PLASTIC DEFORMATION

Material StateTensile

strength, rm [daN/mm2]

ElongationAt [%]

Hardness[HB]

Copper AnnealedWork hardened

2044

456

38105

Aluminium AnnealedWork hardened

818

425

2047

Brass AnnealedWork hardened

2738

5015

80140

Mild steel AnnealedWork hardened

4284

316

130250

Stainless steel18%Cr; 8% Ni

AnnealedWork hardened

61182

85

200650

Influence of work hardenedon the mechanical properties of some metals and alloys

Temperature [0C]

Material

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

AluminiumAl alloyMg alloyCu alloyBrassSteel with low % CSteel with mild % CSteel with high % CSteel with MnSteel with NiSteel with Cr-NiStainless SteelNiMonel alloyTi

The domain of heating and forming depending on the chemical composition of material

ROLLING PROCESS

= processing by plastic deformation, cold or hot, made by forcing the material through the nip of two rolls rotating in opposite directions or in the same direction.

Rolling principle

1

12

3b1

b0

Forces in the rolling process.

Rolled products:

a – square; b – angle; c – I profile; d- T profile; e – round.

Bloomer: a - plane, b - profiled

Drill mill cylinders:1, 2 – roller; 3 – slab billet; 4 – gauge piercer.

DRAWING

= Plastic machining process which consists in forcing the material through a die which has a cross-section smaller than that of the original blank, under the action of a tensile force.

Intrare

Iesire

Con de deformare

Corpul filierei

Drawing process.

Principiul tragerii ţevilor:a - fără dorn; b - pe dorn cilindric; c - pe dorn mobil lung.

Schema unei maşini de trefilat cu o singură trecere.

EXTRUSION

= Plastic machining process which consists in forcing the material, by pushing through the calibrated orifice of a tool cross-sectional dimensions smaller than those of the initial blank.

Principle of direct extrusion

FORGING

= plastic machining process consisting of a blank shape modification due to the creation of a state strained into the metal volume by hitting or pressing, accompanied by metal flow in different directions.

SHEET METAL PROCESSING

CUPPING

= processing technological process by plastic deformation (hot or cold) through which it may be obtained from a blank piece a concave part with or without changing the thickness of the material.

Cupping principle

dm

SHEAR

= process of cutting a work-piece by an open contour, straight or curved, with two-edged in relative motion.

Forces in shear process.

BLANKING

= the technological process of cutting which consists in cutting the sheet by a closed contour and complete separation of parts of the blank.

Blanking principle.