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s Bravo

Cause dolphins are cool…”

- Luis Bravo

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 Dolphin's Sad Smile

 By: Kenneth Cassar 

 Have you seen the dolphin at the marine park 

 Have you seen her smile, seen how she's smart 

 Have you watched her do her wonderful tricks

 But have you stopped to think how she ended behind bricks

 A sad story lies behind that misleading smile

 A story of a cruel capture from the wild 

Taken from her family, now she is confined 

 In that sterile pool her freedom is denied 

The sea is to dolphins as the air is to birds

 But in her prison pool her nature is reversed 

Where in the wild she swims for hundreds of miles

 In that prison pool she swims in circles till she dies

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 esolved! The "nited #tates $ederal %overnment should substantially increase its non&military

eploration and(or development of the )arth*s oceans+

bservation -! Inherency

NO SIGHT OF CETACEAN RIGHTS REFORM IN SIGHTMichael Winter, February 8, 2012. “Judge disisses !"#$ %slavery% sui& over 'ea(orld orcas” )e&rieved *ro

h&&p+con&en&.usa&oday.cocouni&iesondeadlinepos&/0udge-disisses-pe&a-slavery-sui&-over-sea1orld-1hales-/,   on 2eceber 3,

/4.

Saying the anti-slavery 1th A!en"!ent a##lies $nly t$ h%!ans& a 'e"eral (%"ge  &oday

"is!isse" a lan"!ar) la*s%it that s$%ght t$ e+ten" ,$nstit%ti$nal #r$te,ti$ns t$ the

'a!$%s 5iller 1hales &ha& per*or a& 'ea(orld, according &o ne1s repor&s *ro 'an 2iego. 6n a seven-page ruling,.S. /istri,t C$%rt %"ge

Je**rey Miller thre* $%t the s%it 'ile" y e$#le '$r the Ethi,al Treat!ent $' Ani!als&

*hi,h arg%e" that the 1th A!en"!ent, adop&ed in /87, #r$hiits the ,$n"iti$n $' slavery

%t "$es n$t !enti$n any 3#ers$n3 $r ,lass $' vi,ti!. Miller heard &he case Monday. #he plain&i**s included &he *iveorcas caugh& in & he 1ild and brough& &o 'ea(orld in 'an 2iego and 9rlando+ :asa&5a, Cor5y and ;lises <'an 2iego= and #ili5u and :a&ina <9rlando=. #hree arine-aale>per&s and &1o *orer orca &rainers also 0oined &he sui&. !"#$ none&heless hailed i&s la1sui& as a vic&ory, calling i& ?one ore s&ep &a5en &o1ard &he inevi&able day 1hen allanials 1ill be *ree *ro enslaveen& *or huan auseen&,? &he Los $ngeles #ies says. #he ruling could be appealed, !"#$ a&&orney Je** :err &old ;-# 'an 2iego.

THE STATS 4O ERMITS THE INFRINGEMENT OF

CETACEAN RIGHTSETA, 2015. “$@uarius and Marine !ar5s” )e&rieved *ro h&&p+111.pe&a.orgissuesanials-in-en&er&ainen&Aoos-pseudo-

sanc&uariesa@uarius-arine-par5s on 2eceber /, /4.

Marine-!a!!al 'a,ilities are  par& o* a billion-dollar indus&ry %ilt $n the s%''ering $' intelligent&

s$,ial eings *h$ are "enie" everything &ha& is nat%ral an" i!#$rtant &o &he. 6n &he 1ild, orcas and ebers o* o&her dolphin species live in large, in&rica&e social groups and s1i up &o / iles a day in &he open ocean. In a6%ari%!s

an" !arine #ar)s& these ani!als ,an $nly s*i! en"less ,ir,les in en,l$s%res &ha& &o &he are

li5e ba&h&ubs and are unable &o engage in os& na&ural behaviors. They are *orced &o per*or silly &ric5s *or *ood and are 're6%ently t$rn a*ay

'r$! 'a!ily !e!ers  as &heyre shu**led be&1een par5s. The ,hr$ni, an" "eilitating stress $' 

,a#tivity *ea)ens their i!!%ne syste!s& causing &he &o die earlier &han &heir 1ild coun&erpar&seven &hough &hey are sa*e *ro

 preda&ors and receive regular eals and ve&erinary care. Failies #orn $par& Dundreds o* arine aals, including &he original 'hau, have been &a5en *ro ;.'. 1a&ers and placed in a@uarius and &hee par5s. $l&hough $erican par5s and Aoos have no& cap&ured dolphins *ro &he 1ild since /EE, i& is s&ill legal *or &he & o do so. 9&her coun&riescon&inue &o &a5e dolphins and 1hales *ro & he 1ild, par&icularly in &he Caribbean, 1here s1i-1i&h-dolphins a&&rac&ions have becoe increasingly popular.Cap&uring even one 1ild dolphin disrup&s &he en&ire pod. 6n &he 1ild, *eale dolphins spend &heir en&ire lives 1i&h &heir o&hers and sis&ers 1i&hin &he *aily pod. #heycounica&e 1i&h each o&her &hrough 1his&les and body language. 2olphins s1i &oge&her in *aily pods or &ribes o* hundreds. #o ob&ain a *eale dolphin o* breeding age,anial &ra**ic5ers chase &he pod &o shallo1 1a&ers, 1here &he anials are surrounded 1i&h ne&s &ha& are gradually closed and li*&ed on&o boa&s. ;n1an&ed dolphins are &hro1n bac5.'oe die *ro shoc5 or s&ress, and o&hers sl o1ly succub &o pneuonia 1hen 1a&er en&ers &heir lungs &hrough &heir blo1holes. !regnan& *eales soe&ies spon&aneously abor&

 babies. 2olphins 1ho escape cap&ure becoe *ran&ic upon seeing &heir cap&ured copanions and ay even &ry &o save &he. Cap&ivi&ys #ragic Conse@uencesIn

a""iti$n t$ the indispu&able ,r%elty an" ina##r$#riateness $' re!$ving 1ild ani!als 'r$!

their na&ural habi&a& and ,$!!%nities& 5eeping dolphins in ,a#tivity "$$!s the! t$ living their lives as!ere attra,ti$ns a& &hee par5s and resor& ho&els, 1here &hey are '$r,e" t$ #er'$r! silly tri,)s '$r '$$" in *ron& o* huge

cro1ds o* screaing people. #hey are also *orced &o s1i 1i&h &ouris&s and are o*&en hand-*ed and pe&&ed by curiosi&y see5ers. Do1ever, os& o* &he &ie &hey are *orced &o s1iendless circles in &iny, barren concre&e &an5s.9rcas and o&her dolphins naviga&e by echoloca&ion, bu& in &an5s, &he reverbera&ions *ro &heir o1n sonar bounce o** &he 1alls, driving soe o* &he insane. (orld-reno1nedoceanographer Jean-Michel Cous&eau copared &he 5eeping o* orcas in &an5s &o “a person being blind*olded in a 0ail cell.”

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 .lan! The "nited #tates $ederal %overnment should substantially increase its development of

the ceans by -/ Adopting and enforcing the 0eclaration of ights for 1etaceans and 2/

Terminating all forced servitude of cetaceans within all territories of "nited #tates 3urisdiction

bservation 2! #peciesism

CATI7IT8 OF CETACEANS IS THE ROOT OF SECIESISM

'aan&ha (esle R$senga%!, 201. “Free 2olphins *ro Cap&ivi&y+ $ !aper !resen&ing Fac&ual and "&hical $rguen&s &o $dvoca&e

$gains& Ce&aceans being in Cap&ivi&y.” )e&rieved *ro h&&p+digi&alcoons.bard.edusenpro0Gs/34 on 2eceber 3, /4. 

Ce&aceans are no& ean& &o be in cap&ivi&y. #here are *acili&ies all over &he 1orld &ha& hold 1hales and dolphins as prisoners in an-ade enclosures.The #ra,ti,e

$' )ee#ing ,eta,eans in ,a#tivity is a a0or con&roversial issue, since any scien&i*ic and oral based arguen&s sugges& &ha& 5eeping &he in

con*ineen& is inhuane and e&hically 1rong. #here are &hose 1ho can provide doAens o* reasons *or 1hy ce&aceans should be in cap&ivi&y, including en&er&ainen&, research, or 

conserva&ion based reasons. ;ndernea&h &hese reasons &hereis a larger one+ a 1ay o* &hin5ing calleds#e,iesis!. S#e,iesis! is #ra,ti,e"

an" elieve" y soe h%!ans t$*ar"s n$n-h%!an ani!als. S#e,iesis! is the i"ea that!e!ershi# in the h%!an s#e,ies is the ,riteri$n '$r !$ral stan"ing9 si!#ly eing

h%!an gives %s s%#eri$rity $ver all $ther eings. $ong any ac&ions, &his eans &ha& huans approve and accep& &he

concep& &ha& nonhuan anials can be placed in *acili&ies &ha& are no& &heir na&ural habi&a& *or our curiosi&y and en&er&ainen&. Cap&ive dolphins and 1hales *ind &heselves in &heinhuane si&ua&ions because os& people have placed Doo sapiens in&eres& over ce&aceans *reedo. )educing a ce&aceans *reedo can be copared &o reducing &he *reedo o* 1oen or racial inori&ies+ in her boo5, #he 2readed Coparison+ Duan and $nial 'lavery, Mar0orie 'piegel 1ri&es, “#he anials o* &he 1orld e>is& *or &heir o1n reasons.#hey 1ere no& ade *or huans any ore &han blac5 people 1ere ade *or 1hi&es or 1oen *or en.” 'peciesis has ade ce&aceans in&o display-only-beings. (hen reallyce&aceans are individuals 1i&h sel*-*ul*illing, purpose*ul, and socially engaging lives in &he 1ild+ &hey do no& e>is& &o be pu& in cap&ivi&y.

SPECIESISM DIVORCES OUR RELATIONSHIP WITH

THE WORLD CAUSING ECOCIDE)oger ' G$ttlie, 1::5. “"&hics and #raua+ Levinas, Feinis, and 2eep "cology,” )e&rieved *ro

h&&p+111.crosscurren&s.org*einis&ecology.h& on 2eceber 3, /4

Dere 6 1ill a& leas& begin in agreeen& 1i&h Levinas. $s he re0ec&s an e&hics proceeding on &he basis o* sel*-in&eres&, so 6 believe &he an&hropocen&ric perspec&ives o* conserva&ion or 

liberal environen&alis canno& &a5e us *ar enough. O%r relati$ns *ith n$nh%!an nat%re are #$is$ne" an" no& 0us&

 because 1e  have se& up *eedbac5 loops &ha&  alrea"y lea" t$ !ass starvati$ns& s)yr$,)eting

envir$n!ental "isease rates& an" "evastati$n $' nat%ral res$%r,es . #he proble 1i&h e,$,i"e is

no& 0us& &ha& i& hur&s huan beings. 9ur uncaring violence also vi$lates the very gr$%n" $' $%r eing& $%r nat%ral

$"y& $%r h$!e.  'uch violence is done no& siply &o &he o&her H as i* &he rain*ores&, &he river, &he a&osphere, &he species ade e>&inc& are &o&ally di**eren& *ro

ourselves. )a&her, 1e have cruci*ied ourselves-in-rela&ion-&o-&he-o&her, *rac&uring a ode o* being in 1hich sel* and o&her can no ore be conceived as *ully in i sola&ion *ro eacho&her &han can a o&her and a nursing child. (e are &ha& child, and nonhuan na&ure is &ha& o&her. 6* &his iage sees &oo audlin, le& us reeber &ha& o&her lac&a&ing 1oencan *eed an in*an&, bu& 1e have only one ear&h o&her. (ha& oral s&ance 1ill be shaped by our personal sense &ha& 1e are poisoning ourselves, our environen&, and so any5indred spiri&s o* &he air, 1a&er, and *ores&sI #o begin, 1e ay see &his & ragic si&ua&ion as se&&ing &he lii&s & o Levinas%s perspec&ive. #he o&her 1hich is nonhuan na&ure is no&

siply 5no1n by a ?&race,? nor is i& soe&hing o* 1hich all 5no1ledge is necessarily ins&ruen&al. #his o&her is inside us as 1ell as ou&side us. (e prove i& 1i&h every brea&h 1e&a5e, every bi& o* *ood 1e ea&, every glass o* 1a&er 1e drin5. (e do no& have &o *ind shado1y &races on or in &he *aces o* &rees or la5es, &opsoil or air+ 1e are ade *ro &he.Levinas denies &his sense o* connec&ion 1i&h na&ure. 9ur ?na&ural? side represen&s *or hi a &hrea& o* siple consup&ion or use o* &he o&her, a spon&aneous response 1hich us& beobli&era&ed by &he po1er o* e&hics in general <and, *or hi in par&icular, Je1ish religious la1<= =. $ ?na&ural? response lac5s discipline 1i&hou& &he capaci&y &o heed &he call o* &heo&her, unable &o subla&e &he sel*%s egois. (orship o* na&ure 1ould ul&ia&ely resul& in an ?every&hing-is-peri&&ed? en&ali&y, a close rela&ive o* KaAis i&sel*. For Levinas, &o&hin5 o* people as ?na&ural? beings i s &o assiila&e &he &o a &o&ali&y, a ca&egory or species 1hich a5es no roo *or &he 5ind o* individuali&y re@uired by e&hics.<4= De re*ers &o&he ?eleen&al? or &he ?&here is? as unanaged, unal&ered, ?na&ural? condi&ions or *orces &ha& are essen&ially alien &o & he ca&egories and condi&ions o* oral li*e.<= 9ne can only

laen& &ha& Levinas has read na&ure -- as &o soe e>&en& <despi&e his in&en&ions= he has read sel*hood -- &hrough &he lens o* asculine cul&ure. 6& is precisely $%r sense

$' el$nging t$ nat%re as syste!& as in&erac&ion, as in&erdependence, 1hich ,an #r$vi"e the asis '$r an

ethi,s a##r$#riate t$ the tra%!a $' e,$,i"e. $s cul&ural *einis sough& &o e>pand our sense o* personal iden&i&y &o a sense o* 

in&er-iden&i*ica&ion 1i&h &he huan o&her, so &his ecological e&hics 1ould e>pand our personal and species sense o* iden&i&y in&o an in&er-iden&i*ica&ion 1i&h &he na&ural 1orld. 'ucha realiAa&ion can lead us &o an e&hics appropria&e &o our &ie, a diension o* 1hich has coe &o be 5no1n as ?deep ecology.?<7= For &his e&hics, 1e do no& begin *ro &heuni@ueness o* our huan sel*hood, e>is&ing agains& a &a5en-*or-gran&ed bac5ground o* ear&h and s5y. Kor is our body soeho1 irrelevan& &o e&hical rela&ions, 1i&h 5no1ledge o* i&

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reduced al1ays &o &ac&ics o* doina&ion. 9ur 5no1ledge does no& assiila&e &he o&her &o &he sae, bu& reveals and *ur&hers &he con&inuing dance o* in&erdependence. $nd our e&hical o&iva&ion is nei&her ra&ionalis& sys&e nor individualis&ic sel*-in&eres&, bu& a sense o* connec&ion &o all o* li*e. #he deep ecology sense o* sel*-realiAa&ion goes beyond &heodern (es&ern sense o* ?sel*? as an isola&ed ego s&riving *or hedonis&ic gra&i*ica&ion. . . . . 'el*, in &his sense, is e>perienced as in&egra&ed 1i&h &he 1hole o* na&ure.<3= Davinggained dis&ance and sophis&ica&ion o* percep&ion *ro &he developen& o* science and poli&ical *reedos 1e can &urn and recogniAe 1ho 1e have been all along. . . . 1e are our 1orld 5no1ing i&sel*. (e can relin@uish our separa&eness. (e can coe hoe again -- and par&icipa&e in our 1orld in a richer, ore responsible and poignan&ly beau&i*ul 1ay.<8="cological 1ays o* 5no1ing na&ure are necessarily par&icipa&ory. #his 5no1ledge is ecological and plural, re*lec&ing bo&h & he diversi&y o* na&ural ecosys&es and &he diversi&y incul&ures &ha& na&ure-based living gives rise &o. #he recovery o* &he *einine principle is based on inclusiveness. 6& is a recovery in na&ure, 1oan and an o* crea&ive *ors o*  being and perceiving. 6n na&ure i& iplies seeing na&ure as a li ve organis. 6n 1oan i& iplies seeing 1oen as produc&ive and ac&ive. Finally, in en &he recovery o* &he*einine principle iplies a reloca&ion o* ac&ion and ac&ivi&y &o crea&e li*e-enhancing, no& li*e-reducing and li*e-&hrea&ening socie&ies.<E= 6n &his con&e>&, &he 5no1ing ego is no& se&agains& a 1orld i& see5s &o con&rol, bu& one o* 1hich i& is a par&. #o con&inue &he *einis& perspec&ive, &he o&her 5no1s or see5s &o 5no1 &he child%s needs. 2oes i& a5e sense &o&hin5 o* her ans1ering &he call o* &he child in abs&rac&ion *ro such 5no1ledgeI 6s such 5no1ledge necessarily doina&ionI 9r is i& essen&ial &o a pro0ec& o* care, respec& and love,

 precisely because &he 5no1er has an in&ia&e, eo&ional connec&ion 1i&h &he 5no1nI<= 9ur ecological vision loca&es us in such close rela&ion 1i&h our na&ural hoe &ha&5no1ledge o* i& is 5no1ledge o* ourselves. $nd &his is no&, con&rary &o Levinas%s *ear, reducing &he o&her &o &he sae, bu& a celebra&ion o* a larger, ore inclusive, and s&ill cople>and ar&icula&ed sel*.</= #he noble and &errible burden o* Levinas%s individua&ed responsibili&y *or sheer e>is&ence gives 1ay &o a di**eren& drea, a di**eren& prayer+ Being roc5, being gas, being is&, being Mind, Being &he esons &raveling aong &he gala>ies 1i&h &he speed o* ligh&, Nou have coe here, y beloved one. . . . Nou have ani*es&ed yoursel* as &rees, as grass, as bu&&er*lies, as single-celled beings, and as chrysan&heus bu& &he eyes 1i&h 1hich you loo5ed a& e &his orning &ell e you have never died.<= 6n &his

 prayer, 1e are, @ui&e siply, all in i& &oge&her. $nd, al&hough &his ne1 ecological Dolocaus& -- &his crea&ion o* plane& $usch1i&A H is under 1ay, i& is no& ye& *inal. We have

ti!e t$ ste# a,) 'r$! the rin)& t$ re#air $%r *$rl". Bu& only i* 1e see &ha& 1orld no& as an o&her across an

irreducible gap o* loneliness and unchosen obliga&ion, bu& as a par& o* ourselves as 1e are par& o* i& , &o be redeeed no& ou& o* du&y, bu& ou& o* love nei&her *or our selves nor *or &he o&her, bu& *or us all.

;EA/S TO E<TINCTION

(ayland /re*, =2, “:illing (ilderness” )e&rieved *ro 2eep "cology *or &he /s& Cen&ury, ed. Oeorge 'essions, pg. //8-//E on 2eceber 

3, /4.

E,$l$gi,ally $%r ,ivili>ati$n is as !in"less as a ,an,er& an" *e )n$* that it *ill

"estr$y itsel' y "estr$ying its h$st.  6ronically, any renan&s o* huani&y &o survive &he apo&heosis o* civiliAa&ion 1ill be re&urned,

gene&ically u&ila&ed, &o &ha& s&a&e 1hich 1e have &hough& con&ep&ible. 6* an does no& survive,3inter#lanetary ar,he$l$gists $' the

'%t%re *ill ,lassi'y $%r #lanet as $ne in 1hich a very long and s&able period o* sall-scale hun&ing and ga&hering 1as '$ll$*e"

y an a##arently instantane$%s e''l$res,en,e $' te,hn$l$gy an" s$,iety lea"ing

ra#i"ly t$ e+tin,ti$n. ?stratigra#hi,ally&? the $rigin $' agri,%lt%re an" ther!$n%,lear

"estr%,ti$n *ill a##ear as essentially si!%ltane$%s.3 

$K2

SECIEISM IS ;IN@E/ TO S;A7ER8& ORESSION AN/

CO;ONIATION

Chris&opher Cha##le, 2005. “#he 'pec&er o* 'peciesis+ Buddhis& and Chris&ian Pie1s o* $nials <revie1=” )e&rieved *ro

h&&p+use.0hu.eduloginIau&hQR&ypeQsuaryRurlQ0ournalsbuddhis&-chris&ianGs&udiesv44./chapple.pd*  on 2eceber 3, /4.

9&her1ise, he asser&s, h%!ans  1ill re!ain en!eshe" in the tyranny $' s#e,iesis! 6n &his e&iculous s&udy, !aul

(aldau assesses &he origins o* &he & er ?speciesis,? coined by )yder in /E3. De e>ploresthe lin) et*een s#e,iesis! an" slavery&

,$l$ni>ati$n& an" the $##ressi$n $' *$!en an" ,hil"ren.   Jus& as e&hical discourse  has een

altere" thr$%gh hist$ry regar"ing these iss%es&  (aldau sugges&s &ha& as ore in*ora&ion becoes available, huan a&&i&udes

regarding anials 1ill evolve. Do1ever, due &o en&renched religious vie1s, & his change 1ill be gradual. #his boo5 consis&s o* a sus&ained arguen& *or e>panding our ca&egories o* 

1or&h beyond purely an&hropocen&ric values. Wal"a% s%ggests &ha& al&hough huans hold a po1er advan&age over anials, ?"Bi''eren,es in

ailities& an" even hierar,hy, &o &he e>&en& &hey e>is&, do no& au&oa&icallyi!#ly the #r$#riety $' "$!inan,e&

le& alonetyranny?

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IGNORING CO;ONIATION RES;TS IN INAI;IT8 TO

SO;7E WARMING

2avid Manuel-Navarrete, 2eceber  2010. “!o1er, realis, and &he ideal o* huan eancipa&ion in a clia&e o* change” )e&rieved

*ro (6)"s Clia&e Change Pol. /, Koveber2eceber / on Koveber /4.

Cli!ate ,hange is o*&en #$rtraye" as a !anage!ent an" #$li,y #r$le!./ #his posi&ioning ou&side &he

evolu&ion o* sociopoli&ical s&ruc&ures has &he advan&age o* discussing i&iga&ion and adap&a&ion as unproblea&ically carried ou& *ro, and by, &hese s&ruc&ures, 1i&hou& challenging&he in any signi*ican& *ashion. #his iplies an abs&rac&ion o* clia&e change as an e>&ernal &hrea& &o social s&abili&y, and an ob0ec& o* s&udy &ha& can &hen be elegan&lycopar&en&aliAed in&o di**eren& &ypes o* ris5. 6n addi&ion, i&iga&ion and adap&a&ion can be nea&ly de*ined as s&ra&egies &o reduce overall &hrea& and cope 1i&h ris5s so &ha&huani&ys developen& can con&inue una**ec&ed. Leaving &he essiness o* poli&ics ou&side &he e@ua&ion allo1s *or &he ephasis on &echnologies, &arge&s, inde>es, accoun&ingschees, and s&ra&egies &ha& can be &ransla&ed in&o e>plici& policies or ac&ions. #he Shuan diension o* clia&e change can &hen be s&udied by singling-ou& &he par&s o* &he social

*abric &ha& need &o be Sadap&ed or Sproo*ed, so &ha& &he sys&e as a 1hole, ore or less in i&s curren& s&a&e, can 1ea&her clia&e challenges. ;n*or&una&ely,this

si!#listi, vie* 'ails t$ a,)n$*le"ge the in,reasing #enetrati$n $' ,li!ate ,hange

int$ all &he diensions o*  h%!an li'e.// 6n *ac&, a gro1ing body o*  e!#iri,al *$r) reveals a !$re ,$!#li,ate"

#i,t%re &han &ha& por&rayed by apoli&ical policy approaches./ (6LL !9L6#6C$L )"$L6'M 29 #D" J9BI A realist agen"a t$ st%"y

,li!ate ,hange #$liti,s is ,$ns$li"ating ar$%n" the n$ti$ns $' gl$al envir$n!entalg$vernan,e an" regi!es./ Oovernance re*ers &o &he 1ielding o* po1er and au&hori&y by bo&h governen& ins&i&u&ions, and o&her social ac&ors in order 

&o in*luence and enac& public decisions and ac&ions. 6ndeed, &he no&ion o* governance s&re&ches Mon&es@uieus Schec5s-and-balances &hesis beyond &he &hree po1ers o* deocra&icgovernen& <e>ecu&ive, legisla&ive, and 0udiciary= &o include &he role o* priva&eac&ors or ar5e&s, and civil socie&y. #hese Sne1 poli&ical ac&ors are &hen rei*ied as Ss&a5eholders1ho have par&icular in&eres&s, resources, values, and cul&ures. $ccordingly, poli&ics can be convenien&ly represen&ed as s&a5eholders nego&ia&ion and accooda&ion &o1ardsolving speci*ic probles such as eission reduc&ions or shielding developen& *ro disas&ers. #his approach &o accoun&ing *or poli&ics ay advoca&e ad0us&en&s o* governances&ruc&ures and &he eergence o* ne1 regies, bu& &hese ad0us&en&s are 0us&i*ied in &ers o* proble-solving per*orance. #hus, &he e&hical diension o* po1er dis&ribu&ion is brough& &o &he bac5ground, so &ha& a&&en&ion can be direc&ed &o1ard goal se&&ing, proble solving, and policy ou&coes. $s no&ed above, poli&ical realis assues a pessiis&ic

s&ance o* huan na&ure. A%th$rity is nee"e" t$ ,$ntr$l #e$#leDs eg$isti, nat%re an" #revent the

har!ing $' $thers an" the envir$n!ent. As a ,$nse6%en,e& ,$er,i$n& an"$r

legiti!ati$n thr$%gh ,$nsent are #re,$n"iti$ns '$r $r"er an" se,%rity.   #he success o* poli&ical

sys&es is easured in &ers o* s&abili&y and consensus be&1een rulers and ruled, ra&her &han ideals o* *airness, 0us&ice, or *reedo. Corrup&ion and oppression *ro rulers can beavoided &hrough appropria&e Schec5s and balances, or good governance. #his realis& posi&ion is par&icularly convenien& in valida&ing &he liberal s&a&e, la1, and &he ins&i&u&ion o* 

 proper&y as gran&ors o* order. 6n *ac&, in the #resent hist$ri,al !$!ent& this realist stan,e $'ten lea"s t$

ne$lieral e,$n$!i, rati$nalities& *hi,h are ,$!!$nly ass%!e" t$ #r$vi"e the asis

'$r ,$-$r"inating ,$n'li,ting interests in !$"ern ,a#italist s$,ieties. $& &he core o* realis is &he

assup&ion &ha& socie&y is poli&ically in a Sclose &o e@uilibriu s&a&e, orbi&ing around a liberal deocra&ic a&&rac&or. #he no&ion o* an a&&rac&or evo5es a sense o* *inal des&ina&ion,&he end o* poli&ical his&ory &o1ard 1hich (es&ern socie&ies perceive &heselves &o have been &ending during &he las& cen&uries. #his sei-e@uilibriu poli&ics allo1s *or &heconcep&ualiAa&ion o* po1er as an in&rinsic @uali&y o* pro&o&ypical ac&ors and ins&i&u&ions, ra&her &han an ou&coe o* uns&able his&orical processes and social s&ruggles. $s a resul&

,li!ate #$liti,s ,an e re#resente" as the neg$tiati$n et*een a given set $' s$,ial

a,t$rs *h$& in the light $' ne* s,ienti'i, 'in"ings an" te,hn$l$gi,al rea)thr$%ghs&

rearrange !ar)ets& n$r!s& instit%ti$ns& reg%lati$ns& $r "e,isi$n-!a)ing #r$,e"%res.Jus&ice and *airness belong &o &he policy process, ra&her & han being in&rinsic &o social s&ruc&ures. #hus, Sunrealis&ic idealis& aspira&ions *or universal 0us&ice or eancipa&ion can bereorien&ed &o1ard praga&ic &arge&s such as &he ipleen&a&ion o* &ransparen&, inclusive, and accoun&able policies, even i* carried ou& in a con&e>& o* ine@uali&y and ererepresen&a&ive deocracy. #he s&aging o* in&erna&ional clia&e nego&ia&ions is a case in poin&. 2eveloped coun&ries, developing coun&ries, corpora&ions, scien&is&s, and

nongovernen&al organiAa&ions are &o *ollo1 pre-assigned roles and bargain our 1ay ou&,*ith$%t even "is,%ssing the #$ssiility $' 

altering #$*er $r #%rs%ing any '$r! $' s$,ial trans'$r!ati$n.

RO;ONGE/ G;OA; WARMING ;EA/S TO E<TINCTION

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2eborah Sn$* and !e&er  Hanna!& March /, 2015. “Clia&e change could a5e huans e>&inc&, 1arns heal&h e>per&.” )e&rieved *ro

h&&p+111.sh.co.auenvironen&clia&e-changeclia&e-change-could-a5e-huans-e>&inc&-1arns-heal&h-e>per&-/4-

rus.h&lTi>AA6iFU(C0u on Koveber /4. 

The Earth is *ar!ing s$ ra#i"ly that %nless h%!ans ,an arrest the tren"& *e ris) 

e,$!ing ??e+tin,t?? as a s#e,ies, a leading $us&ralian heal&h acadeic has 1arned. Delen Berry, associa&e dean in &he *acul&y o* heal&h a& &he

;niversi&y o* Canberra, said *hile the Earth has een *ar!er an" ,$l"er at "i''erent #$ints in the#lanet?s hist$ry& the rate $' ,hange has never een as 'ast as it is t$"ay. “%(ha& is rear5able, and

alaring, is &he speed o* &he change since &he /E3s, 1hen 1e s&ar&ed burning a lo& o* *ossil *uels in a assive 1ay,%% she said. %%(e can%& possibly evolve &o a&ch &his ra&e o* 

1aring and, unless 1e ge& con&rol o* i&, it *ill !ean $%r e+tin,ti$n even&ually.%% !ro*essor Berry is one o* &hree leading acadeics 1ho have

con&ribu&ed &o &he heal&h chap&er o* a 6n&ergovernen&al !anel on Clia&e Change <6!CC= repor& due on Monday. 'he and co-au&hors #ony McMichael, o* & he $us&ralian Ka&ional;niversi&y, and Colin Bu&ler, o* &he ;niversi&y o* Canberra, have ou&lined &he heal&h ris5s o* rapid global 1aring in a copanion piece *or #he Conversa&ion, also published onMonday. #he &hree 1arn &ha& &he adverse e**ec&s on popula&ion heal&h and social s&abili&y have been %%issing *ro &he discussion%% on clia&e change. %%Duan-driven clia&echange poses a grea& &hrea&, unpreceden&ed in &ype and scale, &o 1ellbeing, heal&h and perhaps even &o huan survival,%% &hey 1ri&e. #hey predic& &ha& &he grea&es& challenges 1illcoe *ro under nu&ri&ion and ipaired child developen& *ro reduced *ood yields hospi&aliAa&ions and dea&hs due &o in&ense hea&1aves, *ires and o&her 1ea&her-rela&eddisas&ers and &he spread o* in*ec&ious diseases. #hey 1arn &he %%larges& ipac&s%% 1ill be on poorer and vulnerable popula&ions, 1inding bac5 recen& hard-1on gains o* socialdevelopen& progras. !ro0ec&ing &o an average global 1aring o* 4 degrees by /, &hey say %%people 1on%& be able &o cope, le& alone 1or5 produc&ively, in &he ho&&es& par&s o* 

&he year%%. #hey say &ha& a,ti$n $n ,li!ate ,hange *$%l" #r$"%,e ??e+tre!ely large heal&h ene'its??&1hich 1ould grea&ly ou&1eigh &he cos&s o* curbing eission gro1&h. $ lea5ed dra*& o* &he 6!CC repor& no&es &ha& a 1aring clia&e 1ould lead &o *e1er cold 1ea&her-rela&eddea&hs bu& &he bene*i&s 1ould be %%grea&ly%% ou&1eighed by &he ipac&s o* ore *re@uen& hea& e>&rees. ;nder a high eissions scenario, soe land regions 1ill e>perience&epera&ures *our &o seven degrees higher &han pre-indus&rial &ies, &he repor& said. (hile soe adap&ive easures are possible, lii&s &o huans% abili&y &o regula&e hea& 1ill a**ec&heal&h and po&en&ially cu& global produc&ivi&y in &he 1ares& on&hs by 4 per cen& by /. Body &epera&ures rising above 8 degrees ipair physical and cogni&ive *unc&ions,1hile ris5s o* organ daage, loss o* consciousness and dea&h increase sharply above 4.7 degrees, &he dra*& repor& said. Far crops and lives&oc5 1ill also s&ruggle 1i&h &heraland 1a&er s&ress. '&aple crops such as corn, rice, 1hea& and soybeans are assued &o *ace a &epera&ure lii& o* 4-4 degrees, 1i&h &epera&ure &hresholds *or 5ey so1ing s&agesnear or belo1 degrees, &he repor& said.

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bservation 4! 0ehumani5ation

CETACEANS ARE COM;E< AGENTS WITH MORA;

STAN/ING AS IN/I7I/A;S. THERE IS NO STIFICATION

FOR /EN8ING THEM E4A; MORA; STAN/ING WITH

HMANS 

#hoas  White& %ly 2015  “(hales, 2olphins and "&hics+ $ !rier”, )e&rieved *ro  h&&p+inde*enseo*dolphins.co1-

 pcon&en&uploads/43(hi&eG(halesGdolphinsGe&hics.pd*  on 2eceber 7, /4

9ne o* &he os& ipor&an& *ea&ures o* science is &ha& a0or discoveries regularly raiseipor&an& e&hical @ues&ions. #his is especially &rue 1i&h research abou& ce&aceans, because

the /is,$veries $' !arine !a!!al s,ientists $ver the last 0 years have !a"e it

,lear that *hales an" "$l#hins share traits $n,e elieve" t$ e %ni6%e t$ h%!ans9

sel'-a*areness& astra,t th$%ght the aility t$ s$lve #r$le!s y #lanning ahea"&

%n"erstan"ing s%,h ling%isti,ally s$#histi,ate" ,$n,e#ts as synta+& an" the

'$r!ati$n $' ,%lt%ral ,$!!%nities <Deran, /E84 Korris e& al., /EE/ )eiss R Marino, /=. $ccordingly, huani&y *aces a nuber o*

 pro*ound @ues&ions+ (ha& are &he e&hical iplica&ions o* &he *ac& &ha& 1hales and dolphins deons&ra&e such in&ellec&ual and eo&ional sophis&ica&ionI (hich e&hical s&andardsshould be used in evalua&ing ho1 huans &rea& &heI (hen loo5ed a& &hrough &his lens, 1hich huan behaviors are e&hically problea&icI Do1 do 1e change our behavior &oiprove &he si&ua&ionI "ngaging 1i&h &hese @ues&ions, ho1ever, poses a special challenge *or arine aal scien&is&s. #he scien&i*ic disciplines eploy e&hodologies &ha&ephasiAe &he care*ul collec&ion, ca&aloging and descrip&ion o* epirical da&a. By con&ras&, e&hical considera&ions are essen&ially concep&ual and nora&ive. "&hical analyses begin1i&h &he *ac&s rela&ed &o &he ac&ions under inves&iga&ion, bu& &he priary poin& o* an e&hical analysis is &o conclude 1ha& &hose *ac&s &ell us abou& &he e&hical accep&abili&y or

unaccep&abili&y o* &he ac&ions under inves&iga&ion.The '%n"a!ental ,hallenge *or arine aal scien&is&s 1ho 1an& &o e>plore &he e&hical

iplica&ions o* 1ha& arine aal science has discovered abou& 1hales and dolphins is &o ove *ro &he descrip&ion o* *ac&s abou& 1hales and dolphins &o &he evalua&ion o*

1ha& &hose *ac&s sa y abou& huan behavior &o1ards &hese ce&aceans. $ siple 1ay o* pu&&ing &hisis &ha& &he &as5 is &o ove *ro is &o ough& &ha& is,t$ !$ve'r$! *hat *e )n$* a$%t vari$%s  cogni&ive and a**ec&ive,a#a,ities $' *hales an" "$l#hins and &he

ipac& o* huan ac&ions on &hese beings <1ha& is &he case=t$ a ,$n,l%si$n a$%t *hether $r n$t s%,h a,ti$ns are

ethi,ally a,,e#tale& &ha& is, 1he&her or no& huans should behave &o1ards &hese ce&aceans in &his *ashion <1ha& ough& &o be &he case=. #his en&ails becoing

*ailiar 1i&h &he philosophical li&era&ure regarding e&hics, in general, and environen&al e&hics, in par&icular, and &o ac@uire &he appropria&e &echnical s5ills and in&ellec&ual perspec&ive *or engaging in concep&ual discussion and analysis …. !age Con&inues several paragraphs la&er…. #he *irs& s&ep in de&erining &he e&hical charac&er o* an ac&ion orresolving e&hical dileas is &o de&erine 1he&her all o* &he par&ies involved have oral s&anding. !u& prosaically, “(ho Scoun&sI” (hose in&eres&s deserve &o be &a5en in&oaccoun&I (ho can be hared or bene*i&ed in an e&hically signi*ican& 1ayI #radi&ionally, only soe anials have been seen as having a clai *or oral s&anding. <#hecapaci&y o*anials &o *eel pain and &heir vulnerabili&y &o be 5illed are & ypically seen as su**icien& condi&ions &o gran& oral s&anding.= Do1ever, &hin5ers such as Chris&opher '&one have raised&hepossibili&y o* a ore e>pansive unders&anding o* &he concep& 1i&h his provoca&ive essay, “2o #rees Dave '&andingI” <'&one, /E3=. For&una&ely, &he os& pressing e&hical issues

involving 1hales and dolphins cen&er on a clash be&1eenh%!ans an" ,eta,eans. $nd since $th groups have s$#histi,ate"

intelle,t%al an" e!$ti$nal ailities that !a)e the! v%lnerale t$ a *i"e range $'

ene'its an" har!s& there sh$%l" e n$ 6%esti$n that $th gr$%#s have !$ral

stan"ing. 

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HOWE7ER& THE HISTOR8 OF HMAN-CETACEAN

RE;ATIONS ARE GENOCI/A; AN/ INC;/E S;A7ER8&

NATA; A;IENATION& AN/ C;TRA; /ESTRCTION 

!aola  Cavalieri  2011, “Ce&aceans+ Fro Bare Li*e &o Konhuan 9&hers, Logos Journal, //+ Pol./, 6ssue /. )e&rieved *ro

h&&p+111.logos0ournal.coce&aceans-bare-li*e-nonhuan-o&hers.php, on 2eceber 7, /4.

For, s&ar&ing a& leas& *ro &he 'even&een&h cen&ury, 1hales and dolphins have been 5illed by & he hundreds o* &housands, so &ha& &he his&ory o* huan rela&ionships 1i&h ce&aceans can

 be ac&ually seen as a genocidal his&ory. #rue, *e n$r!ally %se the ter! gen$,i"e t$ re'er t$ a #ra,ti,e

,$n,erning h%!an eings& %t there is n$thing in it *hi,h l$gi,ally #revents it 'r$!

eing a##lie" t$ n$nh%!an eings. $nd i& is clear &ha& &he no&ion, 1hich re*ers &o in&ergroup violence as con&ras&ed &o violence be&1een

individuals,  plainly *i&s &his con&e>&. 6ndeed,$ne ,an "ete,t in the #ast h%!an-,eta,ean s,enari$ !any $' the ele!ents ,hara,teri>ing gen$,i"al #ra,ti,e. A!$ng the!  are+ e,$n$!i, e+#l$itati$n

<“&o&al carcass u&iliAa&ion” 1as &he slogan o* &he leading copanies=a,,essiility $' vi,ti! gr$%# <&he ca&ch o* &he *as&es& and heavies& ce&aceans  

&he ror@ual 1hales - 1as ade possible by s&ea-po1ered ships and harpoon cannons= !assa,re  <soe /.4 illion 1hales 1ere 5illed in &he $n&arc&ic alone=

slavery  <sall ce&aceans have been 5ep& in cap&ivi&y since &he hal* o* & he nine&een&h cen&ury="isr%#ti$n $' 'a!ilies <&he Bas@ues 1ould ca&ch

nor&hern righ& 1hales 1hen &hey ga&hered &o breed= "estr%,t%rati$n $' ,$"es $' ehavi$r <since &he /E dolphins 1ere eployed in a

display indus&ry *or public en&er&ainen&=an" rati$nali>ati$n $' !is"ee" <his&orians celebra&ed &he y&h o* &hose 1ho could “des&roy in i&s o1n

eleen& &he igh&y onarch o* &he ocean,”3 and 1ri&ers praised “&he 1hale-ship, &ha& cleared &he 1ay *or &he issionary and &he erchan&”.

GENOCI/E IS /EHMANIATION /EHMANIATION ISWORSE THAN NC;EAR WAR 2avid M. er%e := <!ro*essor o* Counica&ion '&udies and $ssocia&e 2irec&or o* Kano'cience and #echnology '&udies a& ;niversi&y

o* 'ou&h Carolina= “K$K9#"CDK9L9O6C$L !)9L9KO"P6#N+ #he 2o1n 'ide,” )e&rieved *ro,

h&&p+111.cas.sc.eduengl*acul&yberubeprolong.h&, on /4/

#his eans-ends dispu&e is a& &he core o* Mon&agu and Ma&son%s &rea&ise on &he"eh%!ani>ati$n $' h%!anity. #hey 1arns+ ?i&s des&ruc&ive &oll

is already greater than that $' any *ar& #lag%e& 'a!ine& $r nat%ral ,ala!ity $n re,$r" --

an" its #$tential "anger t$ the 6%ality $' li'e an" the 'ari, $' civiliAed s$,iety is ey$n"

,al,%lati$n. For &ha& reason &his sic5ness o* &he soul igh& 1ell be called &he Fi*&h Dorsean o* &he $pocalypse....ehin" the gen$,i"e o* &he

holocaus& lay a "eh%!ani>e" th$%ght eneath the !enti,i"e $' "eviants an" "issi"ents ... in

&he cuc5oo%s ne>& o* $erica,lies a "eh%!ani>e" i!age $' !an... <Mon&agu R Ma&son, /E8, p. >i->ii=. (hile i& ay never be possible &o

@uan&i*y &he ipac& dehuaniAing e&hics ay have had on huani&y, i& is sa*e &o conclude &he *ounda&ions o* huanness o**er grea& oppor&uni&ies 1hich 1ould be *oregone. (hen

1e calcula&e &he ac&ual losses and &he vir&ual bene*i&s, 1e approach a nearly ines&iable value grea&er &han any &ools 1hich 1e can curren&ly use &o easure i&.

/eh%!ani>ati$n is nuclear 1ar, environen&al apocalypse, and in&erna&ional  gen$,i"e. When #e$#le e,$!e

things& they e,$!e "is#ensale. When #e$#le are "is#ensale& any an" every

atr$,ity ,an e (%sti'ie". On,e (%sti'ie"& they see! t$ e inevitale '$r every epoch has

evil an" "eh%!ani>ati$n is evil?s !$st #$*er'%l *ea#$n.

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THE NORMALIZATION OF NON-HUMAN

ENSLAVEMENT AND MORAL ATTROCITIES LEADS TO

SOCIETAL COLLAPSE

h&&p+d>.doi.org/./8E87//748 on Koveber /4. 

6deas o*  *ar& ,$n6%est& an" gen$,i"e here  bring up ano&her *undaen&alV aspec& o* coloniali&y.8 #he @ues&ion abou& 1he&her &he indigenous

 peoples o*V &he $ericas had soul or no& 1as *raed around &he @ues&ion o* 0us& 1ar. 6nV &he deba&es &ha& &oo5 place in Palladolid in &he si>&een&h cen&ury 'epuWlvedaV arguedagains& Las Casas &ha& &he 'panish had &he obliga&ion &o engage in a 0us&V 1ar agains& sub0ec&s 1ho, in &heir in*eriori&y, 1ould no& adop& by &heselvesV &he superior Chris&ianreligion and cul&ure.E 9nce ore, 0us& li5e i& happensV in respec& &o &he @ues&ion abou& &he huani&y o* &he so called $erindians, &heV ou&coe o* &he discussion is no& asipor&an& as &he @ues&ion i&sel*. #heV Sdiscovery and con@ues& o* &he $ericas 1as no less &han an on&ological even&V 1i&h any iplica&ions , &he os& draa&ic o* 1hich 1erees&ablished by &heV a&&i&udes and @ues&ions &ha& eerged in &he con&e>&. By &he &ie 1hen &heV @ues&ion abou& engaging in a 0us& 1ar agains& &he $erindians 1as ans1eredV &hecon@uerors had already es&ablished a par&icular 1ay o* rela&ing &o &heV peoples &ha& &hey encoun&ered. $nd &he 1ay in 1hich &hey pursued suchV rela&ions did no& correspond &o &hee&hical s&andards &ha& 1ere *ollo1ed inV &heir coun&ries o* origin. 6ndeed, as 'ylvia (yn&er argues, Colubuss rede*ini&ion o* &he purpose o* land as being one *or us, 1hereby *or us ean& *or us 1ho belong &o &he real o* Man vis-aX-vis &hose ou&side &he huanV oecuene, already in&roduces &he e>cep&ional charac&er &ha& e&hics is going &o &a5e in &he Ke1

(orld. $s 1e 5no1, such e>cep&ional si&ua&iongra"%ally l$st its e+,e#ti$nality an" e,a!e n$r!ative in the

!$"ern *$rl". Bu& be*oreV i& gained such a 1idespread accep&ance and becae cons&i&u&ive o* a ne1V reigning epis&ee,the e+,e#ti$nality

*as sh$*n in the *ay in *hi,h V ,$l$ni>ers ehave" in relati$n t$ the in"igen$%s

#e$#les an" la,) slaves.V $nd this  behavior  ,$in,i"e" !$re *ith the )in" $' a,ti$ns sh$*n

at *ar, &hanV 1i&h &he e&hics &ha& regula&ed live 1i&h o&her "uropean Chris&ians. (hen &he con@uerors cae &o &he $ericas &hey did no& *ollo1 &he codeV o* e&hics &ha&

regula&ed behavior aong sub0ec&s o* &he cro1n in & heirV 5ingdo./ #heir ac&ions 1ere regula&ed by &he e&hics or ra&her &he non-e&hics o* 1ar . 9ne canno& *orge& &ha& 1hile early

Chris&ians cri&iciAed slavery in &heV )oan "pire, la&er Chris&ians considered &ha& van@uished eneies in 1arV could legi&ia&ely be enslaved. 6ndeed, in &he $ncien& 1orld and

&he MiddleV $ges i& 1as *or &he os& par& legi&ia&e &o enslaved soe people, par&icularlyV prisoners o* 1ar and &he van@uished.What ha##ens in the

A!eri,as is a V trans'$r!ati$n an" nat%rali>ati$n $' the n$n-ethi,s $' *ar& 1hich represen&ed aV

sor& o* e>cep&ion &o &he e&hics &ha& regula&e noral conduc& in Chris&ianV coun&ries, t$ a ore s&able and long-s&anding reality $' "a!nati$n .

/a!nati$n& li'e in hell& re'ers here t$ odern *ors o* colonialis 1hich cons&i&u&e a reality ,hara,teri>e" y

the nat%rali>ati$n $' *ar y !eans $' the nat%rali>ati$n $' slavery& n$* (%sti'ie" in

relati$n t$ the very #hysi,al an" $nt$l$gi,al ,$nstit%ti$n $' #e$#le  by vir&ue o* Srace  and no& &o &heir 

*ai&h or belie*.

bservation 6! #olvency(Advantages

/EC;ARATION OF RIGHTS A/OTION SO;7ES6an Sa!#le, February , 2012. “(hales and dolphins %should have legal righ&s” )e&rieved *ro

h&&p+111.&heguardian.co1orld/*eb/1hales-dolphins-legal-righ&s on 2eceber /, /4

Capaigners 1ho believe &ha& dolphins and 1hales should be gran&ed righ&s on accoun& o* &heir in&elligence are &o push *or &he anials &o be pro&ec&ed under in&erna&ional la1. $group o* scien&is&s and e&hicis&s argues &here is su**icien& evidence o* &he arine aals% in&elligence, sel*-a1areness and cople> behaviour &o enshrine &heir righ&s in

legisla&ion. n"er the "e,larati$n $' rights  *or ce&aceans, a &er &ha& includes dolphins, 1hales and porpoises, the ani!als

*$%l" e #r$te,te" as 3n$n-h%!an #ers$ns3 an" have a legally en'$r,eale right t$

li'e. I' in,$r#$rate" int$ la*& the "e,larati$n *$%l" ring legal '$r,e t$ ear $n

*hale h%nters& an" !arine #ar)s& a6%ari%!s an" $ther entertain!ent ven%es *$%l"

e arre" 'r$! )ee#ing "$l#hins& *hales $r #$r#$ises in ,a#tivity.  

SIM;8 TA;@ING AOT NON-HMAN ANIMA; RIGHTS IS

THE FIRST STE TO ;/ING SOCIETA; CHANGEOeorge a,$s, 2005. “Pege&arian+ #o1ard Konspeciesis& Language” )e&rieved *ro

h&&p+111.ivu.orgcongress4lec&uresJacobs.h&l on 2eceber 3, /4.

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;ang%age sha#es an" re'le,ts h$* *e thin) a$%t the *$rl"& %t language is no& s&a&ic.

;ang%age ,hanges.  (ha& is vie1ed as & ypical &oday ay no& have been &he nor or considered correc& years ago and ay change in ano&her years,

or even &1o years. For ins&ance, in & he case o* "nglish, uch o* &he graar o* 'ha5espeares day 1ould no& be accep&able &oday, nor 1ould 'ha5espeare have any idea 1ha& a

dis5 drive is or 1ha& *re@uen& *lyer iles are. (ha& leads &o language changeIThe )ey '$r,e ehin" lang%age ,hange is

,hange in s$,iety.  S$,iety ,hanges& an" lang%age ,hanges al$ng *ith it in a 5ind o* chic5en and egg

anner 1i&h  ea,h in'l%en,ing the $ther.  F$r instan,e& ne* inventi$ns, such as airplanes and copu&ers,

,hange &he 1ay 1e live, and v$,a%lary rela&ed &o &hese inven&ions coes in&o 1idespread use, such as *re@uen& *lyer iles and dis5 drive en&ioned earlier.

Si!ilarly, &he use o*   these ne* ter!s ,an a,,elerate the %se $' the #hen$!ena they

re#resent. 

/ISSO;7ING SECIESISM IS @E8 TO /EMOCRAC8'&even Charles !a&&erson est, 200=. “#he "&ernal #reblin5a+ 9ur #rea&en& o* $nials and &he Dolocaus& Ke1 Nor5” )e&rieved *ro

Lan&ern Boo5s, , 8 pp on 2eceber 3, /4.

'&ill, &o spin & he dialec&ical 1heel bac5 again, s$,ial ,hange ,ann$t ta)e the 'irst ste# in the right "ire,ti$n

*ith$%t a ne* a*areness $' h$* h%!an lierati$n is i!#$ssile *ith$%t ani!al

lierati$n& *ith$%t re,$gniti$n that enlighten!ent& "e!$,ra,y& an" !$ral #r$gress

are i!#$ssile *ith$%t "is!antling s#e,iesis! in 'av$r $' a tr%ly n$n-vi$lent&egalitarian& an" in,l%sive ,$!!%nity.

OTHER CONTIRES WI;; FO;;OW AMERICAN ;EA/

Michael arnett, July 4, 2015. “s $erica &he oral leader in &he 1orldI” )e&rieved *ro

h&&p+111.cnn.co/34opinionbarne&&-huan-righ&s on 2eceber 3, /4.

We have !a"e g$$" stri"es. In the last 10 years& the nite" States has een

$ne $' the largest s%##$rters $'  &he 6n&erna&ional Coi&&ee o* &he )ed Cross, despi&e &he *ac& &ha& &he )ed Cross a5es i& a poin&

&o reind &he ;ni&ed '&a&es and o&her governen&s o* &heir coi&en&s &ointernati$nal h%!anitarian la*. #he 9baa

adinis&ra&ion has chapioned 1oen%s righ&s and reproduc&ive heal&h, children%s righ&s, religious righ&s and o&her areas o* cen&ral concern &o &he lives o* hundreds

o* illions o* people around &he 1orld. $nd al&hough &he ;ni&ed '&a&es s&ill re*uses &o becoe a *ull-*ledged eber o* &he 6n&erna&ional Criinal Cour&, i& has

 begun &o play a suppor&ing role.When the nite" States s#ea)s a$%t h%!an rights& $ther

,$%ntries listen. We "$ n$t nee" a #er'e,t s,$re *ro Duan )igh&s (a&ch t$ have $%r vie*s

res#e,te". (hen $ther ,$%ntries ,h$$se no& t$ listen &o &he ;ni&ed '&a&es $r '$ll$* its lea", i& is no&

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necessarily because 1e do no& prac&ice 1ha& 1e preach ins&ead, i& is because &hose coun&ries see huan righ&s as a po&en&ial &hrea& &o &heir rule. "ven i* &he ;ni&ed

'&a&es had an unbleished huan righ&s record, &he Bashar al-$ssads o* &his 1orld are s&ill going &o assacre &heir people and au&hori&arian governen&s 1ill s&ill

iprison and &or&ure &heir dissiden&s.