Cell type Cell Structure Body Type Nutrition Example
Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryotic Cell wall, peptidoglycan
Unicellular Autotrophic & heterotrophic
TetanusE. coli
Archaea Archae-bacteria
Prokaryotic Cell wall, no peptidoglycan
Unicellular Autotrophic & heterotrophic
Methanogens
Eukarya Protista Eukaryotic Mixed Unicellular &multicellular
Autotrophic & heterotrophic
AmoebasEuglenasKelps
Eukarya Fungi Eukaryotic Cell wall, chitin
Unicellular &multicellular
Heterotrophic YeastsMushrooms
Eukarya Plantae Eukaryotic Cell wall, cellulose
Multicellular Autotrophic FernsPine treesMoss
Eukarya Animalia Eukaryotic No cell wall Multicellular Heterotrophic BirdsEarthwormsFish
DOMAIN KINGDOM CHARACTERISTICS
Characteristics– Eukaryotic
– Multicellular
– Sessile
– Photoautotrophic
– Cell wall made of cellulose
– Life cycle involves “Alternation of Generations”
Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Central Vacuole
Cell Wall
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Section:
Cone-bearing plants760 species
Ferns andtheir relatives
11,000 species
Mosses andtheir relatives
15,600 species
Flowering plants235,000 species
• Plants are the base for the food chain on land• Provide shade, shelter and oxygen• Evolved more than 470 million years ago• Ex. Trees, shrubs, grasses, mosses and ferns
• How are plants different from animals?
• Evolved from multicellular green algae
• First plants were dependent on water
• Similar to today’s mosses (in structure and growth close to the ground)
• Evolved different adaptations for terrestrial environments
• Requirements for plant survival:• Sunlight• Water and minerals• Movement of water
and nutrients• Gas exchange
Challenges of Terrestrial Life• Problem 1: How to prevent drying out?
• Solution: Waxy cuticle covers surfaces of leaves.
• Problem 2: Waxy cuticle is also impermeable to gases… so how does gas exchange occur?• Solution: Stomata (small pores typically
found on the underside of leaves –opening and closing can be controlled as needed)
• Problem 3: Structural support… there is no water to hold the plants up.• Solution: Lignin (an organic polymer that
makes the plant woody and therefore rigid)
• Problem 4: Source of water and nutrients?• Solution: Water and nutrients are taken
up by the root and vascular systems.• Problem 5: Reproduction – fertilization and
dispersal without a liquid medium• Solution: Use complex systems to employ
wind, water, and different organisms for both fertilization and dispersal.
Alternation of Generations• Gametophyte Plant
– Haploid (N)
– Gamete-producing generation• Gametes are haploid cells that
fuse together to form new diploid individual
• Sporophyte Plant– Diploid (2N)
– Spore-producing generation• Spores produce new
individuals by mitosis
– All plants have both phases, but in different forms
– Seed plants can reproduce independently of water
– Some plants also reproduce asexually (vegetative)
Haploid
DiploidMEIOSIS
Spores(N)
FERTILIZATION
Sperm(N)
Eggs(N)
Sporophyte Plant (2N)
Gametophyte Plant (N)
Diploid (2n)
Haploid (n)
Multicellular haploid (n) individual (gametophyte)
Multicellular diploid (2n) individual (sporophyte)
Diploid (2n) zygote
Haploid (n) gamete
Haploid (n) cells (spores)
Gamete (n) from another plant
Classification
Nonvascular plants
Bryophytes (mosses,
hornworts, & liverworts)
Vascular plants
Seedless plants
Pterophytes (ferns)
Psilophytes ( whisk ferns)
Sphenophytes (horsetails)
Lycophytes (club mosses)
Seed plants
Cone-bearing
plants
Gymnosperms (evergreens)
Flowering
plants
Angiosperms (plants with
flowers or fruit)
Gymnosperms (Cone-bearing plants)
Seedless Vascular Plants(Ferns and their relatives)
Seeds
Water-Conducting(Vascular) Tissue
Bryophytes (mosses & their relatives)
Angiosperms (Flowering plants)
Flowers and Fruits
Multicellular Green Algae
Bryophytes
Most primitive plants; found in moist, shady areas
Non-vascular (water transport by osmosis)
Have “leafy stems” & root-like “rhizoids,” but lack true roots, stems, & leaves
Small size; close to ground
Gametophyte (haploid) stage is dominant during life cycle
Fertilization is dependent on water
Important in preventing erosion & as a food source for herbivores
Used commercially as fuel, soil conditioners, by florists, etc.
Examples:
Mosses
Hornworts
Liverworts
Seedless Tracheophytes Vascular system
Xylem – transports water & minerals up from roots & act as supports
Phloem – transports sugars from leaves to stem(s) & roots
Vascular system allowed plants to grow taller
Specialized roots, stems, & leaves/fronds Sporophyte (diploid) stage is dominant
during life cycle Reproduce using spores—not seeds;
fertilization is dependent on water Important in preventing erosion & as
a food source for herbivores (even some populations of humans!)
Often used as ornamental plants Examples:
Pterophytes (ferns) Psilophytes (whisk ferns) Sphenophytes (horsetails) Lycophytes (club mosses)
Phloem Xylem
Seed Plants Fertilization (aka pollination)
Independent of water Pollen (male gametophyte)
carried to female gametophyte by wind, insects, birds, or small animals
Seeds Plant embryo (result of
fertilization) Encased in a protective
covering (seed coat) Surrounded by nutritional
tissue (food supply) Will often remain dormant
during unfavorable conditions
Seed CoatStored Food
Supply
Embryo
Seed Leaf
• Cones: sporophyte structures which are seeding bearing for gymnosperms
• Flowers: seed-bearing structure of angiosperms
• Pollen Grains: contain male gametophytes
• Seeds: embryo of seed plant with seed coat and food supply
– Eaten and dispersed by animals or stick to their fur
– Fossils from 30 million years ago
A Bee With Pollen On It’s Leg
Gymnosperms – Cone Bearers Produce “naked seeds” (not in fruit) Pollen usually distributed by wind Seeds usually produced
in cone-like structures Examples:
Gnetophytes Ex: Welwitschia
Lives in Namibian desert Large, leathery leaves Spreads out across the
ground
Gymnosperms – Cone Bearers Produce “naked seeds” (not in fruit) Pollen usually distributed by wind Seeds usually produced
in cone-like structures Examples:
Cycads (palm-like cone bearers) Palm-like plants with large
cones Appeared during Triassic
Period (225 MYA) Grow in tropics & subtropics
Gymnosperms – Cone Bearers Produce “naked seeds” (not in fruit) Pollen usually distributed by wind Seeds usually produced
in cone-like structures Examples:
Ginkgoes (only Ginkgo biloba) One of the oldest seed plant
species alive Cultivated in China & planted
around temples Often planted in urban settings in
US due to resistance to air pollution
Gymnosperms – Cone Bearers Produce “naked seeds” (not in fruit) Pollen usually distributed by wind Seeds usually produced
in cone-like structures Examples:
Conifers (pines, spruces, cedars, firs, sequoias, redwoods, & yews) Long, thin leaves (i.e. pine
needles) Most are “evergreens” with
cycling of needles
Angiosperms – Flowering Plants Includes most modern living plants Produce seeds enclosed in fruit Flowers increase efficiency of fertilization
Insects, birds, and animals transport pollen between flowers
Fruit increases seed dispersal Animals and birds eat fruit and seeds Seeds are often excreted far from
where they were consumed
Stored Food Supply
Flesh of fruit
Embryo
Seed Coat
• Phylum Anthophyta “enclosed seed”• Dominate Earth’s plant life• Reproduce with flowers or fruits• Cretaceous Period (135 million years ago) arrival• Ovary develops into fruits to protect seed and for dispersal• Fruit-thick wall of tissue surrounding the seed
The pistil contains the female organs.
The stamen contains the male organs.
StigmaStyle OvaryOvule
Petal
Anthers(micro-sporangia)
Filament
Sepal
Receptacle
Cotyledons• Seed leaves in the plant
embryo
Monocots • One seed leaf• Parallel veins in leaves• Multiples of 3 floral parts• Vascular bundles
scattered• Fibrous roots
Dicots• Two seed leaves• Branched veins in leaves• Multiples of 4 or 5 floral
parts• Vascular bundles in a ring• Taproot
Monocots Dicots
Seeds
Leaves
Flowers
Stems
Roots
Single cotyledon
Parallel veins
Floral parts often in multiples of 3
Vascularbundlesscattered throughout stem
Fibrous roots
Two cotyledons
Branched veins
Floral parts often in multiplesof 4 or 5
Vascularbundlesarranged ina ring
Taproot
Life Span• Annuals
– Complete a life-cycle within one growing season
– Ex: marigolds, petunias, pansies, zinnias, wheat, and cucumbers
• Biennials– Complete their life-cycle in 2
years• Year 1: germinate and grow
roots and very short stems• Year 2: grow new stems and
leaves; produce flowers and seeds
– Ex: primrose, parsley, and celery
• Perennials– Live for more than 2 years– Ex: asparagus, grasses
(herbaceous stems)– Ex: maple trees (wood stems)
Stem Type• Woody Plants
– Made of cells with thick cell walls (i.e. trees, shrubs and vines)
• Ex: grapes and ivy vines• Ex: blueberries and rose
bushes
• Herbaceous Plants– No wood production as they
grow – Ex: dandelions, zinnias,
sunflowers and petunias
Medicines Originally Derived From PlantsName Original source Uses
AspirinWillow leaves and bark
Relieves pain &reduces fever; the world’s most widely used drug
Codeine Poppy fruits Relieves pain
DigitalisFoxglovesleaves
Regulates irregular heartbeat
EphedrineEphedrastems
Relieves high blood pressure & symptoms of asthma & hay fever; decongestant
Hydro-cortisone
Yam tubersRelieves symptoms of allergies & arthritis
QuinineCinchona tree bark
Prevents malaria & relieves symptoms of malaria
Reserpine Snakeroot rootsRelieves high blood pressure & symptoms of schizophrenia
Taxol Yew barkReduces the size of cancerous tumors
Vinblastine, Vincristine
Rosy periwinkle plants
Used to treat cancers such as Hodgkin’s disease & acute childhood leukemia
What was the greatest challenge that plants had to overcome to live on land?
A. Drying out
B. Making seeds
C. Growing tall
D. Transporting nutrients
What is the most primitive division of plants because they have no vascular system?
A. Angiosperms
B. Tracheophytes
C. Bryophytes
D. Gymnosperms