohiy rhsuit go Erfoas dhfrgols mo wdhtdhr flhots

jgscimshj hvhry efct tdft kgldt dfvh sullhsthj f pmssgbih imcftgmo me tdh

cmkputhr, foj Qc[ wmuij fism jrfw cmurts gotm f jhthrkgoftgmo me wdgcd

govhstglftgvh sthps frh "rhfsmofbih" go f lgvho typh me cfsh. Qj[ Kmrhmvhr, tdh

rhqugrhkhot wmuij prhciujh ush me tdh ohw fkhojkhot go cfshs, sucd fs bmtoht

cfshs, wdhrh tdh imcftgmo me tdh cmkputhr gs fctufiiy aomwo.

Fs tm Qf[-Qc[, G jmo‗t prhshotiy shh tdh bfsgs me tdhsh cmochros. \frrfot feegjfvgtsrmutgohiy prmvgjh efctufi bfshs emr sphcgfi trhftkhot uojhr Ruih :6 wgtd om fppfrhot

jgeegcuitghs. Emr hxfkpih, Ruih :6(h)(2)(B)(gg) stfths tdft meegchrs kust ’hxhcuth tdhwfrrfot jurgol tdh jfytgkh, uoihss tdh nujlh emr lmmj cfush hxprhssiy futdmrgzhs

hxhcutgmo ft fomtdhr tgkh.‛ \dho tdh lmvhrokhot shhas ogldttgkh hxhcutgmo, tdh

feegjfvgt stfths tdh bfsgs emr tdh lmmj cfush. Fs efr fs G fk fwfrh, tdgs rhqugrhj efctufi

sdmwgol dfs rfgshj om kfnmr jgeegcuitghs. G lftdhr tdft gs truh go pfrt bhcfush ehjhrficmurts dfvh rhcmlogzhj tdft tdh jfytgkh shfrcd ruih gs omt f Emurtd Fkhojkhot

rhqugrhkhot1 fs sucd, vgmiftgmos me tdgs rhqugrhkhot frh mrjgofrgiy omt subnhct tm

supprhssgmo. Shh, h.l., Xogthj Stfths v. Rgzzg, :3: E.3j 557 (:td Cgr. 2005).

Zdh sfkh prhsukfbiy wmuij bh truh me f rhqugrhkhot tdft tdh lmvhrokhot kustsdmw tdft tdh imcftgmo me f cmkputhr gs omt rhfsmofbiy fschrtfgofbih tm nustgey fo

hxtrfthrrgtmrgfi rhkmth shfrcd. Fitdmuld tdh gssuh gs omt hotgrhiy cihfr, G thoj tm bhighvh

tdft tdh go-jgstrgct thrrgtmrgfigty rhqugrhkhot me shfrcdhs gs f quhstgmo me pmigcy, omt EmurtdFkhojkhot ifw. Fs f rhsuit, G wmuij hxphct igttih igtglftgmo mvhr tdgs rhqugrhkhot go tdh

cmothxt me kmtgmos tm supprhss. Zdh fbshoch me fo hxciusgmofry rhkhjy wmuij bmtd jhthr

cdfiiholhs foj kfah tdhk vhry hfsy emr tdh prmshcutmrs tm jhehft. Omr wmuij ky

prmpmshj ruih ’rmutgohiy rhsuit go Erfoas dhfrgols,‛ fs Erfoas dhfrgols frh moiy fvfgifbihwdho tdh fiihlhj kgsstfthkhot mr mkgssgmo rhifths tm tdh bfsgs me prmbfbih cfush. Shh,

h.l., Xogthj Stfths v. Pmuisho, 588 E.3j :72, 80: (5td Cgr. 2066).

Fs tm Qj[, G flrhh, but G fk omt surh ge tdft gs f bul mr f ehfturh.

:) Go f emmtomth, Kr. \rmbihwsag stfths tdft tdh khfogol me tdh pdrfsh "foy

jgstrgct wdhrh fctgvgtghs rhifthj tm tdh crgkh kfy dfvh mccurrhj‛ go dgs prmpmsfi ’dfs omtcfushj cmoeusgmo mr cmochros wgtd cmurts mr cmkkhotftmrs tm jfth.‛ Zdft kfy bh truh,

but G bhighvh tdft gs tdh cfsh bhcfush gt dfs omt bhho igtglfthj (ft ihfst fs efr fs G aomw)

foj gt gs moiy vhry rfrhiy ushj go Ruih :6(b). Zdh khfogol me tdh thrk wmuij bh

cmkpfrftgvhiy kucd kmrh gkpmrtfot ge tdgs prmpmsfi whrh tm bh fjmpthj. Lgvho tdft, G




(

tdgoa tdh uochrtfgoty fs tm wdft tdgs pdrfsh khfos gs f cmotgougol cmochro.

GGG. Mo Prmchss

G dfvh om mbnhctgmo tm tdh subcmkkgtthh bhlgoogol cmosgjhrftgmo me tdh brmfjhr

gssuhs rfgshj by JMN‗s prmpmsfi. Zdhy frh efscgoftgol foj vhry gkpmrtfot gssuhs. Foj fsG fk ohw tm tdh Cmkkgtthh, G wgii lifjiy jhehr tm mtdhrs wgtd kmrh hxphrghoch fs tm tdh

wgsjmk me prmchhjgol go pfrts mr tfcaigol bmtd prmbihks tmlhtdhr.

Ft tdh sfkh tgkh, G wmuij tdgoa tdft moh bhohegt me fjjrhssgol moiy tdh ofrrmwquhstgmo me uoaomwo imcftgmo gs tdft gt wmuij ihfj tm f qugcahr foj kmrh chrtfgo

fkhojkhot. Zdh ofrrmw gssuh gs uocmotrmvhrsgfi foj rhiftgvhiy sgkpih. Emr tdh rhfsmos

hxpifgohj go tdgs khkmrfojuk, dmwhvhr, G jmo‗t tdgoa tdh brmfjhr gssuh me hxtrfthrrgtmrgfi

ohtwmra shfrcdhs gs f strfgldtemrwfrj gssuh tdft cfo bh rhsmivhj mo Kmojfy‗s cfii.Eurtdhr, G wmuij luhss tdft foy rhemrk prmpmsfi tdft tfahs mo tdh brmfjhr gssuh wmuij

spfra sglogegcfot cmotrmvhrsy wdho hvhotufiiy kfjh pubigc. Zfagol mo kmrh gssuhs kfy

sglogegcfotiy jhify tdh prmchss foj kfy ihfj tm ihss chrtfgo rhsuits.

\gtd tdft sfgj, G fk dfppy tm jhehr tm tdmsh wgtd kmrh hxphrghoch mo dmw bhst tm

prmchhj. G imma emrwfrj tm cmotgougol tdh cmovhrsftgmo mo Kmojfy‗s cfii.




ZFB :D










2<08, hxchpt g e tdh fjvhrsh rhsuits cmosgst moiy me uojuiy jhifygol f trgfi)." X.S.C.

§ Omtdgol go tdgs stfojfrj jgstgolugsdhs pdysgcfi shfrcdhs ermk rhkmth hihctrmogc

shfrcdhs. Go fjjgtgmo, f cmurt cfoomt futdmrgzh tdh shgzurh me hgtdhr pdysgcfi hvgjhoch mr

hihctrmogc goemrkftgmo pursufot tm f jhifyhj-omtgch wfrrfot wgtdmut f nujgcgfi egojgol me

rhfsmofbih ohchssgty. Shh X.S.C. § (rhqugrgol tdft f jhifyhj-omtgch wfrrfot kust

prmdgbgt "tdh shgzurh me foy tfolgbih prmphrty, foy wgrh mr hihctrmogc cmkkuogcftgmo (fs jhegohjgo shctgmo mr, hxchpt fs hxprhssiy prmvgjhj go cdfpthr foy stmrhj wgrh mr hihctrmogc

goemrkftgmo, hxchpt wdhrh tdh cmurt egojs rhfsmofbih ohchssgty emr tdh shgzurh"). Sglogegcfotiy,

tdgs prmvgsgmo trhfts "stmrhj wgrh mr hihctrmogc goemrkftgmo" go prhcgshiy tdh sfkh kfoohr fs "foy

tfolgbih prmphrty."2 Go prfctgch, tdh Jhpfrtkhot dfs gothrprhthj "shgzurh . . . me foy stmrhj wgrh

mr hihctrmogc goemrkftgmo" go § brmfjiy tm gociujh tdh cmpygol me goemrkftgmo stmrhj

mo f cmkputhr.

Go fccmrjfoch wgtd tdgs vghw, tdh Jhpfrtkhot fjvgshs flfgost cmpygol hvho tdh kmst

bfsgc hihctrmogc goemrkftgmo pursufot tm f jhifyhj-omtgch wfrrfot wgtdmut f egojgol me

"rhfsmofbih ohchssgty." Emr hxfkpih, mo Ehbrufry 8 td , tdh Jhpfrtkhot cgrcuifthj tm tdh

subcmkkgtthh fo feegjfvgt emr f rhkmth-fcchss shfrcd wfrrfot mbtfgohj go tdh Hfsthro Jgstrgct mePhoosyivfogf. Pfrflrfpd 53 me tdft feegjfvgt gociujhs tdh emiimwgol>

Zm tdh hxthot tdft ush me f tm mbtfgo fo GP fjjrhss,

"vfrgfbihs," tdh KFC fjjrhss foj tdh rhlgstry goemrkftgmo cfo bh

cdfrfcthrgzhj fs f shgzurh me fo hihctrmogc cmkkuogcftgmo mr

hihctrmogc goemrkftgmo uojhr X.S.C. § sucd f

shgzurh gs rhfsmofbiy ohchssfry emr tdh rhfsmos tdft G dfvh sht emrtd

fbmvh go pfrflrfpds 83 tm 87.

\h fotgcgpfth tdh Jhpfrtkhot wgi i cmotgouh tm ush tdgs fpprmfcd> wh wgi i shha f nujgcgfi egojgol

me "rhfsmofbih ohchssgty" tm mbtfgo stmrhj hihctrmogc goemrkftgmo go tdmsh cfshs wdhrh f jhify meomtgch gs wfrrfothj.

Shcmoj, uojhr hxgstgol Ruih f rhkmth shfrcd me f cmkputhr wdmsh imcftgmo gs

aomwo cfo firhfjy bh jmoh, ft ihfst wdhrh tdh wfrrfot gs gssuhj ermk tdh jgstrgct wdhrh tdh

cmkputhr gs imcfthj. Zdus g e cmojuctgol f rhkmth shfrcd me f cmkputhr meehrs tdh lmvhrokhot

prfctgcfi fjvfotflhs mvhr cmojuctgol f pdysgcfi shfrcd m e tdh sfkh cmkputhr, omtdgol go Ruih prhvhots tdh lmvhrokhot ermk mptgol emr tdh rhkmth shfrcd. By tdh sfkh tmaho, omtdgol go tdh

lmvhrokhot's prmpmshj fkhojkhot wmuij kfah gt hfsghr emr tdh lmvhrokhot tm mpt emr tdh

rhkmth shfrcd, wgtd tdh hxchptgmo tdft tdh fkhojkhot wmuij kfah cihfr tdft tdh lmvhrokhot

cmuij shha tdh wfrrfot ermk tdh jgstrgct wdhrh tdh govhstglftgmo gs tfagol pifch.

Go dgs Ehbrufry 4, 206: khkmrfojuk, Prmehssmr Ahrr sullhsthj tdft tdh jhifyhj omtgch stfojfrj m e 64 X.S.C.

§ 3603f gs hfsghr tm khht emr hihctrmogc shfrcdhs tdfo emr pdysgcfi shfrcdhs. Dh stfthj tdft "tdh jhifyhj omtgch

prmvgsgmo moiy fppighs wdho om tfolgbih hvgjhoch gs shgzhj," foj tdft om tfolgbih hvgjhoch gs shgzhj Qgo

tdh cfsh m e rhkmth shfrcdhs[, tdh stfojfrj me § 3603f(b) gs hfsy tm khht." Fs hxpifgohj fbmvh, tdh Jhpfrtkhot

gothrprhts §3603f jgeehrhotiy foj wh jgsflrhh wgtd Prmehssmr Ahrr mo tdgs pmgot. Go foy hvhot, fs hxpifgohj bhimw,

hvho g e Prmehssmr Ahrr gs cmrrhct tdft omtgch cfo bh kmrh hfsgiy jhifyhj go rhkmth shfrcdhs, omtdgol go tdh

Jhpfrtkhot's prmpmsfi feehcts tdh fvfgifbgigty me rhkmth shfrcdhs go cfshs wdhrh tdh imcftgmo me tdh cmkputhr gs

firhfjy aomwo1 rftdhr, tdh prmpmsfi moiy feehcts wdgcd jgstrgct cfo futdmrgzh tdh rhkmth shfrcd.

- 2 -




Go dgs Ehbrufry hkfgi khssflh, Prmehssmr Ahrr fism goqugrhj fbmut tdh

Jhpfrtkhot's prfctgchs emr jhifygol omtgch wdho gt mbtfgos rhkmth fcchss wfrrfots. Currhotiy,

tdh Jhpfrtkhot mbtfgos rhkmth fcchss wfrrfots prgkfrgiy tm cmkbft Gothroht thcdogquhs. Go sucd govhstglftgmos, jhifyhj omtgch gs omrkfiiy smuldt bhcfush me tdh ofturh me

tdh govhstglftgmo. \dhrh wh frh trygol tm gjhotgey fo moigoh crgkgofi wdm gs tfagol sthps tm fvmgj

gjhotgegcftgmo, tdhrh wgii typgcfiiy bh rhfsmofbih ohchssgty emr jhifygol omtgch me tdh shfrcd. Motdh mtdhr dfoj, g e tdh Jhpfrtkhot whrh tm ush rhkmth fcchss wfrrfots go cgrcukstfochs tdft jgj

omt govmivh tdh sfkh rgsa me fo fjvhrsh rhsuit sucd fs eigldt mr jhstructgmo me hvgjhoch, tdh

Jhpfrtkhot wmuij bh ihss igahiy tm govmah tdh jhifyhj omtgch prmchjurhs me § Fithroftgvhiy, tdh Jhpfrtkhot kgldt rhquhst f jhify me sdmrthr jurftgmo, igkgthj tm tdh fkmuot me

tgkh ohchssfry tm cmkpihth tdh gogtgfi, crgtgcfi stflh me f rhkmth mphrftgmo bhemrh f cmuij

jhstrmy hvgjhoch, kmjgey kfigcgmus cmjh, cdfolh shrvhrs mr dmstgol shrvgchs, mr tfah mtdhr

cmuothrkhfsurhs.

Prmbihks tdh Jhpfrtkhot Gothojs tm Fjjrhss

Go dgs Ehbrufry hkfgi khssflh, Nujlh fsahj fbmut tdh sphcgegc prmbihkstdh Jhpfrtkhot gothojs tm fjjrhss by tdgs prmpmsfi. Go gts gogtgfi ihtthr tm Nujlh Rfllg mo

Shpthkbhr tdh Jhpfrtkhot jhscrgbhj twm prmbihks g t gothojhj tdh prmpmsfi tm fjjrhss.

Egrst, tdh prmpmsfi gs gothojhj tm hofbih govhstglftmrs tm mbtfgo wfrrfots wdhrh tdh imcftgmo m e tdh

cmkputhr tm bh shfrcdhj gs uoaomwo. Shcmoj, tdh prmpmsfi gs gothojhj tm hofbih govhstglftmrs tm

mbtfgo wfrrfots tm shfrcd cmkputhrs go kfoy jgstrgcts sgkuitfohmusiy. Emr hxfkpih, f ifrlh

bmtoht govhstglftgmo kfy rhqugrh fctgmo go fii 7: jgstrgcts sgkuitfohmusiy, but mbtfgogol

sgkuitfohmus shfrcd wfrrfots ermk 7: jgeehrhot kflgstrfths gs ohfriy gkpmssgbih fs f prfctgcfi

kftthr.

Fjjrhssgol tdhsh twm cgrcukstfochs rhkfgos tdh Jhpfrtkhot's tmp prgmrgtghs go tdgs

prmpmsfi. Dmwhvhr, tdhrh gs f tdgrj cgrcukstfoch tdft mur prmpmsfi wmuij fjjrhss foj tdft whbhighvh Ruih sdmuij sphfa tm. \dho ifw hoemrchkhot mbtfgos f wfrrfot futdmrgzgol f

pdysgcfi shfrcd me f pfrtgcuifr imcftgmo, g t sdmuij bh fbih tm mbtfgo f wfrrfot tdft futdmrgzhs gt tm

sgkuitfohmusiy shfrcd jmcukhots tdft frh fcchssgbih ermk f cmkputhr ft tdft imcftgmo hvho g e

tdhy frh fctufiiy stmrhj rhkmthiy go fomtdhr jgstrgct. Emr hxfkpih, suppmsh tdft meegchrs hxhcuth f

wfrrfot tm shfrcd f busgohss imcfthj go Sfo Erfocgscm foj tdft, upmo hotry, tdhy jgscmvhr tdft tdh

busgohss stmrhs gts jmcukhots wgtd f cimuj-bfshj shrvhr. Xojhr tdh currhot vhrsgmo me Ruih (fssukgol tdh rhqugsgth prmbfbih cfush foj pfrtgcuifrgty rhqugrhkhots frh kht), f kflgstrfth go

tdh Omrtdhro Jgstrgct m e Cfigemrogf cmuij gssuh f wfrrfot futdmrgzgol flhots tm shfrcd tdh busgohss

foj, wdgih tdhy frh prhshot ft tdh busgohss, fcchss foy cimuj-bfshj stmrflh imcfthj wgtdgo tdh

jgstrgct (sucd fs f JrmpBmx fccmuot). Mur prmpmshj fkhojkhot wmuij cifrgey tdft tdh

kflgstrfth cmuij hqufiiy futdmrgzh tdh flhots tm fcchss sucd stmrflh go foy jgstrgct, gociujgol fouoaomwo jgstrgct. \h tdgoa sucd f prmvgsgmo wmuij bh smuoj pmigcy1 ge, upmo gjhotgeygol f

rhkmth stmrflh fccmuot, flhots whrh rhqugrhj tm mbtfgo f subshquhot wfrrfot go fomtdhr jgstrgct,

tdhgr fbgigty tm mbtfgo tdh rhcmrjs go tdft fccmuot kfy bh imst. By tdh tgkh f subshquhot wfrrfot

cmuij bh mbtfgohj, tdh jmcukhots kfy bh jhihthj mr hocrypthj. \h bhighvh cmurts go tdh jgstrgct

-3 -




wdhrh crgkgofi fctgvgtghs dfvh tfaho pifch sdmuij dfvh futdmrgty tm gssuh wfrrfots emr fii sucd

rhcmrjs fcchssgbih ermk tdh prhkgshs.

Pfrtgcuifrgty

Go mur subcmkkgtthh cfiis, cmochros dfvh bhho rfgshj mo shvhrfi mccfsgmos cmochrogolwdhtdhr f sgolih wfrrfot emr hihctrmogc goemrkftgmo cmuij bh ushj tm shfrcd kuitgpih cmkputhrs.

Fs wh'vh stfthj, mur prmpmsfi gs omt gothojhj tm fjjrhss, foj jmhs omt fjjrhss, tdh cmostgtutgmofi

stfojfrj me pfrtgcuifrgty rhqugrhj go foy shfrcd wfrrfot, foj wh dfvh jhihthj tdh wmrjs "mr bmtd"

ermk shctgmo (b)(5) me mur prmpmshj fkhojkhot tm cifrgey tdft om sucd cdfolh wfs gothojhj.

Hxgstgol cfsh ifw frmuoj pdysgcfi shfrcdhs phrkgts kuitgpih imcftgmos tm bh gociujhj go f sgolih

wfrrfot go chrtfgo cgrcukstfochs sm imol fs fjhqufth prmbfbih cfush hxgsts emr shfrcdgol hfcd me

tdh imcftgmos. \h frh uofwfrh me foy cfsh ifw jgrhctiy fjjrhssgol tdgs gssuh go vgrtufi shfrcdhs.

Hvho tm tdh hxthot tdft currhot ifw jmhs pifch igkgts mo tdh oukbhr mr cmkbgoftgmo me prhkgshs

mr pghchs me prmphrty tdft kfy bh shfrcdhj pursufot tm moh wfrrfot, me cmursh, mur prmpmshj

fkhojkhot stgii meehrs tdh substfotgfi fjvfotflh tdft tdh rhqugsgth oukbhr me wfrrfot fppigcftgmos

cfo fii bh sgkuitfohmusiy prhshothj tm tdh sfkh kflgstrfth.

Zdh pfrtgcuifrgty rhqugrhkhot me tdh Emurtd Fkhojkhot emr shfrcd wfrrfots gs f whii-

hstfbigsdhj jmctrgoh. Gt jhkfojs tdft "wfrrfots kust pfrtgcuifriy jhscrgbh tdh tdgols tm bh

shgzhj, fs whii fs tdh pifch tm bh shfrcdhj." v. Xogthj Stfths, ::6 X.S. 234, 288 (67<7)1

shh fism Lm-Bfrt Gkpmrtgol Cm. v Xogthj Stfths, 242 X.S. 3::, 38< (6736)1 Cmmigjlh v. Ohw

Dfkpsdgrh, :03 X.S. ::3, :<6 (67<6)1 Fojhrsho v. Kfryifoj, Fii X.S. :53, :40 (67<5). Zdh

rftgmofih uojhriygol tdh pfrtgcuifrgty rhqugrhkhot gs tm prhvhot tdh gssufoch me wfrrfots bfshj mo

vfluh goemrkftgmo, foj tm prmthct flfgost tdh ush me lhohrfi wfrrfots. Lm-Bfrt Cm.,

242 X.S. 38<. F wfrrfot dfs jhscrgbhj tdh pifch tm bh shfrcdhj wgtd sueegcghot pfrtgcuifrgty

wdho "tdh jhscrgptgmo gs sucd tdft tdh meegchr wgtd f shfrcd wfrrfot cfo, wgtd rhfsmofbih heemrt

fschrtfgo foj gjhotgey tdh pifch gothojhj." Sthhih v. Xogthj Stfths, 25< X.S. :74, 803 (6728)(fpprmvgol fs sueegcghot tdh kmst cmkkmo prfctgch me gjhotgeygol tdh imcftgmo by strhht fjjrhss).

G e tdh wfrrfot jmhs omt pfrtgcuifriy jhscrgbh tdh pifch wdhrh f shfrcd gs tm bh cmojucthj, pmigch

Fs jgscusshj bhimw, tdh bhohegts me phrkgttgol fo mut-me-jgstrgct shfrcd frh prhshot wdhtdhr tdh lmvhrokhot gs

fiimwhj tm prmchhj by f sgolih wfrrfot futdmrgzgol bmtd pdysgcfi foj rhkmth shfrcd mr rhqugrhj tm subkgt shpfrfth

wfrrfot fppigcftgmos emr hfcd.

\h omth tdft go f 2060 ifw rhvghw frtgcih, Prmehssmr Ahrr frluhj tdft tdh Emurtd Fkhojkhot's pfrtgcuifrgty

rhqugrhkhot sdmuij fiimw shfrcdhs me kuitgpih fccmuots pursufot tm f sgolih sdmwgol me prmbfbih cfush>

Dmw sdmuij tdh pfrtgcuifrgty rhqugrhkhot fppiy tm Gothroht hvgjhoch cmiihctgmo=

Zdh bhst foswhr gs tdft tdh pfrtgcuifrgty rhqugrhkhot sdmuij fppiy tm f pfrtgcuifrphrsmo rftdhr tdfo f sphcgegc fccmuot. \dho tdh lmvhrokhot hstfbigsdhs prmbfbih

cfush tm bhighvh tdft f phrsmo dfs mr wgi i ush tdh Gothroht tm stmrh, trfoskgt, mr

rhchgvh sphcgegc hvgjhoch me crgkgofi fctgvgty, foy fccmuot tdft tdh phrsmo dfs mr

wgii ush - foj tdft tdhrhemrh kgldt pifusgbiy cmotfgo tdh hvgjhoch smuldt -

sdmuij bh gociujhj wgtdgo tdh scmph m e tdh wfrrfot. Go mtdhr wmrjs, tdh

pfrtgcuifrgty rhqugrhkhot sdmuij fppiy tm Gothroht ushrs, omt Gothroht fccmuots,

Mrgo S. Ahrr, Fppiygol tdh Emurtd Fkhojkhot tm tdh Gothroht> f Lhohrfi Fpprmfcd, 52 Stfo. I. Rhv. (2060).

- : -




jm omt dfvh tdh futdmrgty uojhr tdft wfrrfot tm shfrcd tdft imcftgmo, hvho g e bhimolgols igsthj mo

tdh wfrrfot frh emuoj ft tdft imcftgmo. Xogthj Stfths v. Fibhrts, <26 E.2j 535, 537 (4td Cgr. 6743)

(egojgol f wfrrfot jhegcghot wdhrh gt futdmrgzhj tdh shfrcd me heehcts tdmuldt tm bh cmotfgohj go

bfls foj imcfthj ft moh rhsgjhoch wdho tdh bfls whrh go efct emuoj ft fomtdhr).

Fitdmuld f wfrrfot kust omrkfiiy sphcgey tdh pifch tm bh shfrcdhj, tdh Suprhkh Cmurthxpifgohj g o f trfcagol jhvgch cfsh, Xogthj Stfths v. Afrm, :54 X.S. <08 tdft tdgs

rhqugrhkhot wmuij bh hxcushj wdhrh tdh purpmsh me tdh shfrcd gs tm jgscmvhr tdh vhry pifch tm bh

shfrcdhj>

Zdh Lmvhrokhot cmothojs tdft gt wmuij bh gkpmssgbih tm jhscrgbh tdh

"pifch" tm bh shfrcdhj, bhcfush tdh imcftgmo me tdh pifch gs prhcgshiy wdft

gs smuldt tm bh jgscmvhrhj tdrmuld tdh shfrcd. Dmwhvhr truh tdft kfy bh,

gt wgii stgii bh pmssgbih tm jhscrgbh tdh mbnhct gotm wdgcd tdh bhhphr gs tm bh

pifchj, tdh cgrcukstfochs tdft ihj flhots tm wgsd tm gostfii tdh bhhphr, foj

tdh iholtd me tgkh emr wdgcd bhhphr survhgiifoch gs rhquhsthj. Go mur vghw,

tdgs goemrkftgmo wgii sueegch tm phrkgt gssufoch me f wfrrfot futdmrgzgolbhhphr gostfiiftgmo foj survhgiifoch.

Gj. <64.

Currhot Emurtd Fkhojkhot pfrtgcuifrgty nurgsprujhoch fiimws emr f sgolih wfrrfot tm

jhscrgbh foj futdmrgzh tdh shfrcd me kmrh tdfo moh pdysgcfi imcftgmo mr pghch m e prmphrty. Shh,

h l Xogthj Stfths v. 502 E.3j 6202, 6204 (60td Cgr. 2060) (mbgthr jgctuk, cgtgol

Xogthj Stfths v. Rgms, E.2j 6338, 63:< (60td Cgr. 67<7) (emur shpfrfth structurhs))1 Xogthj

Stfths v. Phoogoltmo, 24< E.3j <37, <::-:8 (4td Cgr. 2002) (tdrhh sphcgegc bugijgols moh

prmphrty)1 Xogthj Stfths v. Nmdosmo, 25 E.3j 557, 57: (<td Cgr. 677:) (twm uogts wgtdgo moh

dmush)1 Xogthj Stfths v. 5<< E.2j 6335, 6337 (7td Cgr. 6742) (twm wfrrfots, hfcdigstgol twm vhdgcihs). Fs moh cmurt sfgj go fpprmvgol f shfrcd wfrrfot tdft cmvhrhj kuitgpih,

omo-fjnfchot bugijgols mccupghj by tdh sfkh phrsmo, "F shpfrfth wfrrfot emr hfcd susphcthj

pifch tm bh shfrcdhj gs omt cfiihj emr hgtdhr by tdh ihtthr mr tdh spgrgt me tdh cmostgtutgmo . . . Zm

rhqugrh gt wmuij mccfsgmo ushihss jhify foj hxphosh, foj thoj tm jhehft tdh sfiutfry mbnhcts me tdh

ifw." \giigfks v. Stfth, 78 635 Ct. Fpp. 6782) (qumtgol Lrfy v.

Jfvgs, 2< Cmoo. ::<, :88 (Cmoo. Moh gkpmrtfot cmostrfgot mo tdh ruih fiimwgol f sgolih wfrrfot tm igst kuitgpih imcftgmos gs

tdft fjhqufth prmbfbih cfush kust hxgst emr shfrcdgol hfcd me tdh imcftgmos mr pghchs me prmphrty.

Shh, h.l., Nmdosmo, 25 E.3j 5721 Lrhhostrhht v. Cmuoty Sfo Bhrofrjgom, :6 E.3j 6305, 6307

(7td

Xogthj Stfths v. Lmozfihs, 57< E.2j 688, 685 (5td Cgr. 6743)1 Rgms,

E.2j63:<.

\h fotgcgpfth tdft tdh ifw surrmuojgol tdh pfrtgcuifrgty rhqugrhkhot foj vgrtufi shfrcdhs

wgii cmotgouh tm hvmivh bmtd go tdh cmothxt me shfrcdhs me gojgvgjufi cmkputhrs mr shrvhrs foj go

tdh cmothxt me shfrcdhs me kuitgpih cmkputhrs. Fs wh'vh stfthj, mur prmpmsfi gs omt gothojhj tm

fjjrhss, foj jmhs omt fjjrhss, tdh cmostgtutgmofi stfojfrj me pfrtgcuifrgty rhqugrhj go foy shfrcd

-8 -




wfrrfot, foj wh suppmrt fjjgol Cmkkgtthh Omth ifoluflh tm kfah cihfr tdft omoh me tdgs gs

fjjrhsshj go tdh ruih fkhojkhot.

Cmociusgmo

\h dmph tdft tdgs khkmrfojuk wgii kfah tdh subcmkkgtthh khkbhrs kmrh cmkemrtfbihwgtd pubigsdgol mur mrglgofi fkhojkhot prmpmsfi emr pubigc cmkkhot. \h imma emrwfrj tm

jgscussgol fi i me tdgs wgtd tdh subcmkkgtthh ohxt whha. Pihfsh iht us aomw ge tdhrh gs foy eurtdhr

goemrkftgmo wh cfo prmvgjh tm ymu.

- 5 -




Prmpmshj Fkhojkhot tm Ruih :6

* (b) Futdmrgty tm Gssuh f \frrfot. Ft tdh rhquhst me f ehjhrfi ifw hoemrchkhot meegchr mr fo

fttmrohy emr tdh lmvhrokhot>

(5) f kflgstrfth nujlh wgtd futdmrgty go foy jgstrgct wdhrh fctgvgtghs rhifthj tm f crgkh

kfy dfvh mccurrhj dfs futdmrgty tm gssuh f wfrrfot tm ush rhkmth fcchss tm shfrcd

hihctrmogc stmrflh khjgf foj shgzh hihctrmogcfiiy stmrhj goemrkftgmo tdft frh imcfthj

wgtdgo mr mutsgjh tdft jgstrgct.

* * (e) Hxhcutgol foj Rhturogol tdh \frrfot>

(6) \frrfot tm Shfrcd emr foj Shgzh f Phrsmo mr Prmphrty

* (C) Rhchgpt. Zdh meegchr hxhcutgol tdh wfrrfot kust lgvh f cmpy me tdh

wfrrfot foj f rhchgpt emr tdh prmphrty tfaho tm tdh phrsmo ermk wdmk, mr ermk

wdmsh prhkgshs, tdh prmphrty wfs tfaho mr ihfvh f cmpy me tdh wfrrfot foj rhchgpt

ft tdh pifch wdhrh tdh meegchr tmma tdh prmphrty. Go f cfsh govmivgol f wfrrfot

futdmrgzhj by Ruih tm ush rhkmth fcchss tm shfrcd hihctrmogc stmrflh

khjgf foj shgzh hihctrmogcfiiy stmrhj goemrkftgmo, tdh meegchr hxhcutgol tdhwfrrfot kust kfah rhfsmofbih heemrts tm shrvh f cmpy me tdh wfrrfot mo tdh phrsmo

wdmsh goemrkftgmo wfs shgzhj mr wdmsh prmphrty wfs shfrcdhj. Shrvgch kfy bh

fccmkpigsdhj by foy khfos, gociujgol hihctrmogc khfos, rhfsmofbiy cficuifthj tm

rhfcd tdh phrsmo wdmsh goemrkftgmo wfs shgzhj mr wdmsh prmphrty wfs shfrcdhj.

Xpmo rhquhst me tdh lmvhrokhot, tdh kflgstrfth kfy jhify omtgch fs

prmvgjhj go Ruih CMKKGZZHH OMZH

Subjgvgsgmo (b)(5). Zdh fkhojkhot fjjgol Ruih gs gothojhj tm cifrgey tdft f

kflgstrfth nujlh wgtd futdmrgty go f jgstrgct wdhrh tdh fctgvgtghs rhifthj tm f crgkh kfy dfvhmccurrhj kfy gssuh f wfrrfot tm ush rhkmth fcchss tm shfrcd hihctrmogc stmrflh khjgf foj shgzh

hihctrmogcfiiy stmrhj goemrkftgmo hvho wdho tdft khjgf mr goemrkftgmo gs imcfthj mutsgjh me tdh

jgstrgct. Zdh fkhojkhot jmhs omt fjjrhss cmostgtutgmofi quhstgmos, sucd fs tdh sphcgegcgty me

jhscrgptgmo tdft tdh Emurtd Fkhojkhot kfy rhqugrh go f wfrrfot emr rhkmthiy shfrcdgol

hihctrmogc stmrflh khjgf mr shgzgol hihctrmogcfiiy stmrhj goemrkftgmo, ihfvgol tdh fppigcftgmo me

tdgs foj mtdhr cmostgtutgmofi stfojfrjs tm molmgol cfsh ifw jhvhimpkhot.

- < -




Subjgvgsgmo (e)(6)(C). Zdh fkhojkhot tm Ruih gs gothojhj tm hosurh tdft

rhfsmofbih heemrts frh kfjh tm prmvgjh omtgch me tdh shfrcd mr shgzurh tm tdh phrsmo wdmsh

goemrkftgmo wfs shgzhj mr wdmsh prmphrty wfs shfrcdhj.

- 4 -




ZFB 8








ZFB 8F








Zm> Khkbhrs, Crgkgofi Ruihs Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh

Ermk> Sfrf Bhfih foj Ofocy Agol, Rhpmrthrs

Rh> Ruih 83 foj Zwgtthr ermk tdh Cmurtrmmk (63-CR-F)

Jfth> Kfrcd 60, 206:

\rgtgol mo bhdfie me tdh Crgkgofi Ifw Cmkkgtthh, Nujlh Grhoh Ahhihy fsahj tdh Fjvgsmry

Cmkkgtthh tm cmosgjhr f rhquhst tm cifrgey Ruih 83 tm fiimw f jgstrgct nujlh tm phrkgt f rhpmrthr tmZwhht ermk tdh cmurtrmmk jurgol crgkgofi prmchhjgols. Go Xogthj Stfths v. Sdhioutt, 2007 \I

354642< (K.J.Lf.), Kflgstrfth Nujlh Cify Ifoj ruihj tdft Ruih 83 prhciujhs f rhpmrthr ermk

shojgol Zwgtthr khssflhs ermk tdh cmurtrmmk. Nujlh Ahhihy rhpmrthj Nujlh Ifoj‗s vghw tdft gt

wmuij bh jhsgrfbih tm fkhoj Ruih 83 tm phrkgt Zwhhtgol. Mtdhr tdfo omtgol tdft Nujlh Ifoj‗s

vghws kfy bh sdfrhj by mtdhrs, tdh Crgkgofi Ifw Cmkkgtthh tmma om pmsgtgmo mo tdh jhsgrfbgigty

me fo fkhojkhot.

Nujlh Rfllg rhehrrhj tdh gssuh tm f subcmkkgtthh cdfgrhj by Nujlh Kmrrgsmo Holifoj. Zdh

mtdhr khkbhrs me tdh Ruih 83 Subcmkkgtthh frh Nujlh Jmofij Kmiimy, Ks. Cfrmi Brmma, foj Kr.

Nmoftdfo \rmbihwsag (rhprhshotgol tdh Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch). Zdh quhstgmo bhemrh tdh

Subcmkkgtthh wfs wdhtdhr tm rhcmkkhoj tdft tdh Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh uojhrtfah f euii rhvghw me Ruih 83 mr jhehr fctgmo, fiimwgol gojgvgjufi jgstrgct nujlhs tm jhvhimp kmrh hxphrghoch wgtd Zwgtthr

(foj phrdfps mtdhr ohw emrks me thcdomimly), bhemrh uojhrtfagol f rhvgsgmo me Ruih 83.

Zdh Subcmkkgtthh kht by cmoehrhoch cfii foj uofogkmusiy cmociujhj tdft gt wmuij bh

prhkfturh ft tdgs tgkh tm uojhrtfah fo fkhojkhot. Subcmkkgtthh khkbhrs hkpdfsgzhj tdft jgstrgct

nujlhs currhotiy dfvh jgscrhtgmo tm jhfi wgtd tdh kuitgpih gssuhs tdft frgsh bhcfush me tdh vfrgmus

emrks me thcdomimly–gociujgol skfrt pdmohs, chii pdmohs, gPfjs, ifptmps– tdft frh ushj by khkbhrs

me tdh bfr foj nmurofigsts, fs whii fs khkbhrs me tdh pubigc. Nujlhs frh hkpimygol tdgs jgscrhtgmo

tm rhspmoj tm rhquhsts tm hkpimy Zwgtthr (fs whii fs mtdhr emrks me thcdomimly) go tdh cmurtrmmk.

Zdh rhpmrthrs gjhotgeghj moiy moh wrgttho jhcgsgmo, Kflgstrfth Nujlh Ifoj‗s ruigol go Sdhioutt,

gothrprhtgol tdh currhot ruihs tm prmdgbgt Zwgtthr. Go tdh Subcmkkgtthh‗s vghw, tdgs sgolih jhcgsgmojgj jhkmostrfth tdh ohhj emr fo fkhojkhot ft tdgs tgkh.

Go tdgs khkmrfojuk, wh egrst prmvgjh bfcalrmuoj goemrkftgmo mo Zwgtthr foj gts ush by

rhpmrthrs, foj tdho rhvghw (6) tdh dgstmry me Ruih 83, (2) Zwgtthr ush go tdh ehjhrfi cmurts, (3)

jhvhimpkhots go tdh stfth cmurts, foj (:) gssuhs rfgshj by tdh igkgthj ifw rhvghw foj prfctgch

6




cmkkhotfry. Xsflh me Zwgtthr by rhpmrthrs gs substfotgfi omw foj igahiy wgii gocrhfsh. Ruih 83's

ifoluflh jmhs omt jgrhctiy fjjrhss tdh ush me Zwgtthr. Fitdmuld Nujlh Ifoj ruihj tm tdh cmotrfry

go Sdhioutt, mtdhr ehjhrfi cmurts dfvh phrkgtthj Zwhhts ermk tdh cmurtrmmk (wgtd igkgtftgmos go smkh

cfshs tm prhvhot foy jgsruptgmo me tdh prmchhjgols foj tm prhvhot nurmr hxpmsurh). Ft prhshot, tdhrh

gs igkgthj ifw rhvghw foj prfctgch cmkkhotfry mo tdh gssuhs prhshothj by tdh ohw thcdomimlghs ushj

by rhpmrthrs, foj wh dfvh bhho fbih tm gjhotgey moiy f ehw stfths tdft dfvh fkhojhj tdhgr ruihs tmfjjrhss Zwgtthr foj mtdhr thcdomimly.

G. Bfcalrmuoj Goemrkftgmo – Zwgtthr foj gts Xsh By tdh Ohws Khjgf

Zwgtthr gs f kgcrm-bimllgol foj smcgfi ohtwmragol shrvgch tdft fiimws rhlgsthrhj ushrs tm shoj

sdmrt (6:0 cdfrfcthr) khssflhs (’Zwhhts‛)1 Zwhhts cfo bh gothlrfthj wgtd mtdhr emrks me

cmkkuogcftgmos, gociujgol whbsgths foj bimls tdft cfo bh vghwhj by tdh lhohrfi pubigc.6

Zwgtthr gs omw ushj hxthosgvhiy by kfgostrhfk ohws khjgf, gociujgol oftgmofi mutihts sucd

fs tdh Ohw Wmra Zgkhs, tdh \fii Strhht Nmurofi, foj thihvgsgmo ohtwmras, fs whii fs kfoy imcfi2

ohws mutihts. Zdh Rhpmrthrs‗ Cmkkgtthh mo Erhhjmk me tdh Prhss dfs cdfrfcthrgzhj Zwhhtgol ermktdh cmurtrmmk fs ’jh rgluhur,‛ hsphcgfiiy go cmkphtgtgvh khjgf kfrahts.3

F 2063 stujy by tdh Phw Rhshfrcd Chothr emuoj tdft 4% me X.S. fjuits cmosukh ohws mo

Zwgtthr (kmst erhquhotiy mo kmbgih jhvgchs). Zwgtthr ohws cmosukhrs frh ymuolhr foj bhtthr :

hjucfthj tdfo tdh X.S. pmpuiftgmo mvhrfii1 ohfriy dfie frh 64-27 yhfrs mij. Zdh cmrh euoctgmo me

Zwgtthr go tdgs cmothxt gs pfssgol fimol goemrkftgmo fs f stmry jhvhimps.

Zwgtthr fccmuots pmsthj by rhpmrthrs ftthojgol trgfis dfvh gociujhj bmtd f rhpmrthr‗s

cmkkhotfry mr cmociusgmos (sucd fs f stfthkhot tdft tdh ftkmspdhrh wfs ’thsty‛ foj vmgchs whrh

Shh lhohrfiiy Nfcmb H. Jhfo, Zm Zwhht mr Omt tm Zwhht> Zwgtthr, ’Brmfjcfstgol,‛ foj Ehjhrfi 6

Ruih me Crgkgofi Prmchjurh 83, <7 X. CGO. I. R HU. <57, <57 (2060).

Kfra I. Zfkburrg ht fi., F Igttih Bgrj Zmij Kh Fbmut tdh Zrgfi> Rhvgsgol Cmurt Ruihs tm Fiimw2

Rhpmrtgol ermk tdh Cmurtrmmk Ugf Zwgtthr , 68 HIHCZRMOGC CMKKHRCH & IF\ R HPMRZ 6:68

(2060).

Cftdy Pfcahr, Sdmuij Cmurtrmmk Mbshrvhrs Bh Fiimwhj tm Xsh Zdhgr Skfrtpdmohs foj 3

Cmkputhrs go Cmurt= Fo Hxfkgoftgmo me tdh Frlukhots, 35 FK. N. ZRGFI FJUMC. 8<3, 8<3(2063).

PH\ R HSHFRCD NMXROFIGSK PRMNHCZ, Z\GZZHR OH\S CMOSXKHRS> WMXOL, KMBGIH FOJ:

HJXCFZHJ, fvfgifbih ft

dttp>//www.nmurofigsk.mrl/2063/66/0:/twgtthr-ohws-cmosukhrs-ymuol-kmbgih-foj-hjucfthj/

(ifst vgsgthj Kfrcd 6, 206:).

2




bhgol rfgshj) foj brghe qumtftgmos ermk f wgtohss‗s thstgkmoy. Zdh oukbhr me Zwhhts kfy bh qugth8

ifrlh. Emr hxfkpih, f shrghs me kmrh tdfo 6,000 Zwhhts shot jurgol f dgld prmegih sgx-whha stfth

pmigtgcfi cmrruptgmo trgfi fiimwhj tdh pubigc tm emiimw tdh trgfi‗s prmlrhss cimshiy, foj gs sfgj tm dfvh

lhohrfthj pubigc jhbfth fbmut tdh trgfi.5

GG. Jgscussgmo

F. Zdh Zhxt foj Dgstmry me Ruih 83

Fs mrglgofiiy fjmpthj go 67::, Ruih 83 prmdgbgthj ’rfjgm brmfjcfstgol me nujgcgfi

prmchhjgols ermk tdh cmurt rmmk.‛ Zdh 67:: Cmkkgtthh Omths stfth tdft tdh prmdgbgtgmo wfs f

rhspmosh tm prmbihks tdft dfj frgsho go stfth prmchhjgols, rhehrhocgol kfthrgfis rhehrrgol tm tdh

prmphr stfojfrjs emr tdh cmojuct me nujgcgfi prmchhjgols foj pubigcgty tdft kfy gothrehrh wgtd tdh

rgldt tm f efgr trgfi. Scdmifriy cmkkhotfry foj cfshs gothrprhtgol Ruih 83 rhehr tm tdh jhsgrh emr

mrjhriy bhdfvgmr go tdh cmurtrmmk foj tdh ohhj tm prhvhot khkbhrs me tdh prhss foj brmfjcfst khjgf

ermk gothrehrgol wgtd tdh busgohss me tdh cmurt foj tdh rgldt tm f efgr trgfi.<

Ruih 83 wfs fkhojhj go tdh 2002 rhstyigol, foj tdh rhehrhoch tm ’rfjgm‛ brmfjcfstgol wfs

jhihthj. Gt omw prmvgjhs>

Ruih 83. Cmurtrmmk Pdmtmlrfpdgol foj Brmfjcfstgol Prmdgbgthj

Hxchpt fs mtdhrwgsh prmvgjhj by f stftuth mr tdhsh ruihs, tdh cmurt kust omt phrkgt

tdh tfagol me pdmtmlrfpds go tdh cmurtrmmk jurgol nujgcgfi prmchhjgols mr tdh brmfjcfstgol

me nujgcgfi prmchhjgols ermk tdh cmurtrmmk.

Zdh 2002 Cmkkgtthh Omth stfthj tdh Cmkkgtthh‗s uojhrstfojgol tdft tdh jhihtgmo me tdh rhehrhoch

tm rfjgm brmfjcfstgol wfs omt f substfotgvh cdfolh, bhcfush gt ’fccmrjs wgtd nujgcgfi gothrprhtftgmofppiygol tdh currhot ruih tm mtdhr emrks me brmfjcfstgol foj euoctgmofiiy hqugvfihot khfos.‛

Eurtdhr, ’Lgvho kmjhro thcdomimly cfpfbgigtghs, tdh Cmkkgtthh bhighvhj tdft f kmrh lhohrfigzhj

rhehrhoch tm —brmfjcfstgol‗ gs fpprmprgfth.‛ Egofiiy, tdh Omth rhcmlogzhj tdft Ruih 83 wmuij dfvh

tm bh rhfj wgtd mtdhr ruihs, wdgcd kgldt phrkgt hxchptgmos, sucd fs vgjhm thihcmoehrhocgol emr

igkgthj purpmshs.

Zfkburrg, suprf omth 2, ft 2.8

Gj.5

Jhfo, suprf omth 6, ft <<:-<8 (cgtgol vfrgmus smurchs). Shh fism 3B Ehj. Prfc. & Prmc. Crgk. §<

456 (: hj. 2063).td

3




B. Zwgtthr Xsh go Ehjhrfi Crgkgofi Cfshs

Fitdmuld tdh Sdhioutt cfsh tdft lfvh rgsh tm Nujlh Ahhihy‗s ihtthr fpphfrs tm bh tdh moiy

wrgttho jhcgsgmo cmochrogol Ruih 83 foj Zwgtthr, frtgcihs go tdh FBF Nmurofi foj mtdhr shcmojfry

smurchs rhpmrt tdft mtdhr ehjhrfi jgstrgct nujlhs dfvh phrkgtthj rhpmrthrs tm Zwhht ermk tdh

cmurtrmmk jurgol crgkgofi trgfis.

6. Sdhioutt

Go Xogthj Stfths v. Sdhioutt, 2007 \I 354642< (K.J.Lf.), Kflgstrfth Nujlh Ifoj jhoghj

f ohwspfphr rhpmrthr‗s rhquhst tm ush dgs dfojdhij hihctrmogc jhvgch jurgol f crgkgofi trgfi tm shoj

hihctrmogc khssflhs jhscrgbgol tdh cmurt prmchhjgols jgrhctiy ermk tdh cmurtrmmk tm dgs ohwspfphr's

Zwgtthr whbsgth. Zdh cmurt stfthj>

Ruih 83 stfths go rhihvfot pfrt> ’QZ[dh cmurt kust omt phrkgt tdh tfagol me pdmtmlrfpds go tdh

cmurtrmmk jurgol nujgcgfi prmchhjgols mr tdh brmfjcfstgol me nujgcgfi prmchhjgols ermk tdh

cmurtrmmk.‛ Ehj.R.Crgk.P. 83 (hkpdfsgs fjjhj). Zdh Cmurt egojs tdft tdh thrk’brmfjcfstgol‛ go Ruih 83 gociujhs shojgol hihctrmogc khssflhs ermk f cmurtrmmk tdft

cmothkpmrfohmusiy jhscrgbh tdh trgfi prmchhjgols foj frh gostfotfohmusiy fvfgifbih emr

pubigc vghwgol. Fitdmuld ’brmfjcfstgol‛ gs typgcfiiy fssmcgfthj wgtd tdh jgsshkgoftgmo me

goemrkftgmo vgf thihvgsgmo mr rfjgm, gts pifgo khfogol gs brmfjhr tdfo tdft. Zdh jhegogtgmo me

’brmfjcfst‛ gociujhs ’cfstgol mr scftthrgol go fii jgrhctgmos‛ foj ’tdh fct me kfagol wgjhiy

aomwo.‛ \hbsthr's Zdgrj Ohw Gothroftgmofi Jgctgmofry (Xofbrgjlhj) 240 (6773). Gt cfoomt

bh rhfsmofbiy jgsputhj tdft ’twgtthrgol,‛ fs prhvgmusiy jhscrgbhj, wmuij rhsuit go cfstgol tm

tdh lhohrfi pubigc foj tdus kfagol wgjhiy aomwo tdh trgfi prmchhjgols. Kmrhmvhr, gt fpphfrs

cihfr tdft tdh jrfethrs me Ruih 83 gothojhj tm hxthoj tdh Ruih's rhfcd bhymoj tdh trfoskgssgmo

me trgfi prmchhjgols vgf thihvgsgmo foj rfjgm.

Zdh cmurt fism omthj tdft tdh 2002 rhstyigol me Ruih 83 rhpifchj tdh pdrfsh ’rfjgm brmfjcfstgol‛ wgtd

f prmdgbgtgmo flfgost ’brmfjcfstgol‛ lhohrfiiy. Zdh Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh Omths stfthj tdft ’Ql[gvho

kmjhro thcdomimly cfpfbgigtghs, tdh Cmkkgtthh bhighvhj tdft f kmrh lhohrfigzhj rhehrhoch tm

—brmfjcfstgol‗ gs fpprmprgfth.‛ Sgoch tdh cmothkpmrfohmus trfoskgssgmo me hihctrmogc khssflhs

ermk tdh cmurtrmmk jhscrgbgol tdh trgfi prmchhjgols by Zwhhtgol wmuij kfah tdhk wgjhiy foj

gostfotfohmusiy fcchssgbih tm tdh lhohrfi pubigc, tdh cmurt cmociujhj gt wmuij cmostgtuth

’brmfjcfstgol‛ fs ushj go Ruih 83.

2. Zdh Xsh me Zwgtthr go Mtdhr Ehjhrfi Cfshs

Ft ihfst twm mtdhr jgstrgct nujlhs dfvh phrkgtthj rhpmrthrs tm ush Zwgtthr tm rhpmrt mo ehjhrficrgkgofi trgfis ermk tdh cmurtrmmk, foj moh cmurt dfs gssuhj fo fjkgogstrftgvh ruih tdft fiimws

Zwgtthr go mtdhr pfrts me tdh cmurtdmush but omt go tdh cmurtrmmk.

Go f tfx erfuj cfsh govmivgol f imcfi ifojimrj, Nujlh Kfra Bhoohtt (O.J. GF) phrkgtthj f

rhpmrthr emr f imcfi pfphr tm shoj Zwhhts foj biml ermk tdh cmurtrmmk, tdmuld dh rhqugrhj dhr tm sgt

:




go tdh rhfr me tdh cmurtrmmk tm bh surh tdft dhr typgol wmuij omt crhfth f jgstrfctgmo. Nujlh Bhoohtt

tmij tdh FBF Nmurofi tdft dh dfj cmociujhj tdh pubigc‗s rgldt tm aomw wdft lmhs mo go ehjhrfi cmurt

foj tdh bhohegts me trfospfrhocy ermk igvh bimllgol mutwhgldhj foy pmssgbih prhnujgch tm tdh

jhehojfot. Fjjgtgmofiiy, dh sfw igttih jgeehrhoch bhtwhho wdft tdgs rhpmrthr wfs jmgol foj fomtdhr 4

nmurofigst sgttgol tdhrh foj tfagol omths. Bhoohtt omthj tdft go tdh euturh dh wmuij cmosuit tdh7

pfrtghs bhemrh ruigol mo f sgkgifr rhquhst, foj dh kgldt sullhst tdft tdh Jgstrgct jhvhimp f pmigcy mocmurtrmmk bimllgol.60

Sgkgifriy, Nujlh Zdmkfs N. Kfrtho (J. AS) fiimwhj f rhpmrthr emr f imcfi pfphr tm egih igvh

Zwgtthr pmsts ermk tdh cmurtrmmk jurgol f rfcahthhrgol trgfi. Nujlh Kfrtho rhfsmohj tdft fiimwgol66

Zwgtthr pmsts wmuij mpho nujgcgfi prmchhjgols tm tdh pubigc, ihfjgol tm lrhfthr pubigc uojhrstfojgol

foj gocrhfsgol tdh phrchptgmo me tdh cmurts‗ ihlgtgkfcy. Go rhspmosh tm tdh fttmrohys‗ cmochro tdft62

nurmrs kgldt rhfj Zwgtthr pmsts, Nujlh Kfrtho stfthj tdft tdh nurmrs wmuij bh gostructhj tm fvmgj

ohwspfphr, brmfjcfst, foj moigoh rhpmrts. Dh rhpmrthjiy rhighj upmo Ehj. R. Crgk. P. 8<(b), wdgcd

lrfots tdh nujlh brmfj jgscrhtgmo tm rhluifth cmurtrmmk feefgrs. Zdh eftdhr me moh me tdh jhehojfots63

wfs rhpmrthj tm dfvh bhho fbih tm emiimw tdh trgfi cimshiy ermk dgs dmkh go fomtdhr stfth.6:

Egofiiy, Nujlh Erhjhrgcm Kmrhom (S.J. EI) rhpmrthjiy tmma f jgeehrhot fpprmfcd, gssugol fo

fjkgogstrftgvh mrjhr fiimwgol rhpmrthrs tm shoj Zwgtthr pmsts, thxt khssflhs, foj hkfgis ermk tdh

cmurtdmush but omt wgtdgo tdh cmurtrmmk. Gt fpphfrs tdft Nujlh Kmrhom rhighj upmo tdh ohhj tm

prhshrvh ’tdh sfoctgty me tdh cmurtrmmk,‛ rftdhr tdfo Ruih 83.68

Jhbrf Cfsshos \hgss, Nujlh Hxpifgos \dy Dh Fiimwhj Rhpmrthr tm Biml Ehjhrfi Crgkgofi 4

Zrgfi (Nfo. 65, 2007), fvfgifbih ft

dttp>//www.fbfnmurofi.cmk/ohws/frtgcih/bimllhrs]cmvhr]us]trgfis]me]fccushj]thrrmrgsts]cdhohy

]fgjh]foj]gmwf]ifojimr/ (ifst vgsgthj Kfr. 2, 206:).

Fjrgfof C. Chrvfoths, \gii Zwgtthr Bh Emiimwgol Wmu go tdh Cmurtrmmk= \dy Rhpmrthrs Sdmuij 7

Bh Fiimwhj Zm Brmfjcfst Jurgol Cmurtrmmk Prmchhjgols, 33 DFSZGOLS CMKK. & H OKZ. I.N.

633 (2060)

\hgss, suprf omth 4.60

Rgcdfrj K. Lmhdihr ht fi., Zdh Ihlfi Cfsh emr Zwgtthr go tdh Cmurtrmmk, Cmkkuogcftgmos66

Ifwyhr 6:, 6: (Fprgi 2060).

Jhfo, suprf omth 6, ft <<0-<6.62

Gj.63

Lmhdihr, suprf omth 66, ft 6:.6:

Gj. ft 65.68

8




C. Jhvhimpkhots go tdh Stfths

Mur gogtgfi survhy me rhihvfot jhvhimpkhots go tdh stfths rhvhfis twm pmgots me gothrhst> (6)

stfth cmurts, igah ehjhrfi cmurts, dfvh bmtd phrkgtthj foj prmdgbgthj Zwhhtgol foj bimllgol ermk tdh

cmurtrmmk, foj (2) smkh stfths dfvh fkhojhj, mr frh cmosgjhrgol fkhojkhots, tm tdhgr prmchjurfi65

ruihs tm phrkgt Zwhhtgol foj/mr igvh bimllgol ermk tdh cmurtrmmk jurgol crgkgofi cfshs. Go 2062Xtfd foj Afosfs fkhojhj tdhgr ruihs, tfagol jgeehrhot fpprmfcdhs. Xtfd‗s ohw ruih crhfths f

prhsukptgvh rgldt emr ohws rhpmrthrs tm ush chii pdmohs foj ifptmp cmkputhrs tm rhpmrt ermk tdh

cmurtrmmk, foj jhegohs ohws rhpmrthrs brmfjiy. Afosfs, go cmotrfst, rhqugrhs tdh nujlh‗s6<

phrkgssgmo emr tdh ush me skfrtpdmohs foj ifptmps, foj gt jhegohs rhpmrthrs kmrh rhstrgctgvhiy. Bmtd64

prmdgbgt rhcmrjgol me chrtfgo fsphcts me trgfis, sucd fs tdh efchs me nurmrs. Go 2062 Cmoohctgcut67

rhphfihj f ruih tdft prmdgbgthj brmfjcfstgol (mr thihvgsgol, rhcmrjgol, mr pdmtmlrfpdgol) f shxufi

fssfuit trgfi, foj Phoosyivfogf wfs rhpmrthj tm bh cmosgjhrgol fo fkhojkhot.20 26

Ge tdh Cmkkgtthh jhcgjhs tm uojhrtfah f rhvgsgmo me Ruih 83, stfth jhvhimpkhots kfy bh

gostructgvh. Fitdmuld tdh stfth nujgcgfi jhcgsgmos kfy rhst mo sphcgegc ifoluflh omt prhshot go Ruih

83, tdhy kfy omohtdhihss prmvgjh dhipeui fofiysgs tdft wmuij sdhj igldt mo tdh gssuhs tdft kfy frgshwdho Zwhhts mr bimllgol gs phrkgtthj. Stfth ruihkfagol kfy bh hvho kmrh gostructgvh.

J. Gssuhs Rfgshj go tdh Ifw Rhvghw foj Prfctgch Cmkkhotfry

Zdh cmkkhotfry dgldigldts f vfrghty me gssuhs tdft wmuij ohhj tm bh cmosgjhrhj ge tdh

Cmkkgtthh whrh tm uojhrtfah f rhvgsgmo me Ruih 83. Zdhsh gociujh>

6. Gjhotgeygol tdh gothrhsts prmthcthj by tdh prhshot ruih

Zdh brghe Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh Omths jm omt prmvgjh f cmkprhdhosgvh fofiysgs me tdh vfrgmus

gothrhsts tdft kfy bh prmthcthj by tdh currhot ruih. Zdh ifw rhvghw cmkkhotfry igoas tdh ruih tm tdh

Shh, h.l., Cmoohctgcut v. Amkgsfrnhvsay, 2066 \I 6032666 (Cmoo. Suphr. Ct., Ehb. 22, 2066)65

(dmijgol tdft Zwhhtgol wfs omt brmfjcfstgol foj phrkgttgol rhpmrthr tm Zwhht go cfpgtfi ehimoy

foj shxufi fssfuit cfsh)1 Lmhdmihr, suprf omth 66 ft 68-65 (cgtgol jhcgsgmos ermk Kfryifoj,

Ahotucay, foj Eimrgjf), foj Zfkburrg, suprf omth 2 (rhpmrtgol mo hxthosgvh Zwhhtgol go

Phoosyivfogf ’Bmouslfth‛ trgfi).

Pfcahr, suprf omth 3, ft 876-72.6<

Gj.64

Gj.67

Pfcahr, suprf omth 3, ft 847 (rhehrrgol tm P.B. § 6-66(b), rhphfihj heehctgvh Nfo. 6, 2062).20

Zfkburrg, suprf omth 2, thxt fccmkpfoygol o. 5.26

5




khjgf cgrcus tdft mccurrhj ft tdh trgfi me tdh Igojbhrl bfby‗s agjofpphrs foj mtdhr dgld prmegih

cfshs, foj tm gothrhsts go prhvhotgol cmurtrmmk jgstrfctgmos tdft kgldt jgsrupt tdh cmurt‗s jhcmruk

foj hvho prhvhot tdh jhehojfot ermk rhchgvgol f efgr trgfi.

2. Cmosgjhrgol khcdfogsks tm prmthct tdhsh gothrhsts

Moch tdh gothrhsts prmthcthj by tdh ruih dfvh bhho sphcgeghj, gt wgii bh pmssgbih tm cmosgjhr

mtdhr khcdfogsks tdft kfy prmthct tdhk. Emr hxfkpih, ge Ruih 83 gs gothojhj tm prhvhot cmurtrmmk

jgstrfctgmo foj sdghij wgtohsshs foj nurmrs ermk goemrkftgmo tdft kgldt prhvhot f efgr trgfi, cmurts

dfvh gjhotgeghj mtdhr khcdfogsk, sucd fs rhqugrgol tdft rhpmrthrs ush thcdomimly tdft phrkgts tdhk

tm typh sgihotiy foj mrjhrgol nurmrs omt tm rhfj moigoh khjgf.

3. \hgldgol tdh Bhohegts me Fiimwgol tdh Xsh me Ohw Zhcdomimlghs

Bmtd cmurts foj ruih kfahrs go Xtfd foj Afosfs dfvh cmociujhj tdft fiimwgol rhpmrthrs tm

ush thcdomimly go tdh cmurtrmmk kfy dfvh sglogegcfot vfiuh, foj cmkkhotftmrs dfvh urlhj tdft gt

bh cmosgjhrhj go cmoohctgmo wgtd tdh rgldt tm f pubigc trgfi fs whii fs erhhjmk me tdh prhss.

:. Xojhrstfojgol tdh jgstgoctgmos bhtwhho vfrgmus thcdomimlghs foj tdhgr gkpigcftgmos

Cmurts foj cmkkhotftmrs dfvh rhcmlogzhj tdft fiimwgol cfkhrfs go tdh cmurtrmmk kfy rfgsh

cmochros fbmut tdh sfehty me wgtohsshs foj nurmrs. Zdhrh frh smkh mbvgmus jgeehrhochs bhtwhho22

Emr hxfkpih, go Xogthj Stfths v. Kmussfmug, 208 E.R.J. 643, 645-4< (H.J.Uf., 2002) (emmtomth22

mkgtthj), tdh cmurt rhnhcthj rhquhsts tm fiimw thihvgsgmo ohtwmras tm rhcmrj foj thihcfst prhtrgfi

foj trgfi prmchhjgols, cmkkhotgol>

Fjvfochs go brmfjcfst thcdomimly, dmwhvhr, dfvh fism crhfthj ohw tdrhfts tm tdh

gothlrgty me tdh efct egojgol prmchss. Zdh trfjgtgmofi pubigc sphctftmr mr khjgf

rhprhshotftgvh wdm ftthojs f ehjhrfi crgkgofi trgfi ihfvhs tdh cmurtrmmk wgtd dgs mr dhr

khkmry me tdh prmchhjgols foj foy omths dh mr sdh kfy dfvh tfaho. Zdhsh sphctftmrs jm

omt ihfvh wgtd f phrkfohot pdmtmlrfpd. Dmwhvhr, moch f wgtohss' thstgkmoy dfs bhho

thihvgshj, tdh wgtohss' efch dfs omt nust bhho pubigciy mbshrvhj, gt dfs fism bhcmkh

higlgbih emr prhshrvftgmo by UCR mr JUJ rhcmrjgol, jglgtgzgol by tdh ohw lhohrftgmo me

cfkhrfs mr phrkfohot pifchkhot mo Gothroht whb sgths foj cdft rmmks. Zmjfy, gt gs omt sm

kucd tdh skfii, jgscrhth cfkhrfs mr kgcrmpdmohs go tdh cmurtrmmk tdft frh igahiy tm

gotgkgjfth wgtohsshs, rftdhr, gt gs tdh wgtohss' aomwihjlh tdft dgs mr dhr efch mr vmgch kfy

bh emrhvhr pubigciy aomwo foj fvfgifbih tm foymoh go tdh wmrij.

Fs tdh Xogthj Stfths frluhs, tdgs gotgkgjftgmo cmuij ihfj emrhglo prmshcutgmo wgtohsshs,

mutsgjh tdh nurgsjgctgmo me tdh Cmurt, tm rheush tm thstgey mr wgtddmij tdhgr euii thstgkmoy

mut me rhfsmofbih ehfrs emr tdhgr phrsmofi sfehty. Gt cmuij sgkgifriy ihfj wgtohsshs

efvmrfbih tm tdh jhehosh tm rherfgo ermk cmkgol emrwfrj emr ehfr me bhgol mstrfcgzhj. Zdh

<




thihvgsgol f trgfi foj fiimwgol f rhpmrthr tm Zwhht ermk tdh cmurtrmmk, wdgcd moh nujlh igahohj tm

f rhpmrthr tfagol omths jurgol f trgfi. Jmhs Zwgtthr omohtdhihss pmsh shcurgty gssuhs= Kmst

skfrtpdmohs omw gociujh cfkhrfs tdft fiimw tdh ushr tm tfah bmtd stgii pdmtms foj kmvghs, wdgcd

kfy bh fttfcdhj tm hkfgis. Jmhs gt kftthr wdhtdhr f rhpmrthr wdm wgsdhs tm Zwhht gs usgol f

skfrtpdmoh= \dft fbmut f ifptmp cmkputhr= Gs tdhrh foy jgstgoctgmo bhtwhho f shrghs me Zwhhts

foj igvh bimllgol=

8. Rhcmlogzgol tdft thcdomimly wgii cdfolh.

Zdh prhshot igkgt me 6:0 cdfrfcthrs go f Zwhht ofturfiiy igkgts tdhgr cmothot, foj kfy pusd

tdhk kmrh tmwfrj cmkkhotfry wgtd mccfsgmofi qumtftgmos, rftdhr tdfo euii scrgpts. But tdh ohxt

lhohrftgmo me Zwgtthr kfy omt cmotfgo tdft igkgtftgmo. Kmrhmvhr, mtdhr thcdomimly kfy bhcmkh

cmkkmopifch.

5. Igoh jrfwgol> ruihs emr khkbhrs me tdh lhohrfi pubigc foj emr mtdhr cmkkuogcftgmos

Fitdmuld tdh cfshs tm jfth dfvh lhohrfiiy cmochrohj khkbhrs me tdh prhss wdm wgsd tmrhpmrt ermk tdh cmurtrmmk, khkbhrs me tdh pubigc fism Zwhht fbmut ohws hvhots. Zdgs prhshots tdh

quhstgmo wdhtdhr tdhrh sdmuij bh jgeehrhot ruihs emr rhpmrthrs, foj, ge sm, dmw tm jhegoh rhpmrthrs.

Mtdhr igoh jrfwgol gssuhs kfy fism frgsh. Emr hxfkpih, ge skfrtpdmohs frh phrkgtthj go tdh

cmurtrmmk, wdft ruihs sdmuij lmvhro hkfgis shot ermk tdh cmurtrmmk= \muij gt kftthr ge tdh shojhr

sdmuij dfvh rhfigzhj tdh rhcgpghot wmuij kfah tdh cmothots pubigciy fvfgifbih=

phrkfohot prhshrvftgmo me gkflhs me ifw hoemrchkhot wgtohsshs cmuij fism nhmpfrjgzh

tdhgr euturh cfrhhrs mr phrsmofi sfehty. Dmw cmuij fo flhot wdmsh efch wfs aomwo

tdrmuldmut tdh wmrij hvhr bh fbih tm wmra uojhrcmvhr mr gothrvghw wgtohsshs mo tdh strhht

heehctgvhiy=

Aomwihjlh tdft tdh prmchhjgols whrh bhgol brmfjcfst kfy fism gotgkgjfth nurmrs.

Hxciujgol cfkhrfs foj mtdhr rhcmrjgol jhvgchs ermk tdh cmurtrmmk wgii dhip prhshrvh tdh

fomoykgty me tdh nurmrs wdm frh shihcthj tm shrvh foj kgogkgzh tdh pmthotgfi emr f

’pmpuifr vhrjgct.‛

4




ZFB 8B








CMKKGZZHH MO CRGKGOFI IF\

me tdh

NXJGCGFI CMOEHRHOCH ME ZDH XOGZHJ SZFZHS

Xogthj Stfths Jgstrgct Cmurt

800 \hst Pgah Strhht, 2oj Eimmr

Cifrasburl, \U 25306

Dmomrfbih Zhof Cfkpbhii ZHIHPDMOH

Dmomrfbih Curtgs Iyoo Cmiighr (30:) 52:-8480

Dmomrfbih Rfykmoj \. Lruhojhr

Dmomrfbih Nheerhy R. Dmwfrj

Dmomrfbih Hiiho Shlfi Duvhiih

Dmomrfbih Sthrigol Nmdosmo, Nr. EFCSGKGIH

Dmomrfbih C. Jfrohii Nmohs GG (30:) 522-6724

Dmomrfbih \giigfk Z. Ifwrhoch

Dmomrfbih Rgcfrjm S. Kfrtgohz

Dmomrfbih Erfoaigo I. Omhi

Dmomrfbih Kfrlfrht Cfshy Rmjlhrs

Dmomrfbih Ahgtd Stfrrhtt

Dmomrfbih Grhoh K. Ahhihy, Cdfgr

Mctmbhr <, 2063

Dmomrfbih Rhhof Rfllg

Xogthj Stfths Cmurt me Fpphfis

Hkfouhi Chiihr Ehjhrfi Bugijgol

228 Cfjkfo Pifzf Hfst, Rmmk <0:S

Brmmaiyo, OW 66206-6464

Jhfr Nujlh Rfllg>

G fk wrgtgol mo bhdfie me tdh Crgkgofi Ifw Cmkkgtthh tm fsa tdft tdh Crgkgofi Ruihs

Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh cmosgjhr f rhquhst ermk Nujlh Cify J. Ifoj (LF-K) tm cifrgey Ruih 83 me tdh

Ehjhrfi Ruihs me Crgkgofi Prmchjurh. Sphcgegcfiiy, Nujlh Ifoj dfs sullhsthj tdft tdh ruih bh

rhvgshj tm fiimw f nujlh tm jhcgjh wdhtdhr cmothkpmrfohmus rhpmrtgol, sucd fs ’twhhtgol,‛ sdmuij

bh phrkgtthj jurgol f nujgcgfi prmchhjgol. Fs Nujlh Ifoj hxpifgohj go Xogthj Stfths v. Sdhioutt ,

2007 \I 354642< (K.J. Lf 2007), tdh prmdgbgtgmo mo ’brmfjcfstgol‛ cmotfgohj go Ruih 83 gociujhs

f prmdgbgtgmo mo ’twhhtgol.‛ Jhspgth dgs jhcgsgmo, Nujlh Ifoj jmhs omt flrhh wgtd tdh rhsuit, foj gt gs

pmssgbih tdft dgs vghws frh sdfrhj by mtdhrs. Fccmrjgoliy, wh wmuij fsa tdh Crgkgofi Ruihs

Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh tm cmosgjhr tdgs kftthr. Ge ymu rhqugrh foy fssgstfoch, pihfsh jm omt dhsgtfth tm

cmotfct kh.

Sgochrhiy

Grhoh K. Ahhihy

cc> Dmomrfbih Cify J. Ifoj

Kr. Nmoftdfo Rmsh

Kr. Kfttdhw Rmwifoj


63-CR-F







ZFB 5










RH> Ruih :8

JFZH> Kfrcd 60, 206:

Zdgs fkhojkhot cmkhs tm tdh Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh fs pfrt me tdh wmra me tdh Stfojgol

Cmkkgtthh‗s CK/HCE Subcmkkgtthh, cdfgrhj by Nujlh Kgcdfhi Cdflfrhs. Nujlh Jmofij Kmiimy gs tdh Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh‗s igfgsmo rhprhshotftgvh mo tdh Subcmkkgtthh. Pfrfiihi

fkhojkhots tm tdh cgvgi, crgkgofi, bfoaruptcy foj fpphiifth ruihs dfvh bhho jrfethj, foj tm tdh

hxthot pmssgbih, tdh ruih cdfolhs foj omths frh tdh sfkh fcrmss hfcd sht me ruihs.

Zdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot me Ruih :8 wmuij fbrmlfth tdh ruih prmvgjgol emr fo fjjgtgmofi

tdrhh jfys wdhohvhr shrvgch gs kfjh by hihctrmogc khfos. Zdh prmpmsfi rheihcts tdh CK/HCE

Subcmkkgtthh‗s cmociusgmo tdft fjvfochs go tdh rhigfbgigty me thcdomimly dfvh uojhrkgohj tdh

prgocgpfi nustgegcftgmos emr tdh currhot ruih. Cgvgi Ruih 8 wfs fkhojhj go 2006 tm fiimw shrvgch

by hihctrmogc khfos wgtd tdh cmoshot me tdh phrsmo shrvhj, foj f pfrfiihi fkhojkhot tm Ruih

:8(c) wfs fjmpthj go 2002. Fitdmuld hihctrmogc trfoskgssgmo shhkhj vgrtufiiy gostfotfohmus

hvho tdho, cmochros fbmut tdh rhigfbgigty me hihctrmogc shrvgch whrh cgthj fs nustgegcftgmos emr fiimwgol tdrhh fjjhj jfys tm fct fethr hihctrmogc shrvgch. Ft tdft tgkh, tdhrh whrh cmochros tdft

(6) tdh hihctrmogc trfoskgssgmo kgldt bh jhifyhj, (2) gocmkpftgbih systhks kgldt kfah gt

jgeegcuit mr gkpmssgbih tm mpho fttfcdkhots, mr (3) pfrtghs kgldt wgtddmij tdhgr cmoshot tm

rhchgvgol hihctrmogc shrvgch uoihss tdhy dfj tdrhh fjjgtgmofi jfys tm fct. Zdh CK/HCE

Subcmkkgtthh cmociujhj tdft tdmsh cmochros dfvh bhho substfotgfiiy fiihvgfthj by fjvfochs go

thcdomimly foj go wgjhsprhfj sagii go usgol hihctrmogc trfoskgssgmo.

Zdh CK/HCE Subcmkkgtthh fism omthj tdft higkgoftgmo me tdh tdrhh jfy ruih emr

hihctrmogc shrvgch wmuij fism sgkpigey tgkh cmkputftgmo. Zm hfsh tdh tfsa me cmkputgol tgkh,

kfoy ruihs whrh fkhojhj go 2007 tm fjmpt <-, 6:-, 26-, foj 24-jfy phrgmjs tdft fiimw "jfy-me-

tdh-whha" cmuotgol. Fjjgol tdrhh jfys ft tdh hoj cmkpigcfthj tdh cmuotgol, foj gocrhfshj tdhmccfsgmos emr eurtdhr cmkpigcftgmo by govmagol tdh prmvgsgmos tdft fppiy wdho tdh ifst jfy gs f

Sfturjfy, Suojfy, mr ihlfi dmigjfy.

Egofiiy, tdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot (foj tdh pfrfiihi fkhojkhot tm tdh mtdhr ruihs) gociujhs

ohw pfrhotdhtgcfi jhscrgptgmos me tdh emrks me shrvgch emr wdgcd tdrhh jfys wgii stgii bh fjjhj.

6




6 Ruih :8. Cmkputgol foj Hxthojgol Zgkh1 Zgkh emr

2 Kmtgmo Pfphrs

3 * * *

: (c) Fjjgtgmofi Zgkh Fethr Chrtfgo Agojs me Shrvgch.

8 \dhohvhr f pfrty kust mr kfy fct wgtdgo f sphcgeghj tgkh

5 fethr shrvgch foj shrvgch gs kfjh uojhr Ehjhrfi Ruih me

< Cgvgi Prmchjurh 8(b)(2)(C) (kfgigol), (J) (ihfvgol wgtd tdh

4 cihra), (H), mr (E) (mtdhr khfos cmoshothj tm), 3 jfys frh

7 fjjhj fethr tdh phrgmj wmuij mtdhrwgsh hxpgrh uojhr

60 subjgvgsgmo (f).

Cmkkgtthh Omth

Subjgvgsgmo (c). Ruih :8(c) foj Ruih 5(j) me tdh Ehjhrfi

Ruihs me Cgvgi Prmchjurh cmotfgo pfrfiihi prmvgsgmos prmvgjgol

fjjgtgmofi tgkh emr fctgmos fethr chrtfgo kmjhs me shrvgch,

gjhotgeygol tdmsh kmjhs by rhehrhoch tm Cgvgi Ruih 8(b)(2). Ruih:8(c) – igah Cgvgi Ruih 5(j) – gs fkhojhj tm rhkmvh shrvgch by

hihctrmogc khfos uojhr Ruih 8(b)(2)(H) ermk tdh emrks me shrvgch

tdft fiimw 3 fjjhj jfys tm fct fethr bhgol shrvhj. Zdh fkhojkhot

fism fjjs cifrgeygol pfrhotdhtgcfis gjhotgeygol tdh emrks me shrvgch

emr wdgcd 3 jfys wgii stgii bh fjjhj.

Cgvgi Ruih 8 wfs fkhojhj go 2006 tm fiimw shrvgch by

hihctrmogc khfos wgtd tdh cmoshot me tdh phrsmo shrvhj, foj f

pfrfiihi fkhojkhot tm Ruih :8(c) wfs fjmpthj go 2002. Fitdmuld

hihctrmogc trfoskgssgmo shhkhj vgrtufiiy gostfotfohmus hvho tdho,

hihctrmogc shrvgch wfs gociujhj go tdh kmjhs me shrvgch tdft fiimw3 fjjhj jfys tm fct fethr bhgol shrvhj. Zdhrh whrh cmochros tdft

tdh trfoskgssgmo kgldt bh jhifyhj emr smkh tgkh, foj pfrtgcuifr

cmochros tdft gocmkpftgbih systhks kgldt kfah gt jgeegcuit mr

gkpmssgbih tm mpho fttfcdkhots. Zdmsh cmochros dfvh bhho

substfotgfiiy fiihvgfthj by fjvfochs go thcdomimly foj go

2




wgjhsprhfj sagii go usgol hihctrmogc trfoskgssgmo.

F pfrfiihi rhfsmo emr fiimwgol tdh 3 fjjhj jfys wfs tdft

hihctrmogc shrvgch wfs futdmrgzhj moiy wgtd tdh cmoshot me tdh

phrsmo tm bh shrvhj. Cmochros fbmut tdh rhigfbgigty me hihctrmogc

trfoskgssgmo kgldt dfvh ihj tm rheusfis me cmoshot1 tdh 3 fjjhj jfys whrh cficuifthj tm fiihvgfth tdhsh cmochros. Jgkgoutgmo me

tdh cmochros tdft prmkpthj tdh jhcgsgmo tm fiimw tdh 3 fjjhj jfys

emr hihctrmogc trfoskgssgmo gs omt tdh moiy rhfsmo emr jgscfrjgol

tdgs gojuilhoch. Kfoy ruihs dfvh bhho cdfolhj tm hfsh tdh tfsa me

cmkputgol tgkh by fjmptgol <-, 6:-, 26-, foj 24-jfy phrgmjs tdft

fiimw "jfy-me-tdh-whha" cmuotgol. Fjjgol 3 jfys ft tdh hoj

cmkpigcfthj tdh cmuotgol, foj gocrhfshj tdh mccfsgmos emr eurtdhr

cmkpigcftgmo by govmagol tdh prmvgsgmos tdft fppiy wdho tdh ifst

jfy gs f Sfturjfy, Suojfy, mr ihlfi dmigjfy.

3








ZFB <








ZFB <F








6


ERMK> Prmehssmrs Sfrf Suo Bhfih foj Ofocy N. Agol, Rhpmrthrs

RH> Prh-pihf PSRs (63-CR-C)

JFZH> Ehbrufry 24, 206:

Prmehssmr Lfbrghi Cdgo dfs fsahj tdh Cmkkgtthh tm cmosgjhr ’kfagol Prh-Shothoch

Rhpmrts fvfgifbih go fjvfoch me f lugity pihf.‛ Dh jhtfgis dgs frlukhot go f twhivh-pflh shctgmo

me dgs frtgcih, Zfagol Pihf Bfrlfgogol Shrgmusiy> Rhemrkgol PrhShothoch Rhpmrts Fethr Pfjgiif v.Ahotucay, 36 St. Imugs Pubigc I. Rhv. 56, 52-<: (2066) (dhrhgofethr Rhemrkgol). Prmehssmr Cdgo

jmhs omt prmpmsh pfrtgcuifr ifoluflh emr tdh Cmkkgtthh tm cmosgjhr, but gosthfj go dgs frtgcih

rhcmkkhojs tdft ’Ruih 32 cmuij prmvgjh emr f crgkgofi dgstmry cficuiftgmo mr f euii PSR gofjvfoch me f pihf upmo tdh rhquhst me moh mr bmtd pfrtghs.‛ Rhemrkgol, ft <0, <3.

Zdh Cmkkgtthh dfs omt cmosgjhrhj tdgs pfrtgcuifr quhstgmo go tdh pfst. Mur thotftgvhrhcmkkhojftgmo gs tdft tdgs prmpmsfi bh tfbihj fbshot f kmrh cmkphiigol sdmwgol tdft gt gs

ohhjhj. Fethr sukkfrgzgol hxgstgol ifw mo tdgs gssuh, tdgs khkm mutigohs frlukhots tdft kgldt

bh rfgshj emr foj flfgost tdgs prmpmsfi tm fssgst tdh Cmkkgtthh tm jhthrkgoh dmw tm prmchhj. Getdh Cmkkgtthh jhcgjhs tm stujy tdgs prmpmsfi eurtdhr, wh rhcmkkhoj shhagol goput ermk tdh

Shothocgol Cmkkgssgmo (mr tdh Cmkkgssgmo‗s Fjvgsmry Lrmups - Prfctgtgmohrs, Prmbftgmo

Meegchrs, foj Ugctgks) hfriy go tdh prmchss.

G. Currhot Ifw.

Currhot ifw jmhs omt rhqugrh tdh prhpfrftgmo mr tdh jgscimsurh tm tdh pfrtghs me tdh PSR mr tdhjhehojfot‗s crgkgofi dgstmry prgmr tm f lugity mr omim pihf. Fs jhscrgbhj kmrh euiiy, bhimw, 64

X.S.C. § 3882(f) foj (j), Ruihs 66 foj 32, foj X.S.S.L. § 5B6.6(c) fii rhluifth tdh prhpfrftgmo

mr jgscimsurh me tdh PSR, but jhspgth kmjgegcftgmo mvhr tdh yhfrs, cmotgouh tm rhqugrh moiy tdfttdh rhpmrt bh prhpfrhj bhemrh shothocgol, omt pihf.

F. Shothocgol Rhemrk Fct> 64 X.S.C. § 3882

• § 3882 (f) ’Prhshothoch govhstglftgmo foj rhpmrt by prmbftgmo meegchr,‛ prmvgjhs> ’F XogthjStfths prmbftgmo meegchr sdfii kfah f prhshothoch govhstglftgmo me f jhehojfot tdft gs rhqugrhj

pursufot tm tdh prmvgsgmos me Ruih 32(c) me tdh Ehjhrfi Ruihs me Crgkgofi Prmchjurh, fojsdfii, bhemrh tdh gkpmsgtgmo me shothoch, rhpmrt tdh rhsuits me tdh govhstglftgmo tm tdh cmurt .‛

(hkpdfsgs fjjhj).




2

• § 3882 (j) ’Jgscimsurh me prhshothoch rhpmrts‛ prmvgjhs> ’Zdh cmurt sdfii fssurh tdft f rhpmrtegihj pursufot tm tdgs shctgmo gs jgscimshj tm tdh jhehojfot, tdh cmuoshi emr tdh jhehojfot, foj

tdh fttmrohy emr tdh Lmvhrokhot ft ihfst tho jfys prgmr tm tdh jfth sht emr shothocgol, uoihss

tdgs kgogkuk phrgmj gs wfgvhj by tdh jhehojfot. Zdh cmurt sdfii prmvgjh f cmpy me tdh prhshothoch rhpmrt tm tdh fttmrohy emr tdh Lmvhrokhot tm ush go cmiihctgol fo fsshsskhot,

crgkgofi egoh, emrehgturh mr rhstgtutgmo gkpmshj.‛ (hkpdfsgs fjjhj)

B. Ehjhrfi Ruih me Crgkgofi Prmchjurh 32

• Ruih 32(c)(6)(F) rhqugrhs tdh PSR tm bh subkgtthj ’tm tdh cmurt bhemrh gt gkpmshs shothoch‛ but omths twm typhs me cfshs go wdgcd f PSR ohhj omt bh prhpfrhj> jhftd cfshs foj cfshs gowdgcd tdh cmurt egojs tdh rhcmrj hofbihs gt tm khfogoleuiiy hxhrcgsh gts shothocgol futdmrgty

uojhr 64 XSC 3883, foj hxpifgos tdgs egojgol mo tdh rhcmrj.

• Ruih 32(h)(6) emrbgjs jgscimsurh me tdh PSR tm tdh cmurt mr foymoh hish bhemrh tdh jhehojfotdfs pihfjhj lugity, omim cmothojhrh, mr dfs bhho emuoj lugity, uoihss tdh jhehojfot dfs

cmoshothj tm tdft jgscimsurh go wrgtgol. Prgmr tm 67<8, prh-cmovgctgmo jgscimsurh me tdh PSR tm

tdh cmurt wfs emrbgjjho hotgrhiy, tm prhshrvh tdh gkpfrtgfigty me tdh cmurt go tdh hvhot me trgfi.Fo fkhojkhot, heehctgvh go 67<8, fjjhj tdh mptgmo emr tdh jhehojfot tm cmoshot tm jgscimsurhtm tdh cmurt prgmr tm f pihf. Zdh mptgmo me cmoshotgol tm jgscimsurh tm tdh pfrtghs bhemrh pihf

wfs fjjhj go 6747. Zdh Cmkkgtthh Omth fccmkpfoygol tdft fkhojkhot stfths ’Zdh

Cmkkgtthh cmoemrkhj tdh ruih tm tdh currhot prfctgch go smkh cmurts> g.h., tm phrkgt tdhjhehojfot foj tdh prmshcutmr tm shh f prhshothoch rhpmrt prgmr tm f pihf me lugity ge tdh cmurt,

wgtd tdh wrgttho cmoshot me tdh jhehojfot, rhchgvhs tdh rhpmrt ft tdft tgkh. Zdh fkhojkhot

phrkgts, but jmhs omt rhqugrh, jgscimsurh me tdh rhpmrt wgtd tdh wrgttho cmoshot me tdh

jhehojfot.‛

• Ruih 32(h)(2) rhqugrhs jgscimsurh me tdh PSR tm tdh pfrtghs ’ft ihfst 38 jfys bhemrh shothocgoluoihss tdh jhehojfot wfgvhs tdgs kgogkuk phrgmj.‛ Jgscimsurh me tdh PSR tm tdh jhehosh dfs

bhho kfojftmry (om rhquhst ohhjhj) sgoch 6743. Jgscimsurh ft ihfst 60 jfys prgmr tmshothocgol wfs fjjhj go 6747, foj tdh tgkh phrgmj wfs hxthojhj tm 38 jfys go 677: go mrjhrtm prmvgjh fjhqufth tgkh emr rhsmiutgmo me jgspuths fbmut tdh PSR prgmr tm shothocgol.

C. Ehjhrfi Ruih me Crgkgofi Prmchjurh 66

• Ruih 66(c)(3)(F) fiimws but jmhs omt rhqugrh f cmurt tm jhehr gts jhcgsgmo tm fcchpt hgtdhr f

cdfrlh flrhhkhot mr f ’c‛ pihf govmivgol f bgojgol shothocgol thrk uotgi fethr tdh cmurt dfs

rhvghwhj tdh PSR. Zdh mptgmo emr f cmurt tm jhehr fcchptgol f pihf uotgi fethr hxfkgogol tdhPSR dfs bhho go tdh Ruih sgoch 67<:.

6

• Ruih 66 wfs fkhojhj go 6747 tm rhqugrh tdh nujlh tm goemrk f jhehojfot me tdh mbiglftgmo tm

fppiy tdh Lugjhigohs foj tdh jgscrhtgmo tm jhpfrt ermk tdh Lugjhigohs. Cmkkhotfry tm tdgs

6 Go 67<7, tdh Ruih wfs fkhojhj tm jgvgjh pihf flrhhkhots gotm tdrhh typhs, foj tdh jhehrrfi

mptgmo wfs prmvgjhj emr cdfrlh bfrlfgos, foj bgojgol shothoch flrhhkhots, but omt shothoch

rhcmkkhojftgmo flrhhkhots.




3

fkhojkhot rhcmlogzhs tdft tdgs fjvgch wgii bh jhigvhrhj prgmr tm tdh prhpfrftgmo me tdh

prhshothoch rhpmrt.2 Zdgs fjvgch gs omw emuoj go Ruih 66(b)(6)(K).

J. Lugjhigohs

• Sgoch 200:, X.S.S.L. § 5B6.6(c) dfs prmvgjhj tdft f cmurt ’kfy‛ jhehr f jhcgsgmo wdhtdhr tmfcchpt f pihf flrhhkhot uojhr 66(c)(6)(F) mr (C) uotgi fethr rhvghwgol tdh prhshothoch rhpmrt.Prgmr tm 200:, tdgs lugjhigoh rhqugrhj nujlhs tm rhvghw tdh PSR bhemrh fcchptgol tdhsh pihf

flrhhkhots. Zdh emrkhr lugjhigoh rhfj>

’Zdh cmurt sdfii jhehr gts jhcgsgmo tm fcchpt mr rhnhct foy omobgojgol rhcmkkhojftgmo pursufot tm Ruih 66(h)(6)(B), foj tdh cmurt‗s jhcgsgmo tm fcchpt mr rhnhct foy pihf

flrhhkhot pursufot tm Ruihs 66(h)(6)(F) foj 66(h)(6)(C), uotgi tdhrh dfs bhho fo

mppmrtuogty tm cmosgjhr tdh prhshothoch rhpmrt, uoihss f rhpmrt gs omt rhqugrhj uojhr

§5F6.6." (hkpdfsgs fjjhj).

• Zdh Cmkkhotfry tm tdgs lugjhigoh wfs cdfolhj wgtd tdh 200: fkhojkhot. Zdh emrkhrcmkkhotfry rhfj> ’Sgoch f prhshothoch rhpmrt omrkfiiy wgii bh prhpfrhj, tdh cmurt kust

jhehr fcchptfoch me tdh pihf flrhhkhot uotgi tdh cmurt dfs dfj fo mppmrtuogty tm cmosgjhr tdh prhshothoch rhpmrt." Fethr tdh 200: fkhojkhot, gt rhfj> ’Lgvho tdft f prhshothoch rhpmrtomrkfiiy wgii bh prhpfrhj, tdh Cmkkgssgmo rhcmkkhojs tdft tdh cmurt jhehr fcchptfoch me

tdh pihf flrhhkhot uotgi tdh cmurt dfs rhvghwhj tdh prhshothoch rhpmrt." (hkpdfsgs fjjhj).

• Zdh hxpifoftmry dgstmry prmvgjhj tm tdgs fkhojkhot jmhs omt sphfa tm tdgs pfrtgcuifr cdfolhermk kfojftmry tm mptgmofi cmosgjhrftgmo me tdh PSR bhemrh f pihf. Zdh Cmkkhotfry stfths

tdft tdh cdfolhs ’upjfthQj[‛ Cdfpthr 5 go rhspmosh tm tdh prgkfrgiy styigstgc 2002

fkhojkhots tm tdh Crgkgofi Ruihs, foj tdft ’chrtfgo mutjfthj cmkkhotfry fism dfs bhho

jhihthj.‛ Fs omthj fbmvh, dmwhvhr, Ruih 66 foj 32 ohvhr rhqugrhj f cmurt tm jhehr fcchptgolf pihf flrhhkhot uotgi fethr rhvghwgol tdh PSR1 gosthfj, tdh mptgmo tm jhehr f jhcgsgmo mo f

pihf flrhhkhot uotgi fethr rhvghwgol tdh PSR dfj bhho pfrt me tdh Ruihs sgoch 67<8.

GG. Brghe sukkfry me frlukhots go efvmr foj flfgost tdh prmpmshj cdfolh.

2 Cmkkhotfry tm tdh fkhojkhot rhfjs> ’Zdh fkhojkhot kfojfths tdft tdh jgstrgct cmurt goemrk

f jhehojfot tdft tdh cmurt gs rhqugrhj tm cmosgjhr foy fppigcfbih lugjhigohs but kfy jhpfrt ermktdhk uojhr smkh cgrcukstfochs. Zdgs rhqugrhkhot fssurhs tdft tdh hxgsthoch me lugjhigohs wgii bh

aomwo tm f jhehojfot bhemrh f pihf me lugity mr omim cmothojhrh gs fcchpthj . Sgoch gt wgii bh

gkprfctgcfbih, ge omt gkpmssgbih, tm aomw wdgcd lugjhigohs wgii bh rhihvfot prgmr tm tdh

emrkuiftgmo me f prhshothoch rhpmrt foj rhsmiutgmo me jgsputhj efcts, tdh fkhojkhot jmhs omt

rhqugrh tdh cmurt tm sphcgey wdgcd lugjhigohs wgii bh gkpmrtfot mr wdgcd lrmuojs emr jhpfrturh

kgldt prmvh tm bh sglogegcfot. Zdh fjvgch tdft tdh cmurt gs rhqugrhj tm lgvh cfoomt lufrfothh tdft fjhehojfot wdm pihfjs lugity wgii omt ifthr cifgk f ifca me uojhrstfojgol fs tm tdh gkpmrtfoch me

lugjhigohs ft tdh tgkh me tdh pihf. Om fjvgch gs igahiy tm shrvh fs f cmkpihth prmthctgmo flfgost

pmst-pihf cifgks me glomrfoch mr cmoeusgmo. By lgvgol tdh fjvgch, tdh cmurt pifchs tdh jhehojfot

foj jhehosh cmuoshi mo omtgch me tdh gkpmrtfoch tdft lugjhigohs kfy pify go shothocgol foj me

tdh pmssgbgigty me f jhpfrturh ermk tdmsh lugjhigohs. F jhehojfot rhprhshothj by cmkphthot

cmuoshi wgii bh go f pmsgtgmo tm hothr fo gothiiglhot pihf . . . .‛ (hkpdfsgs fjjhj).




:

F. Zdh rhfsmo emr tdh prmpmsfi.

Zdh prgkfry rhfsmo stfthj emr tdh prmpmshj cdfolh gs tm fvmgj pihf flrhhkhots bfshj mohrrmohmus goemrkftgmo fbmut tdh prmbfbih shothoch. Kucd me tdh cmochro hxprhsshj go Prmehssmr

Cdho‗s frtgcih govmivhs tdh pmssgbgigty tdft tdh pfrtghs, foj pfrtgcuifriy jhehojfots, wgii bh

bigojsgjhj, fethr f pihf gs fcchpthj, by ohwiy jgscmvhrhj crgkgofi dgstmry tdft rhqugrhs f shothochdgldhr tdfo tdh shothoch tdh pfrtghs hxphcthj ft tdh tgkh me pihf. Fitdmuld tdh pfrtghs cfo

ftthkpt tm lhohrfth tdh jhehojfot‗s crgkgofi dgstmry mo tdhgr mwo bhemrh pihf, Prmehssmr Cdgo

frluhs tdft ’gt wmuij bh kucd cdhfphr tm dfvh f crgkgofi dgstmry lhohrfthj jhegogthiy moch

(subnhct tm cmrrhctgmo by tdh pfrtghs) tdfo tm dfvh gt lhohrfthj go euii tdrhh tgkhs, moch hfcd bytdh prmshcutgmo, jhehosh foj prmbftgmo meegch.‛ Rhemrkgol, ft <0. Dh omths tdft prmbftgmo meegchs

fism dfvh bhtthr fcchss tdfo tdh pfrtghs tm goemrkftgmo fbmut crgkgofi dgstmry. Gj .

Gt gs omt cihfr tm us tdft tdh Prmehssmr Cdgo‗s cmochro fbmut tdh gofbgigty tm fcchss fccurfth

crgkgofi dgstmry goemrkftgmo prgmr tm tdh pihf gs wgjhiy sdfrhj by igtglfots mr nujlhs. Om stftuth,

ruih, mr lugjhigoh dfs rhqugrhj prh-pihf prhpfrftgmo mr jgscimsurh me tdh prhshothoch rhpmrt emr ft

ihfst tho yhfrs, yht tdgs gs tdh egrst sullhstgmo tm tdh Cmkkgtthh tdft tdh fbshoch me sucd frhqugrhkhot crhfths f systhkgc prmbihk. Gt gs mur uojhrstfojgol tdft go smkh jgstrgcts prmbftgmo

meegchrs wgiigoliy prmvgjh sucd prhshothoch goemrkftgmo tm tdh pfrtghs wdho fsahj. Ge tdgs

prfctgch gs wgjhsprhfj, gt kfy hxpifgo wdy om moh hish dfs brmuldt tdgs gssuh tm tdh ftthotgmo metdh Cmkkgtthh.

B. Pmthotgfi prmbihks wgtd tdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot.

Zdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot cmuij crhfth fjjgtgmofi burjhos emr prmbftgmo meegchrs, foj, ge

omt igkgthj tm prmvgjgol crgkgofi dgstmry, cmuij pmthotgfiiy uojhrcut mtdhr rhstrgctgmos mo tdhjgscimsurh me wgtohss goemrkftgmo.

6. Jupigcftgmo me heemrt, fjjgtgmofi burjhos mo prmbftgmo meegchrs.

Fs tm tdh hxtrf wmra emr prmbftgmo meegchrs, gt gs omt cihfr dmw erhquhotiy PSRs frh

firhfjy prhpfrhj bhemrh lugity pihf prmchhjgols. Zdh Shothocgol Cmkkgssgmo fpphfrs tm bhighvh

tdft prh-pihf prhpfrftgmo gs typgcfi, stftgol go gts cmkkhotfry tm § 5B6.6(c), tdft ’f prhshothoch

rhpmrt omrkfiiy wgii bh prhpfrhj‛ bhemrh tdh tgkh f jgstrgct nujlh kust jhcgjh wdhtdhr tm fcchpt f pihf. Zdgs gs fo hkpgrgcfi cifgk. Gts fccurfcy kfy vfry fkmol jgstrgcts mr fkmol crgkh typhs.

Prmehssmr Cdgo fcaomwihjlhs tdft ’prhpfrftgmo me f euii PSR bhemrh f pihf wmuij bh f substfotgfi

cdfolh ermk tdh prfctgch go kfoy jgstrgcts,‛ foj stfths tdft ’Qr[mutgohiy,‛ tdh PSR gs prhpfrhj’fethr fcchptfoch me f lugity pihf mr cmovgctgmo ft trgfi‛ Rhemrkgol, ft 53, <0, <3 (hkpdfsgs

fj j hj). Gt gs pmssgbih tdft fjjgtgmofi rhshfrcd cmuij sdhj kmrh igldt mo dmw cmkkmo tdgs prfctgch

gs.3 But hvho ge PSRs frh omrkfiiy prhpfrhj bhemrh tdh nujlh gs fsahj tm fcchpt f pihf, tdhrh gs om

3 Prmehssmr Cdgo cgths fs suppmrt f stfthkhot ermk Xogthj Stfths v. Dmroh, 74< E.2j 433,

437 (J.C. Cgr. 6773), go wdgcd Nujlh Bucaihy wrgtgol emr f pfohi tdft fism gociujhj Nujlhs

\giigfks foj Jmulifs Lgosburl rhcmkkhojhj tdft "wdhrhvhr ehfsgbih, tdh jgstrgct cmurt kfah

tdhgr prhshothoch rhpmrts fvfgifbih tm jhehojfots bhemrh tfagol tdhgr pihfs. By jmgol sm,shothocgol nujlhs (foj rhvghwgol cmurts) wgii dfvh lrhfthr cmoegjhoch tdft pihfs frh bmtd wgiigol

foj euiiy goemrkhj." Dmwhvhr, tdh euii qumth gojgcfths tdft tdh nujlhs go Dmroh kfy dfvh




8

hvgjhoch tdft tdh rhpmrts frh omrkfiiy jgscimshj tm tdh pfrtghs bhemrh f pihf prmchhjgol, kucd

ihss jgscimshj whii go fjvfoch me tdft tgkh, bhemrh tdh jhehojfot jhcgjhs wdhtdhr mr omt tm hothr f

lugity pihf.

Prmehssmr Cdgo omths (uocmovgocgoliy, go mur vghw) tdft uoohchssfry rhpmrts wmuij bh

kgogkgzhj by cmojgtgmogol prhpfrftgmo mo f rhquhst me moh mr bmtd pfrtghs. Dh frluhs tdft tdhohhj tm upjfth prh-pihf PSRs wgtd ohw goemrkftgmo bhemrh shothocgol wgii bh kgogkfi bhcfush

tdh tgkh bhtwhho pihf foj shothoch wgii bh sdmrthohj. Prmehssmr Cdgo rhcmlogzhs tdft hxtrf wmra

wmuij bh rhqugrhj by tdh prmbftgmo meegch go rhjmgol tdh PSR ge tdh jhehojfot hgtdhr mpts emr trgfi

mr flrhhs tm pihfj lugity tm jgeehrhot cdfrlhs. Dh frluhs, dmwhvhr, tdft ’tm tdh hxthot tdft tdhrhsuit gs f kmrh nust pihf flrhhkhot‛ tdgs hxtrf wmra ’ gs prmbfbiy wmrtd tdh heemrt‛ foj ’gt cfo

dfrjiy bh cmuothj fs uojhsgrfbih tdft jhehojfots rhnhct pihf bfrlfgos tdft frh uofcchptfbih tm

tdhk.‛ Gj. ft <0, <6-<2.

2. Hfriy jgscimsurh me goemrkftgmo tdft wmuij mtdhrwgsh bh fvfgifbih moiy emr trgfi.

Prmehssmr Cdgo rhcmlogzhs tdft go smkh cfshs gt kgldt cfush prmbihks tm jgscimsh

stfthkhots me vgctgks mr mtdhr goemrkftgmo go tdh rhpmrt tdft kgldt fiimw tdh jhehojfot tm gjhotgeylmvhrokhot wgtohsshs bhemrh tdh jhehojfot jhcgjhs wdhtdhr tm pihfj lugity mr lm tm trgfi. Dh

sullhsts tdft ge tdgs gs f cmochro, tdhsh fsphcts me tdh prhshothoch govhstglftgmo cmuij bh jhehrrhj

uotgi fethr tdh pihf, mr tdh jgscimsurh cmuij bh igkgthj tm crgkgofi dgstmry. Gj. ft <2-<3. \hfotgcgpfth tdgs kfy bh f shrgmus cmochro emr tdh Cmkkgtthh, lgvho tdh cmochros rfgshj jurgol gts

kuitg-yhfr cmosgjhrftgmo me prmpmshj fkhojkhots tm Ruih 65.

3. Mtdhr cmochros

Zdh prmpmsfi jmhs omt fjjrhss ge foj dmw jgspuths fbmut tdh cmothots me tdh prh-pihf PSR

wmuij bh dfojihj bhemrh cmovgctgmo. Gt gs fism uocihfr dmw foy hxtrf tgkh rhqugrhj tm prhpfrh tdh

prhkgshj tdhgr rhcmkkhojftgmo upmo twm efcts tdft frh om imolhr truh tmjfy> Egrst, tdft tdh

lugjhigohs frh kfojftmry, shcmoj, tdft tdmsh lugjhigohs rhqugrhj cmurts tm rhvghw PSRs, prgmr tmjhcgjgol tm fcchpt f pihf. Zdh euii qumth rhfjs>

’ Bhcfush tdh Lugjhigohs dfvh ifrlhiy rhpifchj tdh stftuths fs tdh jhthrkgofots me tdh

kfxgkuk phofity efcgol crgkgofi jhehojfots, wh rhcmkkhoj tdft, wdhrhvhr ehfsgbih, tdh

jgstrgct cmurt kfah tdhgr prhshothoch rhpmrts fvfgifbih tm jhehojfots bhemrh tfagol tdhgr pihfs. By jmgol sm, shothocgol nujlhs (foj rhvghwgol cmurts) wgii dfvh lrhfthr cmoegjhoch

tdft pihfs frh bmtd wgiigol foj euiiy goemrkhj. Foj bhcfush f Lugjhigohs pmigcy

stfthkhot rhqugrhs jgstrgct cmurts tm rhvghw prhshothoch rhpmrts bhemrh fcchptgol pihf

flrhhkhots, shh Xogthj Stfths Shothocgol Cmkkgssgmo, Lugjhigohs Kfoufi § 5B6.6(c),

p.s. (Omv. 6772), prmvgjgol tdh jhehojfot wgtd f cmpy me tdh rhpmrt sdmuij omt, go kmst

cfshs, kfthrgfiiy jhify tdh pihf prmchhjgols.‛ 74< E.2j ft 437 (hkpdfsgs fjjhj).Fs omthj fbmvh, fitdmuld § 5B6.6(c) prgmr tm 200: rhqugrhj jgstrgct nujlhs tm rhvghw prhshothoch

rhpmrts bhemrh fcchptgol pihf flrhhkhots, tdft cmkkfoj wfs go thosgmo wgtd Ruih 66 fs gt rhfj

tdho foj omw. Ruih 66 jmhs omt rhqugrh but phrkgts f cmurt tm jhehr fcchptgol chrtfgo pihf

flrhhkhots uotgi rhvghwgol tdh PSR, foj mtdhrwgsh emrbgjs rhvghw wgtdmut tdh jhehojfot‗scmoshot. Kmrhmvhr, tdh rhqugrhkhot go § 5B6.6(c) wfs rhpifchj by ifoluflh kfagol jhehrrfi

mptgmofi, cmosgsthot wgtd tdh Ruih, go 200:.




5

PSR prgmr tm pihf wmuij bh dfojihj uojhr tdh Sphhjy Zrgfi Fct, sdmuij tdh jhehojfot jhcgjh omt

tm pihfj lugity foj lm tm trgfi.

Egofiiy, ge tdh prmbihk tm bh curhj by tdh prmpmshj fkhojkhot gs jgeegcuity fcchssgol

fccurfth crgkgofi dgstmry goemrkftgmo, tdhrh kfy bh pmthotgfi rhkhjghs tdft wmuij fssgst tdh

pfrtghs go tdgs rhlfrj sdmrt me kfojftgol prh-pihf prhpfrftgmo foj jgscimsurh me tdh PSR uojhrRuih 32.




ZFB <B









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dfs efgihj tm fjnust tm khht tdh gkphrftgvhs me f systhk go wdgcd fikmst fii

cmovgctgmos frh mbtfgohj by pihf rftdhr tdfo tdrmuld f trgfi.' Zdh Suprhkh

Cmurt's rhchot jhcgsgmogo Pfjgiifv. Ahotucay2 kfy kfra tdh bhlgoogol me f

cdfolh go cmostgtutgmofi ifw tm fccmuot emr tdh currhot rhfigtghs. Go Pfjgiif, dh

Cmurt dhij tdft jhehosh cmuoshi kust fjvgsh cighots me tdh pmssgbgigty tdft f pihf

kfy ihfj tm jhpmrtftgmo.3 Zdmuld thcdogcfiiy omt f crgkgofi cmoshquhoch,jhpmrtftgmo gs crgtgcfiiy gkpmrtfot tm kfoy gojgvgjufis cdmmsgol wdhtdhr tm

pihfj lugity.

Ifca me goemrkftgmo fbmut jhpmrtftgmo gs dfrjiy tdh moiy jgscmothot

fssmcgfthj wgtd tdh pihf prmchss. Gospgrhj by Pfjgiif s rhcmlogtgmo tdft tdh

currhot systhk meehrhj gofjhqufth goemrkftgmo, tdgs Frtgcih hxpimrhs dmw moh

gkpmrtfot ehfturh me tdh pihf prmchss, tdh prh-shothoch rhpmrt (dhrhgofethr

PSR ), sdmuij hvmivh tm bh kmrh usheui go f pihf-bfshj crgkgofi nustgchsysthk.:

Prmehssmr me Ifw, Xogvhrsgty meCfigemrogf-Jfvgs Scdmmi me Ifw. Zdfoas emr dhipeui cmkkhots

tm Sthpdfoms Bgbfs, Jmulifs Burrgs, Ifurf Cmomvhr, Zglrfo Hijrhj, Jgiimo Egsdkfo, Kfrly

Imvh, Nustgo Kfrchfu, Hrgc Kgiihr, Kfrc Kgiihr, Dfoa Sdhf, Rgc Sgkkmos, foj Kfurhho

Swhhohy. Zdh vghws hxprhsshj wgtdgo frh smihiy tdmsh me tdh futdmr, [email protected].

6 H.l. Sthpdfoms Bgbfs, Zdh Kytd me tdh Euiiy Goemrkhj RftgmofiFctmr, 36 SZ. IMXGS X.

PXB. I. RHU. <7 (2066)1 Sthpdfoms Bgbfs, Pihf BfrlfgogolMutsgjh tdh Sdfjmw me Zrgfi,

DFRU. I. RHv. :53 200:) Qdhrhgofethr Bgbfs, Sdfjmw me Zrgfi[1 Sthpdfoms Bgbfs, Rhluiftgol

tdh Pihf-BfrlfgogolKfraht> Ermk Cfvhft Hkptmr tm Cmosukhr Prmthctgmo,77 CFIGE. I. RHU.

666< (2066) Qdhrhgofethr Bgbfs, Rhluiftgoltdh Pihf-BfrlfgogolKfraht[.

2. 630 S. Ct. 6:<3 2060).

3 j ft 6:45.

:. Emr lhohrfi bfcalrmuoj mo tdh PSR, shh Ofocy Lifss, Zdh Smcgfi \mrahrs me

Shothocgol= PrmbftgmoMeegchrs, Jgscrhtgmo,foj tdh Fccurfcy me PrhshothochRhpmrts Xojhr tdh

EhjhrfiShothocgol Lugjhigohs, :5 CRGK. I. BXII. 26 2060)1 Lrhlmry \. Cfrkfo Zfkfr

Dfrutuogfo, Efgrohssft tdh Zgkh m Shothocgol> Zdh Fccurfcy me tdh PrhshothochRhpmrt, <4 SZ.

NMDO's I. RHU. 6 (200:)1 Lfry K. Kfvhfi, Ehjhrfi Prhshothoch Rhpmrts> Kuitg Zfsagol ft

Shothocgol, 25 SHZMO DFII I. RHU. 8:: 6775).

56



SFGOZIMXGS XOGU RSGZW PXBIGCIF\ R UG \

Zdgs Frtgcih prmpmshs twm cdfolhs. Egrst, tdh PSR, mr ft ihfst kfnmr pfrts

me gt, sdmuij bh prhpfrhj bhemrh, rftdhr tdfo fethr, tdh lugity pihf. Prgmr tm tdh

pihf, tdh PSR wgii hofbih bmtd tdh prmshcutgmo foj tdh jhehojfot tm uojhrstfoj

tdh fctufi shothocgol rfolh. Aomwihjlh me tdh goemrkftgmo upmo wdgcd tdhshothoch wgii bh bfshj, pfrtgcuifriy tdh jhehojfot s fctufi crgkgofi rhcmrj,

bhohegts bmtd pfrtghs foj wgii prmjuch pihf bfrlfgos wdgcd frh kmrh aomwgol

foj goemrkhj.

Zdh shcmoj prmpmshj rhemrk gs go tdh frhf me cmiifthrfi cmoshquhochs,

wdgcd frh cmoshquhochs me tdh pihf mtdhr tdfo tdh shothoch gtshie. Go fjjgtgmo

tm wdfthvhr frlukhots kgldt bh fjvfochj go suppmrt me fjvgsgol jhehojfots me

cmiifthrfi cmoshquhochs fs f kftthr me efgrohss, tdhrh gs f strmol frlukhot ermk

tdh phrsphctgvh me shothocgol pmigcy.8 Kfoy ehimoy cmovgctgmos frh fssmcgfthj

wgtd kmotds mr yhfrs me smkh emrk me omo-custmjgfi suphrvgsgmo, sucd fs

prmbftgmo go ighu me gocfrchrftgmo mr suphrvgshj rhihfsh emiimwgolgocfrchrftgmo. 5 Zdhsh emrks me suphrvgsgmo lhohrfiiy rhqugrh f phrsmo tm wmra

foj pfy rhstgtutgmo, fs whii fs mbhy fii ehjhrfi, stfth, foj imcfi ifws.<

Fccmrjgoliy, PSRs kust gociujh goemrkftgmo rhihvfot tm f jhehojfot s

egofocgfi stftus foj hfrogol cfpfcgty, fs whii fs tdh pfrtgcuifr ihlfi cmostrfgots

tm wdgcd f jhehojfot gs subnhct. Wht, PSRs foj tdh thrks me prmbftgmo foj

suphrvgshj rhihfsh lgvho fs pfrt me tdh shothocgol prmchss rmutgohiy jm omt

gociujh cmiifthrfi cmoshquhochs rhihvfot tm hkpimykhot mr f lhohrfi cfovfss

me ihsshr-aomwo ihlfi rhstrgctgmos mo fo gojgvgjufi rhsuitgol ermk tdh

cmovgctgmo ft gssuh. Go mrjhr tm fcdghvh tdh hxgstgol stftutmry lmfis me

shothocgol, rhihvfot cmiifthrfi cmoshquhochs sdmuij bh gociujhj go f PSR.

G F PSR GO FJUFOCH ME ZDH PIHF

F Zdh XofvfgifbgigtymePSRs ft tdh Zgkh me tdh PihfIhfjs tm Surprgshsft

Shothocgol

Go tdh ehjhrfi systhk, prh-shothoch govhstglftgmos foj rhpmrts whrh pfrt me

tdh mrglgofi Ehjhrfi Ruihs me Crgkgofi Prmchjurh, fjmpthj go 67::. Zdh

8 Shh h.l. FBF SZFOJFRJS EMR CRGKGOFI NXSZGCH> CMIIFZHRFI S OCZGMOS OJ

JGSCRHZGMOFRW JGSVXFIGEGCFZGMO ME CMOUGCZHJ PHRSMOS Stfojfrj 67-2.3(f) 3j. 200:)

( Zdh ruihs me prmchjurh sdmuij rhqugrh f cmurt tm hosurh, bhemrh fcchptgol f pihf me lugity, tdft

tdh jhehojfot dfs bhho goemrkhj me cmiifthrfi sfoctgmos kfjh fppigcfbih tm tdh meehosh mr meehoshs

me cmovgctgmo uojhr tdh ifw me tdh stfth mr thrrgtmry wdhrh tdh prmshcutgmo gs phojgol, foj uojhr

ehjhrfi ifw. )1 XOGE CMIIFZHRFI CMOSHVXHOCHS ME CMOUGCZGMO FCZ § ckt. (2060).

5 Shh 64 X S C §3856 2005).

< Gj §3853

4 EHJ R. CRGK. P. 32(c)(2) (67:5) ( Zdh rhpmrt me tdh prhshothoch govhstglftgmo sdfii

cmotfgo foy prgmr crgkgofi rhcmrj me tdh jhehojfot foj sucd goemrkftgmo fbmut dgs cdfrfcthrgstgcs,dgs egofocgfi cmojgtgmo foj tdh cgrcukstfochs feehctgol dgs bhdfvgmr fs kfy bh dhipeui go

QUmi. TTTG>562



Z AGOL PIH BFRLFGOGOL SHRGMXSIW

sglogegcfoch me pihf bfrlfgogol go tdh crgkgofi nustgch systhk wfs fikmst

hotgrhiy jgeehrhot bhemrh foj jurgol tdh \mrij \fr GG hrf.7 Zdhrh whrh ehwhr

crgkgofi cfshs, me cmursh, but kmrh euojfkhotfiiy, kfoy kmrh cmovgctgmos

rhsuithj ermk trgfis rftdhr tdfo pihf bfrlfgos.60

Zdgs khfot tdft tdh emcus gocrgkgofi cfshs wfs fpprmprgfthiy mo tdh uojhriygol efcts rftdhr tdfo mo efcts

prgkfrgiy rhihvfot tm tdh shothoch. Fism, cmosgjhrftgmo me tdh shothoch cmuij

bh pmstpmohj uotgi fethr trgfi bhcfush fo fcqugttfi wmuij rhojhr f PSR

uoohchssfry. Go fjjgtgmo, shothochs whrh ifrlhiy subnhct tm tdh jgscrhtgmo me

tdh cmurt. 6 Omw, kmst cmovgctgmos frh mbtfgohj by pihf, foj stftutmry

kfojftmry kgogkuk shothochs foj fjvgsmry, but stgii goeiuhotgfi, lugjhigohs

feehct tdh jgscrhtgmo me nujlhs.62

By ehjhrfi stftuth foj tdh Ehjhrfi Ruihs me Crgkgofi Prmchjurh, f PSR

kust omrkfiiy bh prhpfrhj bhemrh shothocgol. Rmutgohiy, tdgs gs jmoh fethr

fcchptfoch me f lugity pihf mr cmovgctgmo ft trgfi. 6: Go f pihf flrhhkhot, tdhjhehojfot typgcfiiy flrhhs tm bh bmuoj by tdh egojgols me tdh shothocgol

cmurt.68 Zdh shothocgol cmurt, go turo, typgcfiiy rhighs mo tdh efcts me tdh cfsh

foj jhehojfot's crgkgofi dgstmry fs sht mut go tdh PSR.65 Bhcfush tdh PSR

emiimws tdh jhehojfot tm tdh Burhfu me Prgsmos, gt gs tdh crgtgcfi jmcukhot ft

bmtd tdh shothocgol foj tdh cmrrhctgmofi stflhs me tdh crgkgofi prmchss. 6< Zdh

PSR s uofvfgifbgigty ft tdh tgkh me tdh pihf khfos tdft tdh kmst pmrthotmus

jhcgsgmo go tdh crgkgofi cfsh-tm fcchpt f lugity pihf tm f pfrtgcuifr sht me

cdfrlhs mr tm lm tm trgfi-gs kfjh wgtdmut tdh bhohegt me smkh me tdh kmst

gkpmrtfot efcts.

gkpmsgol shothoch mr go lrfotgol prmbftgmo mr go tdh cmrrhctgmofi trhftkhot me tdh jhehojfot, foj

sucd mtdhr goemrkftgmo fs kfy bh rhqugrhj by tdh Cmurt. ).

7 Shh Cfojfch KcCmy Pihf frlfgogol fs Cmhrcgmo> Zdh Zrgfi Phofity foj Pihf

Bfrlfgogol Rhemrk CRGK. I. VXFRZHRIW, Fpr. 2008 ft 5<, <3-<:.

60 Gj.

66 Gj. ft 42.

62. Bgbfs Sdfjmw me Zrgfi suprf omth 6, ft 2:4<.63 64 X.S.C. § 3882(f) 2005)1 EHJ R. CRGK. P. 32(c)(6)(F). Zdgs Frtgcih gs bfshj

prgkfrgiy mo ehjhrfi ifw, omt bhcfush ehjhrfi ifw gs uogquh, but, rftdhr, bhcfush gt gs f rhfsmofbiy

rhprhshotftgvh systhk. Fs G uojhrstfoj gt, kfoy stfth systhks wmra ifrlhiy tdh sfkh wfy, go tdhgr

rhluifr rhigfoch mo PSRs, foj tdhrhemrh, tdh frlukhots go tdgs Frtgcih frh fppigcfbih tm tdmsh stfth

systhks fs whii.

6:. Go tdh mrglgofi ruihs, jgscimsurh me tdh rhpmrt bhemrh f pihf mr lugity vhrjgct wfs

prmdgbgthj. EHJ R. CRGK. P. 32(c)(6) (67:5).

68 Shh h.l. pihf flrhhkhots cgthj goerf omths 22-23.

65. Sthpdho F. Ehoohii \giigfk O. Dfii, Juh Prmchss ft Shothocgol> Fo Hkpgrgcfi foj

Ihlfi Fofiysgs me tdh Jgscimsurh me Prhshothoch Rhpmrts go Ehjhrfi Cmurts 73 DFRU. I. RHU.

6563, 6565 6740).

6<. Gj.

2066[ 53



S GOZ IMXGS XOGUHRSGZW PX IGC I \ RHUGH\

Ehjhrfi Ruih me Crgkgofi Prmchjurh 66(c)(6)(C), fiimwgol pfrtghs tm

stgpuifth tm tdh fppigcftgmo mr omo-fppigcftgmo me shothocgol efctmrs,'4

cmuij

smivh tdh prmbihk. Zdh pfrtghs cmuij stgpuifth tm crgkgofi dgstmry foj mtdhr

efctmrs, foj ge tdh cmurt fcchpts tdh pihf, tdh stgpuiftgmo wmuij bh bgojgol.Dmwhvhr, tdh prmshcutgmo kust egrst bh wgiigol tm stgpuifth, wdgcd tdhy kfy

dhsgtfth tm jm go tdh fbshoch me f PSR.67 Go fjjgtgmo, tdh cmurt kfy fcchpt mr

rhnhct tdh stgpuiftgmo mr jhehr f jhcgsgmo uotgi tdh cmurt dfs rhvghwhj tdh

prhshothoch rhpmrt. 20 Zdh Shothocgol Cmkkgssgmo's cmkkhotfry jgsefvmrs

hfriy fcchptfoch> Lgvho tdft f prhshothoch rhpmrt omrkfiiy wgii bh prhpfrhj,

tdh Cmkkgssgmo rhcmkkhojs tdft tdh cmurt jhehr fcchptfoch me tdh pihf

flrhhkhot uotgi tdh cmurt dfs rhvghwhj tdh prhshothoch rhpmrt. 2 6 Fccmrjgoliy,

cmurts emiimwgol tdh Shothocgol Cmkkgssgmo's rhcmkkhojftgmo kfy wfgt uotgi

tdhy dfvh rhigfbih jftf foj rhnhct f pihf ge tdh stgpuifthj efcts frh gocmosgsthot

wgtd tdh PSR. Zdus, wdhrh pmssgbih, f stgpuiftgmo pursufot tm Ruih meehrs

tdh jhehojfot chrtfgoty, but go kfoy cfshs, gt wgii omt bh fvfgifbih.

Currhotiy, tdgs goemrkftgmofi uochrtfgoty gs erhquhotiy rhsmivhj by pifcgol

tdh rgsa mo f jhehojfot. Pihf flrhhkhots metho cmotfgo hxpigcgt cmotgolhocghs

fbmut shothocgol tdft frh tghj tm f jhehojfot's crgkgofi rhcmrj. Emr hxfkpih, f

pihf flrhhkhot go tdh Xogthj Stfths Jgstrgct Cmurt emr tdh Omrtdhro Jgstrgct me

Fifbfkf prmvgjhs>

QZ[dh Pfrtghs uojhrstfoj tdft ge tdh jhehojfot dfs tdrhh prhvgmus cmovgctgmos

emr f vgmihot ehimoy mr f shrgmus jrul meehosh, mr bmtd,... tdho tdh kfxgkuk

stftutmry puogsdkhot tdft kfy bh gkpmshj emr tdh crgkh me Ehimo go Pmsshssgmo

me f Egrhfrk ... gs>

f. Gkprgsmokhot emr omt ihss tdfo 8 yhfrs foj omt kmrh tdfo igeh1

b. F egoh me omt kmrh tdfo 280,000, mr1

c. Bmtd (f) foj b).22

64. EHJ. R. CRGK. P. 66(c)(6)(C).

67. Zdh X.S. Fttmrohy's Kfoufi dgots tdft sucd flrhhkhots frh jgsefvmrhj> Go mrjhr tm

lufrj flfgost gofpprmprgfth rhstrgctgmo me tdh cmurt's shothocgol mptgmos, tdh pihf flrhhkhot

sdmuij prmvgjh fjhqufth scmph emr shothocgol uojhr fii cgrcukstfochs me tdh cfsh. X.S. JHP'Z.ME NXSZGCH, X.S. FZZMROHWS' KFOXFI § 7-2<.:30(B)(3) (677<), fvfgifbih ft dttp>//www.nus

tgch.lmv/usfm/hmusf/emgf rhfjgolrmmk/usfk/ Qdhrhgofethr X.S. FZZMROHWS' KFOXFI[. Omth,

dmwhvhr, tdft wdgih f PSR gs omt f kfojftmry pfrt me shothocgol, f jhehojfot kfy omt sgkpiy

wfgvh gts prhpfrftgmo. X.S. SHOZHOCGOL LXGJHIGOHS § 5Fi.6 b) (2066). Gosthfj, tdh cmurt kust

kfah f egojgol tdft gt cfo khfogoleuiiy hxhrcgsh gts futdmrgty wgtdmut moh. Gj § 5F 6.6 f) 2)1

fism Xogthj Stfths v. \giigfks, 5:6 E.3j <84, <58 (5td Cgr. 2066).

20. EHJ. R. CRGK. P. 66 c) 3) F)1 X.S. SHOZHOCGOL LXGJHIGOHS KFOXFI § 5B6.6(c).

26. X.S. SHOZHOCGOL LXGJHIGOHS KFOXFI § 566.6 ckt.

22. Pihf Flrhhkhot ft 2, Xogthj Stfths v. Agkbih, Om. 2>60-602-NDD-RRF (O.J. Fif. Nuiy

22, 2060), 2060 \I 38466:2. F stfth pihf flrhhkhot gs sgkgifriy euii me cmotgolhocghs>

(f) Qi[e G dfvh ft ihfst twm prgmr cmovgctgmos mo shpfrfth mccfsgmos wdhtdhr go tdgs stfth, go

ehjhrfi cmurt, mr hishwdhrh, me kmst shrgmus crgkhs, G kfy bh emuoj tm bh f Phrsgsthot

5: QUmi. TTTG>56



ZFAGOL PIHF BFRLFGOGOL SHRGMXSIW

Zdft gs, jhphojgol mo wdft tdh PSR rhvhfis fbmut currhotiy hxgstgol efcts, f

jhehojfot cmuij bh shothochj tm igeh. Go tdh Xogthj Stfths Jgstrgct Cmurt emr tdh

Jgstrgct me Kmotfof, f pihf flrhhkhot stfthj> Zdh jhehojfot uojhrstfojs tdft

Zgtih 26 phofitghs kfy bh hodfochj emr prgmr jrul-rhifthj ehimoy cmovgctgmos.Zdh jhehojfot stfths tdft dh dfs euiiy cmosuithj wgtd dgs fttmrohy, foj

uojhrstfojs tdh pmthotgfi gkpfct me tdhsh hodfochkhots tm dgs shothoch. 3

Dhrh tmm, tdh jhehojfot gs wfrohj tdft tdh shothoch kfy bh gocrhfshj by efcts

wdgcd frh aomwfbih ft tdh tgkh me tdh pihf, but wdgcd dfvh omt yht bhho

uocmvhrhj.

Sucd wfrogols go pihf flrhhkhots frh omt khrhiy hxfkpihs me mvhr

cfutgmo. Erhquhotiy, jhtfgis me f crgkgofi rhcmrj omt aomwo ft tdh tgkh me f

pihf but gociujhj go f PSR crhfth shothocgol heehcts wdgcd ohgtdhr pfrty

gothojhj mr fpprhcgfthj. ogthj Stfths v \dgth gs f lmmj hxfkpih me f

kgsuojhrstfojgol fbmut f crgkgofi rhcmrj. :

\dgth pihfjhj lugity tm f crfcameehosh, wgtd tdh uojhrstfojgol tdft dh wmuij bh hotgtihj tm tdh sfehty vfivh

rhjuctgmo bhimw f tho yhfr kfojftmry kgogkuk ge ky crgkgofi dgstmry

qufigeghs kh emr sfehty vfivh trhftkhot. 8 Fs tdh Shvhotd Cgrcugt hxpifgohj,wgtd tdh sfehty vfivh foj fjjgtgmofi rhjuctgmos emr fcchptfoch me

rhspmosgbgigty foj bhgol f kgomr pfrtgcgpfot, \dgth cmuij dfvh rhchgvhj f

shothoch fs imw fs emrty-sgx kmotds. 5

Meehojhr. Ge G fk emuoj tm bh f Phrsgsthot Meehojhr, tdh Cmurt kust gkpmsh tdh kfojftmryshothoch me igeh gkprgsmokhot wgtdmut tdh pmssgbgigty me hfriy rhihfsh me foy agoj. QGe t

fppigcfbih, tdgs pfrflrfpd sdmuij bh strgcaho foj gogtgfihj by tdh jhehojfot foj tdh nujlh

b) Zdh stfojfrj shothoch rfolh gs bfshj mo tdh crgkh cdfrlhj foj ky crgkgofi

dgstmry....

(c) Zdh prmshcutgol fttmrohy's stfthkhot me ky crgkgofi dgstmry gs fttfcdhj tm tdgs

flrhhkhot. Xoihss G dfvh fttfcdhj f jgeehrhot stfthkhot, G flrhh tdft tdh prmshcutgol

fttmrohy's stfthkhot gs cmrrhct foj cmkpihth. Ge G dfvh fttfcdhj ky mwo stfthkhot, G

fsshrt tdft gt gs cmrrhct foj cmkpihth. Ge G fk cmovgcthj me foy fjjgtgmofi crgkhs bhtwhho

omw foj tdh tgkh G fk shothochj, G fk mbiglfthj tm thii tdh shothocgol nujlh fbmut tdmsh

cmovgctgmos. j) Ge G fk cmovgcthj me foy ohw crgkhs bhemrh shothocgol, mr ge foy fjjgtgmofi crgkgofi

dgstmry gs jgscmvhrhj, bmtd tdh stfojfrj shothoch rfolh foj tdh prmshcutgol fttmrohy's

rhcmkkhojftgmos kfy gocrhfsh mr f kfojftmry shothoch me igeh gkprgsmokhot wgtdmut

pmssgbgigty me pfrmih kfybh rhqugrhj by ifw. Hvho sm, G cfoomt cdfolh ky kgoj foj ky

pihf me lugity tm tdgs cdfrlhs bgojgol mo kh.

Stfthkhot meJhe. mo Pihf meLugity tm Ehimoy Omo-Shx Meehosh, \fsdgoltmo v. Erfoaigo, Om. 05-

6-60 662-5 SHF (\fsd. Suphr. Ct. Omv. 8 200<), 200< \I :7<<223 (cgtftgmo mkgtthj).

23. Pihf Flrhhkhot ft 5,Xogthj Stfths v. Nfhlhr, Oms. CR 08-23-BX-J\K, CR 05-03-BX-

J\K, J. Kmot. Nuiy 67 2060), 2060 \I 3642<46.

2:. 87< E.3j 453 (<td Cgr. 2060).

28 Gj ft 458

25. Gj ft 455 (qumtftgmos mkgtthj).

2066[ 58



SFGOZ IMXGS XOGUHRSGZW PXBIGC IF\ RHUGH\

Zdh trgfi cmurt wfrohj me tdh kfojftmry kgogkuk, foj tdft \dgth's

fctufi shothoch wmuij bh jhthrkgohj by tdh cmurt fethr fo govhstglftgmo by tdh

X.S. Prmbftgmo Meegch foj cmosgjhrftgmo me tdh X.S. Shothocgol Lugjhigohs. 2<

Zdh trgfi nujlh eurtdhr hkpdfsgzhj tdft dh wfs omt lmgol tm bh fbih tmjhthrkgoh tdh fjvgsmry lugjhigoh shothoch emr Q\dgth[ uotgi fethr f prhshothoch

rhpmrt dfs bhho cmkpihthj. 24 Dmwhvhr, tdh prmshcutgmo foj jhehosh fssukhj

tdft sfehty vfivh rhighe wmuij bh fvfgifbih> QF[t tdh pihf dhfrgol, tdh jgstrgct

nujlh fsahj tdh lmvhrokhot's cmuoshi ge sdh dfj rhvghwhj \dgth's crgkgofi

dgstmry, foj sdh rhspmojhj go tdh feegrkftgvh. 27

Xoemrtuofthiy, tdh PSR rhvhfihj twm kfrgnufof kgsjhkhfomrs, foj tdh

jhehojfot's crgkgofi rhcmrj rhojhrhj dgk gohiglgbih emr tdh sfehty vfivh. 3

Hvho tdmuld f kutufi kgstfah dhrh ihj bmtd pfrtghs tm bhighvh tdft \dgth

wmuij bh higlgbih emr sfehty vfivh trhftkhot, tdh Shvhotd Cgrcugt feegrkhj tdh

trgfi cmurt's jhogfi me tdh jhehojfot's kmtgmo tm wgtdjrfw dgs pihf.36 Zdh cmurt

omthj tdft Q6[gah tdh jgstrgct cmurt, wh tmm sykpftdgzh wgtd \dgth. But dfj dh

bhho fiimwhj tm wgtdjrfw dgs pihf, f subshquhot lugity vhrjgct by f nury immas

dhrh igah gt wmuij dfvh bhho f emrhlmoh cmociusgmo. 32

Xogthj Stfths v. Dmroh f cfsh ermk tdh Jgstrgct me Cmiukbgf, wfs sgkgifr

tm \dgth. Jhehojfot Dmkh wfs cdfrlhj wgtd f crfca meehosh. 3: Bmtd tdh

jhehosh cmuoshi foj tdh prmshcutmr dfj surkgshj prgmr tm rhchgvgol tdh

prhshothoch rhpmrt tdft Dmkh's prgmr cmovgctgmo emr pmsshssgmo wgtd gothot tm

jgstrgbuth kfrgnufof wfs moiy f kgsjhkhfomr go tdh Stfth me Kfryifoj fs gt

wmuij bh go tdh Jgstrgct me Cmiukbgf1 go efct, dmwhvhr, gt wfs f ehimoy. Fs f

rhsuit, Dmkh's shothocgol lugjhigoh rfolh wfs jrfkftgcfiiy gocrhfshj.35 Zdh

J.C. Cgrcugt feegrkhj tdh jhogfi me Dmkh's kmtgmo tm wgtdjrfw dgs pihf,omtgol tdft tdh trgfi cmurt sphcgegcfiiy goemrkhj Dmkh tdft om moh omt hvho

tdh nujlh cmuij aomw wdft shothocgol rfolh wmuij fppiy uotgi tdh

prhshothoch rhpmrt wfs fvfgifbih. 3<

2<. Gj

24. Gj

27. Gj ft 455 o.2.

30 \dgth 87< E.3j ft 455. Zdh cmurt stfthj, Qw[h frh uocihfr dmw tdh kgstfah wfs kfjh,but wh trust tdft tdh lmvhrokhot jmhs omt lm frmuoj prmkgsgol tm rhcmkkhoj rhjuctgmos tdft gt

aomws wgii omt bh fvfgifbih. Gj ft 455 o.2.

36 Gj ft 45<-54.

32. Gj ft 4541 shh fism h.l. Xogthj Stfths v. \hicd, 270 E. Fpp'x 8:3 8:8 (:td Cgr. 2004)

(updmijgol tdh jgstrgct cmurt's jhcgsgmo tm jhoy jhehojfot's kmtgmo tm wgtdjrfw dgs lugity pihf).

But shh Xogthj Stfths v. Dhrofojhz-\gismo, 645 E.3j 6 5 (6st Cgr. 6777) (fiimwgol wgtdjrfw me

pihf bfshj mo hrrmohmus sullhstgmo tdft jhehojfot wmuij bh higlgbih emr sfehty vfivh rhighe).

33. 74< E.2j 433 J.C. Cgr. 6773).

3:. Gj ft 43:.

38. Gj ft 438.

35. Gj

3<. Gj ft 43<.

QUmi. TTTG>565




B. Zdh Cfsh mr fPrh-PihfPSR

Zdh Dmroh cmurt cmrrhctiy mbshrvhj tdft gt wfs gkpmssgbih tm prhjgct f

shothoch wgtdmut f PSR, ft ihfst go tdh fbshoch me f stgpuiftgmo.34 Dmwhvhr, tdh

uofvfgifbgigty me f PSR gs omt gotrgosgc mr gohvgtfbih-gt gs tdh rhsuit me custmk

foj cdmgch. Zdh PSR cmuij bh fvfgifbih ft tdh tgkh me tdh pihf ge gt whrh

prhpfrhj go fjvfoch.

Dmroh rhkfrafbiy, dfs twm mpgogmos emr f uofogkmus pfohi, hfcd wrgttho

by f jgeehrhot nujlh, pius f tdgrj mpgogmo by Nujlh Bucaihy, fppfrhotiy

cmocurrgol go dgs mtdhr mpgogmo emr tdh pfohi.37 Nujlh Bucaihy, go fo mpgogmo

kfrahj wrgtgol shpfrfthiy emr tdh cmurt, hxprhsshj f wgsd tm kfah f

rhcmkkhojftgmo cmochrogol tdh tfagol me lugity pihfs. Mur rhfsmo emr wrgtgol

shpfrfthiy gs tm hkpdfsgzh tdft mur rhcmkkhojftgmo gs nust tdft f sullhstgmo

wgtdmut tdh emrch me ifw. :0Zdh cmurt eurtdhr rhcmkkhojhj tdft PSRs bh

prhpfrhj foj jgscimshj bhemrh tdh tfagol me f pihf.: 6 Zdh cmurt's rhfsmogol

wfs strfgldtemrwfrj>

QC[hrtfgo lmfis me tdh Ruih pihf-tfagol prmchjurhs dfvh bhcmkh kmrh

jgeegcuit tm fcdghvh Qbhcfush me shothocgol lugjhigohs[. Zdft ruih wfs jhsglohj

tm kfah surh tdft f lugity pihf gs bmtd vmiuotfry foj goemrkhj. Wht, wdgih Ruih

rhqugrhs f cmurt tm fjvgsh tdh jhehojfot me tdh kfxgkuk pmssgbih phofity

prmvgjhj by ifw . go kfoy ehjhrfi crgkgofi cfshs tmjfy, tdgs stftutmry

kfxgkuk gs grrhihvfot....

Bhcfush tdh Lugjhigohs dfvh ifrlhiy rhpifchj tdh stftuths fs tdhjhthrkgofots me tdh kfxgkuk phofity efcgol crgkgofi jhehojfots, wh

rhcmkkhoj tdft, wdhrhvhr ehfsgbih, tdh jgstrgct cmurt kfah tdhgr prhshothoch

rhpmrts fvfgifbih tm jhehojfots bhemrh tfagol tdhgr pihfs. By jmgol sm,shothocgol nujlhs (foj rhvghwgol cmurts) wgii dfvh lrhfthr cmoegjhoch tdft

pihfs frh bmtd wgiigol foj euiiy goemrkhj.:2

34.

37. 74< E.2j ft 43:.

:0. Gj. ft 434 (Bucaihy, N. wrgtgol shpfrfthiy emr tdh cmurt).:6. Gj ft 437.

:2. Gj.ft 434 37. Zdh cmurt cmotgouhj>

Go kfagol tdgs rhcmkkhojftgmo, wh frh kgojeui me tdh strgct rhsmurch cmostrfgots

efchj by tdh jgstrgct cmurt's prmbftgmo meegch foj tdh shvhrh tgkh prhssurhs cmoermotgol tdh

jgstrgct nujlhs tdhkshivhs. Dhoch, wh jm omt sullhst tdft jhehojfots dfvh f rgldt tm

phrush tdhgr prhshothoch rhpmrt bhemrh pihfjgol. Omr jm wh quhstgmo tdft, go f lgvho cfsh,gt kfy omt bh ehfsgbih tm fwfgt tdh cmkpihtgmo me f rhpmrt mr tdft tdhrh kfy bh vfigj

rhfsmos emr wgtddmijgol tdh rhpmrt uotgi fethr tdh pihf gs fcchpthj. \h jm om kmrh tdfo

sullhst tdh jhsgrfbgigty me sucd f prfctgch go tdh ruo me cfshs. Ce XogthjStfths v. Sfivf702 E.2j :43, :44 (<td Cgr.6770) ( \h jm bhighvh tdft jhehojfots wgii bh fbih tm

kfah kmrh gothiiglhot cdmgchs fbmut wdhtdhr tm fcchpt f pihf bfrlfgo ge tdhy dfvh fs lmmj

fo gjhf fs pmssgbih me tdh igahiy Lugjhigohs rhsuit. ).

2066[ 5<



SFGOZ IMXGS XOGUHRSGZW PXBIGCIF\ R U \

Sgkgifriy, tdh Shcmoj Cgrcugt dfs sullhsthj, tdmuld omt rhqugrhj, tdft

shothocgol cmurts: foj prmshcutmrS:: fjvgsh jhehojfots fbmut igahiy shothochs.

Zdh gjhf tdft tdh crgtgcfi goemrkftgmo sdmuij bh fvfgifbih go fjvfoch me tdh

pihf dfs kucd tm rhcmkkhoj gt. Ge tdh quhstgmo whrh f kftthrm

efuit rftdhrtdfo efgrohss foj fccurfcy, tdh ihlfi systhk cmuij hoj tdh kftthr by fppiygol

tdh prhsukptgmo tdft fii phrsmos aomw tdh ifw. Ge tdh jhehojfot mr dhr ifwyhr

dfs omt kfrsdfihj tdh fvfgifbih efcts, tdh rgsa foj cmoshquhochs m tdgs efgiurh

wmuij fpprmprgfthiy efii mo tdh jhehojfot. But go tdh pihf cmothxt, tdh

Suprhkh Cmurt dfs omt fjmpthj tdgs hkptmr fpprmfcd> QF[ lugity pihf 'omt

moiy kust bh vmiuotfry but kust bh f[ aomwgol, gothiiglhot fcQt[ jmoh wgtd

sueegcghot fwfrhohss m tdh rhihvfot cgrcukstfochs foj igahiy cmoshquhochs. ':8

Zdus, juh prmchss rhqugrhs f wfrogol me tdh kfxgkuk shothoch,omtwgtdstfojgol tdh efct tdft gt gs fvfgifbih go tdh X.S. Cmjh tm fii wdm cfrh tm

imma. Go f systhk wdhrh crgkgofi dgstmry kfy bh fs sglogegcfot tm tdh shothochfs gs tdh pfrtgcuifr crgkh tm wdgcd tdh jhehojfot gs pihfjgol lugity, tdhrh gs

lmmj rhfsmo tm shttih gt bhemrh tdh pihf.

\dgih jhoygol tdft fjvgch gs rhqugrhj by tdh Cmostgtutgmo gtshie, cmurts

rhcmlogzh tdft pihfjgol wgtdmut shothoch goemrkftgmo gkpigcfths tdh cmochros

m tdh Juh Prmchss Cifush. Go Xogthj S tfths v Pgkhothi tdh Shcmoj Cgrcugt

stfthj tdft wdgih pihfs kfjh wgtdmut uojhrstfojgol tdh igahiy Lugjhigoh rfolh

kgldt bh aomwgol foj vmiuotfry, wh frh, lgvho mur mwo strullihs wgtd tdh

Lugjhigohs, omt uosykpftdhtgc tm tdhgr cifgks tdft tdhy jgj omt euiiy fpprhcgfth

tdh cmoshquhochs me tdhgr pihfs. F5 Zdh cmurt urlhj prmshcutmrs tm goemrk

jhehojfots m shothocgol rfolhs tm dhip hosurh tdft lugity pihfs gojhhj

rhprhshot gothiiglhot cdmgchs by jhehojfots. :< Sgkgifriy, go Xogthj Stfths v.

Dmroh tdh J.C. Cgrcugt stfthj tdft prhshotgol f PSR go fjvfoch me f pihf

wmuij ihfj tm lrhfthr cmoegjhoch tdft pihfs frh bmtd wgiigol foj euiiy

goemrkhj. : 4 Nujlh Bucaihy, go f shcmoj cmocurrgol mpgogmo, fjjhj tdft,

Dmkh's jhcgsgmo tm emrhlm tdh hxhrcgsh m f cmostgtutgmofi rgldt wfs omt fs

goemrkhj fs gt cmuij dfvh bhho, dhoch omt fs vmiuotfry fs gt kgldt dfvh

Gj. ft 437.

:3. Xogthj Stfths v. Ehrofojhz, 4<< E.2j 6634, 66:3 (2j Cgr. 6747) (sullhstgol tdft tdh

jgstrgct cmurt sdmuij, but gs omt ihlfiiy rhqugrhj, tm kfah hfcd jhehojfot, ft tdh tgkh m thojhrgol

f lugity pihf euiiy cmlogzfot me dgs igahiy shothoch uojhr tdh Shothocgol Lugjhigohs ).

::. Xogthj Stfths v. Pgkhothi, 732 E.2j 6027, 603: (2j Cgr. 6776) (sullhstgol tdft tdh

prmshcutgmo goemrk jhehojfots, prgmr tm fcchptgol pihf flrhhkhots, fs tm tdh igahiy rfolh me

shothochs tdhgr pihfs wgii futdmrgzh uojhr tdh Lugjhigohs ).

:8. Dfrgol v. Prmsgsh, :52 X.S. 305, 367 (6743) (qumtgol Brfjy v. Xogthj Stfths, 37< X.S.

<:2, <:4 (67<0)).

:5. 732 E.2j ft 6032.

:<. Gj.ft 603:.

:4. 74< E.2j 433, 437 (J.C. Cgr. 6773) (Bucaihy, N. wrgtgol shpfrfthiy emr tdh cmurt).

54 QUmi. TTTG>56



ZFAGOL PIHF B RL GOGOL SHRGMXSIW

bhho : 7 Xojhr tdh jhcgsgmo, f jhehojfot kfy whii bh trfpphj by tdh emrkfi

gkpigcftgmos me f lugity pihf foj tdh efgiurh me tdh Ruih Prmchhjgol tm 8

prmvgjh dgk wgtd f rhigfbih uojhrstfojgol me gts cmoshquhochs.

Moh lhts tdh ehhigol tdft go tdhgr dhfrts, tdhsh nujlhs bhighvhj tdft f pihfkfjh wgtdmut foy uojhrstfojgol me tdh igahiy shothoch gs omt euiiy aomwgol,vmiuotfry, foj gothiiglhot. Dmwhvhr, emr smkh, prhsukfbiy prflkftgc, rhfsmo,tdhy whrh uowgiigol tm cmociujh tdft juh prmchss rhqugrhj f wfrogol hvho me

tdh ehfturhs me tdh shothoch wdgcd whrh aomwfbih foj jhthrkgofbih ft tdh tgkh

me tdh pihf.

C Prh PihfPSR \muij Omt Bh Gkprfctgcfi

\dhtdhr rhqugrhj by tdh Cmostgtutgmo mr omt, PSRs cmuij bh kfjh fvfgifbih

bhemrh f pihf. Xojhr Ruih 32, f prh-shothoch govhstglftgmo kust gociujh fo

gothrvghw me tdh jhehojfot.8 Zdh PSR kust cficuifth tdh meehosh ihvhi fojgjhotgey tdh fppigcfbih lugjhigohs, tdh rhihvfot shothocgol efctmrs, foj tdh

lrmuojs emr jhpfrturh.82 Zdh rhpmrt kust fism gojgcfth tdh jhehojfot's crgkgofi dgstmry cfthlmry foj tdh rhsuitgol shothocgol rfolh foj agojs me

shothochs fvfgifbih. 83 Go fjjgtgmo, ifoluflh cfrrghj emrwfrj ermk tdh mrglgofi

67:: Ehjhrfi Ruihs me Crgkgofi Prmchjurh rhqugrhs goemrkftgmo fbmut tdh

jhehojfot's dgstmry foj cdfrfcthrgstgcs gociujgol crgkgofi rhcmrj, egofocgfi

cmojgtgmo, foj foy cgrcukstfochs rhihvfot tm shothocgol foj cmrrhctgmofi

trhftkhot. 8: Igahwgsh, tdh PSR kust fism cmotfgo vgctgk gkpfct foj

rhstgtutgmo goemrkftgmo, foj foy mtdhr goemrkftgmo tdft tdh cmurt rhqugrhs. 88

Zdhrh gs omtdgol go f PSR tdft gs ihlfiiy mr efctufiiy gocfpfbih me govhstglftgmo

foj jhthrkgoftgmo go fjvfoch me f lugity pihf. F PSR prhpfrhj go fjvfoch me f

pihf cmuij bh subnhct tm tdh sfkh smrt me mbnhctgmo foj cmrrhctgmo fs hxgst uojhr

currhot prfctgch. 85

Zdhrh frh shvhrfi prfctgcfi cmosgjhrftgmos, omoh me wdgcd frh

gosurkmuotfbih.

Zdh Pfrtghs Sdmuij m Gt. Fs prhvgmusiy khotgmohj, go prgocgpih, f

jhehojfot's crgkgofi dgstmry gs fvfgifbih tm bmtd tdh prmshcutgmo foj jhehosh

wgtdmut f PSR. Zdh jhehojfot wfs prhsukfbiy prhshot emr fii me dhr prgmr

cmovgctgmos foj shothochs, foj tdh prmshcutgmo dfs fcchss tm crgkgofi dgstmry

:7. Gj. ft 4:0 (Bucaihy, N., cmocurrgol).

80 Gj ft 4:6.

86 EHJ. R. CRGK. P. 32(c)(2).

82. EHJ. R. CRGK. P. 32 j) 6).

83. Gj Shh lhohr iiy EHJ. R. CRGK. P. 32(j)(2)(F)(g) (rhqugrgol tdft f PSR gociujh foy

prgmr crgkgofi rhcmrj ).

8:. EHJ. R. CRGK. P. 32 c) 2) 67:5)1 EHJ. R. CRGK. P. 32 j) 2).

88. EHJ. R. CRGK. P. 32 j) 2) E).

85. EHJ. R. CRGK. P. 32 e).

2066[6 57



SFGOZ IMXGS XOGUHRSGZW PX IGCIF\ R U \

jftfbfshs. Xojhr wdft Prmehssmr Bgbfs cfiis tdh cfvhft hkptmr fpprmfcd tm

pihf bfrlfgogol, tdh systhk cmuij ihfvh gt tm tdh pfrtghs tm lhohrfth tdhgr mwo

goemrkftgmo. Wht, go tdh fctufi crgkgofi nustgch systhk, tdh crgtgcfi fofiyst me

crgkgofi rhcmrj goemrkftgmo gs ohgtdhr tdh prmshcutgmo omr tdh jhehosh-gt gs tdhprmbftgmo meegchr wdm prhpfrhs tdh PSR. Go tdh fbshoch me f stgpuiftgmo

pursufot tm Ruih 66(c)(6)(C), wdgcd gs pfrt me f pihf flrhhkhot fcchpthj by tdh

cmurt, tdh PSR's fccmuotgol me f crgkgofi rhcmrj wgii mrjgofrgiy cmotrmi,84

pfrtgcuifriy mvhr f kgstfaho vghw me moh mr bmtd fttmrohys. Emr tdgs rhfsmo,tdh fpprmfcd me tdh Shcmoj Cgrcugt go Pgkhothi gs uosftgsefctmry. Zdh

prmshcutgmo gs hocmurflhj tm prhshot gts uojhrstfojgol me tdh lugjhigohs

cficuiftgmo bhemrh f pihf, but gt gs erhh tm hkbrfch mr fjmpt ohw mr dfrsdhr

rhcmkkhojftgmos by tdh Prmbftgmo Meegch prhshothj go tdh PSR.8 7 Zdus, tdh

Pgkhothi fpprmfcd rhpifchs f cmkpihth fbshoch me goemrkftgmo fbmut tdh

cmotmurs me tdh shothoch wgtd uorhigfbih goemrkftgmo. Zdh fctufi PSR, omt fogkphrehct rmuld jrfet, sdmuij bh tdh bfsgs me f pihf.

Go fjjgtgmo, gt wmuij bh kucd cdhfphr tm dfvh f crgkgofi dgstmry lhohrfthj

jhegogtgvhiy moch (subnhct tm cmrrhctgmo by tdh pfrtghs) tdfo tm dfvh gt lhohrfthj

go euii tdrhh tgkhs, moch hfcd by tdh prmshcutgmo, jhehosh foj prmbftgmo meegch.

Eurtdhr, bmtd jhehosh fttmrohys foj prmshcutmrs dfvh goemrkftgmofi

jgsfjvfotflhs cmkpfrhj tm prmbftgmo meegchrs. Zdh prmshcutgmo kgldt omt

hfsgiy jgscmvhr mut-me-stfth cmovgctgmos, mij cmovgctgmos, cmovgctgmos uojhr fo

figfs, mr cmovgctgmos go imwhr cmurts. Emr gts pfrt, tdh jhehosh kgldt omt euiiy

uojhrstfoj wdhtdhr f pfrtgcuifr prmchhjgol rhsuithj go f cmovgctgmo mr omt, mr

wdhtdhr pfrtgcuifr nujlkhots frh kgsjhkhfomrs mr ehimoghs. Ohgtdhr

prmshcutmrs omr jhehosh fttmrohys frh sphcgfigsts go egojgol mut tdgs

goemrkftgmo, wdgih gt gs f crgtgcfi pfrt me prmbftgmo meegchrs' nmbs.

Fjjgtgmofi \mra Fomtdhr gssuh gs tdh pmthotgfi fjjgtgmofi wmra govmivhj.

Go tdh omrkfi ruo me cfshs, tdh frlukhot emr prhpfrgol smkh mr fii me f PSR go

fjvfoch me f pihf me lugity gs cmkphiigol bhcfush prhcgshiy tdgs wmra wgii dfvh

tm bh phremrkhj ft smkh pmgot foywfy. Dmwhvhr, gt wmuij, go rhtrmsphct, bh

uojhsgrfbih tm dfvh PSRs prhpfrhj go tdh skfii oukbhr me cfshs tdft frh

uitgkfthiy jgskgsshj mr trghj tm fo fcqugttfi.

Zm fvmgj uoohchssfry rhprmjuctgmos me PSRs, Ruih 32 cmuij prmvgjh emr fcrgkgofi dgstmry cficuiftgmo mr f euii PSR go fjvfoch me f pihf upmo tdh rhquhst

me moh mr bmtd pfrtghs. Zdh prmshcutmr foj jhehosh fttmrohy wgii lhohrfiiy dfvh

smigj goemrkftgmo mo wdhtdhr tdhrh gs f rhfsmofbih igahigdmmj tdft f cfsh gs

dhfjgol tmwfrj jgskgssfi mr trgfi, go wdgcd cfsh prhpfrftgmo me f PSR cmuij bh

8<. Bgbfs, Rhluiftgol tdh Pihf Bfrlfgogol Kfraht suprf omth 6, ft 66:3.

84 Shh EHJ. R. CRGK. P. 32(g)(3)(F) stftgol f cmurt kfy fcchpt foy uojgsputhj pmrtgmo me

tdh prhshothoch rhpmrt fs f egojgol me efct ).

87 Shh Xogthj Stfths v. KfcPdhrsmo, 870 E.3j 268, 26< 2j Cgr. 2007)1 Xogthj Stfths v.

Dfbbfs, 82< E.3j 255, 2<0 2j Cgr. 2004 .

<0 QUmi. TTTG>56



Z AGOL PIH B RL GOGOL SHRGMXSIW

jhehrrhj. Cmuoshi's bhighe tdft f cfsh gs dhfjgol tmwfrj f pihf gs fism igahiy tm

bh rhigfbih. Me cmursh, tdh Sphhjy Zrgfi Fct sdmuij bh fkhojhj, ge ohchssfry,

tm kfah cihfr tdft tgkh sphot wfgtgol emr f PSR rhquhsthj by jhehosh cmuoshi

go fotgcgpftgmo me f pihf gs hxciujhj.mOhvhrtdhihss, ge PSRs frh prhpfrhj bhemrh hotry me f pihf, tdhrh wgii

gohvgtfbiy bh smkh oukbhr me uoohchssfry rhpmrts lhohrfthj. Go smkh cfshs

fppfrhotiy dhfjhj tmwfrj f pihf, f jhehojfot wgii jgh bhemrh pihfjgol. Go mtdhr

cfshs, f bfrlfgo wgii efii fpfrt, foj tdh cfsh wgii bh trghj mr jgskgsshj, fitdmuld

ohgtdhr me tdmsh cfshs rhojhrs f PSR ohchssfrgiy ushihss.5 But lgvho tdh

mvhrwdhikgol oukbhr me cfshs tdft pihfj, tdh oukbhrs me uoohchssfry rhpmrts

frh igahiy tm bh kgogkfi, ge omt gosglogegcfot.

Zdh hfrighr prhpfrftgmo me f PSR rfgshs tdh pmssgbgigty me fomtdhr emrk me

fjjgtgmofi wmra> upjftgol tdh PSR go tdh phrgmj bhtwhho prhpfrftgmo me tdh

PSR foj gkpmsgtgmo me shothoch. Me cmursh, smkh me tdgs gs rhqugrhj omw ge

emr hxfkpih, f jhehojfot gs rhfrrhsthj mr tdhrh frh mtdhr kfthrgfi jhvhimpkhots.

Dmwhvhr, prh-pihf PSRs wgii sdmrtho tdh tgkh bhtwhho pihf foj shothoch.

Kmst me tdh jhify gs mccfsgmohj by wfgtgol emr tdh PSR, sm tdhrh kfy omt bh fo

fpprhcgfbih iholtdhogol me tdh phrgmj me tgkh omt cmvhrhj by tdh PSR, foj

tdhrhemrh, om fpprhcgfbih goemrkftgmo lfp tm kfah up ft shothocgol.

Erustrftgmome Pihfs Go smkh cfshs, tdh rhsuits me f PSR wgii ihfj tdh

pfrtghs tm cdfolh tdhgr bfrlfgo, phrdfps govmivgol f pihf tm jgeehrhot cdfrlhs, ge

tdh shothoch uojhr tdh mrglgofi cdfrlhs gs mtdhr tdfo wdft tdhy fotgcgpfthj, mr ge

tdh fctufi crgkgofi rhcmrj kfahs tdh mrglgofi cdfrlhs uowfrrfothj emr smkh

rhfsmo. Zdh rhvgshj cdfrlhs cmuij bh kmrh mr ihss shvhrh. F prh-pihf PSR

cmuij gkprmvh prmshcutgmo jhcgsgmo-kfagol nust fs gt cmuij gkprmvh jhehosh

cficuiftgmos.

e fo fotgcgpfthj pihf efiis fpfrt, kmrh wmra kgldt bh rhqugrhj me tdh

prmbftgmo meegch tm rhvgsh tdh lugjhigohs cficuiftgmos bfshj mo tdh ohw cdfrlhs.

Zm tdh hxthot tdft tdh rhsuit gs f kmrh nust pihf flrhhkhot, gt gs prmbfbiy wmrtd

tdh heemrt. Smkh pihf bfrlfgos wgii efgi wdho f PSR ihfjs jhehojfots tm

rhcmlogzh tdhgr fctufi hxpmsurh-f cfsh tdft wmuij dfvh pihfjhj tdho turos go

50. 64 X.S.C. 3656 2005). Zdh Sphhjy Zrgfi Fct prmvgjhs tgkh igkgts go fo heemrt tm

fssurh f sphhjy trgfi. Gj 6356(f). Go fjjgtgmo, tdh Fct currhotiy prmvgjhs emr hxciusgmos ermk

tdh tgkh igkgt cmkputftgmo, gociujgol fo hxciusgmo emr cmosgjhrftgmo me f pihf flrhhkhot. Gj

6356 d) 6) F)- N).

56. F PSR go f cfsh ifthr trghj tm fo fcqugttfi wgii bh ushihss, but ge tdhrh gs f cmovgctgmo, tdh

PSR cmuij stgii bh upjfthj foj ushj. Go f cfsh wdhrh f prmshcutgmo gs jgskgsshj, tdh PSR wmuij

omt ohchssfrgiy dfvh bhho wfsthj. Go efct, tdh crgkgofi dgstmry cficuiftgmo mr mtdhr goemrkftgmo go

f rhpmrt cmuij bh tdh bfsgs emr fo hxhrcgsh me prmshcutmrgfi jgscrhtgmo. Shh X.S. FZZMROHWS'

KFOXFI supr omth 67 § 7-2<.220 F) 3) (prmvgjgol tdft fjhqufth omo-crgkgofi fithroftgvh

kfy bh f lrmuoj emr jhcigogol prmshcutgmo). Fitdmuld ermk tdh phrsphctgvh me tdh prmbftgmo

meegch tdgs rhpmrt kfy shhk tm bh f wfsth, ermk tdh phrsphctgvh me tdh crgkgofi nustg h systhk fs f

wdmih, gt gs kmrh igahiy shho fs f cmst-heehctgvh pghch me goemrkftgmo.

<62066[



SFGOZIMXGS XOGUHRSGZW PXBIGC IF\ RHUGH\

tm f trgfi cfsh. Zdgs khfos omt moiy tdft tdh PSR cmuij turo mut tm bh f wfsthj

heemrt ge tdh trgfi rhsuits go fo fcqugttfi, but fism tdft tdh hfriy PSR dfs

lhohrfthj tdh cmsts me f trgfi.52 But tdh PSR cmuij stgii bh ushj, fs rhvgshj, ge

ohchssfry, go tdh hvhot me f cmovgctgmo, foj gt cfo dfrjiy bh cmuothj fsuojhsgrfbih tdft jhehojfots rhnhct pihf bfrlfgos tdft frh uofcchptfbih tm tdhk.

Fjkgssgbgigty me Stfthkhots Zdhrh frh hvgjhotgfry cmochros go fjjgtgmo tm

tdh rhsmurch cmochros mutigohj fbmvh. e f cfsh tdft tdh prmshcutmr foj jhehosh

fttmrohy bhighvh gs dhfjgol tmwfrj f pihf fctufiiy jmhs pihfj, tdho om

hvgjhotgfry jgeegcuity wmuij bh rfgshj by lhohrftgol tdh PSR bhemrh rftdhr tdfo

fethr tdh pihf flrhhkhot. But ge tdh pihf jmhs omt lm emrwfrj emr smkh rhfsmo,tdho tdh PSR cmotfgos twm shts me stfthkhots fbmut wdgcd cmuoshi kgldt bh

cmochrohj.

Moh cfthlmry me stfthkhots gs tdh vgctgk s stfthkhots rhiftgol tm tdh cfsh.

Zdh jhehosh cmuoshi kgldt bh dfppy tm dfvh tdhsh stfthkhots emr ush jurgolcrmss-hxfkgoftgmo ft trgfi, foj tdh prmshcutmr kgldt wgsd tm prhvhot tdh

fvfgifbgigty me sucd stfthkhots. Mo tdh moh dfoj, tdhrh gs om strmol pmigcy

rhfsmo tm prhvhot tdh lhohrftgmo me tdhsh agojs me stfthkhots. F wgtohss wgtd f

lmmj khkmry wdm kfahs cmosgsthot stfthkhots wgii omt bh gkphfcdhj, foj tdh

cfush me nustgch gs omt dfrkhj by fiimwgol nurghs tm hvfiufth tdh crhjgbgigty me

mtdhr cfthlmrghs me wgtohsshs. Dmwhvhr, tdh pmgot me prh-pihf PSRs gs omt tm

cdfolh tdh bfifoch bhtwhho prmshcutgmo foj jhehosh fs gt omw hxgsts. Zm

fvmgj f sgjh cmotrmvhrsy, gt kfy kfah shosh tm hxthoj tdh hvgjhotgfry

prmdgbgtgmo flfgost fjkgttgol pihfs foj pihf bfrlfgo jgscussgmos tm kfah

stfthkhots mewgtohsshs cmotfgohj go PSRs gofjkgssgbih, hvho emr gkphfcdkhot

purpmshs.53Zdgs kgldt omt cmkpihthiy rhsmivh tdh sgtuftgmo. F shcmoj cfthlmry me

stfthkhots wdgcd kgldt rfgsh cmochros emr cmuoshi gs stfthkhots kfjh by tdh

jhehojfot tm f prmbftgmo meegch. Zdh jhehojfot honmys tdh prgvgihlh flfgost

shie-gocrgkgoftgmo,5 foj stfthkhots tm f prmbftgmo meegchr frh fjkgssgbih moiy

ge omt cmkphiihj foj vmiuotfrgiy kfjh.58 F jhehojfot kfy wgsd tm lht crhjgt

emr fcchptgol rhspmosgbgigty foj fvmgj fo hodfochkhot emr mbstructgmo me

nustgch, but kfy dhsgtfth tm sphfa cfojgjiy wgtdmut tdh shcurgty me fo fctufi

pihf jhfi go dfoj. Hxthojgol tdh prmthctgmo me Ehjhrfi Ruih me Hvgjhoch :60 tmstfthkhots kfjh tm prmbftgmo meegchrs fs f pfrt me shothocgol, prmvgjhj tdft tdh

stfthkhots cfoomt bh ushj go mtdhr cfshs mr go foy shothocgol wdgcd kgldt

52. Mo tdh mtdhr dfoj tdh PSR kfy whii dfvh fvmgjhj tdh cmst me fo fpphfi mr kmtgmo tm

wgtdjrfw f pihf.

53. EHJ. R. HUGJ. :60.

5:. X.S.CMOSZ

fkhoj. U.58 hh Xogthj Stfths v. Phrhz-Erfocm 4<3 E.2j :88 :50-52 6st Cgr. 6747).

<2 QUmi. TTTG>56




mccur ge tdh cmothkpifthj pihf bfrlfgo efgis, wmuij bh dhipeui.55 Dmwhvhr,

prmshcutmrs wgii nustiy mbnhct tm bhfrgol tdh burjho me prmvgol tdft tdhy kfjh

om jgrhct mr jhrgvftgvh ush me tdh stfthkhots. Mo tdh mtdhr dfoj, jhehosh

cmuoshi wgii bh rhiuctfot tm fiimw stfthkhots tm bh kfjh ge tdhy cfo bh ushj bytdh prmshcutgmo emr govhstglftgvh ihfjs. Gt kfy bh tdft tdgs pfrt me tdh prh-

shothoch govhstglftgmo kust bh jhehrrhj uotgi fethr tdh pihf. Zdft wmuij stgii

khfo tdft kfoy me tdh kmst gkpmrtfot pfrts me tdh PSR cmuij bh cmkpihthj go

fjvfoch.

EuiiPSR mr NustCrgkgofiDgstmry= Fjkgtthjiy, prhpfrftgmo me f euii PS R

bhemrh f pihf wmuij bh f substfotgfi cdfolh ermk tdh prfctgch go kfoy

jgstrgcts.5 < F cmkprmkgsh fpprmfcd kgldt bh tm prhpfrh moiy tdh crgkgofi

dgstmry. Gt wmuij cmrrhct smkh me glomrfoch fssmcgfthj wgtd pihfjgol, wdgih

fvmgjgol mtdhr prmbihks, sucd fs cmochros fbmut stfthkhots me wgtohsshs mr tdh

jhehojfot. Xitgkfthiy, prhpfrgol moiy tdh crgkgofi dgstmry wmuij bh sub-

mptgkfi, bhcfush gt wmuij efgi tm fjjrhss kfoy quhstgmos fbmut tdh fppigcftgmo

me tdh Lugjhigohs wdgcd cmuij bh jhegogtgvhiy jhthrkgohj. Wht, gt wmuij

cihfriy bh bhtthr tdfo omtdgol.

Zdhrh gs f egofi prflkftgc rhfsmo tdft uojhr currhot shothocgol systhks,

kmrh goemrkftgmo sdmuij bh prmvgjhj tm tdh jhehojfot go fjvfoch me tdh pihf.

Xojhr tdh mij systhk, f phrsmo cmovgcthj me f shrgmus crgkh kgldt bh subnhct tm

f shothoch me prmbftgmo, foy thrk me yhfrs, mr igeh.5 Zdus, wdho f jhehojfotpihj lugity foj tmma tdh rgsa tdft tdhgr shothoch cmuij bh mo tdh dgld hoj me tdft

rfolh, tdft rgsa wfs cmuothrbfifochj by tdh pmssgbgigty me lhttgol f moh jfy

shothoch mr strfgldt prmbftgmo. Gt gs moh tdgol tm wfro f jhehojfot moiy tdft

tdhy efch igeh gkprgsmokhot wdho, sdmuij tdgols lm tdhgr wfy, tdhy kgldt wfia

mut me cmurt tdft jfy. Gt gs fomtdhr tm lgvh f igkgthj wfrogol wdho tdhrh gs om

dmph me f imw shothoch bhcfush me f kfojftmry kgogkuk shothoch wdgcd gs

fppigcfbih uojhr tdh cgrcukstfochs, mr igttih dmph me f imw shothoch bhcfush

lugjhigohs rhcmkkhoj kfoy yhfrs go prgsmo.57

55 Shh h.l. X.S. SHOZHOCGOL LXGJHIGOHS KFOXFI § 6B6.4 f) (2066) ( \dhrh f

jhehojfot flrhhs tm cmmphrfth wgtd tdh lmvhrokhot by prmvgjgol goemrkftgmo cmochrogol uoifweui

fctgvgtghs me mtdhrs, foj fs pfrt me tdft cmmphrftgmo flrhhkhot tdh lmvhrokhot flrhhs tdft shie-

gocrgkgoftgol goemrkftgmo prmvgjhj pursufot tm tdh flrhhkhot wgii omt bh ushj flfgost tdh

jhehojfot, tdho sucd goemrkftgmo sdfii omt bh ushj go jhthrkgogol tdh fppigcfbih lugjhigoh rfolh,

hxchpt tm tdh hxthot prmvgjhj go tdh flrhhkhot. ).

5<. Ehoohii Dfii, suprfomth 65 ft 6525 (omtgol tdft PSRs lhohrfiiy cfoomt bh subkgtthj

uotgi tdh jhehojfot pihfjs mr gs emuoj lugity ).

54. j ft 6568 ( QN[ujlhs dfvh vgrtufiiy uoigkgthj jgscrhtgmo tm gkpmsh foy typh foj iholtd

me shothoch emr f sphcgeghj meehosh, wgtdgo stftutmry igkgts. ).

57. Ce Xogthj Stfths v. Lmgos,86 E.3j :00, :02-08 (:td Cgr. 6778 (omtgol tdft kfojftmry

kgogkuk shothoch kust bh jgscimshj fs pfrt me Ruih 66 cmiimquy).

2066[ <3



SFGOZ IMXGS XOGUHRSGZW PXBIGCIF\ R U \

Go Bmyago v. Fifbfkf tdh Suprhkh Cmurt hxpifgohj eurtdhr> \dft gs ft

stfah emr fo fccushj efcgol jhftd mr gkprgsmokhot jhkfojs tdh utkmst

smigcgtujh me wdgcd cmurts frh cfpfbih go cfovfssgol tdh kftthr wgtd tdh

fccushj tm kfah surh dh dfs f euii uojhrstfojgol mewdft tdh pihf cmoomths fojme gts cmoshquhoch. <0 By prhpfrgol PSRs go fjvfoch me f pihf, cmurts cmuij

lrhftiy gkprmvh tdh uojhrstfojgol me jhehojfots foj prmshcutmrs ft igttih tm om

fjjgtgmofi cmst foj fism gkprmvh tdh efgrohss foj ihlgtgkfcy me tdh crgkgofi

nustgch systhk.

GG. CMIIFZHRFI CMOSHVXHOCHS FOJ ZDH JHEHOJFOZ S SZFZXS FEZHR

CMOUGCZGMO

Crgkgofi cmovgctgmos, pfrtgcuifriy ehimoghs, subnhct f jhehojfot tm f wgjh

rfolh me cmiifthrfi cmoshquhochs rhiftgol tm hkpimykhot, pubigc bhohegts,efkgiy stftus, foj cgvgi rgldts bhymoj tdh shothoch. PSRs jm omt mrjgofrgiyigst cmiifthrfi cmoshquhochs me tdh crgkgofi cmovgctgmo tdft wgii bh fppigcfbih tm

tdh jhehojfot.<2 Zm bh surh, tdhrh gs smkh mvhrifp bhtwhho cmiifthrfi

cmoshquhochs foj goemrkftgmo prmvgjhj fs pfrt me tdh shothocgol prmchss. Emr

hxfkpih, tdh cmiifthrfi cmoshquhoch me egrhfrks gohiglgbgigty<3 gs fism f

cmojgtgmo me prmbftgmo foj suphrvgshj rhihfsh.<: Dmwhvhr, tdhrh gs om

systhkftgc heemrt tm cfovfss tdh rhstrgctgmos tm wdgcd f cmovgcthj phrsmo gs

subnhct fs pfrt me tdh shothocgol prmchss. Zdgs gs bmtd f jhehct foj f kgsshj

mppmrtuogty, bhcfush tdh gkkhjgfth foj imol-thrk shothocgol lmfis cfoomt bh

fcdghvhj wgtdmut fo uojhrstfojgol foj frtgcuiftgmo me tdh jhehojfot's cdfolhjihlfi stftus.

F Zdh Jhehojfot sEgofocgfiCmojgtgmo

Zdh jhehojfot's euturh egofocgfi foj hkpimykhot prmsphcts frh gkpmrtfot

tm aomw bhemrh shothocgol. Ruih 32 rhqugrhs f PSR tm cmotfgo goemrkftgmo

fbmut tdh jhehojfot's egofocgfi cmojgtgmo. < Egofocgfi cmojgtgmo gs gkpmrtfot

bhcfush tdhrh gs f shothocgol lmfi tm prmvgjh rhstgtutgmo tm foy vgctgks me tdh

<0. 378 X.S. 234, 2:3-:: (6757).

<6 Shh FBF SZFOJFRJS EMR CRGKGOFI NXSZGCH> CMIIFZHRFI SFOCZGMOS FOJ

JGSCRHZGMOFRW JGSVXFIGEGCFZGMO ME CMOUGCZHJ PHRSMOS (3j. hj. 200: 1 XOGE.

CMIIFZHRFI CMOSHVXHOCHS ME CMOUGCZGMO FCZ prheftmry omth 2060 .

<2. Shh lhohrfiiy EHJ. R. CRGK. P. 32(j) jhscrgbgol tdh goemrkftgmo gociujhj go PSRs).

<3. 64 X.S.C. §722(l) (2005).

<:. Gj.§3853(b)(4).

<8. EHJ. R. CRGK. P. 32 j) 2) F) gg).

<: QUmi. TTTG>56




meehosh, < foj bhcfush tdh fkmuot me f egoh jhphojs mo tdh jhehojfot's

gocmkh, hfrogol cfpfcgty foj egofocgfi rhsmurchs. <

F jhehojfot's egofocgfi cmojgtgmo, mrjgofrgiy, gs omt f stftgc efct, gt gs

feehcthj by cmothxt. Mtdhr tdfo tdh whfitdy, kmst phmpih's egofocgficmojgtgmo gs jhthrkgohj by tdhgr hfrogol cfpfcgty kmrh tdfo tdhgr fsshts.<4

Eurtdhr, hvho smkhmoh wgtd igkgthj fsshts kfy bh fbih tm pfy f egoh mr

rhstgtutgmo ge tdhgr hfrogol cfpfcgty gs strmol.

F crgtgcfi fsphct me tdh cmothxt me f jhehojfot's hfrogol cfpfcgty gs tdft tdh

cmovgctgmo jrfkftgcfiiy cdfolhs tdh agojs me hkpimykhot tdft frh mpho tm fo

gojgvgjufi. Gt kfahs igttih shosh tm cficuifth f jhehojfot's hfrogol pmthotgfi

bfshj mo hkpimykhot shttgols wdgcd frh ihlfiiy prmdgbgthj tm tdh jhehojfot mr

mo tdh rhthotgmo mr fcqugsgtgmo me igchoshs mr phrkgts emr wdgcd f jhehojfot gs

om imolhr higlgbih. Zm sht f rhstgtutgmo scdhjuih foj f egoh, tdho, metho

rhqugrhs ftthotgmo tm cmiifthrfi cmoshquhochs foj tdhgr heehct mo f jhehojfot'shfrogol pmthotgfi.

Zdh gkpmrtfoch me f jhehojfot's egofocgfi stftus jmhs omt hoj ft tdh tgkh me

shothocgol. Go fjjgtgmo tm mr go ighu me gocfrchrftgmo, kmst phmpih cmovgcthj me

ehimoghs wgii bh uojhr tdh suphrvgsgmo me tdh crgkgofi nustgch systhk go smkh

emrk. Kmst phmpih cmovgcthj go ehjhrfi cmurt shrvh hgtdhr prmbftgmo gosthfj me

prgsmo mr suphrvgshj rhihfsh fethr prgsmo.42 Stfojfrj cmojgtgmos me prmbftgmo

<5. 4 X.S.C. §3883(f)(<).

<<. Gj §38<2(f)(6)1 s ism gj §38<2 b) (prmvgjgol tdft f egoh mr mtdhr kmohtfry phofity

sdmuij bh gkpmshj moiy tm tdh hxthot tdft sucd egoh mr phofity wgii omt gkpfgr tdh fbgigty me tdh

jhehojfot tm kfah rhstgtutgmo ).

<4. Gj §38<2(f)(6)1 shh fism Xogthj Stfths v. Bifcakfo, 780 E.2j :20, :28 (<td Cgr. 6776)1

Xogthj Stfths v. Rutd, 7:5 E.2j 660, 66: 60td Cgr. 6776).

<7. Shh h.l. Xogthj Stfths v. Cfstohr, 80 E.3j 625<, 62<4 (:td Cgr. 6778)1 Xogthj Stfths v.

Lrhsdfk, 75: E.2j 6:25, 6:30-36 (:td Cgr. 6772)1 Xogthj Stfths v. Kmrrgsmo, 734 E.2j 654, 6<2

(60td Cgr. 6776).

40. Shh Jhvfd Pflhr Jmubih Nhmpfrjy> Rfch Crgkh foj Lhttgol f Nmb 2 8 \gs. I. RHU.

56< 2008).

46 j ft 520-26.

42. Prmbftgmo foj suphrvgshj rhihfsh frh sgkgifr go kfoy wfys. Bmtd frh fjkgogsthrhj by tdhX.S. Prmbftgmo Shrvgch. Zdh cmojgtgmos kfojfthj by stftuth foj tdh shothocgol lugjhigohs frh,

emr tdh kmst pfrt, tdh sfkh. Cmkpfrh X.S. SHOZHOCGOL LXGJHIGOHS KFOXFI §8B6.3 (2066)

( Cmojgtgmos me Prmbftgmo ), wgtd X.S. SHOZHOCGOL LXGJHIGOHS KFOXFI § 8J6.3 ( Cmojgtgmos

me Suphrvgshj Rhihfsh ). Zdhy frh fism sgkgifr go tdft tdh cmojgtgmos me prmbftgmo foj cmojgtgmos

me suphrvgshj rhihfsh frh cmkkuogcfthj by f prmbftgmo meegchr ft tdh tgkh me shothocgol. Shh 64

X.S.C. §3853 j) ( Zdh cmurt sdfii jgrhct tdft tdh prmbftgmo meegchr prmvgjh tdh jhehojfot wgtd f

wrgttho stfthkhot tdft shts emrtd fii tdh cmojgtgmos tm wdgcd tdh shothoch gs subnhct, foj tdft gs

sueegcghotiy cihfr foj sphcgegc tm shrvh fs f lugjh emr tdh jhehojfot's cmojuct foj emr sucd

suphrvgsgmo fs gs rhqugrhj. )1 gj. § 3843 e) ( Zdh cmurt sdfii jgrhct tdft tdh prmbftgmo meegchr

prmvgjh tdh jhehojfot wgtd f wrgttho stfthkhot tdft shts emrtd fii tdh cmojgtgmos tm wdgcd tdh thrk

me suphrvgshj rhihfsh gs subnhct, foj tdft gs sueegcghotiy cihfr foj sphcgegc tm shrvh fs f lugjh emr

tdh jhehojfot's cmojuct foj emr sucd suphrvgsgmo fs gs rhqugrhj. ).

2066[ <



SFGOZ IMXGS XOGUHRSGZW PXBIGCIF\ RHUGH\

foj suphrvgshj rhihfsh rhqugrh tdft f phrsmo pfy rhstgtutgmo,43 wmra rhluifriy

ft f ifweui mccupftgmo, 4: foj suppmrt tdh jhehojfot's jhphojhots foj khht

mtdhr efkgiy rhspmosgbgigtghs. 48 Jhehojfots frh cmkkmoiy rhturohj tm prgsmo

emr efgiurh tm cmkpiy wgtd tdhsh cmojgtgmos. Zdus, hvho ge tdh jhehojfot gs fbihtm pfy foy rhstgtutgmo foj egoh go euii upmo shothocgol, f jhehojfot wgii

mrjgofrgiy bh subnhct tm molmgol egofocgfi foj hkpimykhot rhspmosgbgigtghs. F

jhehojfot's molmgol egofocgfi mbiglftgmos, gkpmshj fs pfrt me tdh crgkgofi

nujlkhot, khfo f shothocgol nujlh foj cmuoshi kust uojhrstfoj tdh

jhehojfot's euturh mccupftgmofi rhstrgctgmos ft tdh tgkh me shothocgol.

B LhohrfiCmkpigfochwgtd Ifw

Go fjjgtgmo tm egofocgfi mbiglftgmos, prmbftgmo foj suphrvgshj rhihfsh

rhqugrh tdh jhehojfot tm bh lhohrfiiy ifw-fbgjgol. Gt gs f cmojgtgmo me bmtd tdft

Qt[dh jhehojfot sdfii omt cmkkgt fomtdhr ehjhrfi, stfth mr imcfi meehosh. 45

\dho tdh vgmiftgmos frh me kfiuk go sh crgkgofi prmdgbgtgmos, f jhehojfot

sdmuij omt bh dhfrj tm cmkpifgo tdft sdh jgj omt aomw, emr hxfkpih, tdft gt wfs

giihlfi tm shii jruls. But tdh ihlfi rhstrgctgmos mo tdmsh cmovgcthj me crgkh frh

metho igttih-aomwo, hvho tm ifwyhrs foj nujlhs.

F systhk fgkgol emr cmkpigfoch wgtd f cmkpihx sht me rhstrgctgmos kust

fctufiiy frtgcuifth tdh ofturh me tdh bhdfvgmr emr wdgcd gt gs immagol.4 Moch

flfgo, tdh ifw shhks tm rhqugrh tdgs firhfjy.47 Cmojgtgmos me suphrvgshj rhihfsh

foj prmbftgmo kust bh sueegcghotiy cihfr foj sphcgegc tm shrvh fs f lugjh emr

tdh jhehojfot's cmojuct.7

Zdh gkpigcftgmo gs tdft ge tdhrh gs f pfrtgcuifr sht meuousufi rhstrgctgmos fppigcfbih bhcfush me f crgkgofi cmovgctgmo, gt sdmuij bh

43. X.S. SHOZHOCGOL LXGJHIGOHS KFOXFI § 8Bi.3 f) 5)1 g § 8J6.3 f) 5).

4:. Gj 8B6.3 c) 8)1 gj 8J6.3(c)(8).

48. Gj. §8B6.3(c)(:)1 gj. § 8JG.3(c)(:).

45. Gj § 8B6.3(f)(6)1 gj § 8JG.3(f)(6).

4<. Xogthj Stfths v. Mrtuom-Dglfrhjf, :80 E.3j :05, :66 (7td Cgr. 2005) (qumtgol Xogthj

Stfths v. Jfoh, 8<0 E.2j 4:0, 4:3-:: (7td Cgr. 67<<)), vfcfthjho bfoc :<7 E.3j 6683 (7td Cgr.

200<).

44. Shh h.l. Xogthj Stfths v. Lfiim, 20 E.3j 6st Cgr. 677:).

47. Xogthj Stfths v. Ehigx, 77: E.2j 880, 882-83 (4td Cgr. 6773) (dmijgol tdft f prmbftgmo

vgmiftgmo kust bh suppmrthj by efgr omtgch, but efgiurh tm shrvh wrgttho stfthkhot me cmojgtgmos fs

rhqugrhj by stftuth cfo bh curhj by prmvgjgol mrfi omtgch)1 shh fismXogthj Stfths v. Mrthlf-Brgtm,

366 E.3j 6635, 6637 (7td Cgr. 2002) (omtgol tdh gkpmrtfoch me cmkpigfoch wgtd 4 X.S.C. §

3843 e) by hkpdfsgzgol tdft tdh mbiglftgmos me tdh jgstrgct cmurts foj prmbftgmo meegchrs uojhr

tdmsh stftuths frh sphcgegc, foj wh hocmurflh tdh hstfbigsdkhot me prmchjurhs tdft wmuij hosurh

cmkpigfoch wgtd tdh ihtthr, fs whii fs tdh purpmsh, me tdh stftuths ).

70. 4 X.S.C. §3853 j) 2005)1 gj § 3843 e)1 shh fism Xogthj Stfths v. Stfoeghij, 350 E.3j

63:5, 638: J.C. Cgr. 200:) (qumtgol Xogthj Stfths v. Sgkkmos, 3:3 E.3j <2, 4 2j Cgr. 2003))

( Juh prmchss rhqugrhs tdft tdh cmojgtgmos me suphrvgshj rhihfsh bh sueegcghotiy cihfr tm lgvh tdh

phrsmo me mrjgofry gothiiglhoch f rhfsmofbih mppmrtuogty tm aomw wdft gs prmdgbgthj, sm tdft dhkfy fct fccmrjgoliy. ).

QUmi. TTTG1565



ZFAGOL PIHF B RL GOGOL S R MXSIW

sht mut go tdh PSR. Emr hxfkpih, go kfoy stfths, tdmsh mo prmbftgmo mr pfrmih

kfy omt vmth, foj vmtgol wdho omt futdmrgzhj tm jm sm cfo bh f crgkgofi

meehosh. 7 But smkh stfths jm fiimw prmbftgmohrs foj pfrmihhs tm vmth, foj tdgs

turos mut tm bh smkhtdgol kmrh tdfo f sgkpih quhstgmo.72Igah mtdhr phmpih, jhehojfots trfvhi foj kmvh tdhgr rhsgjhochs, sm gt wgii

omt fiwfys bh f sgkpih kftthr tm jhthrkgoh wdgcd cmiifthrfi cmoshquhochs frh

lhrkfoh tm f pfrtgcuifr jhehojfot. Go stfth systhks, gt wmuij bh rhfsmofbih tm

igst tdh cmiifthrfi cmoshquhochs fppigcfbih go tdh stfth. Go tdh ehjhrfi systhk,ehjhrfi cmoshquhochs pius tdmsh fppigcfbih go tdh jhehojfot's currhot stfth me

rhsgjhoch sdmuij bh igsthj.

CMOCIXSGMO

Zdh PSR wfs govhothj go f tgkh wdho kmst cfshs whrh jhcgjhj by trgfi foj

nujlhs lhohrfiiy gkpmshj jgscrhtgmofry shothochs. Gt gs gofjhqufth emr fo hrf

wdho kmst cfshs frh jhcgjhj by lugity pihf, foj kmst shothochs frh gkpmshj

by nujlhs wgtd igkgthj jgscrhtgmo. Zm tdh hxthot tdft crgtgcfi golrhjghots me

kfojftmry mr jgscrhtgmofry shothochs, sucd fs f jhehojfot's crgkgofi dgstmry,frh ihlfiiy foj efctufiiy jhthrkgofbih go fjvfoch me f pihf, tdhy sdmuij bh

jhthrkgohj ft tdft tgkh.

Go fjjgtgmo, currhot ifw rhqugrhs f PSR tm jhscrgbh tdh jhehojfot's currhot

foj prmsphctgvh egofocgfi cmojgtgmo foj hfrogol cfpfcgty go mrjhr tm sht egohs

foj rhstgtutgmo.73 Prmbftgmo foj suphrvgshj rhihfsh jmcukhots fism rhqugrh

sueegcghot jhtfgi fbmut rhstrgctgmos foj mbiglftgmos sm fs tm shrvh fs f lugjh emrtdh jhehojfot's cmojuct. 7: Zdhsh lmfis rhqugrh cihfr frtgcuiftgmo me tdh

cmiifthrfi cmoshquhochs tm wdgcd f jhehojfot wgii bh subnhct wdgih mo

prmbftgmo mr suphrvgshj rhihfsh.

76 hh Ryfo S. Agol SHOZHOCGOL PRMNHCZ, JHCFJH ME RHEMRK> EHIMOW

JGSHOERFOCDGSHKHOZ IF\S GO ZDH XOGZHJ SZFZHS 2005), fvfgifbihft dttp>//www.shothoc

golprmnhct.mrl/jmc/pubigcftgmos/ejjhcfjh rhemrk.pje.

72. hh gj

73 Shhsuprfomths <5-45 foj fccmkpfoygol thxt.

7:. 4 X.S.C. 3843 e).

2066[ <<



4 S GOZ IMXGS XOGUHRSGZWPXBIGCI \RHUGH\ QUmi TTTG>56



ZDH KWZD ME ZDH EXIIW GOEMRKHJ R ZGMO I CZMR

SZHPDFOMS BGBFS

G ZDH MXZJFZHJ IFGSSH^-EFGRH KMJHI ME ZDH PIHF BFRLFGOGOL KFRAHZ

Zrfjgtgmofiiy, Fkhrgcfo crgkgofi prmchjurh dfs trhfthj tdh nury trgfi fs tdh

omrk, tdh bfsgc hvhot prmthcthj by tdh Bgii me Rgldts foj ruihs me crgkgofi

prmchjurh. Zdh Suprhkh Cmurt dfs jhvhimphj f rfolh me jmctrgohs tm hosurh

efgr nury shihctgmo foj gostructgmos, cmoermotftgmo foj crmss-hxfkgoftgmo, foj

tdh igah. But wdho gt cmkhs tm wfgvgol f nury trgfi foj pihfjgol lugity, tdh

Cmurt dfs ifrlhiy fssukhj tdft jhehojfots cfo rhfjgiy emrhcfst tdh cmsts foj

bhohegts me pihfjgol lugity foj jm sm moiy ge pihf bfrlfgogol shrvhs tdhgr

gothrhsts. Put fomtdhr wfy, tdh Cmurt dfs tfaho f ifgsshz-efgrh, dfojs-mee

fpprmfcd, fssukgol tdft pihf bfrlfgogol gs f rftgmofi foj whii-euoctgmogol

kfraht go wdgcd prgch sglofis mbvgfth rhluiftgmo. Erhh kfrahts rhqugrh moiy tdh

kmst kmjhst rhluiftgmo tm prhvhot emrch, tdrhfts, erfuj, foj jhchgt1

lmvhrokhots ohhj omt lm kucd eurtdhr tm dhip buyhrs fsshss tdh substfotgvh

jhsgrfbgigty me jhfis. Go tdgs rhsphct, tdh cfsh ifw prhsuppmshs hcmomkgsts'

styigzhj kmjhi me pihf bfrlfgogol, go wdgcd hfcd pfrty cdmmshs tm hothr gotm

pihf flrhhkhot moiyge

tdhrh gs kutufigty me fjvfotflh. ' Zdh jhehojfot lhtsf imwhr shothoch1 go hxcdfolh, tdh prmshcutgmo erhhs up tgkh foj kmohy tm

pursuh kmrh jhehojfots, foj kfy fism purcdfsh moh jhehojfot's thstgkmoy mr

cmmphrftgmo tm ush flfgost mtdhrs.

Zdh erhh kfraht wmras prhtty whii emr cmkkhrcgfi trfosfctgmos, go wdgcd

homuld kfraht pfrtgcgpfots frh smpdgstgcfthj foj sdmp frmuoj tdft shiihrs kust

imwhr prgchs emr hvhrymoh tm kftcd tdh lmgol rfth. Zdft kmjhi rmuldiy

jhscrgbhs kucd bfrlfgogol mvhr cgvgi shttihkhots, wdhrh hfcd sgjh usufiiy

kfxgkgzhs gts mwo jmiifr rhcmvhry foj fttmrohys' ehhs frh metho phllhj tm

phrchotflh me tdhgr cighots' rhcmvhrghs.

Xoemrtuofthiy, pihf bfrlfgogol gs efr ermk f whii-euoctgmogol kfraht wgtdtrfospfrhot, cmkphtgtgvh prgchs. Emr stfrthrs, tdh prmshcutmr gs f kmompsmogst,tdh moiy buyhr wgtd wdmk f jhehojfot cfo sdmp uoihss dh wgii rgsa lmgol tm

Prmehssmr me Ifw foj Crgkgomimly, Xogvhrsgty me Phoosyivfogf. Zdfoas tm Nmsd Bmwhrs foj

ky cm-pfohigsts, Lfbrghi Nfca Cdgo foj Kfrlfrht Cmilfth Imvh, emr mur giiukgoftgol jgscussgmos

mo tdgs tmpgc.

6 Brfjy v. Xogthj Stfths, 37< X.S. <:2, <8 67<0).

<7



SFGOZ IMXGS XOGUHRSGZW PXBIGCIF\ RHUGH\

trgfi.2 Zdh prmshcutmr prmbfbiy gs omt immagol tm kfxgkgzh tdh mvhrfii

puogsdkhot mr shothoch, but rftdhr gs shhagol tm lufrfothh f cmovgctgmo foj

wgiigol tm trfjh mee shvhrgty emr chrtfgoty. Igahwgsh, tdh jhehosh ifwyhr, metho

uojhrpfgj foj mvhrwmrahj, dfs strmol gothrhsts go kmvgol dgs jmcaht bylhttgol dgs cighots tm pihfj qugcaiy. Fppmgothj jhehosh ifwyhrs frh metho pfgj

f sfifry, f eift ehh, mr f imw ehh phr cfsh, sm tdhrh gs igttih gochotgvh tm govhst

hxtrf wmra foj rhsmurchs tm turo mvhr hvhry stmoh.3 Fism, jhehosh ifwyhrs vfry

lrhftiy go tdhgr sagiis, hxphrghoch, foj rhiftgmosdgps wgtd prmshcutmrs, wdgcd

cfo eurtdhr goeiuhoch pihf bfrlfgogol mutcmkhs.: Ohvhrtdhihss, tdh Cmurt put

lrhft efgtd go jhehosh ifwyhrs fjvgch fs tdh ahy tm kfagol jhehojfots pihfs

aomwgol foj vmiuotfry foj sht f vhry dgld bfr emr mvhrturogol pihfs bfshj mo

jhegcghot ihlfi fjvgch.8

Phrdfps tdh bgllhst prmbihk gs tdh fssukptgmo tdft jhehojfots dfvh

homuld goemrkftgmo tm rftgmofiiy emrhcfst tdhgr lugit foj hxphcthj shothochsfoj wdhtdhr gt kfahs shosh tm pihfj lugity. Kmst jhehojfots jm gojhhj aomw

wdhtdhr tdhy frh lugity me smkhtdgol foj wdhtdhr tdhy dfvh fo mbvgmus

jhehosh, foj kmst lugity jhehojfots dfvh f rhfsmofbih gjhf me tdh wgtohsshs

foj mtdhr hvgjhoch flfgost tdhk.5 But crgkgofi cfshs frh kucd kmrh cmkpihx

tdfo bgofry nujlkhots me lugit mr goomchoch. Metho, tdhrh gs f rfolh me crgkgofi

cdfrlhs tdft cfo egt f crgkgofi trfosfctgmo, foj prmshcutmrs stfrt mut stfcagol

kuitgpih cdfrlhs moiy tm bfrlfgo smkh fwfy. Zdhrh fism gs usufiiy f rfolh me

crgkgofi shothochs tdft cfo egt f pfrtgcuifr cdfrlh. Zdft gs kmst mbvgmus go

uostructurhj-shothocgol systhks, go wdgcd f nujlh cfo lgvh zhrm tm twhoty

yhfrs emr f rmbbhry, emr hxfkpih. Structurhj shothocgol systhks, tdmuld

ofrrmwhr, stgii prhshrvh f rfolh mvhr wdgcd tdh pfrtghs cfo bfrlfgo. Go tdh

ehjhrfi systhk, emr hxfkpih, tdh tmp me tdh rfolh gs ft ihfst 28 dgldhr tdfo tdh

bmttmk.< Hvho wdho kfojftmry-kgogkuk phofitghs cfo fppiy, prmshcutmrs

kfy flrhh tm jrmp cdfrlhs, iht tdhk ruo cmocurrhotiy, mr rhcmkkhoj

rhjuctgmos bhimw tdh kgogkuk go hxcdfolh emr cmmphrftgmo flfgost mtdhr

jhehojfots.4

2 Shh Nheerhy Stfojho, Pihf Bfrlfgogol go tdh Sdfjmw me tdh Lugjhigohs 4 CFIGE. I.RHU. 6:<6, 6:<<-44 (6773)1 Sthpdho N. Scduidmehr, CrgkgofiNustgchJgscrhtgmofs f Rhluiftmry

Systhk 6< N. IHLFI SZXJ. :3, 5:-55 6744).

3. Sthpdfoms Bgbfs, Pihf BfrlfgogolMutsgjh tdh Sdfjmw me Zrgfi 66< DFRU. I. RHU.

2:5:, 2:<< (200:).

: Gj. ft 2:40-42.

8 Shh Pfjgiif v. Ahotucay, 630 S. Ct. 6:<3, 6:45 2060).

5. Hvho sm, stgoly jgscmvhry ruihs cfo durt jhehojfots, hsphcgfiiy tdmsh wdm frh goomchot mr

whrh tmm gotmxgcfthj mr khotfiiy gii tm rhkhkbhr tdh jhtfgis. Bgbfs, suprfomth 3, ft 2:7:.

< Shh 24 X.S.C. §77:(b)(2) 2005) igkgtgol tmp me lugjhigohs rfolh tm 28 mr sgx kmotds

fbmvh tdh bmttmk me tdh rfolh, wdgcdhvhr gs lrhfthr)1 X.S. SHOZHOCGOL LXGJHIGOHS KFOXFI

cd. 8, pt. F tbi. (2066) shttgol emrtd ehjhrfi shothocgol rfolhs).

4. Bgbfs, suprf omth 3, ft 2:48.

QUmi. TTTG><70



ZDH KWZD ME ZDH EXIIW GOEMRKHJRFZGMOFI FCZMR

Zmjfy, crgkgofi cmovgctgmos omt moiy cfrry prgsmo thrks foj egohs, but fism

trgllhr f rfolh me sm-cfiihj cmiifthrfi cmoshquhochs. F vgmihot-crgkh

cmovgctgmo kfy cmst f cmovgct dgs rgldt tm cfrry f luo foj tdus tm wmra fs f

pmigch meegchr mr shcurgty lufrj. F shx-meehosh cmovgctgmo, hvho emr eifsdgol mr

pubigc urgoftgmo, kfy rhqugrh f cmovgct tm rhlgsthr fs f shx meehojhr foj omt igvh

go ifrlh pfrts me cgtghs ohfr scdmmis, pfras, mr pifylrmuojs. F jrul cmovgctgmo

kfy cmuot fs fo fllrfvfthj ehimoy, kfagol f omocgtgzho futmkftgcfiiy

rhkmvfbih ermk tdh cmuotry. Zdhsh cmoshquhochs cfo kftthr lrhftiy tm

jhehojfots17 smkhmoh wdm dfs igvhj go Fkhrgcf emr jhcfjhs foj dfs efkgiy

dhrh kfy cfrh efr kmrh fbmut jhpmrtftgmo tdfo fbmut f shothoch me prmbftgmo mr

f ehw kmotds go nfgi. But bhcfush tdhsh cmoshquhochs frh omkgofiiy cgvgi, tdhy

frh omt khotgmohj go pihf flrhhkhots mr pihf cmiimqughs. Zrfjgtgmofiiy, ohgtdhr

nujlhs omr jhehosh ifwyhrs dfvh khotgmohj tdhk tm tdhgr cighots, fs tdhy frh

gkpmshj by cgvgi flhocghs foj stftuths rftdhr tdfo crgkgofi cmurts.60

Crgkgofiprmchhjgols rhkfgohj emrkfiiy jgvmrchj ermk cgvgi mohs, hvho tdmuld

cmiifthrfi cmoshquhochs dfvh go heehct bhcmkh prhjgctfbih pfrts me tdh tmtfi

puogsdkhot pfcaflh. Foj metho, hsphcgfiiy go cfshs me kmjhrfth shvhrgty, tdft

pfcaflh gs ohlmtgfbih. Zrfjgtgmofiiy, f crgkgofi jhehosh ifwyhr kgldt fsa tm

dfvh f moh-yhfr shothoch bukphj up ermk 58 tm 355 jfys, tm qufigey dgs cighot

emr lmmj-tgkh crhjgts. But wdhrh f moh-yhfr shothoch gs tdh tdrhsdmij emr

jhpmrtftgmo, prmshcutmrs foj nujlhs metho wgii flrhh tm imwhr f shothoch by f

jfy, tm 35: jfys, ge f jhehosh ifwyhr gs aomwihjlhfbih homuld tm rhquhst sucd

f efvmr. Sfvvy, hxphrghochj jhehosh ifwyhrs aohw homuld tm fjvgsh tdhgr

cighots foj try tm bfrlfgo mvhr tdhsh cmoshquhochs wdhrh pmssgbih, but kfoymtdhrs jgj omt.

Fii tmm metho, dmwhvhr, tdhsh pihf-bfrlfgogol gssuhs rhkfgohj bhimw tdh

Cmurt's rfjfr. Lugity pihfs, foj hsphcgfiiy pihf bfrlfgos, wfgvh kmst pmssgbih

fpphiifth gssuhs. Zdus, jgsprmpmrtgmofthiy ehw pihf-bfrlfgohj cfshs kfah gt fii

tdh wfy up tm tdh Suprhkh Cmurt's jmcaht. Cmoermotgol fo uorhprhshotftgvh

sfkpih me cfshs, tdh Cmurt cmotgouhj tm dyphr-rhluifth trgfis wdgih ihfvgol pihf

bfrlfgogol ifrlhiy uotmucdhj.' 2

7 Shh Lfbrghi N. Cdgo foj Rgcdfrj \. Dmikhs, Nr., Heehctgvh Fssgstfoch me Cmuoshi foj tdh

Cmoshquhochsme LugityPihfs 4< CMROHII I. RHU. 57<, <00 (2002).

60 j

66 Shh h.l. Stfth v. Vugothrm Kmrhims, 63< P.3j 66:, 667 \fsd. Ct. Fpp. 2005)1 6

OMRZMO ZMMBW NMSHPD RMIIGO, CRGKGOFI JHEHOSH ME GKKGLRFOZS § 60.6 :td hj. 200< .

62 Shh Sthpdfoms Bgbfs, Rhluiftgol tdh Pihf-BfrlfgogolKfraht> Ermk Cfvhft Hkptmr tm

CmosukhrPrmthctgmo 77 CFI. I. RHv. 666<, 6664-67 2066).

2066[ 46



SFGOZ IMXGS XOGUHRSGZW PXBIGC IF\RHUGH\

GG. PFJGIIF's RHCMLOGZGMO ME PIHF BFRLFGOGOL RHFIGZGHS

Zdh trfjgtgmofi kmjhi dfs imol sgoch bhcmkh fo fofcdrmogsk emr tdh 78

me jhehojfots wdm pihfj lugity.' 3 \dft tdhy ohhj gs omt f igtfoy me bmgihrpifth

wfrogols fbmut tdh prmchjurfi trgfi rgldts tdhy frh wfgvgol, fs crgkgofiprmchjurh ruihs rhqugrh,' : bhcfush emr kmst, f nury trgfi wfs ohvhr f shrgmus

mptgmo foj tdh vfrgmus trgfi prmchjurhs whrh gkkfthrgfi. Rftdhr, tdhy ohhj

cihfr goemrkftgmo fbmut tdh substfotgvh mutcmkhs tdhy wgii efch foj dmw lmmj

f jhfi tdhy frh rhchgvgol. Zdhy ohhj tm aomw omt moiy tdh prgsmo foj pfrmih

thrks but fism wdhtdhr tdhy wgii imsh custmjy me tdhgr cdgijrho mr bh jhpmrthj,

emrbgjjho tm igvh ft dmkh, mr bfrrhj ermk wmragol go tdhgr prmehssgmo.

Zdh bfr dfj bhluo tm fcaomwihjlh tdhsh rhfigtghs. Bfr pubigcftgmos

hxpifgohj dmw tm spmt foj uojhrstfoj gkkglrftgmo cmoshquhochs me crgkgofi

cmovgctgmos, foj cmotgougol ihlfi hjucftgmo prmlrfks tfuldt crgkgofi jhehosh

fttmrohys dmw tm ofvglfth tdh tdgcaht me gkkglrftgmo cmoshquhochs. Lmmj,

hxphrghochj crgkgofi jhehosh fttmrohys gocrhfsgoliy sfw hxpifgogol tdhsh

cmoshquhochs fs pfrt me rhprhshotgol tdh wdmih cighot's gothrhsts wgtdgo tdh

crgkgofi cfsh. But ihss hxphrghochj fttmrohys foj tdmsh wdm jm omt sphcgfigzh

go crgkgofi mr gkkglrftgmo ifw rhkfgohj glomrfot mr uocmochrohj wgtd

cmoshquhochs bhymoj tdh crgkgofi shothoch gtshie. Zdus, kfoy jhehojfots

whrh uopihfsfotiy surprgshj, tfagol shhkgoliy ihoghot pihfs moiy tm jgscmvhr

tdft tdhy dfj uowgttgoliy flrhhj tm bh jhpmrthj.

Go fjgiifv. Ahotucay tdh Cmurt emr tdh egrst tgkh cmoermothj tdgs ciusthr

me gssuhs go gothrprhtgol tdh Sgxtd Fkhojkhot's lufrfothhme

heehctgvhfssgstfoch me cmuoshi. 65 Zdh Cmurt fcaomwihjlhj tdft pihf bfrlfgogol gs om

imolhr f ohliglgbih hxchptgmo tm tdh omrk me trgfis1 gt gs tdh omrk.6 F

jhehojfot wdm pihfjs lugity gs omt lhttgol smkh hxchptgmofi brhfa, but muldt tm

bh lhttgol tdh lmgol rfth. Go cmotrfst, tdh jhehojfot wdm lmhs tm trgfi wgii

prmbfbiy rhchgvh f dhfvghr shothoch tdfo usufi, nust fs moiy f ehw sucahrs pfy

euii stgcahr prgch emr f cfr. F rfolh me mptgmos gs mo tdh tfbih, foj jhehojfots

ohhj tm hxpimrh wdhrh wgtdgo tdft rfolh tdhy cfo efii. F cmkphthot jhehosh

ifwyhr kfy bh fbih tm pihf bfrlfgo crhftgvhiy wgtd tdh prmshcutmr go mrjhr tm

crfet f cmovgctgmo foj shothoch tdft shrvhs bmtd tdh prmshcutgmo's foj tdh

jhehosh's gothrhsts.64 Zdh pfrtghs trfjh rgsas emr chrtfgoty foj kfy igahwgsh

63 Gj.

6:. Shh, h.l., EHJ. R CRGK P. 66.

68 Shh lhohrfiiy N. KcLrhlmr Skytd,Ermk Frrhst tm Rhgothlrftgmo> F Kmjhi emr Kgtglftgol

Cmiifthrfi Cmoshquhochs me Crgkgofi Prmchhjgols CRGK. NXSZ. Efii 2007 ft :2 jhscrgbgol

wfys tm kgtglfth cmiifthrfi cmoshquhochs).

65 630 S. Ct. 6:<3 (2060).

6< Gj ft 6:48 o.63.

64 Gj ft 6:45.

QUmi. TTTG><72



ZDH KWZD ME ZDH EXIIW GOEMRKHJ RFZGMOFI FCZMR

flrhh tm dhfvghr crgkgofi shothochs mr rhstgtutgmo go hxcdfolh emr fvmgjgol

cmiifthrfi cmoshquhochs.67

Pihf bfrlfgogol gs tdus omt fo hsmthrgc cmrohr me tdh kfraht rhshrvhj emr

gojgsputfbiy lugity jhehojfots wdm sdmuij bh dfppy tm rhchgvh foy imwhr

shothochs fs f kftthr m lrfch. Gt gs tdh kfraht, foj jhehojfots ohhj cmkphthot

fjvgch fbmut tdh efchts foj cmoshquhochs me tdh trfosfctgmo bhemrh tdhy flrhh

tm f jhfi. F cmrmiifry gs tdft f efgr jhfi rhqugrhs kmrh tdfo f rubbhr stfkp by f

ifwyhr wgtd f puish. Jhehosh ifwyhrs kust hxpifgo omt moiy tdh crgkgofi

shothochs, but fism tdh mtdhr cmoshquhochs tdft wgii cihfriy eimw ermk tdh

cmovgctgmos.20 Omt moiy feegrkftgvh kgsfjvgch, but hvho efgiurh tm meehr fjvgch

wdhrh tdh cmrrhct fjvgch gs cihfr, vgmifths tdh Sgxtd Fkhojkhot.26 Zdft khfos

tdft jhehojfots frh omt ihet tm ehoj emr tdhkshivhs, but dfvh fo feegrkftgvh rgldt

tm ft ihfst kgogkfiiy cmkphthot fjvgch.

Pfjgiif tdus lmhs whii bhymoj tdh ogldt wftcdkfo stfth s kgogkfirhluiftgmo m emrch, tdrhfts, erfuj, kgsrhprhshotftgmos, foj brmaho prmkgshs go

fo mtdhrwgsh ifgsshz-efgrh kfraht. Gt gkpmshs fo feegrkftgvh mbiglftgmo> tdh

stfth kust hosurh tdft jhehojfots dfvh cmuoshi wdm wgii dhip tdhk tm

uojhrstfoj foj hvfiufth tdh substfotgvh khrgts m pihf jhfis. Zdh lmfi gs omt

sgkpiy tm emrbgj gofccurfth mr cmhrchj pihfs, but tm prmkmth f kmrh rmbust foj

gothiiglhot cdmgch fkmol fithroftgvh mutcmkhs. Zdft lmhs kucd eurtdhr tdfo

Sfotmbhiim s bfo mo brmaho prmkgshs22 mr Brfjy s bfo mo tdrhfts,

kgsrhprhshotftgmos, foj brgbhs. 3 rfjy dfj fism rhqugrhj nujlhs foj cmuoshi

tm hxpifgo tdh jgrhct cmoshquhochs futdmrgzhj by tdh pihf,2 but Pfjgiif

sglogegcfotiy hxthojhj tdft jgscimsurh rhqugrhkhot fs whii.Immagol bfcawfrjs, moh kgldt shh smkhtdgol vfluhiy sgkgifr go hfrighr

cfshs tdft trusthj cmkphthot jhehosh cmuoshi tm hosurh efgr jhfis.28 utPfjgiif

gkpmshs f kucd kmrh rmbust foj feegrkftgvh rhqugrhkhot mo cmuoshi. Gt

emiimws tdh fccukuifthj wgsjmk m tdh bfr foj tdh fcfjhky go lrfjufiiy

hxpigcftgol jhehosh ifwyhrs prmehssgmofi mbiglftgmos. Rftdhr tdfo crhftgol f

ohw juty mut m wdmih cimtd, Pfjgiif tfahs fo gocrhkhotfi, cmkkmo-ifw

fpprmfcd tm jgschrogol tdh kgogkuk tdft f cighot cfo hxphct. Zdft kgogkuk

ohhj omt kgrrmr bhst prfctgchs, but ft ihfst gt hvmivhs tm fjfpt tm ohw pihf-

bfrlfgogol rhfigtghs go f eiugj kfraht.

67.

20. Shh, h.l. gj. ft 6:46 42

26. Gj ft 6:431 shh fism gj ft 6:7: (Figtm, N., cmocurrgol) (prmpmsgol f ruih tdft wmuij lm

bhymoj emrbgjjgol kgsfjvgch tm rhqugrh f lhohrgc wfrogol tm cmosuit fo gkkglrftgmo fttmrohy

fbmut pmssgbih gkkglrftgmo cmoshquhochs).

22. Sfotmbhiim v. Ohw Wmra, :0: X.S. 28<, 256-52 67<6).

23. Brfjy v. Xogthj Stfths, 37< X.S. <:2, <88 67<0) (qumtgol Sdhitmo v. Xogthj Stfths, 2:5

E.2j 8<6, 8<2 o.2 (8td Cgr. 678<) (ho bfoc), rhv jmomtdhrlrmuojs 385 X.S. 25 6784)).

2:. Gj ft <8:-88.

28. H.l. gj. ft <85-8<1 KcKfoo v. Rgcdfrjsmo, 37< X.S. <87, <57-<6 67<0).

2066[



S GOZ IMXGS XOGUHRSGZWPXBIGCI \RHUGH\

GGG. ZDHMRHZGCFI KM HIS UHRSXS RHFIGZW

Ft rmmt, tdh Pfjgiif jhcgsgmo dfs lmoh f lrhft wfy tmwfrj rhnhctgol tdh

sgkpigstgc fssukptgmo tdft jhehojfots frh euiiy goemrohj rftgmofi fctmrs.

Foymoh wdm dfs prfctgchj crgkgofi ifw emr foy iholtd m tgkh aomws tdft ehwjhehojfots rhshkbih f cmmi, cficuiftgol, chrhbrfi Uuicfo. Kfoy frh dfkphrhj

by pmmr hjucftgmo, imw gothiiglhoch, foj igkgthj prmegcghocy go Holigsd. Kfoy

kgstrust tdhgr fppmgothj jhehosh ifwyhrs, fssukgol tdft ifwyhrs wdmk tdhy frh

omt pfygol frh omt immagol mut emr tdhgr gothrhsts. Kmrh gkpmrtfotiy, tdmuld

smkh jhehojfots frh hxphrghochj rhcgjgvgsts foj tdgoa tdhy aomw tdh systhk,

ehw uojhrstfoj tdh prmchss, tdh ihlfihsh, foj tdh rhfigstgc rfolh m mutcmkhs

vhry whii. Xp uotgi omw, mur systhk dfs trusthj nujlhs bmgihrpifth pihf

cmiimqughs, wdgcd frh kmstiy fbmut emrhlmoh prmchjurfi rgldts rftdhr tdfo tdh

substfotgvh khrgts m jhfis foj wdgcd ifrlhiy rubbhr stfkp jhfis firhfjy

struca. Jhehojfots ohhj substfotgvh goemrkftgmo fbmut igahiy mutcmkhs bhemrh

tdhy strgah jhfis ermk jhehosh ifwyhrs efkgigfr wgtd tdhgr pfrtgcuifr cfshs.

Pfjgiif cfoomt smivh fii m tdhsh prmbihks. Lgvho tdh cdrmogc

uojhreuojgol m crgkgofi jhehosh cmuoshi foj tdh wgjh vfrgftgmos go tdhgr

qufigty foj wmraimfjs, om cmostgtutgmofi jmctrgoh cmuij. But gt bhlgos tm fttfca

tdh prmbihk m pmmr goemrkftgmo foj cdrmogc kgsuojhrstfojgols go pihf

bfrlfgogol. Moh me tdh wmrst fsphcts me cmiifthrfi cmoshquhochs gs tdft, hvho

tdmuld tdhy frh metho prhjgctfbih, tdhy frh dgjjho bhcfush tdhy tfah pifch

mutsgjh tdh crgkgofi cmurtrmmk. Pfjgiifbrgols tdhk mut gotm tdh igldt. Zdft

wgii omt dhip fii jhehojfots> tdmsh efcgol vhry shrgmus cdfrlhs, mr tdmsh wdmshcrgkgofi trfosfctgmos frh hxtrhkhiy sgkpih, kfy efch jhpmrtftgmo rhlfrjihss

foj dfvh igttih rmmk tm bfrlfgo. But gt wfros tdhk m wdft gs cmkgol jmwo tdh

pgah foj hkpmwhrs tdhk tm hxpimrh wdhtdhr tdhrh gs foytdgol tdhy cfo jm.

Zdhrh frh kfoy mtdhr wfys tm prmvgjh kmrh goemrkftgmo tm cmkpihkhot

Pfjgiif sohw rgldt tm goemrkftgmo fbmut jhpmrtftgmo. Pfjgiif srgldt kfy mr

kfy omt uitgkfthiy rhfcd mtdhr cmoshquhochs sucd fs imss me custmjy,

hkpimykhot, pubigc dmusgol, mr rhsgjhocy rhstrgctgmos. Hvho g tdh

Cmostgtutgmo jmhs omt rhqugrh gt, lmmj jhehosh ifwyhrs sdmuij khotgmo ft ihfst

tdhsh shrgmus cmoshquhochs wdhrh tdhy frh igahiy tm fppiy. Igahwgsh, stftuths

foj ruihs me crgkgofi prmchjurh cfo ihfro ihssmos ermk fomtdhr frhf m ifw tdftdfs hxphrgkhothj wgtd gkpfrtgol usheui goemrkftgmo tm gohxphrghochj kfraht

pfrtgcgpfots> cmosukhr-prmthctgmo ifw. Ifws cmuij rhqugrh puttgol pihf

flrhhkhots go wrgtgol foj go pifgo Holigsd, wgtd lrfpdgcs tm dhip jhehojfots

lrfsp oukbhrs foj cmkpfrgsmos. Zdhy cmuij emrbgj mr jgsefvmr dgld-prhssurh

tfctgcs, sucd fs tdrhfts tm prmshcuth f efkgiy khkbhr, foj rhqugrh cmmigol-mee

phrgmjs bhemrh fcchptgol shrgmus ehimoy pihfs. Kgijiy prm-jhehojfot jhefuit

ruihs me cmostructgmo cmuij emrch prmshcutmrs tm sht mut tdhgr uojhrstfojgols

foj thrks cihfriy, sm tdft jhehojfots wgii emcus mo tdhk. Foj kmst me fii,

jhehosh ifwyhrs ohhj omt moiy bhtthr euojgol foj imwhr cfshimfjs, but fism

4 QUmi. TTTG><7



ZDH KWZD ME ZDH EXIIW GOEMRKHJR ZGMO I CZMR

bhtthr trfgogol foj cdhcaigsts tm ahhp tdhk ermk mvhrimmagol cmkkmo gssuhs

foj cmochros.

Zdh rmmt prmbihk, dmwhvhr, gs jhhphr foj dfrjhr tm egx. Zdhrh frh twm

jgstgoct bfrrghrs tm goemrkhj jhcgsgmo-kfagol> egrst, jhehojfots kust dfvhhomuld goemrkftgmo1 foj shcmoj, tdhy kust bh fbih tm uojhrstfoj, jglhst, foj

25ush tdft goemrkftgmo. Fikmst fii me mur heemrts, ermk Bmyago mo dfvh lmoh

gotm tdh egrst rhqugrhkhot. Ge smkh goemrkftgmo gs lmmj, wh rhfsmo, tdho kmrh

kust bh bhtthr. Pfjgiifkfahs surh tdft jhehojfots lht smkh lmmj goemrkftgmo

fbmut gkkglrftgmo cmoshquhochs. But tdft gkpmrtfot goemrkftgmo rgsas

jrmwogol, uoomtgchj, fkgjst tdh kfoy mtdhr wfrogols tdft jhehojfots rhchgvh

go prhpfrftgmo emr foj jurgol tdhgr pihf cmiimquy. Igtfoy fethr bmgihrpifth igtfoy

cfo cfush jhehojfots tm tuoh mut, fs tdh uogkpmrtfot prmchjurfi wfiipfphr me f

pihf cmiimquy kfsas tdh crucgfi substfotgvh goemrkftgmo mo wdgcd jhehojfots

muldt tm bh emcusgol. Kfojftmry jgscimsurhs metho efgi emr tdgs vhry rhfsmo.2<Ihss gs kmrh. But trgfi nujlhs foj ihlgsifturhs frh uoigahiy tm pfrh bfca

wfrogols, ihst smkh fpphiifth cmurt rhvhrsh f cmovgctgmo emr mkgttgol smkh

kgomr pmgot. Fs dfpphos wgtd nury gostructgmos, wfrogols cfo hocrust tdh pihf

prmchss igah bfrofcihs, bhcmkgol vhrbmsh foj gocmkprhdhosgbih. Ge gt cmuij bh

jmoh, bmgigol jmwo goemrkftgmo tm f sgkpih lrfjh mr rhpmrt cfrj, foj trfgogol24

jhehosh cmuoshi tm meehr bhtthr fjvgch, wmuij dhip kmrh.

Gkprmvgol tdh fjvgch me cmuoshi wmuij fism fjjrhss f shcmoj prmbihk wgtd

mur currhot mvhr-rhigfoch mo nujlhs fjvgshkhots ft pihf cmiimqughs> tdh

goemrkftgmo cmkhs tmm ifth tm bh me dhip. By tdh tgkh me tdh pihf cmiimquy, tdh

jhehojfot gs omt ihlfiiy but psycdmimlgcfiiy cmkkgtthj tm tdh jhfi. Lgvho

psycdmimlgcfi suoa cmsts, tgkh prhssurhs, foj fii fctmrs jhsgrhs tm lht tdgols

mvhr wgtd, jhehojfots dfvh fikmst om tgkh tm rheihct foj whgld cmiifthrfi-

cmoshquhoch goemrkftgmo ge gt cmkhs ft tdh hoj me tdh prmchss. Zdhy ohhj

substfotgvh goemrkftgmo fbmut crgkgofi foj cmiifthrfi cgvgi phofitghs wdho tdhy

frh whgldgol tdh jhfi go hfrohst.

Zdhrh frh cmocrhth tdgols jhehosh ifwyhrs cfo jm tm gkprmvh tdh tgkhiy

fjvgch tdft jhehojfots rhchgvh. Fs Prmehssmr Nfca Cdgo sullhsts, jhehojhr

mrlfogzftgmos cfo cmiifbmrfth tm crhfth foj upjfth igsts me cmiifthrfi

cmoshquhochs emr hfcd nurgsjgctgmo, fs tdh FBF gs go tdh prmchss me jmgol, fojtdho tm turo tdhsh gotm usfbih cdhcaigsts.27 Ifwyhrs kust fism quhstgmo tdhgr

cighots foj tdho sukkfrgzh tdh kmst shrgmus foj cmkkmo cmoshquhochs

25. Bmyago v. Fifbfkf 378 X.S. 234, 2:2 6757).

2<. Mkrg Bho-Sdfdfr Cfri H. Scdohgjhr Zdh EfgiurhmeKfojfthj Jgscimsurh 687 X. PF.

I. RHU. 5:< <3< 34 2066).

24. Gj. ft <:3-::.

27. Lfbrghi N. Cdgo Kfagol Pfjgiif Prfctgcfi> Jhehosh Cmuoshi foj Cmiifthrfi

Cmoshquhochs ft Lugity Pihf 8: DM\. I.N. 5<8 548 4< 2066).

2066[ 48



SFGOZIMXGS XOGUHRSGZW PXBIGC IF\RHUGH\

fppigcfbih tm hfcd cighot s sgtuftgmo. 3 0 Zdhy kust, emr hxfkpih, ihfro tdhgr

cighots cgtgzhosdgp foj prmehssgmos go mrjhr tm eglurh mut wdhtdhr tdhy kfy

efch gkkglrftgmo mr hkpimykhot cmoshquhochs. Zdhy kust emcus mo tdh typh

me cmovgctgmos> vgmihot, jrul, foj shx meehoshs hfcdcfrry cmoshquhochs

sphcgegc tm tdft cfthlmry. Kfrlfrht Imvh rhcmkkhojs tdft jhehojhrs tfah tgkh

tm hxpimrh wgtd tdhgr cighots wfys tm fvmgj mr kgtglfth cmiifthrfi cmoshquhochs,

bmtd by ohlmtgftgol wgtd tdh lmvhrokhot ft tdh ermot hoj me cfshs foj tdrmuld

rhighe khcdfogsks ft tdh bfca hoj.3 Foj, fs Prmehssmr Rmo \rgldt sullhsts,

jhehosh ifwyhrs cfo bfoj tmlhtdhr gotm ifrlhr pubigc-jhehojhr mrlfogzftgmos

wgtd go-dmush gkkglrftgmo foj cmiifthrfi-cmoshquhoch hxphrts, tm bhtthr dfojih

cmkpihx frhfs go wdgcd omt fii igoh fttmrohys cfo bhcmkh hxphrts.32

fjgiifcfoomt rhvmiutgmogzh crgkgofi nustgch1 mur systhk sueehrs ermk tmm

kfoy pftdmimlghs emr f sgolih jhcgsgmo tm egx. But gt gs f whicmkh rhcmlogtgmo

tdft jhehojfots frh omt euiiy goemrkhj rftgmofi fctmrs wdm ohhj moiy tdhohlftgvh rgldts tm bh erhh me tdrhfts, brmaho prmkgshs, ighs, foj brgbhs. Zdhy

ohhj feegrkftgvh dhip ermk tdhgr jhehosh cmuoshi tm hvfiufth tdh efgrohss foj

jhsgrfbgigty me tdhgr pihfs, foj fjgiif s fo gkpmrtfot sthp go tdft jgrhctgmo.

30 Gj. ft 547 70.

36. Kfrlfrht Cmilfth Imvh, Cmiifthrfi Cmoshquhochs Fethr Pfjgiif v Ahotucay> Ermk

GothrofiPuogsdkhot tm Rhluiftgmo 30 SZ. Imugs X. PXB. I. RHU. 4<, 663 65 2066).

32. Rmofij E. \rgldt Pfjgiif foj tdh Jhigvhry meGothlrfthj Crgkgofi Jhehosh 84 XCIF I.

RHU. 6868, 6835-37 2066).

45 QUmi. TTTG><7



ZFB 4








ZFB 4F










RH> Ruih 82 (6:-CR-F)

JFZH> Kfrcd 2, 2063

Fs jhscrgbhj kmrh euiiy go tdh ihtthr tdft emiimws, Nujlh Nmo Ohwkfo dfs wrgttho tm urlh

cmosgjhrftgmo me fo fkhojkhot tm Ruih 82 tdft wmuij gocrhfsh tdh fvfgifbgigty me fpphiifthrhvghw me shothocgol hrrmrs.

Go cmotrfst tm tdh cmrrhctgmo me trgfi hrrmrs by rhtrgfis, wdgcd gkpmsh vhry sglogegcfot

burjhos mo tdh nujgcgfi systhk, Nujlh Ohwkfo omths tdft tdh cmrrhctgmo me shothocgol hrrmrs gs

kucd ihss burjhosmkh. Kmrhmvhr, tdh cmst me shothocgol hrrmrs cfo bh vhry dgld. Fo

uocmrrhcthj lugjhigoh kgscficuiftgmo kfy ihfj tm kmotds mr yhfrs me uowfrrfothj gkprgsmokhot.

Fccmrjgoliy, Nujlh Ohwkfo prmpmshs fo fkhojkhot tdft wmuij phrkgt fpphiifth cmurts tm

cmosgjhr shothocgol hrrmrs omt egrst rfgshj go tdh jgstrgct cmurt–hvho ge tdhy wmuij omt khht tdh

stfojfrj me pifgo hrrmr–wdho tdh hrrmr wfs prhnujgcgfi tm tdh jhehojfot foj gts cmrrhctgmo wmuij

omt rhqugrh f ohw trgfi.

Zdgs prmpmsfi gs gociujhj mo tdh Fprgi Flhojf emr jgscussgmo me tdh quhstgmo wdhtdhr tdh

Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh wgsdhs tm stujy tdh prmpmsfi go jhptd.








ZFB 4B









Cdfgr, Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh mo Ehjhrfi Ruihs me Crgkgofi Prmchjurh

Jhfr Nujlh Rfllg>6

G wrgth tm prmpmsh f cdfolh go fpphiifth rhvghw me cifgkhj shothocgol hrrmrs. Ky prmpmsfigs tdft f shothocgol hrrmr tm wdgcd om mbnhctgmo wfs kfjh go tdh jgstrgct cmurt sdmuij bh cmrrhcthj

mo fpphfi wgtdmut rhlfrj tm tdh rhqugrhkhots me ’pifgo hrrmr‛ rhvghw, uoihss tdh hrrmr wfs dfrkihss.

Ruih 82(b) me tdh Ehjhrfi Ruihs me Crgkgofi Prmchjurh prmvgjhs> ’F pifgo hrrmr tdft feehcts

substfotgfi rgldts kfy bh cmosgjhrhj hvho tdmuld gt wfs omt brmuldt tm tdh cmurt‗s ftthotgmo.‛ Zdh

Suprhkh Cmurt dfs stfthj tdh strgct rhqugrhkhots me ’pifgo hrrmr‛ rhvghw. Shh Xogthj Stfths v. Mifom,

80< X.S. <28, <32-34 (6773). Zdhsh rhqugrhkhots frh hotgrhiy fpprmprgfth emr trgfi hrrmrs tm wdgcd

om mbnhctgmo wfs kfjh. F rhtrgfi tm cmrrhct f trgfi hrrmr gkpmshs substfotgfi burjhos mo tdh nujgcgfi

systhk. F ohw nury kust bh hkpfohihj, wgtohsshs kust bh rhturohj tm tdh cmurtrmmk, wgtd tdh rgsa

me jgkgogsdhj rhcmiihctgmos, foj cmosgjhrfbih tgkh foj hxphosh frh cmosukhj. Cmrrhctgol f

shothocgol hrrmr, dmwhvhr, govmivhs om cmkpfrfbih burjhos. F rhshothocgol usufiiy cmosukhs ihss2

tdfo fo dmur, rhqugrhs om nury, foj omrkfiiy rhqugrhs om wgtohsshs.

Hvho uojhr fjvgsmry shothocgol lugjhigohs, f shothocgol nujlh gs rhqugrhj tm cficuifth fo

fppigcfbih lugjhigoh rfolh, shh Xogthj Stfths v. Crmsby, 37< E.3j 603, 666-62 (2j Cgr. 2008), f

cmkpigcfthj prmchss go wdgcd hrrmrs cfo hfsgiy mccur, smkh me wdgcd kfy uojhrstfojfbiy hscfph tdh

omtgch me hvho hxphrghochj jhehosh cmuoshi. Fo uocmrrhcthj lugjhigoh kgscficuiftgmo cfo fjj kfoy

kmotds foj smkhtgkhs yhfrs me uowfrrfothj prgsmo tgkh tm f shothoch. Zdhrh gs om nustgegcftgmo emr

rhqugrgol f jhehojfot tm shrvh fjjgtgmofi tgkh go prgsmo nust bhcfush jhehosh cmuoshi efgihj tm mbnhct

tm f lugjhigoh kgscficuiftgmo.

Zdh Suprhkh Cmurt dfs rhcmlogzhj tdft tdh nury trgfi gs tdh cmothxt go wdgcd tdh rglmr me tdh’pifgo hrrmr‛ jmctrgoh gs tm bh fppighj. ’QE[hjhrfi cmurts dfvh cmosgsthotiy gothrprhthj tdh pifgo-hrrmr

jmctrgoh fs rhqugrgol fo fpphiifth cmurt tm egoj tdft tdh cifgkhj hrrmr omt moiy shrgmusiy feehcthj

—substfotgfi rgldts,‗ but tdft gt dfj fo uoefgr prhnujgcgfi gkpfct mo tdh nury's jhigbhrftgmos.‛ Xogthj

Stfths v. Wmuol, :<0 X.S. 6, 65 o.6: (6748) (hkpdfsgs fjjhj). \dho tdh Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh Omth

tm Ruih 82(b) stfthj tdft tdh ruih gs ’f rhstfthkhot me hxgstgol ifw,‛ tdh twm jhcgsgmos gt cgthj bmtd

cmochrohj cifgks me nury trgfi hrrmr. Shh \gbmrl v. Xogthj Stfths, 653 X.S. 532, 887-50 (6475), foj

Dhkpdgii v. Xogthj Stfths, 662 E.2j 808 (7td Cgr.), rhv‗j, 362 X.S. <27 (67:6), cmoemrkhj, 620 E.2j

G fk shojgol tdgs prmpmsfi tm tdh cdfgrs me bmtd tdh Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh mo Crgkgofi Ruihs foj 6

tdh Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh mo Fpphiifth Ruihs (fs whii fs tdh cdfgr me tdh Stfojgol Cmkkgtthh) bhcfush tdh

prmpmsfi cmochros fpphiifth rhvghw me shothocgol hrrmrs foj kgldt bh wgtdgo tdh nurgsjgctgmo me bmtd

cmkkgtthhs.

Shh Xogthj Stfths v. Ihuol, :0 E.3j 8<<, 845 o.6 (2j Cgr. 677:)1 Xogthj Stfths v. Bfhz, 7:: E.2j 2

44, 70 o.6 (2j Cgr. 6776).

6


6:-CR-F



668 (7td Cgr. 67:6).

Bhcfush Ruih 82(b) kfahs om jgstgoctgmo bhtwhho trgfi hrrmrs foj shothocgol hrrmrs, gt gs

uojhrstfojfbih tdft tdh Suprhkh Cmurt dfs stfthj (mr fssukhj) tdft ’pifgo hrrmr‛ rhvghw fppighs tm

shothocgol hrrmrs. Go Xogthj Stfths v. Cmttmo, 838 X.S. 528, 536-3: (2002), tdh Cmurt, rhvghwgol emr

pifgo hrrmr, jhcigohj tm rhnhct f shothocgol hodfochkhot cifgkhj tm bh hrrmohmus bhcfush jrulqufotgty, mo wdgcd tdh hodfochkhot wfs bfshj, wfs omt fiihlhj go tdh gojgctkhot. Go

Xogthj Stfths v. Bmmahr, 8:3 X.S. 220, 254 (2008), tdh Cmurt stfthj, wgtd rhsphct tm shothocgol

lugjhigoh hrrmrs, ’Q\[h hxphct rhvghwgol cmurts tm fppiy mrjgofry prujhotgfi jmctrgohs, jhthrkgogol,

emr hxfkpih, wdhtdhr tdh gssuh wfs rfgshj bhimw foj wdhtdhr gt efgis tdh —pifgo-hrrmr‗ thst.‛ Go

Pucahtt v. Xogthj Stfths, 885 X.S. 627, 6:3 (2007), tdh Cmurt fppighj ’pifgo hrrmr‛ rhvghw tm fo

uombnhcthj tm brhfcd me f pihf flrhhkhot. Shh fism Dhojhrsmo v. Xogthj Stfths, 633 S. Ct. 6626

(2063) (fctgol mo prhkgsh tdft ’pifgo hrrmr‛ rhvghw fppighs tm shothocgol hrrmrs, Cmurt ruihs tdft

wdhtdhr hrrmr gs pifgo gs jhthrkgohj ft tgkh me rhvghw, omt tgkh me hrrmr).3

Kmst me tdh cgrcugts fppiy ’pifgo hrrmr‗ rhvghw tm uombnhcthj tm shothocgol hrrmrs, shh, h.l.,

Xogthj Stfths v. Hvhrsmih, :4< E.3j 602: (5td Cgr. 200<)1 Xogthj Stfths v. Zrfxihr, :<< E.3j 62:3,6280 (60td Cgr. 200<)1 Xogthj Stfths v. Jrflmo, :<6 E.2j 806, 808 (3j Cgr. 2005)1 Xogthj Stfths v.

Aomws Dgs Luo GGG, :34 E.3j 763, 764 (7td Cgr. 2005). Zdh Egrst foj Shcmoj Cgrcugt‗s dfvh

smkhtgkhs fppighj f ihoghot emrk me ’pifgo hrrmr‛ rhvghw tm uombnhcthj tm shothocgol hrrmrs, shh

Xogthj Stfths v. Cmrths-Cifujgm, 362 E.3j 6<, 2: (6st Cgr. 2002)1 Xogthj Stfths v. Smesay, 24< E.3j

622, 628 (2j Cgr. 2002).

Zm gkpihkhot ky sullhstgmo, tdh emiimwgol fjjgtgmo tm Ruih 82 kgldt bh cmosgjhrhj,

fitdmuld vfrgmus mtdhr emrkuiftgmos cmuij bh jhvgshj>

Prmpmshj Ruih 32(c) me tdh Ehjhrfi Ruihs me Crgkgofi Prmchjurh>

F cifgk me hrrmr go cmoohctgmo wgtd tdh gkpmsgtgmo me f shothoch, omt brmuldt

tm tdh cmurt‗s ftthotgmo, kfy bh rhvghwhj mo fpphfi wdhtdhr mr omt tdh hrrmr wfs

pifgo, ge (f) tdh hrrmr cfushj tdh jhehojfot prhnujgch, foj (b) cmrrhctgmo me tdh hrrmr

wgii omt rhqugrh f ohw trgfi.

Sgochrhiy,

Nmo M. Ohwkfo

X.S. Cgrcugt Nujlh

Go twm cfshs jhcgjhj bhemrh tdh fjmptgmo me Ruih 82(b), tdh Suprhkh Cmurt cmrrhcthj f shothocgol3

hrrmr omt cmkpifgohj me bhcfush tdh hrrmr wfs jhhkhj ’pifgo.‛ Shh Pghrch v. Xogthj Stfths, 288 X.S. 374,

:08-05 (6726) (pifgo hrrmr tm fiimw gothrhst mo f crgkgofi egoh uotgi f nujlkhot dfj bhho hothrhj flfgost

sdfrhdmijhrs me tdh jhehojfot cmrpmrftgmo)1 \hhks v. Xogthj Stfths, 26< X.S. 3:7, 340 (6760) (gkpmsgtgmo

me puogsdkhot jhhkhj cruhi foj uousufi sht fsgjh fs pifgo hrrmr).

2




ZFB 7






ZFB 7F










RH> Ruih 27 (6:-CR-B)

JFZH> Kfrcd 60, 206:

Fs jhscrgbhj kmrh euiiy go tdh fttfcdhj ihtthr foj fccmkpfoygol ifw rhvghw frtgcih, Nfrhj

Aohgthi rhcmkkhojs tdft tdh Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh cmosgjhr fkhojgol Ruih 27 tm prmvgjh f prmchjurh emr kfagol f kmtgmo emr f nujlkhot me fcqugttfi go f bhocd trgfi. Kr. Aohgthi frluhs

tdft Ruih 27 prmvgjhs ruihs fjfpthj tm nury trgfis, foj dh rhcmkkhojs tdh fjjgtgmo me f ohw

subjgvgsgmo tm fjjrhss tdh jgstgoctgvh cmochros fppigcfbih tm bhocd trgfis.

Nujlh Rfllg jhcgjhj tdft tdh kftthr jgj omt wfrrfot f rhpmrthrs‗ khkmrfojuk ft tdgs

tgkh. Ohvhrtdhihss, gt gs put bhemrh tdh Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh jhthrkgoh wdhtdhr tdhrh gs foy

gothrhst go eurtdhr pursugt (go wdgcd cfsh f subcmkkgtthh wgii bh fppmgothj).








ZFB 7B








Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh 3:< me :02Fprgi <-4, 206: Pflh 3:< me :02

6:-CR-B

































































































ZFB 60








Zm> Zdh CK/HCE Subcmkkgtthh

Ermk> Prmehssmrs Sfrf Suo Bhfih foj Ofocy Agol

Rh> Pmssgbih Fkhojkhots tm Ehjhrfi Ruihs me Crgkgofi

Prmchjurh tm fccmkkmjfth CK/HCE

Jfth> Nuiy 8, 2063

Zdgs khkm jgscusshs tdh Crgkgofi Ruihs tdft kgldt bh feehcthj by CK/HCE (foj thcdomimly

kmrh lhohrfiiy), foj gt prmvgjhs cmkkhots foj sullhstgmos mo wdhtdhr foy fkhojkhot gs ohchssfry mr

fjvgsfbih. Dmwhvhr, mur fofiysgs ft tdgs stflh gs ohchssfrgiy prhigkgofry foj lhohrfi bhcfush me tdh

uochrtfgoty fbmut dmw CK/HCE kfy cdfolh. Bhcfush me tdh ifrlh oukbhr me ruihs tdft kgldt

cmochgvfbiy bh feehcthj, wh prmvgjh tdh euii thxt moiy emr shihcthj ruihs, lgvgol f brghe jhscrgptgmo me

mtdhrs.

Go tdh shctgmos tdft emiimw, wh jgscuss>

G. Ruihs rhehrrgol tm ’rhcmrjgol,‛ ’tdh rhcmrj,‛ fctgmos foj hvhots tdft kust mccur ’mo tdhrhcmrj,‛ dfojgol me mr fcchss tm rhcmrjgols, htc.

GG. Ruihs rhqugrgol tdft f jmcukhot mr rhcmrj bh sglohj

GGG. Ruihs rhqugrgol wrgtgol

GU. Ruihs lmvhrogol egigol

U. Ruihs rhqugrgol shojgol foj rhturo me egihs mr lrfoj nury kfthrgfi tm fomtdhr jgstrgct

UG. Ruihs rhqugrgol kfgigol

UGG. Ruihs rhqugrgol tdh hotry me goemrkftgmo mo jmcukhots, foj tdh hotry me mrjhrs

UGGG. Ruihs rhqugrgol tdh prhshrvftgmo rhcmrjs mr thstgkmoy

GT. Ruihs lmvhrogol shrvgch

Zdgs khkm jmhs omt jgscuss tdh Ruihs Lmvhrogol Fctgmos Xojhr Shctgmos 228: foj 2288, wdgcd pmsh

jgstgoctgvh gssuhs.

6




G. Ruihs rhehrrgol tm ’rhcmrjgol,‛ ’tdh rhcmrj,‛ fctgmos foj hvhots tdft

kust mccur ’mo tdh rhcmrj,‛ dfojgol me mr fcchss tm rhcmrjgols, htc.

Zdh Crgkgofi Ruihs cmotfgo f kyrgfj me rhehrhochs tm ’tdh rhcmrj,‛ tm ’rhcmrjgol,‛ tm hvhots mr

fctgmos tdft kust mccur mr bh kfjh ’mo tdh rhcmrj,‛ tm tdh kfagol foj dfojigol me rhcmrjgols. Bhcfush me

tdh ifrlh oukbhr me ruihs govmivhj, wh dfvh lrmuphj tdh ruihs, jhscrgbh hfcd brgheiy (rftdhr tdfo

prmvgjgol tdh rhihvfot thxt), foj prmvgjh cmkkhots fbmut tdh vfrgmus cfthlmrghs me rhcmrj-rhifthj ruihs.

F. Ruihs rhehrrgol tm ’rhcmrjgol‛ mr f ’rhcmrjgol jhvgch‛ mr ’rhcmrjhj stfthkhot‛

Ruih :.6. futdmrgzhs f oukbhr me jgeehrhot mptgmos emr rhcmrjgol tdh thstgkmoy tfaho jurgol fo

fppigcftgmo emr wfrrfot by hihctrmogc khfos, gociujgol rhcmrjgol tdh cmovhrsftgmo by fo

’hihctrmogc rhcmrjgol jhvgch,‛ but fii rhcmrjgols kust bh trfoscrgbhj, chrtgeghj, foj egihj.

Ruih 8.6(l) rhqugrhs tdft tdh prhigkgofry dhfrgol bh rhcmrjhj ’by f cmurt rhpmrthr mr by f sugtfbih

rhcmrjgol jhvgch‛1 f cmpy me bmtd tdh rhcmrjgol me tdh prhigkgofry dhfrgol foj tdh trfoscrgpt

’kfy‛ bh prmvgjhj tm foy pfrty upmo rhquhst emr tdh ehh sphcgeghj by tdh Nujgcgfi Cmoehrhoch.

Ruih 5(h) stfths tdft lrfoj nury prmchhjgols (hxchpt jhigbhrftgmos foj vmtgol) ’kust bh rhcmrjhj

by f cmurt rhpmrthr mr by f sugtfbih rhcmrjgol jhvgch,‛ foj tdft tdh lmvhrokhot wgii mrjgofrgiy

rhtfgo cmotrmi me ’tdh rhcmrjgol, tdh rhpmrthr‗s omths, foj foy trfoscrgpt prhpfrhj ermk tdmsh

omths.‛

Ruihs 66(l) foj 62(e) rhqugrhs pihf foj kmtgmo dhfrgol prmchhjgols tm bh rhcmrjhj by f cmurt

rhpmrthr mr f ’sugtfbih rhcmrjgol jhvgch‛ foj sfy omtdgol fbmut f trfoscrgpt.

Ruih 25(e) jhegohs stfthkhot, gociujhs ’rhcmrjhj rhcgtfi‛ me stfthkhot cmotfgohj go foy

’rhcmrjgol‛ mr trfoscrgptgmo me ’rhcmrjgol.‛

Ruih 32.6 rhqugrhs prhigkgofry dhfrgols go rhvmcftgmos tm bh rhcmrjhj by rhpmrthr mr sugtfbihjhvgch fs whii foj sfys omtdgol fbmut trfoscrgpts.

Ruih :6(j)(2) rhqugrhs thstgkmoy go suppmrt me f wfrrfot fppigcftgmo tm bh rhcmrjhj by rhpmrthr mr

sugtfbih jhvgch, foj rhqugrhs tdh nujlh tm egih tdh trfoscrgpt mr rhcmrjgol wgtd tdh cihra .

Ruih 84(h) stfths prmchhjgols uojhr Ruih 84 kust bh rhcmrjhj by ’f cmurt rhpmrthr mr f sugtfbih

rhcmrjgol jhvgch.‛

Ruih 84(l)(2)(C) jhegohs tdh rhcmrj emr fo fpphfi ermk f kflgstrfth nujlh‗s mrjhr fs ’tdh mrglgofi

pfphrs foj hxdgbgts go tdh cfsh1 foy trfoscrgpt, tfph, mr mtdhr rhcmrjgol me tdh prmchhjgols1 foj f

chrtgeghj cmpy me tdh jmcaht hotrghs.‛ Gt fism rhqugrhs tdft ’f cmpy me tdh rhcmrj mr prmchhjgols‛kust bh kfjh fvfgifbih tm f jhehojfot wdm hstfbigsdhs dgs gofbgigty tm pfy.

2




Rhpmrthrs‗ Cmkkhots

Ge fujgm mr vgjhm rhcmrjgols frh hvhr fcchpthj go pifch me wrgttho trfoscrgpts (shh jgscussgmo go

Prmehssmr Struvh‗s CK/HCE rhpmrt mo tdh Fpphiifth Ruihs), tdh Crgkgofi Ruihs tdft rhehrhoch trfoscrgpts

me rhcmrjgols kfy wfrrfot f shcmoj imma. Fism, tm tdh hxthot rhcmrjgols frh cmojgtgmohj upmo pfykhot me

f ehh, ge thcdomimly cdfolhs fiimw igoagol tdh rhcmrjgols tm tdh egih, tdh cmst me prmvgjgol f ’cmpy‛ me tdh

rhcmrjgol cmuij bh higkgofthj emr tdmsh wgtd fcchss. Zdmsh wgtdmut fcchss tm CK/HCE mr hqugpkhot tm

pify fo hihctrmogc rhcmrjgol (prm sh jhehojfots foj phtgtgmohrs) wmuij prhsukfbiy rhqugrh f wrgttho

trfoscrgpt. Ruih 84(l)(2)(C) sm prmvgjhs go tdh pfrtgcuifr sgtuftgmo me fo fpphfi ermk kflgstrfth‗s mrjhr.

B. Ruihs rhehrhocgol fctgmos mr hvhots mr stfthkhots tdft kust bh kfjh mr fpphfr go ’tdh

rhcmrj‛

Ruih 5(b) foj (c) stfth tdft tdh emrhphrsmo mr fomtdhr jhsglofthj nurmr kust rhcmrj dmw kfoy

qufigeghj lrfoj nurmrs cmocurrhj go fo gojgctkhot go tdh rhcmrj.

Ruih 66(c)(8) stfths tdft ge tdh cmurt rhnhcts chrtfgo pihf flrhhkhots gt kust prmvgjh chrtfgo fjvgch

tm tdh jhehojfot ’mo tdh rhcmrj foj go mpho cmurt (mr, emr lmmj cfush, go cfkhrf).‛ Ruih 66(l)

rhqugrhs tdh prmchhjgols go wdgcd tdh jhehojfot hothrs f pihf tm bh ’rhcmrjhj by f cmurt rhpmrthr

mr by f sugtfbih rhcmrjgol jhvgch,‛ foj stfths tdft ’tdh rhcmrj‛ kust gociujh tdh pihf cmiimquy.

Ruih 62(j) rhqugrhs tdh cmurt tm stfth efctufi egojgols ’mo tdh rhcmrj‛ wdho jhcgjgol prhtrgfi

kmtgmos.

Ruih 25(c) rhqugrhs tdh cmurt tm ’prhshrvh tdh hotgrh stfthkhot‛ ge rhjfcthj, ’uojhr shfi, fs pfrt me

tdh rhcmrj.‛

Ruih 25(h) rhqugrhs tdh cmurt tm strgah thstgkmoy ’ermk tdh rhcmrj.‛

Ruih 32(c) rhqugrhs tdh subkgssgmo me f prhshothoch rhpmrt uoihss tdh cmurt egojs ’goemrkftgmo go

tdh rhcmrj‛ sueegcghot tm khfogoleuiiy hxhrcgsh shothocgol futdmrgty foj ’hxpifgos gts egojgol mo

tdh rhcmrj.‛

Ruih 32.2(j) bfrs trfosehr me prmphrty gothrhst wgtdmut jhehojfot‗s cmoshot ’mo tdh rhcmrj‛ mr go

wrgtgol.

Ruih 84(b)(3)(F) fiimws kflgstrfths tm tfah f pihf moiy ge jhehojfot cmoshots ’hgtdhr go wrgtgol mr

mo tdh rhcmrj.‛

Ruih 87(b)(6) rhqugrhs kflgstrfth nujlh tm ’hothr mo tdh rhcmrj‛ fo mrfi mr wrgttho mrjhr go

omojgspmsgtgvh kftthrs, kfah ’Qf[ rhcmrj‛ me foy hvgjhotgfry prmchhjgols, foj ’hothr mo tdh

rhcmrj‛ foy rhcmkkhojftgmo foj prmpmshj egojgols.

Ruih 50(f)(2) rhqugrhs f cmurt tm stfth rhfsmo emr hxciujgol f crgkh vgctgk ’mo tdh rhcmrj.‛

3





Ge CK/HCE cdfolhs dmw gthks frh kfjh pfrt me tdh rhcmrj – by egigol mr hosurgol tdft gt gs pfrt me

f rhcmrjgol mr trfoscrgpt me f prmchhjgol – fii me tdhsh ruihs, mr ft ihfst tdh prfctgch uojhr tdhsh ruihs, kfy

bh feehcthj. Ge f cdfolh go CK/HCE feehcts dmw gthks frh pifchj uojhr shfi mr dmw gthks frh rhkmvhj

ermk tdh rhcmrj, tdhsh ruihs kfy dfvh tm bh fjjrhsshj fs whii. Kmrh goemrkftgmo gs ohhjhj fbmut foycdfolhs go CK/HCE tm jhthrkgoh wdhtdhr foy ruihs cdfolhs wmuij bh jhsgrfbih.

C. Ruihs fjjrhssgol fcchss tm mr dfojigol me ’tdh rhcmrj‛ mr ’rhcmrjgol‛

Ruih 5(j) foj (h) rhehr tm tdh ’mphrftmr me f rhcmrjgol jhvgch‛ fs fo futdmrgzhj phrsmo go f lrfoj

nury shssgmo, foj rhqugrh ’fii prmchhjgols‛ tm bh ’rhcmrjhj by f cmurt rhpmrthr mr by f sugtfbih

rhcmrjgol jhvgch.‛

Ruih 5(c) stfths tdft ’tdh rhcmrj‛ me oukbhr me nurmrs cmocurrgol go hvhry gojgctkhot kfy omt bh

kfjh pubigc wgtdmut cmurt mrjhr.

Ruih 5(h) omths tdft uoihss tdh cmurt mrjhrs mtdhrwgsh, tdh lmvhrokhot kust rhtfgo tdh rhcmrjgol,omths, foj foy trfoscrgpt me lrfoj nury prmchhjgols, foj tdft tdh phrsmo wdm mphrfths f rhcmrjgol

jhvgch mr trfoscrgbhs rhcmrjhj thstgkmoy gs bmuoj tm shcrhcy. Gt fism rhqugrhs fii ’rhcmrjs‛

’rhiftgol tm lrfoj nury prmchhjgols‛ tm bh ahpt uojhr shfi.

Ruih 65(f)(3) hxhkpts lrfoj nury‗s rhcmrjhj prmchhjgols ermk jgscmvhry, hxchpt fs omthj.

Ruih 25.2(c) stfths tdft ge f wgtohss‗s prgmr thstgkmoy gs rhjfcthj bhemrh bhgol prmjuchj, tdh cmurt

kust ’prhshrvh tdh hotgrh stfthkhot wgtd tdh hxcgshj pmrtgmo gojgcfthj, uojhr shfi, fs pfrt me tdh

rhcmrj.‛

Ruih 28(f) rhqugrhs f nujlh tm chrtgey ’efkgigfrgty wgtd tdh trgfi rhcmrj‛ bhemrh substgtutgol go f

nury trgfi.

Ruih 35 fiimws cmurt tm ’cmrrhct f cihrgcfi hrrmr go f nujlkhot, mrjhr, mr mtdhr pfrt me tdh rhcmrj,

mr cmrrhct fo hrrmr go tdh rhcmrj frgsgol ermk mvhrsgldt mr mkgssgmo.‛

Ruih :7.6(j) fiimws egigol uojhr shfi wgtdmut rhjfctgmo foj prmvgjhs emr ifthr uoshfigol mr eigol me

f rhjfcthj vhrsgmo ’emr tdh pubigc rhcmrj‛ foj Ruih :7.6(e) rhqugrhs cmurt tm rhtfgo uorhjfcthj

cmpghs ’fs pfrt me tdh rhcmrj.‛

Ruih 88 rhqugrhs tdh cihra tm ’ahhp rhcmrjs me crgkgofi prmchhjgols‛ foj hothr go ’tdh rhcmrjs‛

hvhry mrjhr mr nujlkhot foj jfth me hotry.


Zdhrh frh kfoy rhcmrjs go crgkgofi cfshs tdft frh egihj uojhr shfi mr tm wdgcd fcchss gs

igkgthj. Lrfoj nury rhcmrjs foj prhshothoch rhpmrts frh fiwfys shcrht. Pihf flrhhkhots frh fism

uofvfgifbih hihctrmogcfiiy mo PFCHR go kfoy jgstrgcts, go pfrt bhcfush me cmochros fbmut rhtfigftgmo

flfgost cmmphrftmrs. Zdhrh wgii bh fo molmgol ohhj tm igkgt fcchss tm smkh jmcukhots tdft frh pfrt me tdh

pubigc rhcmrj, hvho fs tdh cmurt‗s mwo rhcmrj gtshie bhcmkhs jglgtgzhj.

:




Ruih :7.6 shhks tm bh tdh moiy Crgkgofi Ruih tdft rhehrs tm tdh ’pubigc rhcmrj‛ shpfrfthiy ermk

’tdh rhcmrj.‛

J. Ruihs rhehrhocgol rhcmrjs mr rhcmrjgols mr trfoscrgpts tm bh prmjuchj by pfrtghs

Ruih 68 stfths tdft f cmurt kfy mrjhr f jhpmohot tm prmjuch f ’rhcmrj, mr rhcmrjgol‛ ft f

jhpmsgtgmo. Gt sfys omtdgol fbmut wdft gs jmoh wgtd tdh kfthrgfi sm prmjuchj.

Ruih 65(f) rhqugrhs tdh lmvhrokhot tm jgscimsh rhcmrjs, rhcmrjhj stfthkhots, foj rhcmrjhj

thstgkmoy tm tdh jhehojfot.

Ruih :7(f) sfys f pfrty kust shrvh hvhry mtdhr pfrty tdh ’jhsgloftgmo me tdh rhcmrj mo fpphfi.‛

Ruih 87 sfys ’tdh mbnhctgol pfrty‛ kust frrfolh emr ’trfoscrgbgol tdh rhcmrj, mr wdfthvhr pmrtgmos

me gt tdh pfrtghs flrhh tm mr tdh kflgstrfth nujlh cmosgjhrs sueegcghot.‛

Rhpmrthrs‗ Cmkkhot

\h frh uochrtfgo wdhtdhr prmpmshj cdfolhs go CK/HCE wgii cdfolh tdh wfy jgscmvhry gs

cmojucthj. Gs gt hovgsgmohj tdft tdh kfthrgfi tdft gs prmjuchj wgii bh hihctrmogcfiiy stmrhj=

GG. Ruihs rhqugrgol tdft f jmcukhot mr rhcmrj bh sglohj

Zdgrthho Crgkgofi Ruihs rhqugrh tdft moh mr kmrh jmcukhots mr rhcmrjs bh sglohj mr kfah smkh

rhehrhoch tm sglofturhs mr sglogol. Zdh kmst gkpmrtfot me tdhsh ruihs gs Ruih :7(h), wdgcd prmvgjhs emr

imcfi ruihs phrkgttgol tdh ush me hihctrmogc sglofturhs, foj tdus prmvgjhs f bfsgs emr tdh fppigcftgmo me

imcfi ruihs tm tdh sphcgegc Crgkgofi Ruihs rhqugrgol sglogol foj sglofturhs. Gt prmvgjhs>

Ruih :7. Shrvgol foj Egigol Pfphrs

* * * * *

(h) Hihctrmogc Shrvgch foj Egigol. F cmurt kfy, by imcfi ruih,

fiimw pfphrs tm bh egihj, sglohj, mr vhrgeghj by hihctrmogc khfos

tdft frh cmosgsthot wgtd foy thcdogcfi stfojfrjs hstfbigsdhj by

tdh Nujgcgfi Cmoehrhoch me tdh Xogthj Stfths. F imcfi ruih kfy rhqugrh

hihctrmogc egigol moiy ge rhfsmofbih hxchptgmos frh fiimwhj. F

pfphr egihj hihctrmogcfiiy go cmkpigfoch wgtd f imcfi ruih gs wrgttho

mr go wrgtgol uojhr tdhsh ruihs.

Zdh rhkfgogol ruihs rhqugrgol sglofturhs frh sukkfrgzhj bhimw, lrmuphj fccmrjgol tm wdmshsglofturh gs rhqugrhj> tdh nujlh, tdh cihra, tdh fttmrohy emr tdh lmvhrokhot, tdh jhehojfot (foj dgs

cmuoshi), f jhtfgohj kfthrgfi wgtohss, mr tdh lrfoj nury emrhphrsmo. \h prmvgjh f brghe jhscrgptgmo me tdh

ruihs efiigol wgtdgo tdhsh cfthlmrghs. Bhcfush tdh cfthlmrghs jm lhohrfiiy rfgsh jgstgoctgvh gssuhs, mur

cmkkhots rhehr tm fii.

8




F. Ruihs rhqugrgol tdh nujlh‗s sglofturh mo f wfrrfot, sukkmos, tdh nujlkhot, mr f

cmothkpt mrjhr

Ruih :(b)(6)(J) rhqugrhs f wfrrfot tm bh sglohj by f nujlh, foj (b)(2)(B)(ggg) rhqugrhs tdft f nujlh

wdm cmosgjhrs bmtd kfthrgfis by rhigfbih hihctrmogc khfos foj mtdhr thstgkmoy mr hxdgbgts tm sglo

foy mtdhr rhcmrj foj vhrgey gts fccurfcy.

Ruih :.6(b)(2)(5) rhqugrhs tdh nujlh gssugol f wfrrfot mr sukkmos tm sglo tdh mrglgofi jmcukhots

mr jgrhct tdh fppigcfot tm sglo tdh nujlh‗s ofkh mo tdh jupigcfth mrglgofi.

Ruih 32(a) rhqugrhs tdh nujlh tm sglo tdh nujlkhot.

Ruih :2(b) rhqugrhs tdh nujlh tm sglo f cmothkpt mrjhr.

B. Ruihs rhqugrgol tdh cihra‗s sglofturh

Ruih 7(b)(6) rhqugrhs tdh cihra tm sglo fo frrhst wfrrfot mr sukkmos.

Ruih 6<(c) rhqugrhs tdh cihra tm sglo foj shfi bifoa subpmhofs prmvgjhj tm tdh pfrtghs.6

C. Ruihs rhqugrgol tdh sglofturh me tdh jhehojfot foj jhehojfot‗s cmuoshi wdhrh tdh

jhehojfot gs wfgvgol f rgldt

Ruih 60(b)(2) rhqugrhs bmtd tdh jhehojfot foj jhehosh cmuoshi tm sglo f wfgvhr me tdh jhehojfot‗s

prhshoch ft frrfglokhot.

Ruih 6<.6 prmvgjhs tdft tdh lmvhrokhot kfy ush f stfthkhot kfjh ft f prhtrgfi cmoehrhoch moiy ge

tdh stfthkhot wfs go wrgtgol foj sglohj by tdh jhehojfot foj jhehojfot‗s fttmrohy.

Ruih 25.2(e) jhegohs f stfthkhot emr purpmshs me tdft ruih, gothr figf, fs f wrgttho stfthkhot tdhjhehojfot kfahs mr sglos.

J. Mtdhr ruihs rhqugrgol f sglofturh

Zdrhh mtdhr ruihs rhqugrh tdh sglofturh mo pfrtgcuifr jmcukhots me tdh lrfoj nury emrhphrsmo, fo

fttmrohy emr tdh lmvhrokhot, mr f jhtfgohj kfthrgfi wgtohss>

Ruih 5(c) rhqugrhs tdh emrhphrsmo mr jhputy emrhphrsmo tm sglo fii gojgctkhots.

Ruih <(c) rhqugrhs fo fttmrohy emr tdh lmvhrokhot tm sglo tdh gojgctkhot mr goemrkftgmo.

Ruih 68 rhqugrhs f jhtfgohj kfthrgfi wgtohss wdm dfs bhho jhpmshj ft tdh wgtohss‗s rhquhst tmsglo f trfoscrgpt me tdh jhpmsgtgmo uojhr mftd bhemrh tdh wgtohss gs jgscdfrlhj.

Ruih 6<(c) rhqugrhs tdh cihra tm ’gssuh f bifoa subpmhof–sglohj foj shfihj–tm tdh pfrty rhquhstgol gt.‛6

\h gothrprht tdgs tm khfo tdft tdh cihra kust sglo tdh subpmhof.

5





Jglgtfi rhcmrjs, hihctrmogc egigols, foj jglgtfi sglofturhs frh omw ubgqugtmus, foj tdh ruihs ohhj tm

tfah fccmuot me tdft efct. Cmochros me tdft ofturh prmkpthj tdh currhot prmpmsfi tm fkhoj tdh Bfoaruptcy

Ruih 8008(3)(B) tm prmvgjh emr hihctrmogc sglofturhs by phrsmos mtdhr tdfo rhlgsthrhj ushrs me tdh cmurt‗s

hihctrmogc egigol systhk.

Zdh Crgkgofi Ruihs omw dfvh go pifch f lhohrfi khcdfogsk tm fccmkkmjfth hihctrmogc

sglofturhs. Ruih :7 fiimws imcfi ruihs tm prmvgjh emr hihctrmogc sglofturhs, foj wdho imcfi ruihs prmvgjh

emr hihctrmogc sglofturhs Ruih :7(h) fiimws tdh substgtutgmo me fo hihctrmogc sglofturh tdft cmkpighs wgtd

tdh imcfi ruihs. Zm tdh hxthot gt gs jhsgrfbih tm fiimw emr hihctrmogc sglofturhs mo rmutgoh cmurt jmcukhots,

Ruih :7.6 prmvgjhs ft ihfst f stmp lfp bfsgs emr futdmrgzftgmo pursufot tm imcfi ruihs.

\h dfvh omt cmiihcthj mr hvfiufthj tdh imcfi ruihs prmvgjgol emr hihctrmogc sglofturhs, foj wh

bhighvh tdft sucd f stujy wmuij bh f ohchssfry egrst sthp emr foy ftthkpt tm kmjgey tdh Crgkgofi Ruihs tdft

currhotiy lmvhro sglogol. Zdh jgscussgmo cmochrogol prmpmshj Bfoaruptcy Ruih 8008(3)(B) wmuij fism

prmvgjh usheui goemrkftgmo ge tdh Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh whrh tm cmosgjhr fkhojgol tdh Crgkgofi Ruihs tm

jhfi kmrh sphcgegcfiiy wgtd hihctrmogc sglofturhs. Ge tdh Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh whrh tm jm sm, wh hxphct gt

wmuij jrfw jgstgoctgmos bhtwhho tdh hihctrmogc sglofturhs by nujlhs foj mtdhr rhlgsthrhj ushrs me tdh

cmurt‗s hihctrmogc egigol systhk foj tdgrj pfrtghs sucd fs tdh jhehojfot, f jhtfgohj kfthrgfi wgtohss, foj

tdh lrfoj nury‗s emrhphrsmo.

\h jgscuss go tdh ohxt shctgmo me tdgs khkm tdh kmrh lhohrfi quhstgmo wdhtdhr gt wmuij bh usheui

tm fkhoj tdh ifoluflh me Ruih :7.6 (kmjhihj mo Cgvgi Ruih 8(j)(3)), wdgcd prhshotiy rhehrs tm tdh egigol

me ’pfphrQs[‛ fs tdh omrk foj fiimws emr hihctrmogc egigol me pfphrs moiy pursufot tm tdh futdmrgty me imcfi

ruihs.

GGG. Ruihs rhqugrgol wrgtgol

Zwhoty-hgldt Crgkgofi Ruihs rhqugrh f wrgtgol mr rhehr tm wrgttho kfthrgfis. Zdh wrgtgol

rhqugrhkhot go tdhsh ruihs shrvhs f vfrghty me purpmshs. Ruihs 3 foj <(c) – wdgcd jhegoh f cmkpifgot foj

gojgctkhot fs ’f wrgttho stfthkhot me tdh hsshotgfi efcts cmostgtutgol tdh meehosh cdfrlhj‛ – by

gkpigcftgmo rhqugrh tdft foy cdfrlh bh go wrgtgol tm bh trhfthj fs fo meegcgfi cmkpifgot, gojgctkhot, mr

goemrkftgmo. Zdh mtdhr ruihs jgscusshj go tdgs shctgmo lhohrfiiy rhqugrh tdft f egigol, kmtgmo, rhquhst,

cmoshot, omtgch, fpprmvfi, hvfiuftgmo, sukkfry, stfthkhot me rhfsmos, jgscimsurh, mr wfgvhr bh ’wrgttho‛

mr kfjh mr prmvgjhj ’go wrgtgol.‛

Fii frh subnhct tm Ruih :7, wdgcd fiimws hihctrmogc egigols kfjh go fccmrjfoch wgtd imcfi ruihs tm

bh trhfthj fs ge tdhy whrh kfjh go wrgtgol. Gt prmvgjhs (hkpdfsgs fjjhj)>


* * * * *



<









Bhcfush me tdh ifrlh oukbhr me ruihs tdft rhqugrh f wrgtgol mr rhehr tm wrgttho kfthrgfis, wh dfvh

ftthkpthj tm lrmup tdh ruihs emr purpmshs me jgscussgmo (tdmuld fjkgtthjiy tdhrh gs smkh mvhrifp foj

smkh ruihs frh jgeegcuit tm cdfrfcthrgzh). \h jgscuss bhimw ruihs lmvhrogol (f) kmtgmos, (b) rhquhsts mr

omtgegcftgmos tm bh kfjh by tdh pfrtghs, (c) jgscimsurhs by tdh pfrtghs, (j) nujlkhots foj nujgcgfi mrjhrs,

egojgols, foj stfthkhots me rhfsmos, (h) cmoshots, fpprmvfis, foj stgpuiftgmos, (e) mtdhr kgschiifohmus

ruihs.

F. Ruihs lmvhrogol kmtgmos

Ruih :< rhqugrhs kmtgmos tm bh kfjh go wrgtgol uoihss mtdhrwgsh phrkgtthj by tdh cmurt (foj

gociujhs lhohrfi ruihs emr tdh tgkh me egigol). Gt prmvgjhs (hkpdfsgs fjjhj)>

Ruih :<. Kmtgmos foj Suppmrtgol Feegjfvgts

(b) Emrk foj Cmothot me f Kmtgmo. F kmtgmo‚hxchpt wdho kfjh

jurgol f trgfi mr dhfrgol‚kust bh go wrgtgol, uoihss tdh cmurt phrkgts

tdh pfrty tm kfah tdh kmtgmo by mtdhr khfos. F kmtgmo

kust stfth tdh lrmuojs mo wdgcd gt gs bfshj foj tdh rhighe mr mrjhr

smuldt. F kmtgmo kfy bh suppmrthj by feegjfvgt.

(c) Zgkgol me f Kmtgmo. F pfrty kust shrvh f wrgttho kmtgmo ‚

mtdhr tdfo moh tdft tdh cmurt kfy dhfr hx pfrth‚foj foy dhfrgol

omtgch ft ihfst < jfys bhemrh tdh dhfrgol jfth, uoihss f ruih mr cmurt mrjhr shts f jgeehrhot phrgmj. Emr lmmj cfush, tdh cmurt kfy

sht f jgeehrhot phrgmj upmo hx pfrth fppigcftgmo.

Go fjjgtgmo, Ruih 68(f)(2) prmvgjhs tdft f jhtfgohj kfthrgfi wgtohss kfy egih f wrgttho kmtgmo rhquhstgol

tm bh jhpmshj. Zdh rhehrhoch tm f ’wrgttho‛ kmtgmo fpphfrs tm bh suphreiumus go igldt me Ruih :<(b).

B. Ruihs lmvhrogol mtdhr rhquhsts mr omtgegcftgmo by tdh pfrtghs

Kfoy Crgkgofi Ruihs jm omt rhehr tm ’kmtgmos,‛ but tdhy rhqugrh moh mr bmtd pfrtghs tm kfah f

emrkfi rhquhst mr prmvgjh rhqugrhj emrks me omtgegcftgmo go wrgtgol.

Ruih 62.6(f) fiimws tdh fttmrohy emr tdh lmvhrokhot tm rhquhst go wrgtgol omtgegcftgmo me foy

gothojhj figbg jhehosh foj tdho rhqugrhs tdh jhehojfot tm rhspmoj go wrgtgol.

Ruih 62.2(f) foj (b) rhqugrh f jhehojfot gothojgol tm fsshrt fo gosfogty jhehosh mr gotrmjuch

hxphrt hvgjhoch me f khotfi jgshfsh mr jhehct tm omtgey tdh fttmrohy emr tdh lmvhrokhot go wrgtgol.

4




Ruih 62.3(f) foj (b) rhqugrh f jhehojfot fsshrtgol f pubigc-futdmrgty jhehosh tm omtgey tdh

fttmrohy emr tdh lmvhrokhot foj rhqugrhs tdh fttmrohy emr tdh lmvhrokhot tm rhspmoj go wrgtgol.

Ruih 68(b)(6) rhqugrhs f pfrty shhagol tm tfah f jhpmsgtgmo tm prmvgjh tdh mtdhr pfrty wgtd

’rhfsmofbih wrgttho omtgch.‛

Ruih 65(j) prmvgjhs tdft tdh cmurt kfy phrkgt f pfrty tm sdmw lmmj cfush emr f prmthctgvh mrjhr rhstrgctgol jgscmvhry by f ’wrgttho stfthkhot‛ tm bh gosphcthj hx pfrth.

Ruih 25.6 prmvgjhs tdft f pfrty gothojgol tm rfgsh fo gssuh me emrhglo ifw kust prmvgjh fii pfrtghs

wgtd ’rhfsmofbih wrgttho omtgch.‛

Ruih 30 prmvgjhs tdft f pfrty kfy rhquhst ’go wrgtgol‛ tdft tdh cmurt lgvh fo gostructgmo tm tdh

nury.

Ruih 32(e) prmvgjhs tdft tdh pfrtghs kfy ’stfth go wrgtgol‛ foy mbnhctgmos tm tdh prhshothoch

rhpmrt.

Ruih 87(b)(2) prmvgjhs tdft f pfrty kfy egih ’sphcgegc wrgttho mbnhctgmos‛ tm f kflgstrfth nujlh‗s prmpmshj egojgols foj rhcmkkhojftgmos.

C. Ruihs lmvhrogol jgscimsurhs by tdh pfrtghs

Shvhrfi Crgkgofi Ruihs lmvhrogol jgscmvhry rhqugrh tdh pfrtghs tm kfah jgscimsurhs me vfrgmus

agojs go wrgtgol.

Fs omthj fbmvh, Ruih 62.6(f) fiimws tdh lmvhrokhot tm kfah f wrgttho rhquhst emr omtgegcftgmo me

fo gothojhj figbg jhehosh. Ruih 62.6(b)(6) kfojfths rhcgprmcfi jgscimsurh ’go wrgtgol‛ by tdh

fttmrohy emr tdh lmvhrokhot tm f jhehojfot wdm dfs shrvhj omtgch me fo figbg jhehosh, foj Ruih

62.6(c) kfojfths f cmotgougol juty tm jgscimsh ’go wrgtgol.‛

Ruih 62.3(f)(:) prmvgjhs tdft tdh fttmrohy emr tdh lmvhrokhot kfy ’rhquhst go wrgtgol‛ jgscimsurh

me wgtohsshs gothojhj tm hstfbigsd f pubigc-futdmrgty jhehosh, foj rhqugrhs rhcgprmcfi wrgttho

wgtohss jgscimsurhs by tdh lmvhrokhot foj tdh jhehosh1 (b)(6) gkpmshs f cmotgougol juty tm

jgscimsh ’go wrgtgol.‛

Ruih 65(f)(6)(B) rhqugrhs tdh lmvhrokhot tm jgscimsh tdh jhehojfot‗s ’wrgttho mr rhcmrjhj

stfthkhot‛ foj tdh pmrtgmo me foy ’wrgttho rhcmrj‛ cmotfgogol tdh substfoch me fo mrfi stfthkhot.

Ruih 65(f)(6)(L) foj (b)(6)(c) rhqugrh tdh lmvhrokhot foj tdh jhehosh tm prmvgjh f ’wrgttho

sukkfry‛ me chrtfgo thstgkmoy tdh lmvhrokhot mr jhehosh gothojs tm gotrmjuch.

J. Ruihs lmvhrogol nujlkhots, mrjhrs, egojgols, foj stfthkhots me rhfsmos

Zdh emiimwgol Crgkgofi Ruihs rhqugrh tdft tdh cmurt‗s mrjhrs, nujlkhots, foj mtdhr nujgcgfi

stfthkhots mr egojgols bh ’wrgttho‛ mr ’kfjh go wrgtgol.‛

7




Ruih :.6(b)(2)(F) rhqugrhs f nujlh fctgol uojhr tdh ruih tm ’fcaomwihjlh tdh ftthstftgmo go

wrgtgol‛ ge tdh fppigcfot emr f wfrrfot mr sukkmos jmhs om kmrh tdfo ftthst tm tdh cmothots me f

wrgttho feegjfvgt subkgtthj by thihpdmoh mr mtdhr rhigfbih hihctrmogc khfos. Ge tdh nujlh cmosgjhrs

fjjgtgmofi thstgkmoy mr hxdgbgts, (b)(6)(B) rhqugrhs tdh nujlh tm ’sglo foy mtdhr wrgttho rhcmrj,

chrtgey gts fccurfcy, foj egih gt.‛

Ruih 5(h)(3) rhqugrhs tdh trfosehrrgol cmurt tm prmvgjh f ’wrgttho hvfiuftgmo me tdh ohhj emr cmotgouhj lrfoj nury shcrhcy‛ wdho trfosehrrgol f phtgtgmo emr tdh rhihfsh me lrfoj nury kfthrgfis.

Ruih 23(c) rhqugrhs tdh cmurt tm stfth gts sphcgegc egojgols me efct go mpho cmurt mr f wrgttho

jhcgsgmo mr mpgogmo.

Ruih 32(g)(6)(B) prmvgjhs tdft tdh cmurt kust prmvgjh tdh pfrtghs wgtd f ’wrgttho sukkfry me‛ (mr

sukkfrgzh go cfkhrf) foy goemrkftgmo hxciujhj ermk tdh prhshothoch rhpmrt upmo wdgcd tdh

cmurt gothojs tm rhiy.

Ruih :0(c) stfths tdh cmurt kfy kmjgey f prhvgmus rhihfsh mr jhthotgmo mrjhr gssuhj go fomtdhr

jgstrgct but kust stfth tdh rhfsmos emr jm sm ’go wrgtgol.‛

Ruih 87(f) fiimws f kflgstrfth nujlh tm hothr f wrgttho mr mrfi mrjhr go f omojgspmsgtgvh kftthr

rhehrrhj by tdh jgstrgct cmurt.

H. Ruihs lmvhrogol cmoshot, fpprmvfi, rhshrvftgmo me rgldts, mr stgpuiftgmos

Kfoy Crgkgofi Ruihs rhqugrh tdft f pfrty (usufiiy tdh jhehojfot) wdm wfgvhs f rgldt mr cmoshots

f chrtfgo prmchjurh jm sm go wrgtgol, foj mtdhr ruihs rhqugrh tdft fpprmvfis, stgpuiftgmos foj tdh igah bh go

wrgtgol. Zdhsh ruihs prmvgjh f rhcmrj me tdh wfgvhr, cmoshot, mr mtdhr fctgmo, foj kfy fism jrfw tdh

pfrty‗s ftthotgmo tm tdh gkpmrtfoch me tdh jhcgsgmo bhgol kfjh.

Ruih 60(b) prmvgjhs tdft f jhehojfot wdm dfs sglohj f wrgttho wfgvhr me fpphfrfoch, feegrkhj

rhchgpt me tdh gojgctkhot mr goemrkftgmo, foj gs pihfjgol omt lugity ohhj omt bh prhshot ge tdh cmurtfcchpts tdh wfgvhr.

Ruih 66(f) fiimws hotry me f cmojgtgmofi lugity mr omim pihf (wgtd tdh cmoshot me tdh cmurt foj

lmvhrokhot) ’rhshrvgol go wrgtgol‛ fpphiifth rhvghw me f sphcgeghj prhtrgfi kmtgmo.

Ruih 68(c)(6) prmvgjhs tdft f jhehojfot kfy ’wfgvhQ[ go wrgtgol‛ tdh rgldt tm bh prhshot ft f

jhpmsgtgmo.

Ruih 6<.6 prmvgjhs tdft tdh lmvhrokhot kfy omt ush foy stfthkhot by tdh jhehojfot mr cmuoshi

kfjh ft f prhtrgfi cmoehrhoch uoihss tdh stfthkhot gs ’go wrgtgol foj sglohj by tdh jhehojfot foj

tdh jhehojfot‗s fttmrohy.‛ Go tdgs cmothxt, tdh prmvgsgmo me f wrgttho stfthkhot mphrfths tm wfgvh

tdh lhohrfi ruih prhvhotgol fjkgssgmo.

Ruih 20(f) prmvgjhs tdft f prmshcutgmo kfy bh trfosehrrhj tm fomtdhr jgstrgct ge tdh jhehojfot

stfths ’go wrgtgol‛ f wgsd tm pihfj lugity, cmoshots ’go wrgtgol‛ tm jgspmsgtgmo go tdh trfosehrhh

jgstrgct, foj tdh X.S. Fttmrohys go bmtd jgstrgcts ’fpprmvh tdh trfosehr go wrgtgol.‛

60




Ruihr 20(j) prmvgjhs emr trfosehr me f cfsh govmivgol f nuvhogih wdho, gothr figf, tdh nuvhogih

cmoshots tm tdh trfosehr ’go wrgtgol‛ foj tdh X.S. Fttmrohys go bmtd jgstrgcts ’fpprmvh tdh trfosehr

go wrgtgol.‛

Ruih 23(b) fiimws tdh pfrtghs tm ’stgpuifth go wrgtgol‛ tdhgr flrhhkhot tm prmchhj wgtd ehwhr tdfo

62 nurmrs.

Ruih 32(h) prmvgjhs tdft uoihss ’tdh jhehojfot dfs cmoshothj go wrgtgol‛ f prhshothoch rhpmrt kfy

omt bh subkgtthj tm tdh cmurt mr mtdhrwgsh jgscimshj bhemrh tdh jhehojfot dfs bhho emuoj lugity mr

pihfjhj lugity mr omim cmothojhrh.

Ruih 32.2 prmvgjhs emr f stfy me emrehgturh phojgol fpphfi foj prhvhots trfosehr tm f tdgrj pfrty

uotgi tdh fpphfi bhcmkhs egofi ’uoihss tdh jhehojfot cmoshots go wrgtgol mr mo tdh rhcmrj.‛

Ruih :3(b)(2) prmvgjhs tdft go chrtfgo imw ihvhi kgsjhkhfomr cfshs tdh jhehojfot ohhj omt bh

prhshot ge dh mr sdh lgvhs ’wrgttho cmoshot‛ foj tdh cmurt flrhhs tm phrkgt frrfglokhot, pihf, trgfi,

foj shothocgol tm mccur by vgjhm thihcmoehrhocgol mr go tdh jhehojfot‗s fbshoch.

Ruih 84(b)(8) fiimws f pihf tm bh tfaho bhemrh f kflgstrfth nujlh ge tdh jhehojfot cmoshots ’hgtdhr go wrgtgol mr mo tdh rhcmrj‛ tm bh trghj bhemrh f kflgstrfth nujlh foj sphcgegcfiiy wfgvhs trgfi

bhemrh f jgstrgct nujlh.

Ruih 84(b)(2)(f) fiimws wfgvhr me vhouh ge tdh jhehojfot ’stfthQs[ go wrgtgol f jhsgrh tm pihfj

lugity mr omim cmothojhrh,‛ tm wfgvh vhouh, foj tm cmoshot tm tdh cmurt‗s jgspmsgol me tdh cfsh go

tdh jgstrgct.

E. Mtdhr ruihs rhqugrgol wrgtgol mr lmvhrogol tdh ush me wrgttho jmcukhots2

Ruih 5(e) rhqugrhs tdft wdho 62 lrfoj nurmrs jm omt cmocur go f phojgol cmkpifgot mr goemrkftgmo

tdh emrhphrsmo kust ’prmkptiy foj go wrgtgol rhpmrt tdh ifca me cmocurrhoch tm tdh kflgstrfth

nujlh.‛

Ruih 32.6(b)(2) rhqugrhs tdft tdh cmurt tm dmij f dhfrgol mo tdh rhvmcftgmo me suphrvgshj rhihfsh

foj prmvgjh tdh phrsmo ’wrgttho omtgch me tdh fiihlhj vgmiftgmo‛ fs whii fs jgscimsurh me tdh

hvgjhoch flfgost tdh phrsmo.

Ruih 32.2(b)(6)(B) prmvgjhs tdft tdh cmurt kfy bfsh f emrehgturh jhthrkgoftgmo mo tdh rhcmrj

’gociujgol foy wrgttho pihf flrhhkhot.‛


Go lhohrfi, tdh Crgkgofi Ruihs shhk tm rhqugrh tdft goemrkftgmo bh go ’wrgtgol‛ mr bh ’wrgttho‛ go

mrjhr tm prmvgjh gogtgfi cifrgty foj tm crhfth f rhcmrj. Fjjgtgmofiiy, tdh rhqugrhkhot me f wrgtgol sglofis tm

Fjjgtgmofiiy, Ruih :6(j)(2)(B) prmvgjhs tdft uojhr smkh cgrcukstfochs tdh nujlh ’kfy wdmiiy mr 2

pfrtgfiiy jgsphosh wgtd f wrgttho feegjfvgt foj bfsh f wfrrfot mo swmro thstgkmoy.‛

66




tdh pfrtghs tdh gkpmrtfoch me f jhcgsgmo mr fctgmo. Fitdmuld tdh phrvfsgvh gociusgmo me wrgtgol

rhqugrhkhots rheihct tdh fssukptgmo tdft pfphr egigols frh tdh omrk, tdhsh rhqugrhkhots frh subnhct tm Ruih

:7, wdgcd fiimws hihctrmogc egigols tm bh trhfthj fs ’wrgttho mr go wrgtgol‛ uojhr tdh Crgkgofi Ruihs ge tdhy

frh futdmrgzhj by imcfi ruihs. Zdus go jgstrgcts wgtd imcfi ruihs futdmrgzgol hihctrmogc egigols, kmst mr fii3

me tdh ’wrgttho‛ subkgssgmos cmuij bh kfjh hihctrmogcfiiy.

Zdh currhot ruihs rfgsh twm kfgo quhstgmos.

Egrst, frh tdh imcfi ruihs lmvhrogol hihctrmogc egigol mphrftgol go f sftgsefctmry efsdgmo= Emr

hxfkpih, frh tdhrh prmbihks go chrtfgo jgstrgcts, mr wgtd chrtfgo agojs me egigols= Dfs f cmoshosus bhst

prfctgch hkhrlhj, kfagol gt tgkh emr f uogemrk ruih= \h frh flomstgc mo tdhsh gssuhs. \h dfvh kfjh om

stujy me tdh rhihvfot imcfi ruihs foj tdhgr mphrftgmo. \h tdgoa sucd f stujy wmuij rhqugrh tdh fssgstfoch

me tdh Ehjhrfi Nujgcgfi Chothr foj/mr tdh Fjkgogstrftgvh Meegch, foj gt wmuij bh gkpmrtfot tm govmivh

cihras me cmurt, kflgstrfth nujlhs, tdh Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch, Ehjhrfi Jhehojhrs, foj mtdhrs wdm jhfi wgtd

tdh ruihs mo f jfy tm jfy bfsgs. Kmrhmvhr, gt wmuij bh bhohegcgfi tm cmosgjhr wdhtdhr sucd f stujy sdmuij

cmosgjhr imcfi ruihs lmvhrogol cgvgi fs whii fs crgkgofi cfshs. Jgscussgmos go tdh CK/HCE Subcmkkgtthh

kfy bh dhipeui go jhthrkgogol wdhtdhr sucd f stujy gs wfrrfothj ft tdh prhshot tgkh.

Zdh shcmoj quhstgmo rfgshj by tdh currhot structurh – rheihcthj go Ruih :7 fs whii fs tdh mtdhr ruihs omthj fbmvh -- gs wdhtdhr gt gs tgkh tm rhcmosgjhr tdh fssukptgmo tdft pfphr egigols frh tdh omrk, foj

tdft hihctrmogc egigols sdmuij bh phrkgtthj moiy wdho futdmrgzhj by imcfi ruihs. Sgoch Ruih :7 wfs bfshj

mo foj trfcas Cgvgi Ruih 8(j)(3), sucd f jhthrkgoftgmo sdmuij chrtfgoiy cmosgjhr cgvgi fs whii fs crgkgofi

prfctgch, tdmuld tdhrh frh sglogegcfot jgeehrhochs tdft kgldt uitgkfthiy jgctfth jgeehrhot rhsuits. Gt shhks

igahiy tdft hvhotufiiy pfphr egigols wgii bh tdh hxchptgmo rftdhr tdfo tdh ruih, but wh frh omt chrtfgo tdft

wdfthvhr cdfolhs kfy bh kfjh go tdh CK/HCE systhk sglofi tdft tdh tgkh gs rgph emr f cdfolh me tdgs

kflogtujh. Flfgo, wh imma emrwfrj tm f jgscussgmo me tdhsh gssuhs go tdh CK/HCE Subcmkkgtthh.

GU. Ruihs lmvhrogol egigol

Zwhoty-emur Crgkgofi Ruihs kfah rhehrhoch tm egigol. Kmst rhehrhoch tdh juty, ohhj, mr mptgmo tm

egih. Zdhsh ruihs lmvhro egigols by tdh cihra, by tdh nujlh, by tdh lmvhrokhot, by tdh jhehojfot, by: 8 5 <

Ruih :7 futdmrgzhs moiy ’pfphrs‛ tm bh egihj hihctrmogcfiiy pursufot f vfigj imcfi ruih, foj tdh Crgkgofi,3

Ruihs jm omt lhohrfiiy rhehr tm ’pfphrs.‛ Go tdgs cmothxt, dmwhvhr, tdh thrk ’pfphrs‛ gs uojhrstmmj tm bh f

lhohrgc thrk hocmkpfssgol f wgjh vfrghty me wrgtgols sucd fs tdmsh hocmkpfsshj by tdh Crgkgofi Ruihs

jgscusshj fbmvh> omtgchs, jgscmvhry jgscimsurhs, cmoshots, rhquhsts, htc.

Ruih 32(n)(2) (rhqugrhs cihra tm prhpfrh foj egih f omtgch me fpphfi mo jhehojfot‗s bhdfie ge sm rhquhsthj).:

Zdh emiimwgol ruihs rhehr tm egigol by tdh nujlh> Ruih :.6(b)(2) (nujlh kust egih trfoscrgptgmo me omths me 8

thstgkmoy, hxdgbgts, kmjgeghj mrglgofi wfrrfot, htc. cmosgjhrhj jurgol fppigcftgmo emr wfrrfot)1 Ruih

:6(j)(2)(C) (sfkh)1 Ruih :2(b) (sukkfry cmothkpt mrjhrs kust ’bh egihj wgtd tdh cihra‛).

Zdh emiimwgol ruihs rhehr tm egigol by tdh lmvhrokhot> Ruih 8(f) (cmkpifgot kust bh prmkptiy egihj go5

jgstrgct wdhrh meehosh cmkkgtthj fethr wfrrfotihss frrhst)1 Ruih 8.6(f) (kflgstrfth nujlh kust dmij f

prhigkgofry dhfrgol uoihss lmvhrokhot egihs fo gojgctkhot mr goemrkftgmo)1 Ruih 5(h) (fttmrohy emr

62






F ehw Crgkgofi Ruihs jhscrgbh mr rhehr tm f rhiftgmosdgp bhtwhho jmcukhots mr gthks tdft dfvh

bhho egihj>

Ruih :(f) rhehrhochs ’feegjfvgts egihj wgtd tdh cmkpifgot.‛

Ruih 8(j)(6)(F) rhehrhochs ’feegjfvgts egihj wgtd tdh cmkpifgot‛

Ruih :7.6(b)(7) hxhkpts ermk rhjfctgmo fo feegjfvgt egihj ’go suppmrt me foy cdfrlgol jmcukhot.‛

Ruih :7.6(l) stfths tdft f egigol cmotfgogol rhjfcthj goemrkftgmo kfy bh egihj ’tmlhtdhr wgtd‛ f

rhehrhoch igst.


Go lhohrfi, tdh Crgkgofi Ruihs jgrhct tdft chrtfgo egigols bh kfjh mr rhehrhoch jmcukhots tdft dfvh

bhho egihj, but tdhy jm omt sphcgey dmw egigol gs tm bh fccmkpigsdhj foj kfah om rhehrhoch tm tdh

khcdfogcs me tdh CK/HCE systhk. Dmwhvhr, fii me tdhsh phmpih wdm egih uojhr tdh Crgkgofi Ruihs –

gociujgol omt moiy tdh cihra foj tdh nujlh, but fism tdh lmvhrokhot, phrsmos shhagol lrfoj nury

jgscimsurh, tdgrj pfrtghs cifgkgol f rgldt tm prmphrty tdh lmvhrokhot gs shhagol tm emrehgt, foj tdh lrfoj

nury emrhphrsmo – kust dfvh fcchss tm systhk tm ’egih‛ tdhsh tdgols. Gs gt cmothkpifthj tdft CK/HCE wgii

kfah foy cdfolhs tdft wmuij feehct tdh vfrgmus lrmups= Frh tdhrh foy prmbihks wgtd fcchss omw= Emr

hxfkpih, tdh Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh wfs goemrkhj tdft vgctgks go smkh cmurts dfj prmbihks egigol kmtgmos

fsshrtgol tdhgr rgldts bhcfush tdh systhk jgj omt fccmkkmjfth sucd egigols1 tdh Cmkkgtthh wfs ifthr

fjvgshj cdfolhs dfj bhho kfjh tm fjjrhss tdh prmbihk. Fism, smkh crgkgofi egigols frh tm bh omo-pubigc.

Zdh lrfoj nury emrhphrsmo‗s egigol uojhr Ruih 5(c) ’kfy omt bh kfjh bh pubigc‛ wgtdmut nujgcgfi

futdmrgzftgmo, uojhr Ruih 62.3 chrtfgo egigols rhlfrjgol tdh jhehosh me pubigc futdmrgty kust bh egihj

uojhr shfi, foj Ruih :7.6 kfahs prmvgsgmo emr shfihj egigols. \h jm omt aomw wdhtdhr tdh cdfolhs bhgol

cmothkpifthj wmuij feehct dmw sucd egigols wmuij wmra.

Go mur vghw, tdh ruihs tdft rhehr tm tdh rhiftgmosdgp bhtwhho jmcukhots foj gthks tdft frh egihj

rfgsh quhstgmos. Zdhsh ruihs fssukh tdft tdhrh gs f wfy tm jhthrkgoh wdho f jmcukhot gs egihj ’wgtd‛ mr

’go suppmrt me‛ fomtdhr jmcukhot. \h jmo‗t aomw dmw tdft wmras omw, foj wh wmojhr wdhtdhr gt kgldt

cdfolh. Emr hxfkpih, ge rhifthj pfphr jmcukhots frh omw stfpihj tmlhtdhr, wdft gs tdh fofimlmus

khcdfogsk emr hihctrmogc egigol=

\h fism omth tdft tdh ifoluflh ushj tm jhscrgbh egigols vfrghs. Emr hxfkpih, smkh ruihs rhehr tm

egigol ’wgtd tdh cihra‛ mr ’wgtd tdh cmurt.‛ Gojhhj, tdh cfptgmo me Ruih :7.6 (tdh ruih lmvhrogol prgvfcy63

prmthctgmos) rhehrs tm ’Egigols Kfjh \gtd tdh Cmurt,‛ foj tdh ruih ushs tdh thrks ’egigol,‛ ’cmurt egigol,‛

foj ’f jmcukhot egihj wgtd tdh cmurt.‛ Cgvgi Ruih 8.2, wdgcd pfrfiihis Ruih :7.6, fism rhehrs tm ’egigol

wgtd tdh cmurt‛ foj ’egigol kfjh wgtd tdh cmurt.‛ \h jmo‗t aomw wdft gs fjjgol by f rhehrhoch tm tdh

cmurt mr tm tdh cihra. Go tdgs cmothxt, frh tdhrh egigols omt kfjh wgtd tdh cihra foj tdh cmurt= Gs tdhrh

foytdgol fbmut tdh kmvh tmwfrj hihctrmogc egigol tdft kfahs gt ihss jhsgrfbih tm rhehr tm egigol wgtd tdh

cihra mr wgtd tdh cmurt=

H.l., Ruih 62.2(f) (cmpy me omtgch rhlfrjgol gosfogty jhehosh kust bh ’egihj wgtd tdh cihra‛), foj Ruih63

:2(b) (nujlh‗s sukkfry cmothkpt mrjhr kust bh ’egihj wgtd tdh cihra‛).

6:




Egofiiy, wh omth tdft Ruihs 20 foj 26 – wdgcd lmvhro trfosehrs emr pihf foj shothoch, mr emr trgfi

– ush tdh thrk ’egih‛ go f jgeehrhoch cmothxt, rhehrrgol tm shojgol ’tdh egih, mr f chrtgeghj cmpy‛ tm tdh

trfosehrhh jgstrgct cihra. \h frh omt chrtfgo wdy tdhsh ruih rhehr tm tdh egih rftdhr tdfo tdh ’rhcmrj‛ fs

mtdhr ruihs jm. (\h omth tdft Ruih 84(l)(2) jhegohs tdh ’rhcmrj‛ emr purpmshs me fo fpphfi ermk tdh

jhcgsgmo me f kflgstrfth nujlh, foj jm omt ush tdh thrk ’egih.‛) Fs omthj go tdh ohxt shctgmo me tdgs khkm,

fomtdhr ehfturh me Ruihs 20 foj 26 fism sullhsts tdft gt kfy bh fpprmprgfth tm cmosgjhr rhvgsgmos tm bmtd

ruihs.

U. Ruihs rhqugrgol shojgol foj rhturo me egihs mr lrfoj nury kfthrgfi tm

fomtdhr jgstrgct

Ruihs 20 foj 26 rhqugrh ’shojQgol[‛ tdh egih me f cfsh tm fomtdhr jgstrgct. Ruih 20 rhqugrhs tdh

cihra me cmurt tm shoj tdh cfsh egih (mr f chrtgeghj cmpy) tm tdh cihra me fomtdhr jgstrgct foj rhqugrhs tdh

rhturo me tdh ’pfphrs‛ uojhr chrtfgo cgrcukstfochs. Ruih 26 sgkgifriy rhqugrhs tdh cihra tm shoj ’tdh egih‛

go f cfsh govmivgol f nuvhogih. Ruih 5 rhqugrhs tdh cihra ’tm shoj‛ lrfoj nury kfthrgfi tm fomtdhr jgstrgct

uojhr chrtfgo cgrcukstfochs.

Ruih 20, wdgcd lmvhros trfosehr emr pihf foj shothoch, prmvgjhs (hkpdfsgs fjjhj)>

(b) Cihra‗s Jutghs. Fethr rhchgvgol tdh jhehojfot‗s stfthkhot foj

tdh rhqugrhj fpprmvfis, tdh cihra wdhrh tdh gojgctkhot, goemrkf-

tgmo, mr cmkpifgot gs phojgol kust shoj tdh egih, mr f chrtgeghj

cmpy, tm tdh cihra go tdh trfosehrhh jgstrgct.

(c) Heehct me f Omt Lugity Pihf. Ge tdh jhehojfot pihfjs omt lugity

fethr tdh cfsh dfs bhho trfosehrrhj uojhr Ruih 20(f), tdh cihra

kust rhturo tdh pfphrs tm tdh cmurt wdhrh tdh prmshcutgmo bhlfo,

foj tdft cmurt kust rhstmrh tdh prmchhjgol tm gts jmcaht. Zdh jh-

ehojfot‗s stfthkhot tdft tdh jhehojfot wgsdhj tm pihfj lugity mr omim cmothojhrh gs omt, go foy cgvgi mr crgkgofi prmchhjgol, fjkgs-

sgbih flfgost tdh jhehojfot.

(j) Nuvhogihs.

* * * * *

(2) Cihra‗s Jutghs. Fethr rhchgvgol tdh nuvhogih‗s wrgttho cmo-

shot foj tdh rhqugrhj fpprmvfis, tdh cihra wdhrh tdh gojgct-

khot, goemrkftgmo, mr cmkpifgot gs phojgol mr wdhrh tdh fi-

ihlhj meehosh mccurrhj kust shoj tdh egih, mr f chrtgeghj cmpy,

tm tdh cihra go tdh trfosehrhh jgstrgct.

Ruih 26(c), wdgcd lmvhros trfosehr emr trgfi, fism rhqugrhs ’tdh egih‛ (mr f chrtgeghj cmpy) bh ’shot‛

tm tdh jgstrgct go wdgcd trgfi wgii bh dhij. Gt prmvgjhs (hkpdfsgs fjjhj)>

68




(c) Prmchhjgols mo Zrfosehr. \dho tdh cmurt mrjhrs f trfosehr,

tdh cihra kust shoj tm tdh trfosehrhh jgstrgct tdh egih, mr f chrtgeghj

cmpy, foj foy bfgi tfaho. Zdh prmshcutgmo wgii tdho cmotgouh

go tdh trfosehrhh jgstrgct.

Foj egofiiy, Ruih 5, wdgcd lmvhros tdh lrfoj nury, prmvgjhs go phrtgohot pfrt (hkpdfsgs fjjhj)>

(h) Rhcmrjgol foj Jgscimsgol tdh Prmchhjgols.

* * * * *

(3) Hxchptgmos.

(L) Ge tdh phtgtgmo tm jgscimsh frgshs mut me f nujgcgfi prmchhjgol

go fomtdhr jgstrgct, tdh phtgtgmohj cmurt kust

trfosehr tdh phtgtgmo tm tdh mtdhr cmurt uoihss tdh phtgtgmohj

cmurt cfo rhfsmofbiy jhthrkgoh wdhtdhr jgscimsurh

gs prmphr. Ge tdh phtgtgmohj cmurt jhcgjhs tm trfosehr, gt

kust shoj tm tdh trfosehrhh cmurt tdh kfthrgfi smuldt tm

bh jgscimshj, ge ehfsgbih, foj f wrgttho hvfiuftgmo me tdh

ohhj emr cmotgouhj lrfoj-nury shcrhcy. Zdh trfosehrhh

cmurt kust feemrj tdmsh phrsmos gjhotgeghj go Ruih

5(h)(3)(E) f rhfsmofbih mppmrtuogty tm fpphfr foj bh dhfrj.


Fitdmuld wh frh omt chrtfgo hxfctiy dmw tdh thcdomimly wgii wmra, gt shhks igahiy tdft tdhrh frh –

mr smmo wgii bh – kmrh heegcghot mptgmos tdfo shojgol f cfsh egih mr chrtgeghj cmpy tm fomtdhr jgstrgct.

Fccmrjgoliy, stujy me tdmsh mptgmos wmuij bh fpprmprgfth. Ruih 5 pmshs smkhwdft jgeehrhot gssuhs

bhcfush gt jmhs omt rhqugrh fo hotgrh cfsh egih tm bh shot, foj gt jhfis wgtd lrfoj nury kfthrgfis, wdgcd frhfeemrjhj f dgld jhlrhh me shcrhcy.

Moh mptgmo wmuij bh tm fkhoj Ruihs 20 foj 26 tm fjmpt f vfrgfot me tdh ifoluflh go tdh prmpmshj

fkhojkhot tm Fpphiifth Ruih 5, wdgcd rhehrs tm ’kfagol tdh rhcmrj fvfgifbih.‛ Zdft ifoluflh wmuij

fccmkkmjfth bmtd prmvgjgol hihctrmogc fcchss foj pdysgcfi jhigvhry me tdh egih (mr f chrtgeghj cmpy) tm tdh

rhchgvgol jgstrgct. Dmwhvhr, fjmptgmo me tdh ’kfah fvfgifbih‛ ifoluflh go Ruih 20(b) wmuij rfgsh f

quhstgmo fbmut Ruih 20(c), wdgcd currhotiy prmvgjhs emr rhstmrgol tdh prmchhjgol tm tdh shojgol cmurt‗s

jmcaht ge tdh cfsh gs rhturohj. Ge hihctrmogc fcchss gs prmvgjhj, wmuij tdh cfsh bh rhkmvhj ermk tdh

cmurt‗s jmcaht= Zdh tgkh kfy bh rgph emr fo hvfiuftgmo me Ruihs 20 foj 26 cmosgjhrgol bmtd tdh

rhqugrhkhot me ’shojgol‛ tdh cfsh foj tdh quhstgmo wdhtdhr tm rhtfgo tdh rhehrhochs tm tdh ’egih‛ foj tdh

’pfphrs‛ jgscusshj go tdh prhvgmus shctgmo me tdgs khkm.

Gt kfy fism bh fpprmprgfth tm cmosgjhr fkhojgol Ruih 5 tm prmvgjh tdft tdh jgstrgct cmurt wmuij

’kfah fvfgifbih‛ lrfoj nury kfthrgfis tm tdh cmurt tm wdgcd f phtgtgmo tm jgscimsh gs bhgol trfosehrrhj.

Dmwhvhr, bhemrh kfagol sucd f cdfolh gt wmuij bh jhsgrfbih tm jhthrkgoh wdhtdhr tdft wmuij bh

cmosgsthot wgtd tdh lhohrfi prgocgpih me lrfoj nury shcrhcy.

65




UG. Ruihs rhqugrgol kfgigol

Emur ruihs – Ruihs :, :6, :5, foj 84 – rhqugrh tdh kfgigol me f sukkmos, wfrrfot emr f trfcagol

jhvgch, kmtgmo tm hoemrch bfgi emrehgturh, foj omtgch tm fpphfr go f kgsjhkhfomr mr phtty meehosh cfsh. Go

hfcd cfsh, tdh ruih prmvgjhs tdft tdh kfgigol gs tm bh kfjh tm tdh rhcgpghot‗s ’ifst aomwo fjjrhss.‛


Fitdmuld thcdomimly gs gocrhfsgoliy rhpifcgol tdh ush me tdh kfgis, tdrhh (mr phrdfps fii emur) me

tdhsh ruihs lmvhro sgtuftgmos go wdgcd tdhrh kfy bh om khfos me hihctrmogc cmkkuogcftgmo foj kfgigol

rhkfgos tdh bhst fithroftgvh.

Ruih :(c)(3) lmvhros tdh shrvgch me f sukkmos mo fo gojgvgjufi mr mrlfogzftgmo. Zdh purpmsh me

tdh sukkmos gs tm gogtgfth tdh cfsh, foj ft tdgs stflh tdhrh wgii metho bh om khcdfogsk tm fccmkpigsd

hihctrmogc shrvgch (hvho go tdh cfsh me f jhehojfot wdm wgii bh rhprhshothj by cmuoshi wdm kfy bh ifthr

bh shrvhj hihctrmogcfiiy). \dhrh phrsmofi shrvgch cfoomt bh kfjh, Ruih :(c)(3) rhqugrhs shrvgch by kfgi

gs rhqugrhj go fjjgtgmo tm fomtdhr emrk me shrvgch. Go tdh cfsh me fo gojgvgjufi, Ruih :(c)(3)(B)(gg)

lmvhros cfshs go wdgcd shrvgch gs omt kfjh go phrsmo, but by ihfvgol f cmpy wgtd f tdgrj pfrty ft tdhjhehojfot‗s rhsgjhoch. Go sucd cfshs, Ruih :(c)(3)(B)(gg) rhqugrhs tdft shrvgch fism bh kfjh by kfgigol tm

tdh jhehojfot‗s ifst aomwo fjjrhss. Sgkgifriy, go tdh cfsh me f cmrpmrftgmo, Ruih :(c)(3)(C) rhqugrhs

shrvgch bmtd by jhigvhry tm fo flhot me tdh cmrpmrftgmo foj by f kfgigol tm tdh mrlfogzftgmo‗s ifst aomwo

fjjrhss wgtdgol tdh jgstrgct mr gts prgocgpfi pifch me busgohss. Go tdh fbshoch me heehctgvh khfos me

fccmkpigsdgol hihctrmogc shrvgch, tdh kfgigol prmvgsgmos cmotgouh tm prmvgjh tdh moiy khfos me shrvgch emr

kfoy jhehojfots. \h omth tdft tdh Fjvgsmry Cmkkgtthh gs prhshotiy cmosgjhrgol f prmpmsfi by tdh

Jhpfrtkhot me Nustgch tm fkhoj Ruih : tm rhvgsh tdh prmvgsgmos mo shrvgch mo cmrpmrftgmos tm hofbih

heehctgvh shrvgch mo emrhglo cmrpmrftgmos tdft dfvh om aomwo fjjrhss wgtdgo tdh jgstrgct mr prgocgpfi pifch

me busgohss go tdh X.S. Zdgs prmpmsfi wmuij feehct tdh kfgigol rhqugrhkhot.

Ruih :6(e)(2)(C) rhqugrhs tdft fethr tdh ush me f trfcagol jhvgch dfs hojhj, tdh meegchr wdm

hxhcuthj tdh wfrrfot kust shrvh tdh wfrrfot mo tdh phrsmo wdmsh prmphrty wfs trfcahj. Fs uojhr Ruih:(c)(3)(B)(gg), wdhrh shrvgch gs omt kfjh go phrsmo, but by ihfvgol f cmpy wgtd f tdgrj pfrty ft tdh

jhehojfot‗s rhsgjhoch, tdh meegchr kust fism kfgi tdh wfrrfot tm tdh jhehojfot‗s ifst aomw fjjrhss. Fs

wgtd Ruih :, tdh kfgigol prmvgsgmos cmotgouh tm prmvgjh tdh moiy khfos me shrvgch emr kfoy jhehojfots.

Ruih 84(j) prmvgjhs tdft go chrtfgo phtty meehosh foj kgsjhkhfomr cfshs tdh cmurt kfy fiimw tdh

jhehojfot tm pfy f iukp suk go ighu me fpphfrfoch foj hoj tdh cfsh. Subjgvgsgmo (j)(2) stfths tdft ge f

jhehojfot go sucd f cfsh dfs ohgtdhr pfgj tdh egxhj suk, rhquhsthj f dhfrgol, omr fpphfrhj go rhspmosh tm

tdh cgtftgmo mr vgmiftgmo omtgch, tdh cihra mr tdh kflgstrfth nujlh ’kfy‛ gssuh f omtgch lgvgol tdh jhehojfot

fo fjjgtgmofi mppmrtuogty tm pfy tdh egxhj suk. Go sucd f cfsh, tdh cihra gs rhqugrhj tm kfgi tdh omtgch me

tdgs fjjgtgmofi mppmrtuogty tm tdh jhehojfot‗s ifst aomwo fjjrhss. Bhcfush tdgs ruih fppighs go cfshs go

wdgcd tdh jhehojfot dfs omt fpphfrhj mr rhspmojhj by mtdhr khfos tm tdh cgtftgmo mr vgmiftgmo omtgch,

tdhrh frh om mbvgmus fithroftgvhs tm kfgigol.

Ruih :5(e)(3)(B) & (C), wdgcd lmvhro bfgi emrehgturh, stfoj mo f smkhwdft jgeehrhot emmtgol foj gt

gs pmssgbih tdft hihctrmogc shrvgch kfy bh (mr smmo bh) pifusgbih. Zdh Ruih prmvgjhs tdft f bfgi surhty

cmoshots tm tdh cmurt‗s nurgsjgctgmo foj grrhvmcfbiy fppmgots tdh cihra fs gts flhot emr rhchgpt me shrvgch emr

foy egigols. Zdh ruih fism prmvgjhs emr tdh shrvgch me f kmtgmo tm hoemrch tdh surhty‗s igfbgigty tm bh kfjh

upmo tdh cihra, wgtd tdh prmvgsm tdft tdh cihra kust prmkptiy kfgi f cmpy tm tdh surhty ft gts ifst aomwo

6<




fjjrhss. Sgoch tdh surhty dfs cmoshothj tm tdh cmurt‗s nurgsjgctgmo, fs hihctrmogc cmkkuogcftgmo bhcmkhs

gocrhfsgoliy ubgqugtmus gt kfy bhcmkh pmssgbih tm rhqugrh tdh surhty tm prmvgjh tdh cmurt wgtd fo

hihctrmogc fjjrhss. Hihctrmogc shrvgch me tdh kmtgmo prmvgjhj emr go Ruih :5(e)(3)(C) wmuij bh kmrh

heegcghot emr tdh cihra, foj ft smkh pmgot gt kfy fism bh kmrh igahiy tm rhfcd tdh surhty tdfo f kfgigol tm

tdh surhty‗s ifst aomwo fjjrhss. Gt kfy bh usheui emr tdh Cmkkgtthh tm stujy tdgs gssuh.

UGG. Ruihs rhqugrgol tdh hotry me goemrkftgmo mo jmcukhots, foj tdh hotry me

mrjhrs

F ifrlh oukbhr me Crgkgofi Ruihs rhehr tm tdh hotry me tdh nujlkhot mr vfrgmus mrjhrs, but mtdhr 6:

ruihs rhehr tm tdh hotry me goemrkftgmo mo jmcukhots rhifthj tm tdh gssufoch me cmkpifgots, wfrrfots, foj

sukkmoshs. Fitdmuld tdh ruihs rhlfrjgol tdh hotry me mrjhrs mr tdh nujlkhot shhk tm pmsh om jgstgoctgvh

quhstgmos emr purpmshs me tdh CK/HCE Subcmkkgtthh, tdh ruihs rhlfrjgol tdh hotry me goemrkftgmo mo f

jmcukhots rhifthj tm tdh gssufoch me cmkpifgots, wfrrfots, mr sukkmoshs kfy bh feehcthj by

thcdomimlgcfi cdfolhs. Zdh kmst hifbmrfth prmvgsgmos fpphfr go Ruih :.6, wdgcd prmvgjhs (hkpdfsgs

fjjhj)>

Ruih :.6. Cmkpifgot, \frrfot, mr Sukkmos by Zhihpdmoh mr Mtdhr Rhigfbih Hihctrmogc

Khfos.

(B) Prmchjurhs. ....

(:) Prhpfrgol fo Mrglgofi Cmkpifgot, \frrfot, mr Sukkmos.

Ge tdh fppigcfot rhfjs tdh cmothots me tdh prmpmshj jupigcfth

mrglgofi, tdh nujlh kust hothr tdmsh cmothots gotm fo mrglgofi

cmkpifgot, wfrrfot, mr sukkmos. Ge tdh fppigcfot trfoskgts

tdh cmothots by rhigfbih hihctrmogc khfos, tdh trfoskgssgmo rhchgvhj

by tdh nujlh kfy shrvh fs tdh mrglgofi.

* * * * *

(5) Gssufoch. Zm gssuh tdh wfrrfot mr sukkmos, tdh nujlh

kust>

(F) sglo tdh mrglgofi jmcukhots1

(B) hothr tdh jfth foj tgkh me gssufoch mo tdh wfrrfot

mr sukkmos1 foj

(C) trfoskgt tdh wfrrfot mr sukkmos by rhigfbih hihctrmogc

khfos tm tdh fppigcfot mr jgrhct tdh fppigcfot tm

sglo tdh nujlh‗s ofkh foj hothr tdh jfth foj tgkh mo tdh

H.l., Ruih 65(j)(2) (cmurt kfy hothr foy mtdhr mrjhr emr efgiurh tm cmkpiy wgtd jgscmvhry mbiglftgmos)16:

Ruih 6<(c) (rhqugrgol cmurt tm lgvh omtgch tm vgctgks bhemrh hothrgol fo mrjhr emr subpmhof emr vgctgk‗s

cmoegjhotgfi goemrkftgmo)1 Ruih 27(f) & (c)(2) (cmurt kust hothr f nujlhkhot me fcqugttfi ft cimsh me

lmvhrokhot‗s cfsh ge hvgjhoch gs gosueegcghot tm sustfgo f cmovgctgmo foj kfy hothr f nujlkhot me fcqugttfi

ge nury efgis tm rhturo f vhrjgct)1 Ruih 32(a) (nujlh kust sglo foj cihra kust hothr tdh nujlkhot).

64






tdh cmurt wgii gosphct hx pfrth. Ge rhighe gs lrfothj, tdh cmurt

kust prhshrvh tdh hotgrh thxt me tdh pfrty‗s stfthkhot uojhr

shfi.

Ruih 65 jmhs omt phrkgt prhtrgfi jgscmvhry me prgmr stfthkhots by wgtohsshs, but Ruih 25.2

prmvgjhs emr tdh prmjuctgmo me tdh rhihvfot pmrtgmo me f wgtohss‗s prgmr stfthkhots fethr tdh wgtohss

thstgeghs ft tdh trgfi mr mtdhr prmchhjgols lmvhrohj by tdh ruih. Igah Ruih 65, Ruih 25.2(c) gkpmshs fombiglftgmo tm prhshrvh kfthrgfi tdft wfs omt prmjuchj. Gt prmvgjhs (hkpdfsgs fjjhj)>

Ruih 25.2. Prmjucgol f \gtohss‗s Stfthkhot.

(c) Prmjucgol f Rhjfcthj Stfthkhot. Ge tdh pfrty wdm cfiihj tdh

wgtohss cifgks tdft tdh stfthkhot cmotfgos goemrkftgmo tdft gs

prgvgihlhj mr jmhs omt rhifth tm tdh subnhct kftthr me tdh wgtohss‗s

thstgkmoy, tdh cmurt kust gosphct tdh stfthkhot go cfkhrf. Fethr

hxcgsgol foy prgvgihlhj mr uorhifthj pmrtgmos, tdh cmurt kust

mrjhr jhigvhry me tdh rhjfcthj stfthkhot tm tdh kmvgol pfrty. Ge

tdh jhehojfot mbnhcts tm fo hxcgsgmo, tdh cmurt kust prhshrvh tdh

hotgrh stfthkhot wgtd tdh hxcgshj pmrtgmo gojgcfthj, uojhr shfi, fs

pfrt me tdh rhcmrj.


Zdh ruihs rhqugrgol tdh prhshrvftgmo me pfrtgcuifr thstgkmoy omt jgscimshj tm tdh mppmsgol pfrty mr

f wrgttho stfthkhot hxfkgohj hx pfrth kfah om rhehrhoch tm tdh thcdomimly ohhjhj tm khht tdgs

rhqugrhkhot. Zdus tdhy frh cmosgsthot wgtd foy kmjgegcftgmos go tdh CK/HCE systhk. \h gociujh tdhk

dhrh, dmwhvhr, bhcfush tdh rhqugrhkhots emr prhshrvftgmo sm stfraiy dgldigldt tdh ohhj emr hihctrmogc

systhks me goemrkftgmo stmrflh foj rhtrghvfi tm prmvgjh omt khrhiy sdmrt thrk, but fism imol thrk fcchss tm

tdh cmurts‗ rhcmrjs.

GT. Ruihs lmvhrogol shrvgch

Kfoy Crgkgofi Ruihs rhqugrh f vfrghty me jmcukhots tm bh shrvhj mo tdh pfrtghs foj mtdhrs (h.l.,

vgctgks, surhtghs emr bfgi, foj cifgkfots tm prmphrty bhgol emrehgthj). Fii frh subnhct tm Ruih :7, wdgcd

prmvgjhs (hkpdfsgs fjjhj)>


(f) \dho Rhqugrhj. F pfrty kust shrvh mo hvhry mtdhr pfrty foy

wrgttho kmtgmo (mtdhr tdfo moh tm bh dhfrj hx pfrth), wrgttho omtgch,

jhsgloftgmo me tdh rhcmrj mo fpphfi, mr sgkgifr pfphr.

(b) Dmw Kfjh. Shrvgch kust bh kfjh go tdh kfoohr prmvgjhj emr

f cgvgi fctgmo. \dho tdhsh ruihs mr f cmurt mrjhr rhqugrhs mr phrkgts

shrvgch mo f pfrty rhprhshothj by fo fttmrohy, shrvgch kust

bh kfjh mo tdh fttmrohy gosthfj me tdh pfrty, uoihss tdh cmurt mrjhrs

20




mtdhrwgsh.

(c) Omtgch me f Cmurt Mrjhr. \dho tdh cmurt gssuhs fo mrjhr mo

foy pmst-frrfglokhot kmtgmo, tdh cihra kust prmvgjh omtgch go f

kfoohr prmvgjhj emr go f cgvgi fctgmo. Hxchpt fs Ehjhrfi Ruih me

Fpphiifth Prmchjurh :(b) prmvgjhs mtdhrwgsh, tdh cihra‗s efgiurh tm

lgvh omtgch jmhs omt feehct tdh tgkh tm fpphfi, mr rhighvh‚mr futdmrgzhtdh cmurt tm rhighvh‚f pfrty‗s efgiurh tm fpphfi wgtdgo tdh

fiimwhj tgkh.

(j) Egigol. F pfrty kust egih wgtd tdh cmurt f cmpy me foy pfphr

tdh pfrty gs rhqugrhj tm shrvh. F pfphr kust bh egihj go f kfoohr

prmvgjhj emr go f cgvgi fctgmo.








Go fjjgtgmo, Ruih :(c) cmotfgos kmrh sphcgegc prmvgsgmos rhlfrjgol shrvgch>

Ruih :. Frrhst \frrfot mr Sukkmos mo f Cmkpifgot

(c) Hxhcutgmo mr Shrvgch, foj Rhturo.

* * * * *

(3) Kfoohr.

* * * * *

(B) F sukkmos gs shrvhj mo fo gojgvgjufi jhehojfot>

(G) by jhigvhrgol f cmpy tm tdh jhehojfot phrsmofiiy1

mr

(gg) by ihfvgol f cmpy ft tdh jhehojfot‗s rhsgjhoch mr

usufi pifch me fbmjh wgtd f phrsmo me sugtfbih flh foj

jgscrhtgmo rhsgjgol ft tdft imcftgmo foj by kfgigol f

cmpy tm tdh jhehojfot‗s ifst aomwo fjjrhss.

(C) F sukkmos gs shrvhj mo fo mrlfogzftgmo by jhigvhrgol

f cmpy tm fo meegchr, tm f kfoflgol mr lhohrfi flhot,

mr tm fomtdhr flhot fppmgothj mr ihlfiiy futdmrgzhj tm rhchgvh

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DOJ "Rule 41 Changes" requesting greater hacking ability

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