IN-PLANT TRAINING

SUBMITTED BY:NIBEDAN BHAWSINKA09BEC039BTECH-ECE

PROGRAMMES / SERVICES

• Awareness by means of – krishi darshan, Kalyani, etc.

• Knowledge by means of – Hello Doctor, Ama raosi, etc.

• Entertainment by means of – Jhankaar & live Coverage of other activities, etc.

CONTENTS

• INTRODUCTION• TV STUDIO• VISION MIXER• AUDIO/ VIDEO CHAINS• MSR• EARTH STATION• TV Tx• ANTENNAS & SATELLITES

INTRODUCTION

To Broadcasting• A process of sending information to a

distant place is called Broadcasting.

• Means of Broadcasting in India: 1. Terrestrial 2. Satellite 3. Internet

• Both AIR & DD make use of both Terrestrial & satellite.

For Indian footprint, suitable range of slots is 45 deg to 110 deg.

Earlier, available slots : 74, 83, 95 degAfter, ISRO got additional slots: 48, 55, 111.5 degBasic Principal:

Signal from earth station of one channel should not affect the broadcasting of other channels.

cont...• DD national has 1500 Transmitters and

70 Production centers across the Country.

• These centers are divided in 3 levels-

1. -National centers2. -Regional centers3. -Local centers

• transmission started on 20th sep. 1987.

TV STUDIO

• A television studio is an installation in which television or video productions take place .

COMPONENTS OF TV STUDIO

• Camera• Lighting• Microphones• Vision mixer and Audio consoles• MSR• VTR• Acoustics• Post production and video effects• Supporting services like AC, UPS

CAMERA

3 parts:• Lens and Optics • Transducers• Electronics

Depending on the variation of the focal length, 18x, 24x Normal DD programs55x, 70x In-field production ( cricket match )

2 filters used:• ND filter- To neutralize the density, i.e. it

reduces the light intensity. - ND-1: 15% - ND-2: 30% - ND-3: 50%• CC filter- Color correction 4 modes:1. F1- 3200K (in studio- gives a partial orange

light)2. F2- 4600K (cloudy weather)3. F3- 5600K (outdoor/sunny)4. F4- Opaque

VISION MIXER

• A vision mixer (also called video switcher, video mixer or production switcher) is a device used to select between several different video sources and in some cases mix video sources together and add special effects.

• It has many input sources such as cameras, VCR/ server, Graphics/Character Generators,etc.

• Sources can be changed as cut to cut, dissolve, wipe and other special effects.

SOUND WAVE

MOLECULES

SOUND WAVES

Source of

Sound

Region of High Pressure (Compression) and

Region of low pressure (Rarefaction)

Audio Compression

100 dB

1 KHz

0 dB

Threshold of silence

Compression is done by removing the components in threshold of silence , thus removing some redundancy.

This is done by :• MASKING• SUB-BAND CODING• TRANSFORM CODING

MP3( MPEG-1 LAYER 3) uses both sub-band and transform coding.

TYPICAL VIDEO CHAIN

TYPICAL AUDIO CHAIN

DistributorVision Mixer LOGOGenerator

Earth station through

Optical Fiber

STLLink

Sources

DistributorAudio Console

Analog to AES

Converter

Earth station through

Optical Fiber

Sources

STL Link

MSR

• It is the heart of the studio.

• Most of the switching electronics is kept e.g. camera base stations, switcher main frame, SPG, Satellite receivers, MW link, DDA & most of the patch panels.

• Signal is routed through MSR.

• Signal can be Monitored at various stages

EARTH STATION

• Earth Station is a very important part of satellite communication system for broadcasting of signals.

• It is an uplink center from which the signals are fed to Satellite for distribution in a specified area covered by the Satellite.

• The signal is up-linked from the Earth Station and received by many down link centers in TV broad casting via PDA.

• Two Types: 1) Analog, 2) Digital

• Digital Earth Stations are widely used because of various advantages over analog.

QPSK

ENCODER

R

G

B

270Mbps

135 Mbps

Video

Audio3- 15 Mbps

Normal - 5 MbpsSports - 7 MbpsNews - 3-3.5 Mbps

Major Components of Digital Earth

Station

70 MHzQPSK

RS-Coding Interleaver Convolution coding

Modulator

Up-ConvertorHPA

Types of TV Transmitters

• VLPT - Very Low Power Transmitter• LPT - Low Power Transmitter• HPT - High Power Transmitter

LPT is used in the less populated areasOf ODISHA, like sonapur, koraput, etc.

HPT is used in the highly populated areas like BBSR, cuttack, sambalpur,etc.

Antennas & Satellites

• An antenna (or aerial) is a transducer designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic waves. In other words, antennas convert electromagnetic waves into electrical currents and vice versa.

Electromagnetic waveElectrical signal

Transmitting Antenna

Receiving Antenna

TYPES

• Isotropic antenna (idealized)-

o Radiates power equally in all directions.

• Dipole antennas-

o Half-wave dipole antenna (or Hertz antenna)

o Quarter-wave vertical antenna (or Marconi antenna)

• Parabolic Dish / Reflective Antenna

`

6 G

Hz

EARTH STATION

4 GHz

SET-TOPBOX

T.V

Uplink Frequency : 6 GHzDownlink Frequency : 4 GHz

Uplink frequency is greater than downlink frequency coz we need narrow beam to reach the satellite and a wider footprint while downlink.

LNBC: It amplifies the received signal before sending it to the set-top box.

Scalable video

Encodeonce

Decode according torequired QoS oravailable hardware resources.

Quality ~ deployed hardware resources

ALL INDIA RADIO

FM

Up-Convertor

HPA

Audio Signal

70 MHz (IF)

6 GHz

Basic Components of a Radio Production studio

Thank You