Date post: | 05-Dec-2014 |
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Downstream Downstream
ProcessingProcessing
2
Downstream processing, what and why
Downstream processing is any treatment
of culture broth after fermentation to
concentrate and purify products.
Cell disruptionRemoval of insolubleProduct recovery
Purify the productFinishedproduct
Downstream Processing
Market
Crude product
Cell disruptionCell disruption
• Some product are intracellular including Some product are intracellular including many enzymes and proteins required to many enzymes and proteins required to disrupt the cell and release these products disrupt the cell and release these products e.g. Yeast e.g. Yeast
• Cell disruption can be achieved by both Cell disruption can be achieved by both mechanical and non-mechanical methods.mechanical and non-mechanical methods.
• Mechanical- sonication and liquid shear Mechanical- sonication and liquid shear homogenization etchomogenization etc
• Non mechanical- autolysis, osmosis shock Non mechanical- autolysis, osmosis shock etc.etc.
Removal of insoluble's
Separation of cells, cell debris or other
particulate matter from fermentation broth
culture.
Separation of particles from liquid by applying a pressure to the solution to force the solution through a filter. Filters are materials with pores.
Particles larger than the pore size of thefilter are retained by the filter.
Particles smaller than the pore size of the filter pass through the filter along with the liquid.
FiltrationFiltration
Membrane Fraction Technologies
Ultrafiltration(2000 - 50,000 MW)
Nanofiltration(200 - 700 MW)
Micro filtration(100,000 MW)
Reverse Osmosis(<200 MW)
Wate
r
Salts
Lactos
e
Protei
n
Micr
obes
+ fat
CentrifugationCentrifugationCentrifugation used to separate particles Centrifugation used to separate particles
as small as 0.1as small as 0.1μμm diameter and is also m diameter and is also
suitable for some liquid-liquid suitable for some liquid-liquid
separations.separations.
Higher speed centrifuge are required for Higher speed centrifuge are required for
the separation of the smaller particles the separation of the smaller particles
Use of the centrifugal force for the Use of the centrifugal force for the
separation of mixturesseparation of mixtures
Disc stack centrifugeDisc stack centrifuge
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation:
Forming semisolid lumps in a liquid.
Flocculation:
Forming woolly cloudlike aggregations.
Product purificationProduct purification
• Removing components with properties Removing components with properties similar to those of the productssimilar to those of the products
ChromatographyChromatography• Separates molecules by their chemical
and physical differences E.g. – E.g. – adsorption chromatography adsorption chromatography • affinity chromatographyaffinity chromatography• ion exchange chromatography ion exchange chromatography
etc.etc.
Gel Filtration Chromatography
dialysisdialysis
• These membrane separation These membrane separation techniques are primarily used for the techniques are primarily used for the removal of low molecular weight removal of low molecular weight solutes and inorganic ions from a solutes and inorganic ions from a solutionsolution
Distillation• Separating components with different
volatilities. Such as organic solvents , beer, wine and sprits.
Product Polishing
Final processing steps which end with
packaging of the product in a form that is
stable and easily transportable
Crystallization, concentration and drying
are typical unit operations
Crystallization Process
Liquid Mixture
Generation of Supersaturation :Driving force
Nucleation: Birth of Solid Phase
Crystal GrowthFinal Product
Crystallization - by cooling saturated solution
Drying
Drying involves the transfer of heat to the
wet material and removal of the moisture as
water vapor. Drying Methods( 1 ) Atmospheric drying( 2 ) Vacuum drying (Decompression )( 3 ) Freeze-drying (lyophilization)( 4 ) Spray drying
lyophilization
Freezing the material
Reducing the surrounding pressure and
adding enough heat to allow the frozen
water in the material to sublime directly
from the solid phase to gas.
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