domestic Animals: Biting And Being Bitten - Michigan · Domestic Animals: Biting and Being Bitten...

Domestic Animals: Biting and Domestic Animals: Biting and

Being BittenBeing Bitten

Nancy Frank, DVM, MPHNancy Frank, DVM, MPH

Michigan Department of Michigan Department of AgricultureAgriculture

Animal Industry DivisionAnimal Industry Division

Michigan Rabies Michigan Rabies ConferenceConference

April 24, 2006April 24, 2006

Michigan Department of Michigan Department of

Agriculture’s (MDA) roleAgriculture’s (MDA) role

Prevent and control rabies in Michigan through Prevent and control rabies in Michigan through

vaccination.vaccination.

Investigate positive rabies cases.Investigate positive rabies cases.

Provide guidance regarding animalProvide guidance regarding animal--animal bites animal bites

and animaland animal--human bites.human bites.

Provide guidance regarding vaccinating against Provide guidance regarding vaccinating against

rabies.rabies.

Provide public and professional education on Provide public and professional education on

rabies.rabies.

Legal AuthoritiesLegal Authorities

Animal Industry ActAnimal Industry Act

–– Act No. 466, PA 1988, as Act No. 466, PA 1988, as

amendedamended

Dog LawDog Law

–– Act No. 339, PA 1939, as Act No. 339, PA 1939, as

amendedamended

Ferret LawFerret Law

–– Act No. 358, PA 1994Act No. 358, PA 1994

Rabies Prevention in Domestic Rabies Prevention in Domestic

Animals: VaccinationAnimals: VaccinationMDA requires ferrets 12 weeks of age and MDA requires ferrets 12 weeks of age and older and dogs 4 months of age or older to older and dogs 4 months of age or older to be vaccinated against rabies.be vaccinated against rabies.

MDA requires dogs and ferrets being MDA requires dogs and ferrets being imported into Michigan to be vaccinated imported into Michigan to be vaccinated against rabies.against rabies.

MDA strongly advises vaccinating other MDA strongly advises vaccinating other animals for which there is an approved animals for which there is an approved rabies vaccine.rabies vaccine.

Currently, there is an approved rabies Currently, there is an approved rabies vaccine for cats, horses, cattle, sheep, as vaccine for cats, horses, cattle, sheep, as well as dogs and ferrets.well as dogs and ferrets.

Rabies is a reportable Rabies is a reportable

disease.disease.

Investigate positive rabies casesInvestigate positive rabies cases

MDA must be contacted when there MDA must be contacted when there is a confirmed positive case of is a confirmed positive case of rabies.rabies.

Rabies testing is typically conducted Rabies testing is typically conducted by Michigan Department of by Michigan Department of Community Health.Community Health.

Rabies is typically reported to MDA Rabies is typically reported to MDA by veterinarians or Michigan by veterinarians or Michigan Department of Community Health.Department of Community Health.


Exposure is defined as “exposure to Exposure is defined as “exposure to

saliva, blood, or other bodily fluids through saliva, blood, or other bodily fluids through

wounds, broken skin, or mucous wounds, broken skin, or mucous

membranes.”membranes.”

MDA assesses animal exposure.MDA assesses animal exposure.


MDA determines appropriate action to be MDA determines appropriate action to be

taken with regards to exposed animals.taken with regards to exposed animals.

MDA utilizes the NASPHV Compendium of MDA utilizes the NASPHV Compendium of

Animal Rabies Prevention and Control, as Animal Rabies Prevention and Control, as

a guide in determining appropriate action.a guide in determining appropriate action.


Quarantine goals:Quarantine goals:Prevent further exposure to animals and peoplePrevent further exposure to animals and people

–– Vaccinate all at risk animalsVaccinate all at risk animals

–– Restrict the movement of exposed animalsRestrict the movement of exposed animals

–– Minimize human and animal contact to exposed animalsMinimize human and animal contact to exposed animals

Monitor for signs of disease in exposed animalsMonitor for signs of disease in exposed animals

Iron

Delta

Luce

Kent

Marquette Alger

Huron

Chippewa

Gogebic

Sanilac

Baraga

Ionia

Ontonagon

Lake

Bay

Allegan

Schoolcraft

Clare

Mackinac

Barry

Tuscola

Iosco

Alcona

Cass

Lapeer

Saginaw

Newaygo

St. Clair

Menominee

Wayne

Calhoun

Lenawee

Gratiot

Alpena

ClintonOttawa

Houghton

Dickinson

Mason

Ingham

Isabella

Oscoda

Branch

Montcalm

Otsego

Hillsdale

Osceola

EmmetCheboygan

Wexford

Oceana MidlandMecosta

Gladwin

Ogemaw

CrawfordKalkaska

Van Buren

LivingstonMacomb

Presque Isle

Arenac

Missaukee

Kalamazoo

Benzie

Muskegon

St. Joseph

Shiawassee

Roscommon

Montmorency

Charlevoix

Keweenaw

Grand

Traverse

In 2004, 36 bats, 2 skunks, 1 dog, and 1 fox tested positive for rabies.

Antrim

Manistee

Leelanau

Berrien

Eaton

Jackson

Monroe

(2)

(4)

Oakland

(4)(2)

(2)_______

Skunk = 7

Bat = 28

Cat = 4

Total = 41

Fox = 1

Dog = 0

Legend

Sheep = 1

Genesee

(2)

(2)Washtenaw

Provide guidance regarding animalProvide guidance regarding animal--

animal bitesanimal bites

MDA receives calls MDA receives calls

from animal control, from animal control,

veterinarians/veterinaveterinarians/veterina

ry staff, and the public ry staff, and the public

regarding the proper regarding the proper

protocol for animalprotocol for animal--

animal bites.animal bites.

Animals not likely to carry rabiesAnimals not likely to carry rabies

ChipmunkChipmunk

GerbilGerbil

GopherGopher

Guinea PigGuinea Pig

HamsterHamster

MoleMole

MouseMouse

MuskratMuskrat

Prairie DogPrairie Dog

RabbitRabbit

RatRat

ShrewShrew

SquirrelSquirrel

VoleVole

Provide guidance regarding animalProvide guidance regarding animal--

human biteshuman bites

MDA receives calls MDA receives calls

from animal control, from animal control,

veterinarians, veterinarians,

veterinary staff, and veterinary staff, and

the public regarding the public regarding

the proper protocol for the proper protocol for

handling animals that handling animals that

bite humans.bite humans.

Bites inflicted to people by farm Bites inflicted to people by farm

animals are evaluated on a case by animals are evaluated on a case by

case basis.case basis.

Provide guidance regarding Provide guidance regarding

vaccination against rabiesvaccination against rabies

We answer questions from veterinarians, animal We answer questions from veterinarians, animal

control officers, and the public regarding control officers, and the public regarding

vaccination against rabies.vaccination against rabies.

Who can legally vaccinate against Who can legally vaccinate against

rabies?rabies?

For dogs, rabies must be For dogs, rabies must be

given by a licensed, given by a licensed,

accredited veterinarian.accredited veterinarian.

For other animals, rabies For other animals, rabies

vaccine must be vaccine must be

administered by or under the administered by or under the

direct supervision of a direct supervision of a

licensed veterinarian.licensed veterinarian.

Exception Exception –– livestock owners livestock owners

may vaccinate their own may vaccinate their own

livestock. livestock.

Case StudiesCase Studies

Case OneCase One

HistoryHistory

On January 16, 2006, an Australian Shepherd On January 16, 2006, an Australian Shepherd

breeder observed a skunk in an outside dog breeder observed a skunk in an outside dog

kennel.kennel.

There were also four dogs in the kennel at the There were also four dogs in the kennel at the

same time as the skunk.same time as the skunk.

The dogs were attempting to play with the The dogs were attempting to play with the

skunk.skunk.

The dog breeder noted that the skunk was The dog breeder noted that the skunk was

“acting strangely.”“acting strangely.”

HistoryHistory

Two of the four dogs were current for rabies Two of the four dogs were current for rabies vaccination.vaccination.

One of the four dogs had never been vaccinated One of the four dogs had never been vaccinated against rabies.against rabies.

One of the four dogs was overdue for rabies One of the four dogs was overdue for rabies vaccination.vaccination.

The breeder observed that the dog overdue for The breeder observed that the dog overdue for rabies vaccination had a wound on its head after rabies vaccination had a wound on its head after contact with the skunk.contact with the skunk.

HistoryHistory

The dog breeder submitted the skunk to The dog breeder submitted the skunk to

Michigan Department of Community Michigan Department of Community

Health for rabies testing.Health for rabies testing.

The dog breeder took the two dogs that The dog breeder took the two dogs that

were not current on rabies vaccination to were not current on rabies vaccination to

the veterinarian where they were the veterinarian where they were

vaccinated against rabies. vaccinated against rabies.

The skunk tested positive for rabies The skunk tested positive for rabies

by fluorescent antibody by fluorescent antibody

examination. (MDCH Laboratory)examination. (MDCH Laboratory)

Health DepartmentHealth Department

The family was informed that the skunk The family was informed that the skunk

tested positive for rabies.tested positive for rabies.

Family and veterinary staff at hospital Family and veterinary staff at hospital

advised to undergo postadvised to undergo post--exposure exposure

prophylaxis for rabies.prophylaxis for rabies.

Michigan Department of Agriculture Michigan Department of Agriculture

(MDA)(MDA)

MDA advised breeder and breeder’s MDA advised breeder and breeder’s

veterinarian to revaccinate the two dogs veterinarian to revaccinate the two dogs

current on rabies vaccination exposed to current on rabies vaccination exposed to

the skunk.the skunk.

These two dogs were isolated and These two dogs were isolated and

observed for 45 days for any signs of observed for 45 days for any signs of

illness.illness.


(MDA)(MDA)

Euthanasia was advised for the two dogs Euthanasia was advised for the two dogs

without a current rabies vaccination at the without a current rabies vaccination at the

time of exposure to the skunk.time of exposure to the skunk.

The owners refused euthanasia.The owners refused euthanasia.

A 6 month quarantine was placed by MDA A 6 month quarantine was placed by MDA

on these two dogs.on these two dogs.

Conditions of QuarantineConditions of Quarantine

The two dogs must be isolated from all The two dogs must be isolated from all

other animals.other animals.

The dogs must be isolated from all other The dogs must be isolated from all other

people. Only the caregiver is allowed people. Only the caregiver is allowed

contact with the dogs. contact with the dogs.

The dogs must be housed in a secure The dogs must be housed in a secure

room inside the home or a kennel with a room inside the home or a kennel with a

perimeter fence.perimeter fence.


The dogs can only be allowed outside on a The dogs can only be allowed outside on a

leash controlled by the caregiver. There leash controlled by the caregiver. There

can be no animals or people in the area.can be no animals or people in the area.

The dogs must be examined by a The dogs must be examined by a

veterinarian should any signs of illness veterinarian should any signs of illness

develop.develop.


At the end of the 6 months, the dogs must At the end of the 6 months, the dogs must

have a veterinary exam to release them have a veterinary exam to release them

from the quarantine.from the quarantine.

Quarantine ProtocolQuarantine Protocol

Quarantine placed by a state veterinarian.Quarantine placed by a state veterinarian.

The dogs were visited by the state The dogs were visited by the state

veterinarian with decreasing frequency veterinarian with decreasing frequency

(weekly for four weeks, then every other (weekly for four weeks, then every other

week for two months, then monthly week for two months, then monthly

thereafter.)thereafter.)

OutcomeOutcome

The breeder followed The breeder followed

all instructions.all instructions.

To date, all dogs and To date, all dogs and

people in the people in the

household are household are

healthy.healthy.

Case TwoCase Two

HistoryHistory

On February 7, 2006, an owner noted that one On February 7, 2006, an owner noted that one

of her horses, a 20 year old Thoroughbred mare, of her horses, a 20 year old Thoroughbred mare,

was acting unusually aggressive.was acting unusually aggressive.

The horse was housed in a pasture with six The horse was housed in a pasture with six

other horses, none of which had ever been other horses, none of which had ever been

vaccinated against rabies.vaccinated against rabies.

The horse was violently charging trees as well The horse was violently charging trees as well

as the owner’s son.as the owner’s son.

HistoryHistory

During this charging, the horse got caught During this charging, the horse got caught in a fence, and bit the owner who was in a fence, and bit the owner who was attempting to free the horse.attempting to free the horse.

In addition, the horse bit one of the horses In addition, the horse bit one of the horses housed in the pasture.housed in the pasture.

The horse broke through one of the fence The horse broke through one of the fence walls of the pasture, where it collapsed, walls of the pasture, where it collapsed, thrashed, and soon died. thrashed, and soon died.

HistoryHistory

The owner went to the hospital to have her The owner went to the hospital to have her

bite treated. She was also given postbite treated. She was also given post--

exposure prophylaxis for rabies.exposure prophylaxis for rabies.

The owner contacted her veterinarian who The owner contacted her veterinarian who

advised sending the horse to the advised sending the horse to the

Diagnostic Center for Population and Diagnostic Center for Population and

Animal Health for a necropsy.Animal Health for a necropsy.

The horse was diagnosed The horse was diagnosed

positive for rabies by positive for rabies by

fluorescent antibody fluorescent antibody

examination. (MDHC examination. (MDHC

Laboratory)Laboratory)


(MDA)(MDA)

It is rare to have more than one rabid animal in a It is rare to have more than one rabid animal in a herd or herbivoreherd or herbivore--toto--herbivore transmission.herbivore transmission.

MDA discussed with the owner euthanasia of the MDA discussed with the owner euthanasia of the six horses exposed to the rabid horse.six horses exposed to the rabid horse.

The owner agreed to euthanize the horse that The owner agreed to euthanize the horse that had actually been bitten by the rabid horse.had actually been bitten by the rabid horse.


(MDA)(MDA)

A 6 month quarantine was placed on the A 6 month quarantine was placed on the

other five horses exposed to the rabid other five horses exposed to the rabid

horse.horse.

In addition, all animals on the farm, In addition, all animals on the farm,

including the exposed horses, were including the exposed horses, were

vaccinated against rabies, provided there vaccinated against rabies, provided there

was an approved vaccine.was an approved vaccine.


No medical treatments (vaccination, No medical treatments (vaccination,

surgeries, or medications) without surgeries, or medications) without

approval from MDA.approval from MDA.

The horses are to not have contact with The horses are to not have contact with

any other horses.any other horses.

The quarantined horses must be The quarantined horses must be

quarantined to the paddock. They are not quarantined to the paddock. They are not

to leave the farm. to leave the farm.


Only the owner/caregiver (Limit to 1Only the owner/caregiver (Limit to 1--2 2

people) are to have contact with the people) are to have contact with the

horses.horses.

The horses are to be observed daily for The horses are to be observed daily for

any signs of illness. The horses must be any signs of illness. The horses must be

examined by a veterinarian should any examined by a veterinarian should any

signs of illness develop.signs of illness develop.


An exam by a veterinarian is required at An exam by a veterinarian is required at

the end of the quarantine to release the the end of the quarantine to release the

horses from the quarantine.horses from the quarantine.

Quarantine ProtocolQuarantine Protocol

Quarantine placed by a state veterinarian.Quarantine placed by a state veterinarian.

The horses then visited by an animal The horses then visited by an animal control officer with decreasing frequency control officer with decreasing frequency (weekly for four weeks, then every other (weekly for four weeks, then every other week for two months, then monthly week for two months, then monthly thereafter.)thereafter.)

Animal control officer reported findings Animal control officer reported findings from each visit to MDA.from each visit to MDA.

OutcomeOutcome

All animals and people on All animals and people on the farm are healthy.the farm are healthy.

All animals on the farm All animals on the farm are currently vaccinated are currently vaccinated for rabies.for rabies.

The horse that was bitten The horse that was bitten by the rabid horse was by the rabid horse was euthanized and tested for euthanized and tested for rabies. This horse tested rabies. This horse tested negative.negative.

Case 3Case 3

HistoryHistory

On On November 1, 2005, aNovember 1, 2005, a farmer was farmer was walking on his property.walking on his property.

He soon discovered that he was being He soon discovered that he was being chased by a skunk.chased by a skunk.

He quickly ran to his truck and got in.He quickly ran to his truck and got in.

The skunk then began to attack his truck.The skunk then began to attack his truck.

The skunk eventually wandered off.The skunk eventually wandered off.

HistoryHistory

11--2 days later, the farmer could smell a 2 days later, the farmer could smell a skunk. He noted that one of his sheep skunk. He noted that one of his sheep had a wound on its nose.had a wound on its nose.

About 18 days later, the sheep began to About 18 days later, the sheep began to experience choking/ difficulties swallowing.experience choking/ difficulties swallowing.

The sheep was sent to the Diagnostic The sheep was sent to the Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health Center for Population and Animal Health for a necropsy.for a necropsy.

Sheep tested positive for Sheep tested positive for

rabies by fluorescent antibody rabies by fluorescent antibody

examination. (MDCH examination. (MDCH

Laboratory)Laboratory)

Community HealthCommunity Health

Family, five individuals, underwent postFamily, five individuals, underwent post--

exposure prophylaxis as they had put their exposure prophylaxis as they had put their

hands in sheep’s mouth to help it when it hands in sheep’s mouth to help it when it

was choking.was choking.

No one else deemed exposed.No one else deemed exposed.


(MDA)(MDA)

Farmer had the following animals on farm: Farmer had the following animals on farm: –– 5 Goats5 Goats

–– 2 Sheep (1 of which was the rabid sheep)2 Sheep (1 of which was the rabid sheep)

–– 1 llama1 llama

–– 1 cat (indoors)1 cat (indoors)

None of these animals were exposed to the None of these animals were exposed to the sheep.sheep.

None of these animals had been vaccinated None of these animals had been vaccinated against rabies. (There is no approved rabies against rabies. (There is no approved rabies vaccine for goats or llamas.)vaccine for goats or llamas.)


(MDA)(MDA)

MDA instructed farmer to vaccinate indoor MDA instructed farmer to vaccinate indoor cat against rabies.cat against rabies.

Farmer to observe livestock for 45 days for Farmer to observe livestock for 45 days for any signs of illness. any signs of illness.

Livestock to remain on farm for 45 day Livestock to remain on farm for 45 day observation period. observation period.

At end of observation period, MDA At end of observation period, MDA advised vaccinating other sheep against advised vaccinating other sheep against rabies. rabies.

OutcomeOutcome

All animals and people on the farm are All animals and people on the farm are

healthy.healthy.

Cat was vaccinated.Cat was vaccinated.

Skunk was never found.Skunk was never found.

Thanks to Dr. Michele Thanks to Dr. Michele FinateriFinateri

CreditsCredits

www.aussierescuesocal.comwww.aussierescuesocal.com

www.bugwww.bug--boys.comboys.com

www.bofelli.comwww.bofelli.com

www.homepages.paradise.net.nz/wmg/shwww.homepages.paradise.net.nz/wmg/sh

eep.htmleep.html

www.northrup.org/photos/skunkwww.northrup.org/photos/skunk

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