DPT333 Industrial Safety & Quality Management

Chapter 4: Industrial Hazards

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� Definition of Hazard� HIRARC� Sources of Hazards� Classification of Hazards◦ Physical◦ Chemical◦ Biological◦ Ergonomics◦ Psychosocial

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Contents

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Definition of Hazard� Hazard:◦ A source or a situation with a potential for harm in terms of

human injury or ill-health, damage to property, damage to the environment or a combination of these

� Risk:◦ A combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a

hazardous event and the severity of injury or damage to the health of people, property, environment

� HIRARC is Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment & Risk Control

� Identifying potential hazards in the workplace� Do risk assessment base on the potential hazards� Come out with ways to control the risk

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HIRARC

� Man – Human behavior, unsafe act� Machinery – Installation, layout and design of

equipment� Materials – substances such as chemicals and gases use

in the workplace� Method – the way people carry out their work� Medium – workplace condition i.e. air quality,

ventilation, lighting, noise, vibration etc.

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Sources of Hazards

Sources of Hazards

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Ishikawa’s Fishbone Diagram

� Hazards can be classified in five ways:◦ Physical hazard◦ Chemical hazard◦ Biological hazard◦ Ergonomics hazard◦ Psychosocial hazard

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Classification of Hazards

� Physical hazards◦ Physical hazards are those substances which threaten your

physical safety. Physical hazards are the most common and will be present in most workplaces at one time or another. They include unsafe conditions that can cause injury, illness and death

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Classification of Hazards

� Examples of physical hazards include: ◦ Electrical hazards: frayed cords, missing ground pins, improper

wiring ◦ Mechanical hazards: unguarded machinery and moving

machinery parts: guards removed or moving parts that a worker can accidentally touch ◦ Constant loud noise ◦ High exposure to sunlight/ultraviolet rays, heat or cold ◦ Working from heights, including ladders, scaffolds, roofs,

or any raised work area

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Classification of Hazards

◦ Working with mobile equipment such as fork lifts (operation of fork lifts and similar mobile equipment in the workplace requires significant additional training and experience) ◦ Spills on floors or tripping hazards, such as blocked aisle or

cords running across the floor.

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Classification of Hazards

� Mechanical hazards◦Mechanical hazards are those associated with power-driven

machines, whether automated or manually operated.

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Classification of Hazards

� Typical mechanical hazards:◦ Cutting & tearing◦ Shearing◦ Crushing◦ Straining & spraining◦ Puncturing

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Classification of Hazards

� Safeguarding◦Machine safeguarding is to minimize the risk of accidents of

machine-operator contact. ◦ The contact can be: ◦ An individual making the contact with the machine -

usually the moving part ◦ From the machine via flying metal chips, chemical and hot

splashes, and circular saw. ◦ Caused by the direct result of a machine malfunction,

including mechanical and electrical failure

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Classification of Hazards

� OSHA’s requirement for machine guarding are summarized as follows: ◦ Types of guarding ◦ General requirements for machine guards ◦ Guarding the point of operation ◦Machines requiring point of operation guards ◦ Exposure of blades ◦ Anchoring fixed machinery

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Classification of Hazards

� Electrical hazard◦ Using electrical current and electrical equipment can lead to several

hazards including electric shock, heat, and fire. ◦ Electric shock hazard: When a person becomes part of an electric

circuit, they are a conductor of the electrical current. ◦ Since electricity cannot be seen, the hazard is often overlooked until

too late. Bodily injury and death can occur.

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Classification of Hazards

� Sources of electrical hazards are: ◦ Equipment failure ◦ Improper wiring ◦ Insulation failure ◦ Static electricity discharge ◦ Using metal ladders to work on electrical equipment ◦Working on electrical equipment without ensuring that the

power has been shut off ◦ Lightning strikes

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Classification of Hazards

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� There are various ways of protecting people from the hazards caused by electricity, including insulation, guarding, grounding, and electrical protective devices◦Workers can significantly reduce electrical hazards by

following some basic precautions: ◦ Inspect wiring of equipment before each use Replace

damaged or frayed electrical cords immediately

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Classification of Hazards

◦ Use safe work practices every time electrical equipment is used ◦ Know the location and how to operate shut-off switches

and/or circuit breaker panels. Use these devices to shut off equipment in the event of a fire or electrocution

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Classification of Hazards

◦ Limit the use of extension cords. Use only for temporary operations. In all other cases, request installation of a new electrical outlet. ◦ Use only multi-plug adapters equipped with circuit breakers

or fuses. ◦Minimize the potential for water or chemical spills on or

near electrical equipment.

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Classification of Hazards

� Chemical hazards◦ Chemical hazards are present when a worker is exposed to

any chemical preparation in the workplace in any form (solid, liquid or gas). Some are safer than others, but to some workers who are more sensitive to chemicals, even common solutions can cause illness, skin irritation or breathing problems

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Classification of Hazards

� Beware of: ◦ liquids like cleaning products, paints, acids, solvents

especially chemicals in an unlabeled container (warning sign!) ◦ vapours and fumes, for instance those that come from

welding or exposure to solvents ◦ gases like acetylene, propane, carbon monoxide and helium ◦ flammable materials like gasoline, solvents and explosive

chemicals

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Classification of Hazards

� Route of entry: ◦ Inhalation ◦ Ingestion ◦ Skin absorption ◦ Injection

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Classification of Hazards

� Biological hazards◦ Biological hazards come from working with animals,

people or infectious plant materials ◦Work in day care, hospitals, hotel laundry and room

cleaning, laboratories, veterinary offices and nursing homes may expose you to biological hazards

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Classification of Hazards

◦ The types of things you may be exposed to include: ● blood or other body fluids ● fungi ● bacteria and viruses ● plants ● insect bites ● animal and bird droppings

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Classification of Hazards

� Ergonomics hazards◦ Ergonomic hazards occur when the type of work, body

position and working conditions put strain on your body. They are the hardest to spot since you don't always immediately notice the strain on your body or the harm these hazards pose◦ Short-term exposure may result in "sore muscles" the next

day or in the days following exposure, but long term exposure can result in serious long-term injuries

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Classification of Hazards

� Ergonomic hazards include: ◦ poor lighting ◦ improperly adjusted workstations and chairs ◦ frequent lifting ◦ poor posture ◦ awkward movements, especially if they are repetitive ◦ repeating the same movements over and over ◦ having to use too much force, especially if you have to do it

frequently

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Classification of Hazards

� Psychosocial hazards◦ The psychosocial hazard has recently been acknowledged in

legislation as a workplace hazard. This type of hazard relates to mental health and behavioral disorders ◦ The hazard involves human motivation and the direction

of human behaviour ◦ Psychosocial hazards in the workplace contribute to

work-related stress

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Classification of Hazards

� Psychosocial hazards include: ◦ bullying and harassment ◦ occupational violence or ◦ customer aggression ◦ fatigue resulting from long hours of work or shiftwork ◦ demands in excess of a worker’s capacity to deliver ◦ alcohol and drug misuse

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Classification of Hazards

� Psychosocial hazards have grown in prominence in recent years in response to a number of factors including: ◦ increasing work intensification (in terms of longer working

hours and greater workloads) ◦ changes in organizational practices◦ changing social expectations of how employees should be

treated by their supervisors, managers and fellow workers

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Classification of Hazards

◦ These hazards are also harder to define and to investigate than the traditional physical hazards in a workplace. ◦ Factors outside of the workplace can also contribute to stress

on individuals. ◦ Hence the detection, management and regulation of

work-related stress presents challenges to employers and regulators alike

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Classification of Hazards

ENDCopyright © Mr.Mohd. Azarulsani b. Md. Azidin

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