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DPS/SSM/OEA 1
Department of Public Security
Secretariat for Multidimensional Security
DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF GANGS
DPS/SSM/OEA 2
Source: Google archive search.
DPS/SSM/OEA 3Justice Policy Institute Report
July 2007
1999 2004 % Crime
index
Violent crime
Cumberland 2547 259 -89.8 +7.3 + 17.6%
Wake 30 1753 5743.3 -32.4 -21.3
DPS/SSM/OEA 4
• In 1927 Chicago had 1,313 gangs(1)
• Most of these were mixed (40%), Polish (16%), Italian (11%), Irish (9%), or Afro-American (7%), and there were even 7 Swedish gangs.
• The link between gangs and organized crime was already under study.
(1) F. Thrasher
DPS/SSM/OEA 5
• In 2006, an ILO study on global youth employment trends found that 21% of young people (aged 16 to 29) in Latin America neither attended school nor worked.
• That same study showed that the unemployment rate for young adults was 2.8.
DPS/SSM/OEA 6
tensions
• People feel
insecure• Prevention• Investment in prevention• Lack of security, safety• Youth are more
exposed• Police
• No quick solutions
• Law enforcement• Cost of Violence• Democratic stability• Fostered by environment
• Justice system ( % of persons in pretrial detention)
DPS/SSM/OEA 7
the project…
• 7 consultants
• 7 countries (1st stage)
• Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, USA.
DPS/SSM/OEA 8
How do the consultants view gangs?
• Basically urban,• A public security and safety issue• Linked to adolescents and youth, although they are a minority in i.e.
violent gangs or “maras” • Arise from conditions of poverty and exclusion• Linked to a lack of opportunities provided by the government, the
market, and the community• Originate among children or adolescents who come from
dysfunctional families and are looking for an identity, protection, sense of belonging, and power,
• With a clear gender bias towards male domination, ranging from • 2.5 - 1 to 9 - 1• Ethnically heterogeneous, but Latin Americans and Afro-descendents
predominate over White Anglo-Saxons (in the case of the USA)• Linked to many national homicides• Linked increasingly to trafficking in drugs, arms, persons, and other
crimes related to organized crime.
DPS/SSM/OEA 9
DEFINITION
“YOUTH GANGS represent a spontaneous effort by children and young people to create, where it does not exist, an urban space in society that is adapted to their needs, where they can exercise the rights that their families, government, and communities do not offer them. Arising out of extreme poverty, exclusion, and a lack of opportunities, gangs try to gain their rights and meet their needs by organizing themselves without supervision and developing their own rules, and by securing for themselves a territory and a set of symbols that gives meaning to their membership in the group. This endeavor to exercise their citizenship is, in many cases, a violation of their own and others’ rights, and frequently generates violence and crime in a vicious circle that perpetuates their original exclusion. This is why they cannot reverse the situation that they were born into. Since it is primarily a male phenomenon, female gang members suffer more intensively from gender discrimination and the inequalities inherent in the dominant culture.“
DPS/SSM/OEA 10
The path to adult gangs is determined by :
- A gradual increase in the age of gang members within the gangs
- The deportation of gang members - Alliances with gangs in other countries- Transnational adult gangs
DPS/SSM/OEA 11
Categories
Based on structural criteria such as size, gender, ethnic composition and ages, life span, territoriality, and criminality, as well as on criteria of
origin, objectives, operating methods, and evolution, the following categories are proposed:
• Scavenger gangs
• “Transgressor” gangs
• Violent gangs
• Criminal gangs
• Female gangs
DPS/SSM/OEA
Size Gender Composition Age Territoriality Criminality
Scavenger
(short-lived)
15–40 Male, with reluctant acceptance of female members
Heterogeneous 13-18 Secondary school and neighborhood
Confrontations with other rival school gangs outside the schools and neighboring streets, extortion, intimidation, and other criminal acts, usually minor offenses, within and around their neighborhood and school.
“Transgressor” 40 –80 Male to female ratio: 5-1
Heterogeneous, with mostly Latin American and Afro-descendents (case of USA)
10-18 Neighborhood, since no longer in school
Constant protection and violent defense against the rival gang. They use violence to impose control over the territory that they claim as theirs. They are involved in criminal activities within and outside their territory.
Violent 100 – 500
Male to female ratio: up to 9-1
Homogenous (according to the gang). Primarily Hispanic. In USA, also Afro-Americans and Asians.
15-30 and over
Neighborhoods dominated by cliques
The same as the previous group, but with a greater tendency towards homicide.
Criminal 50 – 200 Made up mostly of males
Homogenous (according to the gang). Primarily Hispanic. In USA, also Afro-Americans and Asians.
18-30 and over
Their activities are not limited to territories
Various organized criminal activities using sophisticated weapons. Crimes include trafficking in drugs, persons, robbery, kidnapping, extortion, pandering, and murder.
DPS/SSM/OEA 13
Origin Objectives Operation Activities Evolution
Scavenger Rivalry among schools
Not specified Leadership, with no organization or structure, crime is not part of their reason for being
Sports, dances, movies.
Independent of others, initial stage, may evolve into “transgressor” gangs
“Transgressor” They arise in situations of exclusion, are organized without supervision, develop their own rules and membership criteria (RITES)
To give meaning to a life without meaning
They have standards, rules, a ranking, and initiation rites. They use drugs and carry arms
Defense of their territory; they sometimes get involved in art and music, and may have a website.
Secondary stage: they use the streets as a means of survival, they are led by members who grew up in them.
Violent They arise in a similar context as the previous group, but are more advanced in committing crimes
To give meaning to a life without meaning, and look into the possibility of profitable illegal activities
Same as previous group but more complex and with connections with other gangs
Virtually none Third stage: These are “transgressor” gangs that do not break up but consolidate, and they may use various names.
Criminal Adult organization linked to ORGANIZED CRIME
Money, reputation, and a power parallel to the power that excluded them
Same as previous group, but with training, discipline, organization, and logistics in their criminal activities
Virtually none Final stage: They are on a destructive path, they end up in prison or have a violent end.
DPS/SSM/OEA 14
Gang members violate the rights of third parties at the same time that third parties violate the gang members’ rights
DPS/SSM/OEA 15
INTERVENTIONSLEVEL OF VIOLENCE OR
CRIME
HOMICIDESROBBERIES (OF BANKS,
ETC...)DRUG-TRAFFICKING
HOMICIDES
“MINOR” OFFENSES THEFTS
FIGHTS: ASSAULTS
SOCIAL DISTURBANCE
CONFLICTS-VIOLENCE
VICT./WITNESS
ORGANIZED CRIME
GANGS(JUVENILE)
CLIQUES[“BARRAS”]
JUVENILE GROUPS
FAMILY – SOCIO-ECONOMIC
SURROUNDING
EL “COURSE” OF VIOLENCE (Concha-Eastman, 2001)
PRIMARY
PRIMARY
2ary.
LAW
2ary-3aryRAPES ROBBERIES WOUNDS
DPS/SSM/OEA 16
SCAVENGER
“TRANSGRESSOR”
VIOLENT
CRIMINAL
Confrontations in schools,
intimidation, extortion, .
etc.
PROTECTION AND DEFENSE AGAINST RIVAL GANGS,
CONTROL OF TERRITORY, INVOLVEMENT IN VIOLENT
ACTIVITIES
TENDENCY TOWARD VIOLENT CRIME
ORGANIZED CRIME
DPS/SSM/OEA 17
prevent
detect
redress
GANGS – INTERVENTIONS – CRIMINALITY
ORGANIZED CRIME (TRAFFICKING IN DRUGS, ARMS, AND PERSONS, ROBBERY,
KIDNAPPING, EXTORTION, PANDERING, AND MURDER)
SAME AS “TRANSGRESSOR” GANGS, WITH A GREATER TENDENCY TOWARD HOMICIDE
PROTECTION AND DEFENSE AGAINST RIVAL GANGS, TERRITORIAL CONTROL, INVOLVEMENT IN VIOLENT ACTIVITIES
CONFRONTATION WITH OTHER SCHOOL GANGS, EXTORTION, INTIMIDATION, AND OTHER MINOR OFFENSES, WITHIN THEIR
SCHOOLS AND IN THE AREA AROUND THEM
FAMILY AND SOCIAL VIOLENCE EMANATING
FROM THE ENVIRONMENT
Criminal
Violent
Scavenger
INTERVENTIONS TO COUNTER GANGS
PROMOTION OF RIGHTS AND
VALUES, DELAYING ENTRY INTO
GANGS, KEEPING STUDENTS IN
SCHOOL
EARLY DETECTION AND REINSERTION
REHABILITATION
PROMOTION OF SOCIAL
CONFIDENCE AND SUPPORT
NETWORKS OF FRIENDS AND NEIGHBORS
CONTROL Y SANCIÓN
PENAL
Family – depressed social and economic
situation
“Transgressor”
PRIMARY PREVENTION
SECONDARYPREVENTION
TERTIARY PREVENTION
CONTROL ND PENAL
SANCTIONS
DPS/SSM/OEA 18
INITIATIVES
FOR ALL CATEGORIES OF GANGS, IT IS NECESSARY TO DESIGN AND IMPLEMENT TARGETED PUBLIC POLICIES, BASED ON:
-CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
- JUSTICE SYSTEM THAT ENSURES PROMPT AND FAIR JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS
- MEASURES DESIGNED TO ENHANCE SOCIAL CONFIDENCE IN THE COMMUNITIES
- UP-TO-DATE LEGISLATION
- INFORMATION SYSTEM
- LINK WITH PUBLIC POLICIES
- A GUIDING INTERSECTORAL INSTITUTIONALITY ON THE SUBJECT
- AN ETHICAL CONTEXT OF RESPECT FOR, AND GUARANTEE AND PROMOTION OF, HUMAN RIGHTS
DPS/SSM/OEA 19
What does a gang offer me…? What should we do…?
• A space• Protection• Friendship• Running risks• Access to money• Sex• To be somebody
• Try to cover these spaces
• Invest heavily in youth• Streamline judicial
processes
• Separate the approach of adults and adolescents
• Work with the media
DPS/SSM/OEA 20
prevention rehabilitation control
Scavenger
gangs
-Open school-Workshops-Self-management movements-Sports networks-The media (videos, CE)
- Create opportunities
-Reinsertion and remedial courses in school-Workshops-Job training-Agreements with businesses
- Encourage alternatives to deprival of freedom
-Presence of specialized police
-Specialized training for police officers in youth matters-Appropriate records
“Transgressor” gangs
- Self-management movements- Workshops-Evening and weekend activities
-Formal education-Workshops-Job training-Agreements with businesses-Develop strategies for deportees--Encourage alternative measures
-Workshops for judges, prosecutors, and police
-Promote a balanced treatment of the subject by the media
Violent gangs-Develop public spaces with artificial light-Preventive police-Police intelligence
-Different categories should not be mixed among detainees -Workshops-Role of churches
-Police intelligence
-Workshops for judges, prosecutors, and police
- Presence of specialized police officers
Criminal gangs-Campaigns
- Increased exchange of information and coordination among countries
-Special detention centers-Workshops
-Little contact with the outside world
-Police intelligence
-Workshops for judges, prosecutors, and police