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Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
2-1
2Chapter
Managing the Information System Infrastructure
Based on results of survey data from 2002, 70% of respondents had stolen key information from an employer
Ibas - Data forensics firm, UK
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World 2-2
Learning Objectives
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World 2-3
Infrastructure
• Interconnection of basic facilities and services enabling the area to function properly
1. Essential information systems infrastructure components
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World 2-4
The IS Infrastructure
• An information systems infrastructure includeso Hardware and softwareo Communications and collaboration Networkso Data and knowledgeo Facilities
1. Essential information systems infrastructure components
Key Elements of Information Systems Hardware
2-5
• Input Deviceso Used to enter
information into a computer
• Processing Deviceso Transform inputs into
outputs.
• Output Deviceso Deliver information to
users in a usable format
Input: Mouse and Keyboard Output: Monitor Processing: CPU
2. components of an organization’s hardware infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Pointing and Selecting Devices
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• Example: mouse, light pen, touch pad, touch screen, joystick, and eye-tracking device
2. components of an organization’s hardware infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Processing: Transforming Inputs into Outputs
2-7
• Binary Code
o Binary or base-2 math (2, 2, 8, 16, 32, and so on)
•Bits
•Bytes
o Machine Language—the language computers understand
o ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
2. components of an organization’s hardware infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Translation into Binary Code
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2. components of an organization’s hardware infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
2-9
• Microprocessor, processor, chip
• Responsible for performing all of the operations of the computer (loading OS when pc turned on)
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU): Perform math and logical
operations Control unit:
Fetch program instructions Decode instructions Retrieve data Store results
2. components of an organization’s hardware infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Moore’s Law
2-10
• In the 1970s Dr. Gordon Moore from Intel hypothesized that computer processing performance would double every eighteen months
Reduction of feature size
2. components of an organization’s hardware infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Lines on the chip through which signal pass
• Trend in Computing is toward smaller, faster, cheaper devices.
System clock speed Registers Cache Memory
Primary Storage
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• For temporary storage to support computer processing
• Random-access memory (RAM)o Store programs and Data in currently in use
• and read-only memory (ROM)o Programs and instructions loaded when pc turned on
2. components of an organization’s hardware infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Random-Access Memory (RAM)
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• Computer’s main or primary memory
• Stores the programs and data currently in use
• Volatile memory: instructions and work stored in RAM are lost when the computer is turned off
• Memory wall: is the growing disparity of speed between CPU and memory outside the CPU chip.
2. components of an organization’s hardware infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Read-Only Memory (ROM)
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• Can be read but cannot be written to
• Nonvolatile
• Basis input/output system (BIOS)
Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM)
Flash memory Can be written to and erased like RAM Secondary storage / Removable
2. components of an organization’s hardware infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Secondary Storage
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• Nonvolatile storage for permanently storing datao Example: Hard disk, CD-ROM disk
2. components of an organization’s hardware infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Output Devices: Video Output
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• Used to display information from a computero Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)o Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) o Organic light-emitting diodes (OLED)o Projectors
2. components of an organization’s hardware infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Printers and Plotters
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• Plotter
• Dot Matrix
• Ink-jet
• Laser
2. components of an organization’s hardware infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Audio Output
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• Sound card and speakerso Sound card translates digits into sound
o Also used to capture sound
• Other audio outputo Example: USB headphones
2. components of an organization’s hardware infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
1. Supercomputers
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• Users: 1-to-many
• Size: Automobile—multiple rooms
• Typical use: Scientific research
• Memory: 5000+ GB
• Cost: $1-20 million
2. components of an organization’s hardware infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Types of Computers
2. Mainframes
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• Users: 1000+
• Size: Refrigerator
• Typical use: Large general purpose business & gov’t
• Memory: Up to 1500+ GB
• Cost: $1-10 million
2. components of an organization’s hardware infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
3.Midrange Computers
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• Users: 5-500
• Size: File cabinet
• Typical use: Midsize, general purpose business
• Memory: Up to 62 GB
• Cost: $10,000-100,000
2. components of an organization’s hardware infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
4. Microcomputers or PCs
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• Users: 1
• Size: handheld—fitting on desktop
• Typical use: personal productivity
• Memory: 512MB - 2GB
• Cost: $200-5,000
2. components of an organization’s hardware infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
i)On-Demand Computing
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• Available resources allocated based on user needs (solve fluctuating computation needs)
• Utility computingo On-demand computing
rented from external provider
o Paid on as-needed
basis
2. components of an organization’s hardware infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Hardware infrastructure Trends ???
ii)Grid Computing
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• Combines computing power of a large number of smaller, independent, networked computers into a cohesive systemo Tasks broken down
into smaller chunks
• Dedicated vs. heterogeneous gridso Much more cost-effective than purchasing supercomputer
2. components of an organization’s hardware infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
iii)Edge Computing
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• Multiple small servers located closer to individual users
• Save bandwidth
• Decreased access time
2. components of an organization’s hardware infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
iv) Green Computing
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• Use computers more efficiently
• Large organizations with significant computing needso Save money using:
•Virtualization
•Multiple virtual machines can be configured to run on single computer
2. components of an organization’s hardware infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Systems Software
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• Operating systems
• Responsible and ontrols the basic operations of computer hardware
• Common functions:•Booting
•Reading programs into memory
•Managing program and file storage
•Maintaining the structure of directories
•Formatting disks
•Controlling the computer monitor
•Sending documents to the printer
3. components of an organization’s software infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Operating System
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• Coordinates:o peripheralso application softwareo users
• Also used in embedded devices
• Written in assembly language
• Performs day-to-day operations
3. components of an organization’s software infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
The OS Acts as a Manager
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3. components of an organization’s software infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Interfaces: Command vs. GUI
2-29
• Provided by operating system
• Interface types:o Command-based interface o Menu interface
• list of options
o Graphical user interface (GUI)
3. components of an organization’s software infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Graphical User Interface
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• Examples:o Windows Vista
o Mac OS X
3. components of an organization’s software infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Application Software
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• For performing specific user taskso Writing a business letter o Processing payroll
• Two types:o Customized (proprietary) software
•Developed specifically by or for a particular organization
o Commercial software •Purchased off the shelf
3. components of an organization’s software infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Open-Source Software
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• Open-source movement aided by the advent of the Internet
• Source code is freely available for use and/or modificationo Open-source operating
system
•Linuxo Used in everything from
fridges to personal computers to supercomputers
3. components of an organization’s software infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Open-Source Application Software
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• Open-source application softwareo Apache Web server
o Firefox Web browser
o OpenOffice
• Drawback:o Finding customer
support may be
difficult
3. components of an organization’s software infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Application Service Providers
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• ASPs provide on-demand software access over the Web (software as a service SaaS)o Specific software located on the ASP’s server
o Accessed using Web-enabled interfaces
• Benefits:o Reduced need to maintain or upgrade software
o Fixed monthly fee for services
o Reliability
• Example: Google Calendar
3. components of an organization’s software infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Evolution of Computer Networking
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• Computer networkingo Sharing of information or services
o Comparable to human communication
4. Components of an Organization’s Communications & Collaboration Infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Messages, Senders, and Receivers
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• Components of communication:o Senders and receivers with something to
share
o A transmission medium to send the message
o Protocols (rules) dictating communication
4. Components of an Organization’s Communications & Collaboration Infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Networking Fundamentals
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• A network consists of three separate component with different roles:o Servers
o Clients
o Peers
4. Components of an Organization’s Communications & Collaboration Infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Servers
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• Only provide services
• Usually have:o More advanced
microprocessorso More memoryo Larger cache
• Many users share services
4. Components of an Organization’s Communications & Collaboration Infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Clients
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• A computer Request services
• It could be Workstations or PCs
• Or any Software applications
• Usually one user per client
4. Components of an Organization’s Communications & Collaboration Infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Peers
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• A computer that may request and provide services
• Peer-to-peer networkso Equivalent capabilities and
responsibilities
• Usually found in small offices and homes
• Popular for file sharingo Example: BitTorrent, KaZaa
• Used as distribution channelo Example: Warner Brothers
4. Components of an Organization’s Communications & Collaboration Infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Transmission Media
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• Physical pathways for sending data over network
• Message sending:o Computers send electromagnetic waves
o Waves altered by semiconductors to become 0s or 1s—known as bits
o Bits are transmitted
• Two types:o Cable media
o Wireless media
4. Components of an Organization’s Communications & Collaboration Infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Cable Media
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Key Benefits and Drawbacks of Different Cable Media
4. Components of an Organization’s Communications & Collaboration Infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Wireless Media
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Key Benefits and Drawbacks of Different Wireless Media
4. Components of an Organization’s Communications & Collaboration Infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
How Did the Internet Get Started?
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• Internet—derived from internetworking
• 1960s—U.S. Defense Advanced Research Project (DARPA)o ARPANET—WAN that linked universities and research
centers
• 1986—U.S. National Science Foundationo Initiated NSFNET—became major component of the
Internet
• Other networks ultimately connectedo BITNET, CSNET, NSINET, ESNET, NORDUNET
4. Components of an Organization’s Communications & Collaboration Infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Packet-Switching Technology
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• Problem: Concurrent data transmissiono One wire and several users
• Solution: Turn taking• Messages divided into packets and sent• Packets travel independently• Reassembled by receiver• Header contains address of source and destination
4. Components of an Organization’s Communications & Collaboration Infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
TCP/IP
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• Protocol of the Internet
• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)o Breaks information into packets
o Manages transfer of packets between computers
• IP (Internet Protocol)o Defines how the packet must be formed
o Contains destination address
4. Components of an Organization’s Communications & Collaboration Infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
IP Datagram
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• is a data packet that conforms to the IP specifications
• Relies on IP addresso Unique address assigned to computers and
routers
• TCP helps IP deliver packets:o Checks for lost datagramso Puts received datagrams in correct ordero Discards duplicate datagrams
4. Components of an Organization’s Communications & Collaboration Infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
World Wide Web
2-48
• World Wide Web (WWW)o Graphical user interface to the Internet
o One of the most powerful uses of the Internet
• Web browser o Software application used to locate and display
Web pages
•Netscape Navigator, Internet Explorer, Firefox
4. Components of an Organization’s Communications & Collaboration Infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
History of the World Wide Web
2-49
• Gopher—early menu driven tool
• Web invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991o Introduced hypertext—Web page
o Hyperlinks—links to other related documents
o HTML—standard method for specifying Web pages
•Tags specify formatting
o Web pages stored on Web servers
•HTTP—used for processing requests
•Web pages have unique URL address
4. Components of an Organization’s Communications & Collaboration Infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
World Wide Web Architecture
2-50
• Web useso Web browser
o Web server
o TCP/IP
4. Components of an Organization’s Communications & Collaboration Infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
• Cloud computing
Managing the Communication and Collaboration Infrastructure
2-51
• Diverse communication needs
• Solution:o Convergence of functionality of
various devices
o Increasing mobility
4. Components of an Organization’s Communications & Collaboration Infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Convergence of Computing and Telecommunication
2-52
• Convergence of functionality of deviceso Cell phone and PDA
• Convergence within underlying infrastructureso IP convergence
•Voice over IP•Videoconferencing over
IP
4. Components of an Organization’s Communications & Collaboration Infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
IP Convergence: VoIP
2-53
• Use of Internet technologies for placing telephone callso High quality of
transmission possible
o Ability to call from any place with Internet connection
4. Components of an Organization’s Communications & Collaboration Infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
IP Convergence: Videoconferencing over IP
2-54
• IP used to transmit video datao Desktop videoconferencing
o HP Halo meeting room: $200,000
4. Components of an Organization’s Communications & Collaboration Infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Increasing Mobility
2-55
• Knowledge workers require access to information from anywhere, whenever they are,
Today knowledge workers use 2 devices; o Communication devices
o Wireless devices capable of
connecting to organization’s
internal network
• Wireless security concerns
Source: http://shop.netstumbler.com/SearchResult.aspx?CategoryID=26
4. Components of an Organization’s Communications & Collaboration Infrastructure
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Database Foundations
2-56
• Then:o Card catalogs
o File cabinets
• Now:o DBMS is software that
•Create•Store•Organize•Retrieve data
o Example: Microsoft Access
5. Components of an Organization’s Data & Knowledge
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Database
2-57
• Databaseo Collection of related
data organized in a way to facilitate searches for entities
o Entities
•Something you collect data about
•Examples: people, books
5. Components of an Organization’s Data & Knowledge
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Record
2-58
• Contains data about a single entityo Similar to catalog card
5. Components of an Organization’s Data & Knowledge
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Think of entity as Table where each row is record and column is attribute (field )
Attributes
2-59
• Specific characteristic describing the entitieso Examples: name and
social security number are attributes of a person
5. Components of an Organization’s Data & Knowledge
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Example: Entity Student
2-60
• Entity represented as a table, with rows as records and columns as attributes
5. Components of an Organization’s Data & Knowledge
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Advantages of the Database Approach
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1. Program-data independence
2. Minimal data redundancy
3. Improved data consistency
4. Improved data sharing
5. Increased productivity of application development
5. Components of an Organization’s Data & Knowledge
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Advantages of the Database Approach (cont’d)
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6. Enforcement of standards
7. Improved data quality
8. Improved data accessibility
9. Reduced program maintenance
5. Components of an Organization’s Data & Knowledge
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Effective Management of Databases
2-63
• Database Administrator (DBA)o Responsible for development and
management of databases
•Works with system analysts and programmers
•Works with users and managers
• Implements security features
•Grants access rights
o One of the key actors in creating a successful database
5. Components of an Organization’s Data & Knowledge
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Entering Data
2-64
• Formso Enter data about a record
o Field in a form corresponds to attribute in a record
o Used to add, modify, or delete data
5. Components of an Organization’s Data & Knowledge
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Example: Computer-Based Form
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5. Components of an Organization’s Data & Knowledge
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Querying Data
2-66
• Query: Used to retrieve information
• Structured Query Language (SQL) o Example: Display students who earned an “A”
o Writing SQL queries can become very complex
5. Components of an Organization’s Data & Knowledge
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Query by Example
2-67
• Simpler than SQL
• Drag-and- drop features
• Construct a sample of the data we would like to see
5. Components of an Organization’s Data & Knowledge
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Creating Database Reports
2-68
• Reporto Compilation of data from the database
• Report generatorso Retrieve, manipulate, and display data
• Exampleo Quarterly sales for
a restaurant
• Adding
• Grouping
5. Components of an Organization’s Data & Knowledge
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Operational vs. Informational Systems
2-69
5. Components of an Organization’s Data & Knowledge
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Data Warehouses and Data Marts
2-70
• Data Warehouseo Integration of multiple large databases and other
information sources into a single repository
o Pull together, integrate, and share critical corporate data throughout the firm
• Data Mart o Data warehouse that is limited in scope
o Customized for the decision support applications of a particular end-user group
5. Components of an Organization’s Data & Knowledge
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
END OF CHAPTER CONTENT
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Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Opening Case: Managing in the Digital World: “I Googled You!”
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• January 1996—Brin and Page create BackRub
• September 1998—Google Inc. began operationso PC Magazine named it best search engine of 1998
1999—Google has 9 employees more than 500,000 searches a day
2000—world’s largest search engine 18 million queries a day
April 2002—Google’s first IPO April 2002—$85 December 2006—$266
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Cookies: Harmless Identifiers or Privacy Violations?
2-73
• Cookies are used in many ways
• Cookies are benign, and let certain Web site features work correctly
• What is the concern about cookies?o Downloaded onto user’s computer without their
knowledge or consent
o Can be used to track preferences, but marketers try to target you before the Internet
o Cookie information can be aggregated by companies, public distrust
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
BlackBerry
2-74
• Research in Motion (RIM) introduced BlackBerry in 1999o More than 3 million users in March 2006
• NTP Inc. sued RIM claiming patent infringement o NTP sent notice of their wireless communications
patents to wireless companies (including RIM)
o RIM agreed to pay NTP $612.5 million
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Google’s Larry Page and Sergey Brin
2-75
• 1st quarter results as a public company: $805.9 million
• Brin and Page are worth $12.8 billion each
• Google.org—addresses world’s most pressing problems
Developed innovative ways to increase employee morale Roller-hockey games On-site workout and
massage rooms One day a week spent
on innovation projects
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Broadband Access Increases
2-76
• In 2006, nearly 70 percent of Internet users in the United States had access to broadband connections
Source: http://www.websiteoptimization.com/bw/0802
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Autonomic Computing
2-77
• Autonomic computingo Self-managing
systems requiring minimal human intervention to operate
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
TV for the Visually Impaired
2-78
• Problem:o Patients with macular degeneration have difficulty seeing high
frequency waves in the visual spectrum, especially TV
• Solution:o Researchers designed an algorithm that specifically increases
contrast over the middle- and low- frequency ranges that patients can still see
• Results:o Analog Devices is building a prototype that they hope can be
installed on all TVs.
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World
Movie Industry
2-79
• Movie Productiono CGI (computer-generated imagery, also known
as computer graphics, CG)
o Post production
• Theaterso Digital projectors
•Reduces distribution costs by up to 90 percent
•New 3-D technologies
Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World