Date post: | 21-Jan-2018 |
Category: |
Career |
Upload: | robert-bob-williams |
View: | 97 times |
Download: | 2 times |
FromMapsandChartstoaVIRTUALWORLD:
APersonalOdysseywithVISIONto
ADVANCEAUSTRALIA
Robert(Bob)WilliamsBACompu)ngStudies(Cartographymajor)-CanberraCAE,MSc(Cartography)–UWisconsin,PhD–UNSW@ADFA
Topographicsurveyor(tradetraining),Cartographerandgeospa)alscien)st
DrBob’sODYSSEYto2017presentedatSSSIVictoriaSummit1September2017
THE FIRST FLEET – 1788 Ø Vision for a New Town - Sydney
ThefirsttrigonometricalsurveyinVictoriacommencedin1839extendingfromMelbournetotheSouthAustralianborder.Thegeode)csurveywascommencedin1858andwassupervisedbyMrEllery,theGovernmentAstronomer.
1858
In1787,AugustusAltwasappointedSurveyorofLandsforBritain'sproposedpenalcolonyonthenewly-claimedAustraliancon)nent.OnarrivalatPortJackson,AltsupervisedtheFleetconvictsinclearingthegroundfortheestablishmentofthefirstcolonialbuildingsinSydneyCove.Soona[erhisarrivalinNewSouthWalesAugustuslaidoutthese\lementsofAlbion(laterSydney),Parrama\aandTongabby(laterToongabbie),aswellassurveyingearlyland-grantsandcompilingtherecordsofthese.
“A plan of the first farms on the Hawkesbury River” by Augustus Alt, 1794(from The Mapping of Terra Australis by Robert Clancy)
“The plan of the town was drawn, and the ground on which it is hereafter to stand surveyed and marked out. To proceed on a narrow, confined scale in a country of the extensive limits we possess, would be unpardonable. Extent of empire demands grandeur of design. That this has been our view will readily be believed when I tell the reader that the principal street in our projected city will be, when completed agreeable to the plan laid down, 200 feet in breadth, and all the rest of a corresponding proportion. How far this will be accompanied with adequate despatch is another question, as the incredulous among us are sometimes hardy enough to declare that ten times our strength would not be able to finish it in as many years.”
WatkinTenchMarineOfficer
Uponarrival,GovernorPhilipandSurveyor-GeneralAltmusthaveformulatedsuchavisionaryplanforthefuturedevelopmentofthenewtownshipofSydney,asWatkinTenchrelatesin1789:
GovernmentAstronomer
Seemingly everydaywearebeing informedof INNOVATIONbut, I believe that real INNOVATIONonlyoccursasaconsequenceofVISIONandachievementofVISIONaKeradevelopmentprocess.
Thiscanbesomethingofa‘journey’–ANODYSSEY!
It is quite probable that this glass was commissioned prior to Federation
VISION
THE TURN OF THE 20th CENTURY – Ø Fortuna Villa - Bendigo
MY ODYSSEY EXPERIENCE ! WhatIhavepersonallybeeninvolvedin,or–IniRaRvesofmyorganisaRons,or–TopicsthatIhaveaninterestin
Indocti discant et ament meminisse periti Videre Parare Est
The farther backward you can look, the farther forward you can see Winston Churchill
Segment of the 1:63,360 map of Western Port, Victoria, drawn by Survey Section c.1910 and regarded as a prototype for the standard military series
The birth of the Commonwealth of Australia, on the first day of January 1901, was an occasion not only for celebration but also for facing the new responsibilities of nationhood. Among the powers acquired by the Federal Government was that of providing for defence and the need for mapping … …
THE BIRTH OF A NATION – 1901 Ø Recognizing a Need
1910
A UNIQUE CAPABILITY– 1915 Ø Formation of the Survey Corps On3July1915,justtenweeksa[ertheAnglo-FrenchlandingsatGallipoliinwhichtheAustralianandNewZealandArmyCorpsplayedaleadingrole,ano)ceintheCommonwealthGaze\epromulgatedthedecisiontoformtheSurveySec)onintoaseparateunitofthepermanentmilitaryforcestobeknownasthe‘SURVEYCORPS’……
1917 - Mapping in the Sinai 1917 - Terrain intelligence Messines, Belgium
1918 - Mapping from aerial photography
BETWEEN WARS – 1933 Ø Recognizing a Need – A Military Grid
Segment of the 1:63,360 map of Albury (1931 edition, printed in 1933), which was the first military map produced in Australia in which significant use had been made of AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY. (National Library of Australia)
1933
During 1933 Australia adopted the transverse Mercator projection and the British modified grid system. The grid was introduced on the Albury map in 1933, primarily to meet the modern demands of the gunner, following a conference of survey and artillery officers held in Melbourne that year … …
Inlate1941FortunawaschosenasthesitefortheAHQCartographicCompany.Theunit’smovementtoFortunawascompletedby11thJune1942.AHQCartographicwasrenamedLandHeadquartersCartographicCompanyduring1942,thenrenamedArmyHeadquartersCartographicCompanyin1946.InOctober1955,inrecogni)onof‘survey’s’na)onalrole,theAHQSurveyRegimentwasestablished.In1973,afurthernamechangeoccurredwithestablishmentoftheArmySurveyRegiment.
G OFFICE, AHQ CARTO COMPANY Once George Lansell’s dressing room.
A STRATEGIC REQUIREMENT– 1942 Ø A critical national capability TopographicandcartographicunitsexpandedinsizeinsupportofWorldWar2opera)ons.WithJapan’sentryintothewar,securityofkeyelementsbecameimpera)ve.TheDeputyChiefoftheGeneralstaffissuedadirec)vethattheCartographicCompanyshould‘securenorthoftheGreatDividingRange,aloca)onfortheprin)ngandstoringofmapsfortheAustralianMilitaryForces’,amovepresumablyaimedatminimizingthepossibleimpactofanenemya\ackonMelbourne.InJanuarytheunit’scommandervisitedBendigoandselectedarundownmansionnamedFortuna.
ModelledonHughendenManor,HighWycombe,UK
A POST-WAR REQUIREMENT– 1946 Ø Mapping at Home and Abroad In1947ColonelLawrenceFitzGeralda\endedtwoimportantconferencesinLondon:theCommonwealthSurveyOfficersConferenceinAugust,andaMilitaryMappingandAeronau=calChar=ngConferenceheldimmediatelya[erwards.ItwasprobablythemilitarymappingconferenceinEnglandthatbroughthometoFitzGeraldtheextenttowhichAustraliawasbeingdrawnintothewideningwebofalliancesandagreementsthatcharacterisedtheimmediatepostwarperiod.AtapreviousAnglo-Americanconferenceonmilitarymapandairchartpolicy,heldinOctober1946,thesetwopowersagreedtoeachacceptpar)cularresponsibilityformapproduc)onforhalftheworld.NowBritainwasaskingitsdominionstoacceptafurthersubdivisionofitsshare.AustraliawasinvitedtoaccepttheNetherlandsEastIndiesasanareaofprimaryinterest.UnderthesameschemetheUSwasalsogivenresponsibilityforNewGuinea,asanarrangementthatwasnotmeanttorestrictananywaytheconductofopera)onsAustralia(asthegoverningpower)mightchoosetorunthere. BrigadierL.FitzGerald,OBE
[ANZACDay1978]
… … The expectation that the Australian Survey Corps still had an important contribution to make by completing the map coverage of Australia, requiring in the first place a proper network of triangulation, continued to be an important article of faith that guided certain actions within the corps. It was, for instance, for this reason that, as FitzGerald explained to the Congress of the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science held in Adelaide in 1946, considerable interest was being taken in recent developments in the application of radar to surveying.
Strategic direction requiring policy and technological challenges Videre Parare Est – To See is to be Prepared
DEFENCE COOPERATION PROGRAMS Ø Surveying & Mapping Programs Ø Spawning technological change
Airborne profile recording 1963
Aerodist distance measurement 1967
Doppler satellite measurement 1974
‘Skai Piksa’ high altitude photography 1973
Laser terrain profiling 1974
Semi-direct compilation (computer assistance) 1973
GPS surveying 1989
v SurveyingandmappinginPapuaNewGuinea1962-1994v Militaryopera)onsinVietnam1965-71
TheDirectorateofSurvey–Armyini)atedObliga)onsandArrangementswithForeignCountriesoveranumberofyearsun)ldis-establishmentofRASvyin1996
• PapuaNewGuinea(Na)onalMappingBureau)-1975
• Indonesia(DepartmentofDefenceandSecurity)-1980
• Malaysia(DivisionofNa)onalMapping)-1994
• Singapore(MappingUnit)-1979• Vanuatu(DirectorateofLandSurveys)-1994
• SolomonIslands(MinistryofLandsandHousing)-1994
• Fiji(SurveyorGeneral)-1992• KiribaR(DepartmentofLandsandSurveys)-(Dra[only)
• WesternSamoa(DepartmentofLandsandSurveys)-(Dra[only)
• Tonga(MinistryofForeignAffairs)-(Dra[only)
DCP-INDONESIAMANDUAGADING1,2,3,4,5CENDERAWASIH76-81PATTIMURA79-81NUSATIMUR82,83NUSABARAT84
DCP–SWPACIFICVariousopera)onson:v SolomonIslandsv Fiji–Tonga-Naurav Vanuatuv WesternSamoav Tuvalu-Ki)ba)v CookIslands
IBM MINI COMPUTER – IBM 1130
CARL ZEISS JENA STEREO-COMPARATOR
AnalyRcalphotogrammetryComputergeneratedgrids
1960s – A Decade of Radical Change Ø To meet operational challenges
1969
WILDB8stereo-plo\ers
MulRplexstereo-plo\er
Projectsanaglyphs.
Topographicsurveytradetrainingcoursesplanetabling,chaining,slo\edtemplateassembly,levelling,theodolite&tellurometertraverses&triangula)on,astronomicalsurveying,Mul)plex,WildB8s
1966 - UK Military Map Grid (Clarke 1858) – Australian Map Grid (ANS 66)
1967 – Survey Operation Arnhem Land Ø Aerodist & Air Profile Recording
SapperBobWilliamsTopographicsurveyor
1970s – A Decade of Vision Ø ‘Visionaries’ – new capabilities!
RASVYLeadershipArmySurveyRegiment–PNGmapping1973[firstuseofcomputersforoperaRonalmapping]
DesmondO’Connor[AcademicandscienRst]
WaldemarWassermann[Engineerandacademic]
FrankBryant[Photogrammetry&computermapping]
BruceCook[ComputerscienRst]
DavidRhind[UKleader]
GrahameSmith[Academic]
Lecturer: Dr Grahame Smith
Textbook
AI Center Perception Group
+ notesand
articles
1980s
Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute
Grahame Smith left Australia to work at Stanford
Grahame Smith returned to Australia to work at AAII
MikePenny[WREMAPS&LADS]
1977-79
KenLyons[Surveying&AKLIS]
“I would be happy indeed if I could leave this conference feeling that some enthusiasm had been aroused for broadening the concept of cartography away from the relatively simple concept of drawing maps. … When we consider the magnitude of the [environmental] problem, the aspirations of Stockholm, the technological possibilities open to us, and our responsibilities to the poor of the world, I hope that historians will not look back and say that we missed what might be our greatest (perhaps last) opportunity”.
1976 - In a Decade of Vision – Desmond O’Connor Ø Meeting the Environmental Crisis’
O’Connor ‘championed’ the concept of Terrain Analysis using computers while Director, at the US Army Engineer Topographic Laboratories Research Institute. Before taking up his position at Murdoch University in 1973 Desmond O’Connor was Chief, Environmental Sciences Division, US Army Research Office.
“It is particularly important that Australia develop a capability in this field because large gaps exist in our knowledge of our own environmental and natural resources. … … For the future, I believe that cartographers should be thinking of a broadly defined concept for the operational use of modern sensors, the full range of data processing equipment and methodology, and large scale communication devices receiving input from space, airborne and terrestrial platforms for the purpose of carrying out surveys of the earth’s surface, monitoring the environment, and classifying and compacting the information in environmental data banks so that real-time or near real-time information may be provided when and where it is required”.
cartographers
ProfessorDesmondO’Connor,Founda)onProfessorofEnvironmentalStudies,MurdochUniversitygavetheKeynoteAddresstotheSecondAustralianCartographicConference,Adelaide)tled‘MeeRngtheEnvironmentalCrisis’.O’Connorconcluded:
DIGITIZATION OF STEREO PHOTOGRAPHY
DIGITISATION OF EXISTING DOCUMENTS
DIGITISATION OF EXISTING DOCUMENTS
DISK STORAGE
EDITING OF DIGITIZED DATA
GRAPHICAL VERIFICATION OF DIGITAL DATA
DATA BASE Magnetic Tapes
MAP GENERATION DATA MANIPULATION
FINAL GRAPHIC OUTPUT
1976 - In a Decade of Vision – Frank Bryant, MBE Ø Computer Mapping Presentation
AUTOMAP 1
ThecontractfortheprojectwasawardedtoaCanadiancompany,SystemhouseLimited
1970s – A Decade of Vision – Computer Mapping
Ø Future Applications of the Digital Database
3665-III STRICKLAND was the first map published using the AUTOMAP I system. Compilation was by digital photogrammetric methods.
InaddiRontotheproducRonofTopographicMapsRASVYpublishedbrochuresshowingFutureApplica4onsoftheDatabase
“AUTOMAP I initiated automated cartography in Australia and heralded the future for mapping. It engendered such excitement in defence, mapping and academic circles within Australia and overseas that many international and Australian visitors came to the Regiment to study the new system in action”.
Duringtheperiod1977to1979thereweremanyvisitstotheArmySurveyRegimentatBendigo,includingvisitsby
Hon.D.J.Killen,MinisterforDefence;LtGenD.B.Dunstan,ChiefoftheGeneralStaff;MajGenR.A.Grey,ChiefofOperaRons–Army;
LtGenBulrit,DirectorofEducaRonResearch,Thailand;ColE.K.Johnson,MilitaryajacheUSEmbassy
Hon.H.R.Hamer,PremierofVictoriaand5MPs
Prof.Kamecny,UniofHanover;Dr.G.Bervoets,UniofMelbourne;Dr.R.Boyle,UniofSaskatoon;
Dr.Berling,ManagingDirectorofZeissJena;
1977 - In a Decade of Vision – ‘Wally’ Wassermann Ø A Visionary Education Program 2013 photo
Waldemar(Wally)WassermannwasappointedasSeniorLecturerinCartographyattheCanberraCollegeofAdvancedEduca)oninFebruary1972followingna)onalandinterna)onaladver)sementwhicha\ractedhimfromtheGeode)cResearchIns)tute,Frankfurt,wherehehadbeenengagedintheapplica)onofsatelliteimagerytocomputermapping.HehadworkedpreviouslyinAustraliaastheChiefSurveyoroftheSnowyMountainsAuthority.Hewasresponsibleforsesngupacartographermajorwhichstressedtechniquesofcomputermappingandphotogrammetry.Healsoestablishedaprogramleadingtoathreeyearbachelor’sdegreeinsurveying.
CorescienRficdiscipline
CartographyProjecRons&transformaRons…Datums&Coordinatesystems…Terrainmodelling…
Datastructures…RepresentaRon&communicaRon
…SpaRal&temporalreasoning…Remotesensorymapping
FoundaRonscienRficdisciplineMathemaRcs
Algebra…Calculus…Trigonometry…Geometry…Topology…Sphericaltrigonometry…
Topology…Graphtheory…Numericalanalysis
EnablingscienRficdisciplineComputerscience
InformaRonscience…Computerscience…Computerprogramming
(ALGOL+Severalotherlanguages)…Computerarchitecture
…Systemsanalysis…OperaRonsresearch…Machine(arRficial)intelligence
Cartography2-MapprojecRonsforGeodesists,
CartographersandGeographers
RemoteSensoryMapping-DigitalPictureProcessing MachineIntelligence–The
ThinkingComputer:MindInsideMajer
1977-79 - In a Decade of Vision – BA Comp Stud (Carto) Ø Projects and Activities
A Unique Course - Remote Sensory Mapping – Assignment 1 Lecturer: Dr Grahame Smith
Assignment1requiredtheuseofLANDSATdataandrequiredthefollowingtasks:² Reduceascene(150scanlinesinlengthand480pixelswide)ofcentralCanberrasensed
on18November1975toanewscene50linesinlengthand160pixelswide.Therearemanymethodsofaccomplishingthisreduc)on,youshouldcarryoutatleasttwo.Includedwithmapoutputsshouldbeadiscussionofthemeritsanddemeritsofyourmethods.
² Usingthresh-holdingtechniquesextractLakeBurleyGriffinfromyourreducedscene.Youshouldproduceamapofthelake,togetherwithanaccountofthemethodsyouusedtogetit.
² Locatethebridgesandothernon-waterfeaturesofthelake.Producetheseasanoverlayforyourlakemap.
Thephotographicimages(below)didnotbecomeavailableun)llaterinthecourse.TheimageswereprocessedbyDrJohnO’CallaghanatCSIRO.Thus,photographicimageswerenotinexistenceattheRmeoftheactualassignment.Naivetycanbebeneficialinconduc=nginnova=vework.
LANDSAT scene of Canberra Sensed 18 November 1975
CommentBridges XShore *
Fountain in front ofOld Parliament House*
Google Earth 2014
17
Bridges
Shoreline of Lake Burley Griffin
A Unique Course - Attachment to CSIRO during end-of-year break Prototype – Trafficability at Shoalwater Bay
CSIRO TERRAIN PATTERN MAPDigitised by SSGT Bob Williams
1978
SHOALWATER BAY AREA - QUEENSLAND
RASVY TRAFFICABILITY MAP
BecauseIwasintheArmyIwasrequiredtoworkthroughtheacademicbreaks.DuringtheperiodDecember1978–February1979(then)SSGTBobWilliams,amemberoftheRoyalAustralianSurveyCorps(RASVY),workedincollabora)onwiththeDirectorateofEngineers–Army,theJointExercisePlanningStaff(JEPS),andDrJoeWalkerandhisstaffatCSIRO’sDivisionofLandUseResearchtodigi)zeterrainpa\ernmapscompiledbyCSIROandusingso[warewri\enbyCSIRO’sBruceCooktoformthebasisofTrafficabilityOverprintsfortheShoalwaterBayTrainingMap.AseriesofoverlaysthatshowedGO-NOareasunderarangeofenvironmentalcondi)onsandaseriesofoverlaysthatshowedFIRERISKareaswerecompiledforusebyJEPS(JointExercisePlanningStaff)butthesewereneverpublished.
InMarch1972theNSWGovernmentinvitedCSIROtopar=cipateinajointstudyoflanduseontheSouthCoastoftheState.CSIROwasaskedtoundertakeapilotsurveyofresourcesintheareatoprovidea‘ra=onalbasisforplanningdecisionsonawidevarietyoflanduses’.Thereport=tledLandUseontheSouthCoastofNewSouthWales(1978)includesaChapterbyBruceCookonComputerMethods.
LANDUSEONTHESOUTHCOASTOFNEWSOUTHWALES
TRAFFICABILITYATSHOALWATERBAYJ.WalkerandA.P.Spate,WoodlandEcologyUnit,DivisionofLandUseResearch,CSIRO,
July1976
1977-79 - In a Decade of Vision – BA Comp Stud (Carto) Ø Projects and Activities
Visionary – Bruce Cook
1977-79 - In a Decade of Vision – BA Comp Stud (Carto) Ø Projects and Activities
TheKeynoteAddresswasgivenbyVincentV.SalomonsonofNASA/GoddardSpaceFlightCenter.HewasProjectScien)stforLandsat4and5(1977-1989).
Dr.Salomonsonhasreceivednumerousrecogni)onsforhisworkandleadership.TheseincludetheGoddardExcep)onalPerformanceAward(1975)forhisworkasChairmanoftheNASASub-disciplinePanelforWaterResources,theNASAExcep)onalScien)ficAchievementMedal(1976)foroutstandingcontribu)onsintheprac)calapplica)onsofremotesensingdatainthewaterresourcesfield.
LANDSAT79-FIRSTAUSTRALASIANLANDSATCONFERENCE
MacquarieUniversity,SydneyMay22-25,1979
DrGrahameSmithandanotherofmylecturers,GeoffHalsey,presentedapaper“Rec=fiedImagesinGeographicInforma=onSystems”attheFirstAustralasianLANDSATConference.
DrJohnO’Callaghan#fromCSIRODivisionofComputerResearch(andwhoprovidedsupportfortheunitRemoteSensoryMapping)madeapresenta)on)tledColourImageProcessingofLANDSATImagery.
#ProfessorJohnO'Callaghanhashadadis)nguishedcareerintheareaofinforma)ontechnologyandhasmadesignificantcontribu)onstoresearchanddevelopmentoninforma)ontechnologysystems.Heisrecognisedasaninterna)onalexpertintheareaofhigh-performancecompu)ng,datamanagementandcommunica)on.
2014photo
A Unique Course featuring interesting symposiums, conferences & visits Attended Conference: LANDSAT 79
Participants in ‘my’ Unique Course visited NASA’s Canberra (Deakin) Office in 1979 and were given presentations on NASA remote sensing activities
1977-79 - In a Decade of Vision – BA Comp Stud (Carto) Ø Projects and Activities
In1979,EricTeicholz,DeputyDirectoroftheLaboratoryofComputerGraphics,HarvardUniversityvisitedCSIRO(CommonwealthScien)ficandIndustrialResearchOrganisa)on)andANU(AustralianNa)onalUniversity)inCanberra.Wallyarrangedformycoursememberstoa\endapresenta)onbyTeicholzonHarvardresearchanditsODYSSEYProject.Teicholzalsodescribedaninnova)vehologram)tled“AmericanGraphFlee)ng”.
OdysseyGISisthefirstvectorGISdevelopedbytheHarvardLaboratoryforComputerGraphicsandSpa=alAnalysisinthemid-1970's.TheneedtousecomputerdatabasestostoreandmanipulatelargegeographicfilesemergedinDecember1975asemployeesattheHarvardlaboratorystruggledtorestructureUrbanAtlasfilesfortheCensusBureau.Asaresultofthesestruggles,theHarvardteam,whichwascomprisedofNickChrismanandDenisWhite,createdtheconceptualmodelforODYSSEY;asuiteofprogramsconnectedbyacommonuserinterfaceanddatamanipula=onso`ware.
In1978,GEOFFREYDUTTON(HarvardUniversity)madewhatmaybethefirstthema=cspa=o–temporalhologram,apparentlytheonlyexampleofholographicfour-dimensionalcartographicdisplay.Acylindersixteeninchesindiameter,itshowsthechangesinpopula=onover=measitturns.
Teicholzdemonstratedthehologram)tled“AmericanGraphFlee)ng”attheAustralianAcademyofScience.
A Unique Course which featured interesting symposiums, conferences & visits Attended Seminar: Harvard ‘Odyssey’ at CSIRO
1977-79 - In a Decade of Vision – BA Comp Stud (Carto) Ø Projects and Activities
AWORKSHOPONGEOGRAPHICALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSwasheldattheAustralianNa)onalUniversityduring5-7December1979underthejointsponsorshipofHumanGeography,ANUResearchSchoolofPacificStudiesandAppliedGeographyattheCanberraCollegeofAdvancedEduca)on.DrRhind,ReaderinGeography,UniversityofDurham,organizedandledtheprogramaspartofafourmonthvisittoCanberra.
Academicseminarshadpreviouslybeenheldinuniversi)esandatCSIRObutnotopenlypublicized.
Theresponse[totheworkshop]wasoverwhelmingandavailablespaceintheCoombsBuildingwaspackedtocapacity.DrRhindprovedtobemostversa)leandresourcefulwithanappropriatecommentaryonawiderangeoftopicssuchasthepurposesofgeographicaldatahandling;theencoding,valida)onandedi)ngofdata;recentinterna)onaldevelopmentsofhardwareandso[ware;andareviewofavailablepackagesofso[ware.Variousspeakersdeliveredpapersonuserneeds,developmentsoverseas,theArmyAUTOMAPsystem,datamanagementforgovernment,FASTRACKandRESPONSEII,SIDSIMso[wareforintegra)ngspa)aldatabyimages,theapplica)onsofmicro-computers,geographicalaspectsofthe1981Popula)onCensusandtheCSIROSouthCoastLandUseProject.
Personalcomment.Duringhis=meinCanberraIhadseveralmee=ngswithDrRhindandprovidedhimwithsta=s=caldataontheWorldDataBankIIforhisresearch.
DrRhindwentontobecomeCEOofUKOrdnanceSurveyand,later,Vice-ChancellorofCityUniversityLondon.
Cartography(JournaloftheAustralianIns)tuteofCartographers)Volume11,No3,March1980
1979 was an amazing year because the first workshop, open to a general audience , on Geographical Information Systems was held in Canberra.
1979 - In a Decade of Vision – BA Comp Stud (Carto) Ø Final Project - Special Studies in Computing
DuringmySpecialStudiesinCompu)ngunitatCCAEIdevelopedamapprojec)onandtransforma)onso[warepackageandusedWorldDataBankII.
TheWorldDataBankII,developedbytheUSCIA,isacollec)onofworldmapdata,consis)ngofvectordescrip)onsoflandoutlines,rivers,andpoli)calboundaries.ItwascreatedbytheU.S.governmentinthe1970s.
Thedatawasprovidedbyanofficer,MrJackDoyle,fromtheJointIntelligenceOrganisa)on(JIO)onninemagne)ctapesandmyfirsttaskwastoconvertthedataintoa48bitwordformatforprocessingonaBurroughsB6700computerusingtheALGOLcompu)nglanguage.
Mypackagefeaturedanumberofinnova)vefeatures:theuseofrigoroushalf-anglesphericaltrigonometrytocalculategreatcircles(WallybelievedthataircraKwouldone-dayflyalonggreatcirclepaths);developmentofausercommunica)onsimula)ng‘naturallanguage’and‘smart’,automatedscaleandposi)oningofmaps.
ResultsofmyCCAEstudieswerepublishedandpresentedin1980.Inaddi)onIproducedanumberofradialequidistantplotscenteredonci)esinAustraliaandAsiaforJIOandrewrotetheso[wareforJIOinTEKTRONIXExtendedBasicrunningonaTEKTRONIXcomputerearlyin1980.
ProjecRons,transformaRons,sphericaltrigonometry
Naturallanguageprocessing
InteracRvecommunicaRon
Querylanguages
Recursive&heurisRcalgorithmsInclA*path-findingalgorithm
BurroughsB6700
InformaRonsystems
BeyondElectronicMaps
Towards a CARTOGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
1980s – A Decade of Innovation Ø Towards information systems!
Withexperienceandknowledge
American futurist Ben Bova [1989]
Visionary presenters & presentationsAcademic theses, awards, etc
Studies & reviews & scientific reports
Journal publications
Conference & seminar Presentations
Concept papers & initiatives
1980 1985 1990
Automated cartography: the next development
Evolution in cartography: data intelligence
Analysis of the road transportation network
Geographic information: aspects of phenomenology and cognition
Analysis of Geographic Information: A cognitive approach
Enquiry systems for the interrogation of infrastructure in areas of large geographic extent
Who or what is DES? [Disaster Enquiry System]
An overview of a cartographic mapping package
ASTIS: An Information Structuring Approach
Enquiry systems for the interrogation of infrastructure
Automated cartography with navigational applications
Who or what is DES?
YAMPI MISTI
ANU GIS ADFA GIS WIMS
AUTOMAP2
1980 - In a Decade of Innovation– DES (Defence Enquiry System)
Ø Fulfilling a Promise
Typicalobjectrecogni)onenquiriesmighttaketheform:•Whatisthefeature5KMnorth-westofthejunc)onofroadAandroadB?•Givedetailsofthisbuilding(pointedtoonascreen).•Whatisthisfeature(pointedtoonascreen)?
Examplesofthesetypesofqueriesmaytaketheform:•Showabasemapboundedby20OS,25OS,130OEand132OEandhighlightthebores.•LocateandlistdetailsofthenearestairfieldtothetownofKyogle,NSW•PlotallroadsbetweenDubboNSWandBourkeNSWtoadistanceof100KMfromthecentreline
ADEFENCEENQUIRYSYSTEM(DES)LTR.J.Williams
1980
PhototakeninDecember1979of(then)SSGTBobWilliams.MilitarysymbolsproducedusingTektronixPLOT10so`ware.
Abstract “an emergency situation, whether it be military in nature or a natural disaster, often tests the speed of response of sub-units of an organisation. Planning, staffing, coordinating, directing and controlling decisions are required in a limited time frame”.
ObjectrecogniRon.Today’sorthophotomapmaybereplacedbyadigitalimage,perhapssimilartoLANDSATimages,andvariousfeatureshighlightedorclassified.Itmightalsobefeasiblethatdigitalterrestrialcamerasofthefuturecouldbeusedtoiden)fyfeatures(possiblywiththehelpofsymboltablesanddefini)ons).
… a discussion paper on where I thought that the Royal Australian Survey Corps should be heading …
1980 - In a Decade of Innovation– MAPPACK
Ø Fulfilling a Promise The package demonstrates educational and navigational applications and was produced for the semester unit Special Studies in Computing in the course for the award of Bachelor of Arts in Computing Studies
An overview of acartographic
mapping packageR.J.Williams
Bachelor of Artsin Computing Studies
(CCAE)AMAIC
CARTOGRAPHYVolume 11 No.3 March 1980
Vision – CARTOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
MAPPACK Communications – Appendix 1 RUN MAPPACK; MAXPROCTIME = 30; MAXIOTIME = 20 #Collect any printout from Print 6 #Running #? *Mappack* Cartographic Mapping Package Types of maps available include …. Atlas Strip map Pre-history mapping Distance to coastline Which would you prefer? ATLAS Enter region - If World type WORLD - - Strip map of type A TO B
DARWIN Enter projection number 0 … Orthographic 1 … Stereographic 2 … Gnomonic 3 … Postel (Azimuthal Equidistant) 4 … Perspective 5 … Mercator 6 … Lambert (Cylindrical Equal Area) 7 … Bonne 8 … Sanson-Flamsteed 9 … Mollweide 3
You may nominate your scale options:You may nominate your … Own scale Computer printout size … A4 size Maximum available size Which would you like? A4 Map scale is 20,000,000 Is oblique aspect required? YES Place centred on? DARWIN Postel Equidistant Projection Enter radial distance in 1000KM (max 20) 5 Map scale is now 1:75,000,000 Are distance range rings required? YES The following options are available Enter YES if required … Geographic data … YES Geographic graticule … YES Nomenclature … NO Legend … YES ***MAPPACK running**
1980 - In a Decade of Innovation– MAPPACK
Ø Fulfilling a Promise An overview of a cartographic mapping package developed at the Canberra College of Advanced Education
Vision – CARTOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
Projections, transformations, spherical trigonometry
Natural language interactive communication
Query languages
Recursive & heuristic algorithms
AutomatedCartography
withNavigationalApplications
R.J.Williams MAIC
Irewrotemymappingso[wareinFORTRAN77foruseonaPDP11/70computer.Icalledmyso[wareMISTI(ManagementInforma)onforTopographicIntelligence)and,asIwasICRAAFChar)ngTroop,focusedontryingtoautomateENROUTEChartbasemapproduc)on.MyvisionwasthatitwouldbepossibletoautomaRcallygenerateenroutechartsalongwithrelaRonaldatabaseaccesstoinformaRoncontainedinRAAFENROUTESUPPLEMENTSandthattherouteshouldbealongagreatcircle.
1982 - In a Decade of Innovation – RAAF en-Route Chart
Ø Fulfilling a Promise … MISTI (Management Information for Topographic Intelligence) …
1983 - In a Decade of Innovation – Oblique aspect mapping Ø Fulfilling a Promise
Irewrotemymappingso[wareinFORTRAN77forusebytheJointIntelligenceOrganisa)on(JIO)foruseonaHP2100seriescomputer.
Icalledmyso[wareWIMS(WorldInteracRveMappingSoKware).
Vision–World(orWilliams)Interac)veMappingSystemthatcouldautoma)callyextractinforma)onfromaworlddatabasedeterminedbyplacenamesandsearchcriteria.Applica)onswouldincludeproducingbackgroundmapsinnormal,radialandobliquerectangleformatsanywhereintheworld.
… for JIO (Joint Intelligence Organisation)… the year after the Falklands War …
1982-84 - In a Decade of Vision – Ø Digital Topographic Database and Activities
1982 - Digital Topographic Database – A structured and formatted collection of sets of random accessed files organised into evaluated Military, Geographic and Intelligence Data (MGID) available to meet the needs and requirements of the user – command and control systems, route classification, cross-country going, engineer intelligence data, resources data, meteorological data. - USExchangeOfficerMajorDavidBowen,USAandLtRobertWilliams,RASVY
TechnicalDevelopmentCell,ArmySurveyRegiment
MajorDavidBowenand(then)CaptainJohnCharlandjointlywroteapaper)tledInterac4veComputerCartographyatWestPointfortheFourthAustralianCartographicConference,Hobart1980.MajorBowenpresentedthepaper.
Major John Charland, ICA Conference & AUSTRA CARTO 3, Perth, 1984 v Permit the Transportation Officer to point to a bridge
and have the system return the width, allowable load and structural components of the bridge.
v Permit the Medical Officer to point to all hospitals in an area and have the number of beds currently available.
v Permit the Commander to point to a geographical area and have the system return enemy unit designations, locations, strength and equipment status, and have the system designed to permit data base update so that the information returned is current and accurate.
MajorBowenwasaUSArmyExchangeOfficerfromUSDefenseMappingAgencytoAustraliaandpostedtotheArmySurveyRegiment,Fortuna,Bendigo.Hispreviouspos)ngwasasanAssistantProfessorintheDepartmentofGeographyandComputerScience,UnitedStatesMilitaryAcademy.Hisreplacement,in1983,wasMajorJohnCharlandwho,also,wasanAssistantProfessorintheDepartmentofGeographyandComputerScience,UnitedStatesMilitaryAcademy.
MajorBowenhadanMAdegreeinGeographyandMajorCharlandhadanMScinCivilEngineering.
1984
… Army Survey Regiment / Technical Development Cell & US Exchange Officers
1983-AshWednesday.Over100firesstartedonFebruary161983,adayknownasAshWednesday.ThedayisnowoneofAustralia’smostwell-knownbushfireevents.FiressweptacrossVictoriaandSouthAustralia,killing75peopleandcausingwidespreaddamage.BushfiresassevereastheAshWednesdayfiresappeartooccursixtoten)mesacentury.
IwasastaffofficerinCampbellParkOffices,Canberraatthat)me.Oneofmytaskswastoauthorizethedistribu)onofmapsto,notonlyDefence,buttotheciviliancommunityandtoprovideadviceonmaps,etc.OntheMondaya[ernoonIhadarequesttoprovidemapsintheMountBuffaloareainVictoria.Asourstocksinthatareawerelow(VictoriaisnotapriorityareafromaDefenceperspec)ve),ItaskedtheArmySurveyRegimentatBendigotorespondurgently.Theprin)ngpressesranthroughthenightandseveralthousandmapsweredeliverednotlonga[erdawnthenextmorningtotheCFA.OntheWednesdaymorningatworkIreceivedaphonecallwhichwentsomethinglikethis:
1983 - In a Decade of Innovation – Ash Wednesday
Ø DES re-written - [EM system]
Who or what isDES?
Robert Williams MAICRoyal Australian Survey Corps
CARTOGRAPHYVolume 13 No.3 March 1984
Where'sCockatoo?Ireplied:I'msorry.Canyoutellmeyournameandgivemesomemoreinforma)on?I'mwithavolunteerfirefigh4ngunitandhavebeentoldtogohelpfightfiresthere.HowdoIgetthere?IlookedatmywhiteboardandtoldhimacontactheshouldringtowhichherepliedAlreadytriedthat.Can'tgetthrough.You'renumber6onmylist.Itoldhimtogivemeafewminutes.IwenttoourlibraryandthenIgavehimdirec)onsonhowtogettoCockatoointheDandenongRanges.HethankedmeandthenaskedAndwherearethewaterpointsanddams?Isimplycouldnotanswerthatques)on.ThateveningtheNew'sservicesreportedthedeathsof6fire-fightersatCockatoo.ThepersonIspoketowasnotinthegroupcaughtbythefires-fortunately.However,thatstoryemphasizestheimportanceofroadnetworkandinfrastructureinformaRon.ThatexperiencecausedmetothinkabouthowinfrastructureinformaRoncanberepresentedinrelaRonaldatabasesystems.
Vision – CARTOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
1985 - In a Decade of Innovation – AUTO-CARTO 7
Ø Interrogation of Infrastructure
Upun)lnowthemajoreffortbyorganiza)onswhichencodedatacoveringlargegeographicareashasbeeninthedatabasecrea)onphasewithrela)velyli\leeffortontheuse,orinterroga)on,ofthatdata,par)cularlywithrespecttoestablishingenquirysystemsofinfrastructure.Itseemsthatthenextstageindevelopmentofsystemswillbeinspecialistenquirysystems,orexpertsystems–anexpertsystembeingdefinedas“asetorarrangementofthingssorelatedorconnectedastoformaunityorwholeandbeingskilfulandhavingtrainingandknowledgeinsomespecialfield”.Oneimportantapplica)onofanexpertsystemistheinterroga)onofinfrastructurewhichisrequiredforreliefopera)onsfornaturaldisasters,searchandrescueopera)ons,andalsoforrouteplanningandchar)ng.
NaturallanguageinteracRvecommunicaRonComplexdatastructuresLocalandglobalprocessing Knowledgedatabases
Enquiry Systemsfor the
Interrogation ofInfrastructure
R.J.WilliamsUniversity of Wisconsin
Madison
Auto-Carto 7Washington, DC
March 11-14, 1985
AN AUDACIOUS PRESENTATION “I have no doubts that Bob Williams had great ideas ahead of the crowd… Who else would have demonstrated a hierarchical network path algorithm LIVE at AC7 (live on an Apple II of course…) From [email protected] Date Wed, Jan 4, 1995 4:17 AM
DefiniRonofextentanduseofinfrastructure
DeterminaRonofgeographicextentofapplicaRons
PlanningfuncRonsinvesRgatedusingcasestudies
DifferentstylesofcommunicaRon
PredicRonandtacRcalplanningexaminedusingcomplexheurisRc
applicaRons
Thisresearchexaminedthefeasibilityofdevelopingenquirysystemsfortheinterroga)onofinfrastructurethroughareasoflargegeographicextent.Thestudyfocusedtwodis)nctcomponentsofenquirysystems;onedealingwiththeexamina)onofinfrastructureapplica)onsandtheotherdealingwithusercommunica)onmodes.Thefeasibilityofdesigningenquirysystemswasexaminedviatheuseoffourcasestudies;eachonedealingwithadifferenttypeofapplica)onatvaryingdegreesofdetail.Ifthecasestudieswereexaminedoutofcontext,theymightbeviewedasbeingunrelated.Buttheseapparentlydifferenttopicswererelatedinthisresearchthroughtheuseofthescopeofinfrastructureconcepts.
ENQUIRY SYSTEMS FOR THE INTERROGATION
OF INFRASTRUCTURE IN AREAS OF LARGE GEOGRAPHIC EXTENT
Robert John Williams
1985 - In a Decade of Innovation – MSc (Cartography) Ø Interrogation of Infrastructure in Areas of Large Geographic Extent
Automated Cartography:
The next development
R.J.WilliamsMAIC MASPRS
1986
326a\endedtheAustralianIns)tuteofCartographersconferenceinMelbourne.Interna)onalspeakersincludedProfessorJoelMorrison.Fourbusesofpar)cipantstravelledtoArmySurveyRegimentatBendigoforatouroftheestablishmentincludingAUTOMAP2(themostadvancedsystemofitstypeintheworld.
1986 - In a Decade of Innovation– AIC Conf Melbourne
Ø Presentations & Site Visit
DEF/MISC/5157EDecember1982
STEREOPLOTTERwithGRAPHICSUPERIMPOSITION
ThecontractfortheprojectwasawardedtoaUScompany,IntergraphCorp
MannedandUnmannedVehicles
603. ApplicaRons.Perhapsthemostsignificantmilitarybreakthroughrelatedtocomputertechnologyofthefuturewillbetherenderingofintegratedcircuitryinvulnerabletoenemysabotage.This,combinedwithhighspeed,securedatacommunicaRonstothefield,willpermitthetransferofvitalinforma)onabouttheterrainanditseffectsinreal)metothegroundcommandercurrentlyopera)ngonthatterrain.IntervisibilityandmobilitycomputaRonsandrealis)ccomputer-generatedviewswillbecomponentsofthisinforma)on.
603. Amoreprofoundareaofapplica)onisexpectedinthefieldofairbornenavigaRonsystems.ItwillincludebothmilitaryandcivilianaircraK,parRcularlylow-flyingmannedandunmannedweaponsystems.Inallthesecases,DTMswillaffordreal)meinforma)onabouttheterrainbelowandtheeffectsofdistantterrainontheaircra[whetheritisusingterrainmatchingfornavigaRonormakinguseofnaturalcovertoavoidenemydetec)on.
RoyalAustralianSurveyCorpsDigitalTerrainModelling:AnOverview15April1985
ChristmasIslandEleva)onmodelproducedin1985
MountMacedon,VICEleva)onmodelproducedin1985
1985 - In a Decade of Vision - TECH DEV CELL ASR Ø Digital Terrain Modelling
TheStrategicandDefenceStudiesCentreorganizedatwo-dayworkshoponGeographicInforma)onSystemsheldon20-21August1987intheCombsBuildingattheAustralianNa)onalUniversity.Thepurposeoftheworkshopwastodiscuss:
v Thecurrentstateoftheartandthepoten)alofGISinAustralia;v TherequirementsoftheAustralianDefenceForce(ADF)forGIS;v ThewaysinwhichtheADFmightmakeop)mumuseofGIS.
Theproceedingsoftheworkshopwerepublishedin1989andincludedaforewordbytheMinisterforDefence,theHonorableKimC.Beazley.
DesmondBallandRossBabbage(eds),GeographicInforma4onSystems:DefenceApplica4ons,Brassey'sAustralia,1989.
1987 - In a Decade of Innovation – ANU GIS Workshop Ø Geographic Information Systems & Australian Defence Requirements
Theworkshopincludedanumberofimportantpresenta)onsonfuturetrendsanddirec)onsindevelopingna)onalGIScapabili)es.Twopapers(asexamples)were:
v Apresenta)onandpaperbyKenBurrows)tled“HydrographyandtheManagementofGeographicInforma)onforDefence”.Topicsincludedthenatureofhydrographicinforma)onwithdiscussionofLADS(LaserAirborneDepthSounder),ECDIS(ElectronicChartDisplayandInforma)onSystem),physicalandoceanographicdataandmari)meintelligence.
v Apresenta)onandpaperbyPerre\,LyonsandMoss)tled“OverviewofLISAc)vi)esinQueensland”.TopicsincludedQueensland’ssatellitecommunica)onsprojectQ-NETandtheREGIS(RegionalGeographicInforma)onSystem)Program;combinethesetopicsaddresseddissemina)onofgeospa)alinforma)oninadistributedenvironment.
“Acomprehensivegeographicinforma4onsystemisvitaltothedevelopmentofana4onaldefencecapabilityandconsequentlythisbookisawelcomecontribuRontothisareaofAustralia’sdefenceeffort.IhopeitwillprovidesRmulusforfurtherresearchanddiscussion”.
SeminarsponsoredbytheDirectorateofIntelligenceHeadquartersADFandtheDepartmentofGeographyandOceanographyUniversityCollegeUNSW
IwaspostedtotheAustralianDefenceForceAcademy(ADFA)in1988and,a[erthesuccessoftheANUworkshop,IdiscussedtheideawithMajorDennisPuniard,HQADF,andtheHeadoftheDepartmentofGeographyandOceanographyofhavingaseminaratADFAwithageneralinvita)ontoDefencepersonnel.
GeographicInforma)onintheDefenceofAustraliaSeminar–28-30June1988.
Theaimoftheseminarwastowidentheawarenessoftheexistenceandapplica)onofgeographicinforma)onsystemsthroughouttheDefenceorganisa)on,andintheAustraliancommunityatlarge.
Addi)onalaimsoftheseminarwasto:v ProvideHQADFwiththenecessaryinputtoallowpolicyandguidancetobedevelopedincludingastrategyforimplemen)nganADFgeographicinforma)onsystem.
v Toupdateusersandprovidersofgeographicinforma)ononresearchanddevelopmentbeingcarriedout.
v Todemonstratestateofthearttechnologyingeographicinforma)onsystems.
1988 - In a Decade of Innovation – ADFA/UNSW Seminar Ø Geographic Information in the Defence of Australia
1988 - In a Decade of Innovation – AIC Conference
Ø Analysis of the Road Transportation Network
Withinthescopeofdigitalcartography,theproblemofrouteassessmenthasbeenexaminedpredominatelyfromtheviewpointofvehiclenaviga)on.Sophis)catedsystemshavebeendevelopedtotrackavehicle’srouteanddisplaythisonavisualdisplayunit.Receivinglessanalysishasbeenthatofrouteplanning.
Thispaperconcentratesontherouteplanningcapabilitybyexaminingthestructureofroadandrelatedinforma)onandtechniquestoprocessthatinforma)on.
HierarchicalnetworksHeuris)calgorithmsPlanningfuncRonsinvesRgatedusingcasestudies
Vision–DECISIONMAKINGinReal-Time
AnalysisoftheroadtransportaRonnetwork
R.J.WilliamsMAIC
MASPRS
1988
ConceptandRoleSchemas
WorldViewCategories
CogniRveViewsofGeographicInformaRon
ConceptsofFeature,EnRtyandObject
Geographic Information:
Aspects of Phenomenology and Cognition
R.J.WilliamsUNSW @ Australian
Defence Force Academy
AUTO-CARTO9BalRmore,MDApril2-7,1989
1989 - In a Decade of Innovation – AUTO-CARTO 9 Ø Geographic Information: Aspects of Phenomenology & Cognition
Vision–TOWARDSINTELLIGENTSYSTEMS
1989 - In a Decade of Innovation – PhD - UNSW Ø Analysis of Geographic Information: A Cognitive Approach
ANALYSIS OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION:
A COGNITIVE APPROACH
Robert John Williams1989
The University of New South Wales -
Australian Defence Force Academy GEOGRAPHIC
KNOWLEDGEBASESGEOGRAPHIC
KNOWLEDGERULESEXPERTISEDATABASES
AppleMacintoshII
Theapproachtakeninthisthesishasbeentoinves)gatetherepresenta)onandanalysisofgeographicinforma)onfromphenomenologicalandcogni)veviewpoints.Thisapproachimpliesthatstructuralrela)onshipshavebeeninves)gatedbasedontheiroccurrenceinthe'realworld'andthewayinwhichfeaturesaremanagedandprocessedinthe'realworld'.Thisapproachdiffersfrommostotherresearchwhichessen)allyinves)gatesgeographicdatabasedoncartographicrepresenta)onsoffeatures,therebycommencingwithanabstrac)onandsymbolicrepresenta)onofdata.Thisphenomenologicalandcogni)veapproachhasemphasizedhigh-levelformaliza)onandtheimportanceofknowledgeofgeneralproper)es,significantproper)es,inter-rela)onsandregulari)esof'realworld'geographicdata.Inexpoundingthismethodology,thetheoryhasbeenpresentedinamoreabstractlogicalformthanmostothercontemporaryresearchingeographicdatastructuresandautomatedcartography.
1990s – A Decade of Uncertainty Ø Difficulty in adopting geographic
information systems!
DigitalChartoftheWorld
GlobalGeospaRalInformaRonandServices
MulR-NaRoniniRaRves
Reviews–Out-sourcing-Projectdelays
1990 – In a Decade of Uncertainty – POLICY Ø GIS Strategy Report
In1990theVictorianGovernmentinvitedtheCanadiancompany,TomlinsonAssociatesLtd,ledbyDrRogerTomlinson,toundertakeastudywiththeaimofdevelopingaGISStrategyandanimplementa)onplan.Thereportnotesthat“thevalueofgeographicinforma)onsystemsliesintheirabilitytoconvertgeographicaldatatousefuland)melyinforma)ontodotheirjobs”.Thereportiden)fiesfourkeypointsinthestrategyrecommendedforVictoria:1. The focus of geographic information system activity must change from DATA to
the INFORMATION NEEDS of government; 2. Policy direction to implement the strategy must come from the user agencies and
their understanding of the needs of government; 3. Thorough geographic information system planning and management must be
put in place throughout government if the potential benefits are to be achieved; and
4. The fundamental long term task is to create a COMMON LOGICAL DATA MODEL FOR VICTORIA.
Thereportrecommends:1. A core group of CEOs under the lead of the Ministry of Finance should provide policy direction and funding –
VICTORIA GEOGRAPHIC DATA COMMITTEE (VGDC); and 2. The core group to be supported by a full time coordination unit which is a minimum of four professionals, plus ten
specialists seconded to them from various departments as necessary in a structure of working groups to deal with standards, training and inter-agency liaison – the OFFICE OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION COORDINATION (OGIC).
1990 – In a Decade of Uncertainty – COOPERATIVE R&D Ø DCW – Digital Chart of the World
AprojecttodevelopaDigitalChartoftheWorld(DCW)wasfirstproposedbytheUSDefenseMappingAgency(DMA)inearly1988.TheDCWprojectwasajointR&D(ResearchandDevelopment)ventureinvolvingtheUS,Australia,CanadaandtheUK,anddevelopedinterna)onallyacceptedstandardsfortheexchangeofdigitallybasedmapping,char)ngandgeode)cinforma)on.TheAustralianpartnerintheDCWprojectwastheRoyalAustralianSurveyCorps(RASVY).TheprojectwasfundedthroughtheNunnAmendmenttothe1987USMilitaryAppropria)onsBill,whichprovidedforthefundingofapprovedcoopera)veR&DprojectswithcertainNATOandnon-NATOcountries.
AUSTRALIANTREATYSERIES1990No.23AGREEMENTBETWEENTHEGOVERNMENTOFAUSTRALIAANDTHEGOVERNMENTOFTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICACONCERNING
COOPERATIVEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEDIGITALCHARTOFTHEWORLD
StudiesStatementOfWork–Feb1989Ini)alTileDesignStudy-Dec1989Ini)alElevaRonDataStudy–Feb1990Ini)alAeronauRcalInfoStudy–Feb1990VectorProductFormat–March1991
PrototypesDigitalCiResDatabaseDigitalNauRcalChartDigitalTerrainDatabaseDigitalGazejeer
ThisprojectresultedinaTopologically-structured[vector]databaseoftheWorld[producedfromthe1:1,000,000ONC(OperaRonalNavigaRonCharts).FeatureswerecodedusingDMA’sFCS(FeatureCodingScheme).…DATABASESTRUCTURECOMPATIBLEFORUSEINCOMMERCIALGIS
VPFVIEWVector[Smart]Maps
1993 – In a Decade of Uncertainty – MULTI-NATIONAL COOPERATION Ø Digital Geographic Information Working Group
In1996produc)oncommencedonageneralpurposeproductknownasVMapLevel1.ThepurposeoftheVMapLevel1programistoensuremilitary/defencereadinessforworldwideopera)onswithadigitalgeographicinforma)onproductinastandardformat.Theobjec)veoftheLevel1VMapprogramistoestablishaworldwidemediumresolu)on(1:250,000scaleequivalent)GeographicInforma)onSystemproductandtocompleteworldwidecoverageatmediumresolu)on.VMapLevel1ismanagedbytheVMapCoproducRonWorkingGroup(VaCWG)-PolicyGroup.VMapLevel1willbedistributedon234CD-ROM.ItisbeingcoproducedbyUS,UK,Canada,Germany,France,Italy,Netherlands,Belgium,Denmark,Norway,SpainandGreece.PortugalandTurkeyhaveexpressedinterestincoproduc)on.
Australia(viaDirectorRoyalAustralianSurveyCorps(RASVY))wasinvitedtoa\endDGIWG(DigitalGeographicInformaRonWorkingGroup)asanObserverNa)on.DGIWGisthemul)-na)onalbodyresponsibletothedefenceorganiza)onsofmemberna)onsforcoordinatedadviceandpolicyrecommendaRonsongeospa)alstandardiza)onissues.Itwillmeetcoali)oninteroperabilitychallengesbycrea)ngthestandardsandproceduresrequiredtoenabletheprovision,exchangeanduseofstandardizedgeospa)alinforma)on.DGIWGisthecustodianofDIGEST(DigitalGeographicInformaRonExchangeStandard).DIGESTincludesastructureknownasVRF(VectorRelaRonalFormat)andaFeatureandAjributeCodingCatalog(FACC).
2001Inaddi)ontoworkregardingstandards,DGIWGdevelopsdataproductsincluding:• TerrainAnalysisDatasetsuitableforcross-countrymovementapplica)ons,lineofsightandrangeandbearingcalcula)ons.• TransportandLogisRcsDatasetstosupportlogis)csplanningandmovementofpersonnelandmaterielandincludesroadnetworks,airfacili)es,mari)meportsandnavigablewaterways.• AirInformaRonDatasettoprovideinforma)ononairfields,airspacestructureandotherinforma)ononICAOchartsandEnRouteCharts,etc.• DigitalNauRcalChartcontainingmari)mesignificantfeaturesessen)alforsafemarinenaviga)on.• ToponymicDatasetbeingalistofgeographicplacenamesandassociatedsupport,ora\ribute,informa)on.
STANDARDS&INTEROPRABILITY–MULTI-NATIONALCO-PRODUCTION
FACC10categories50sub-categories270features460ajributes4000ajributevalues
1994 – In a Decade of Uncertainty – THE ‘BROADER’ COMMUNITY Ø Visualisation at U Melbourne and Intergraph in Melbourne
ModellingFocusedontheApplicaRonofGIS 1994ProfessorIanBishop(nowanhonoraryProfessorialFellowintheDepartmentofInfrastructureEngineering,SchoolofEngineeringatTheUniversityofMelbourne)in1991asDirectoroftheCentreforGISandModellingfocusedontheapplica)ontoGeographicInforma)onSystems(GIS)tolandscapeplanning,par)cularlyvisualanalysis,andGISbasedvisualsimula)on.
HumeFreeway
INTERGRAPHDespatchManagement
DefenseMappingAgency–Headquarters(DMAHQ)hostedamee)ngforDrR.WilliamsattheirHeadquartersbuildingonMonday21November1994,atwhichtheagencyintroduceditsGlobalGeospaRalInformaRonandServicesIniRaRve.
UserServices•electronicqueries•catalogues•spa)aldataexper)se•training
InformaRonUsewithcer)fiedapplica)onsandtools
DatasetsandProductsinstandardexchangeformats
onstandardmediaorviastandardtransmissionprotocols
founda)ondatasetsmissionspecificdatasets
TopographyHydrographyBathymetryOceanographyAeronau)calinforma)onPortinfrastructureRoadinfrastructureU)li)es(electricity,fuel)Popula)onGeodesyNaturalresourceinforma)onWeather/climate
GlobalGeospa)alInforma)on
SystemsandPlaxorms
UseraccessibleDataWarehouseInthiscurrent'ageofautoma)on',theUSDefenseMapping
Agency(DMA)istakingposi)vestepstowardsuppor)ngcurrentandfuturemapping,char)ng,geode)c,andimageryrequirementsforproducts,informa)onandservices.DMAiscommi\edtocon)nuallyimproveresponsivenesstoitsusersandtoincreasingitscapabilitytosa)sfyavarietyofan)cipateddigitalinforma)onrequirements.TheseeffortsareembodiedintheGlobalGeospaRalInformaRonandServices(GGIS)ini)a)ve.
TheconceptofGlobalGeospaRalInformaRonandServices(GGIS)isthemostrevolu)onarychangeintheprovisionanduseofgeographicinforma)onformanydecades.Upun)lnow,digitalproductshave,inmostcases,beendigitalrepresenta)onsoftradi)onalproducts,suchasmaps.GGISoffersamanagedevolu)onarypathtoelectronicdistribu)onofinforma)onandservices,aswellaseffec)velyaddressinginteroperabilityissues.Thevision,andtheroadmaptoachieveit,willfacilitatejointinteroperabilityfortheCommand,Control,Communica)onsandIntelligence(C4I)community.
BobbiLencowskipublishedandpresentedthisconceptatanACSMconferenceintheUSAin1995.SheworkedwithCanadianDavidMcKellarindevelopingG2IS.ShewasDMA’sleadscienRstontheDCWProject.DrBobWilliamswasAustralia’sleadspecialist.
MAJORTECHNOLOGICALCHANGE
1994 – In a Decade of Uncertainty – ORIGIN OF GGI&S Ø Global Geospatial Information & Services Initiative
TheTaskForceconcludedthattheDepartmentofDefense(DoD)shouldTRANSITIONFROMEMPHASISONSTANDARDSCALEMAPANDCHARTPRODUCTIONTOPROVIDINGAREADILYACCESSIBLESOURCEOFDIGITALINFORMATIONWHICHWILLSATISFYMILITARYGEOSPATIAL,MAPPING,CHARTINGANDWEAPONSYSTEMSREQUIREMENTS.
TheTaskForcedeterminedthatavisionisneededtoprovidedigitaldistributeddatabasesofgeospa)altemporalinforma)onasthefounda)onformilitaryinforma)onsystems.
Toimplementthisvision,DoDshould:² EvolveadistributedheterogeneousInternet-likearchitecture
thatusesthegeopaRaldatabasesasitsfoundaRon² Changethedefensemappingmissionto:Maintainthe
geospaRaldatabasesandprotectaccessandintegrity² Ins)tutearequirementsprocessthatpriori)zesusers'
geographicneeds² Rapidlyacquireaccesstovirtualworldwidedatabasesusingall
availablecommercialsourcesandprac)ces² Equipandeducatetheendusertolocallyaddvalueandmeet
hisneeds(smartworksta)ons,printers,etc.)
TheChairmanoftheUSDefenseScienceBoardwasDrCraigFields.FieldswaspreviouslyDirectorDefenseAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency(DARPA).Hisvision‘forthefuture’isshownintheabstract(atright)toasymposiumatHarvardUniversityin1977
VISIONARYCONCEPTS–STRATEGICDIRECTION
1977-DrFieldsdiscussedanumberofideasforproducingacomputerizedmapsystemthatwouldbeanimprovementoveran“electronicpaper”systemthatwouldsimplyreplacethefilingcabinetwithmorerapidretrievalofmaps,lookingthesameasever.Theseincludeaninterfacedesignforsuchacomputerizedsystemcalledmapping-by-yourself;avarietyoftechniquesforregainingtheadvantagesofreal-worldexperience,includingdynamicmaps,grounds-eye-viewmaps,self-guidedmoviemaps,andsystem-guidedmoviemaps;approachestomatchinghumancogni)vedistor)onsandhumanancillaryknowledgeandlessonslearnedfrom“commonwisdom”inavarietyofdisciplinesconcernedwiththegraphicdisplayofspa)alinforma)on;andtheneedforproducingintegratedverbalandgraphicmaps.
1995 – In a Decade of Uncertainty – DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARD Ø [US] Defense Mapping for Future Operations
VISIONARYCONCEPTS–STRATEGICDIRECTION
1995 – In a Decade of Uncertainty – DMA & DGIWG Ø High level endorsement of Littoral Datasets
Withinthe2000sdecadetheknowledgeofourenvironmentshouldbesuchthat:ASpoli=cianswillhavetheinforma=ontheyneedtonego=ateforna=onaladvantageADOdecisionmakerswillhavetheinforma=ontheyneedtoformulatepolicymoreeffec=velyADFcommanderswillhavetheinforma=ontheyneedtoachievedominantbaflespaceawarenessADFforceswillhavetheinforma=onthattheyneedtotargetmoreeffec=velyandre-targetmorerapidlyourprecisionweaponsADFaircrewswillhavemoreup-to-dateinforma=ontoallowthemtoflysafelyinaGPS-centricworldADFseamenwillhavemore=melyandaccurateinforma=onastheyventureintounfamiliarwatersAScivilagenciescanrespondmorequicklyanddecisivelywhendisasteroccurs
The25thSteeringCommi\eeMee)ng(November1995)oftheDigitalGeographicInforma)onWorkingGroup(DGIWG)washostedbyGermany'sAmtFürMilitärischesGewesenandheldattheForumHotelintheAlexanderplatzareaofBerlin.Themee)ngwasa\endedbymembersfromBelgium,Canada,Denmark,France,Germany,Italy,Netherlands,Norway,Spain,UnitedKingdom,UnitedStatesandSupremeHeadquartersAlliedPowersEurope;andobserversfromAustralia,Greece,NewZealandandPortugal.Topic-TacRcalLijoralData.TheTac)calLi\oralDataset(orLijoralWarfareDataset)isavalue-richspecialistproductiden)fiedtosupportmissionssuchasamphibiousassault,specialopera)ons,minecountermeasures,shallowwaterASWandlogis)cs-over-the-shore.RequirementshavebeenprovidedbyUSNandUSMCandendorsedbyACSC4IUSMC(MAJGENVanRiper)andvalidatedbyDDMA(MAJGENNuber).Thisproductwillbedesignedtocoverthearea200NMeithersideofthecoastlineandwillincludeMETOC,hydrographicandtopographicdataintheli\oralareas.
1997 – In a Decade of Uncertainty – US GII MASTER PLAN Ø Geospatial Information Infrastructure
TheGeospaRalInformaRonInfrastructure(GII)MasterPlanwiththeVisionas“Ourna=onalsecuritycanbeenhancedbyan“informa=onedge”madepossiblethroughthisnewinfrastructureforgeospa=alinforma=on.THEINFRASTRUCTUREISTHECOLLECTIONOFPEOPLE,DOCTRINE,POLICIES,ARCHITECTURES,STANDARDS,ANDTECHNOLOGIESNECESSARYTOCREATE,MAINTAIN,ANDUTILIZEASHAREDGEOSPATIALFRAMEWORK”.
Framework Information
Framework Services
Interfaces
Imagery-Government-Foreign-Commercial-TAC REC-UAV
Non-imagery-Infrastructure-Aeronautical-Topography-Hydrography-Bathymetry-Oceanography-Geodetic-Gravity/magnetic-Multimedia pubs
Data Acquisition
DII COEInteroperability
Civil, CommercialInteroperability
Common Operational PictureMission Specific Views
Information ApplicationsOther Data
Sources
ValueAdd
Readinessassessment
Mission needs
-National security-Planning-Surveillance-Operations-National defence-Special operations-Obligations
Technical Support
-Tech Info-Dependencies-Priorities-Processes-Sources-Techniques-Models
NeedsAssessment
Requirements Management InformationManagement and
Dissemination
Information Production
Geospatial Information-Standard Products-Foundation Data-Mission Specific Data-Qualified Data-Services
AreaReqt.
CrisisSupport
Mission Profiles
Commercial sources
Outsourcing
Co-production
GSAATSERAN HYDRO - other
RAAF AIS
ModifiedforAustraliancontext
48
INTRODUCTION
1.InMarch1995,theConceptsandCapabili)esCommi\ee(CCC)endorsedtheCapabilityAnalysisPlan(CAP)whichprovidesabasisfortheplanningandconductofmajorcapabili)esanalyses.TheCAPprovidesforastudyofEnvironmentalandGeographicInforma)ontobeundertakenin1996/97.
2.ThestudyistoconcentrateontheADF'sabilitytocollect,maintain,disseminate,access,transferandexchangeenvironmentalandgeographicinforma)ontosupportDefenceofAustralia(DOA)tasksandrelevantnon-DOAtasks.
AIM
3.Acknowledgingwherenecessarythewiderimplica)onsfortheenvironmentalandgeographicinforma)onsystemoutsidetheDOAtasks,theaimoftheEnvironmentalandGeographicInforma)onCapabilityStudy(EGICS)is:a.toassesstheextenttowhichcurrentandGovernment-approvedfutureEnvironmentalandGeographicInformaRonCapabilitycansupporttheADFinundertakingtheendorsedDefencerolesandotherstatutoryobligaRons;b.todeterminethemajorcapabilitylimitaRons,inefficienciesandredundanciesintheADFEnvironmentalandGeographicInformaRonCapability;andc.todevelopandassessarangeofbroadopRons,includingbroadcosts,whichredressidenRfiedlimitaRons,inefficienciesandredundancies.
SCOPE
4.WhenconsideringtheDefenceEnvironmentalandGeographicInforma)onCapability,theknowledgeoftheenvironmentandinfrastructureanditsimpactonmilitaryopera)onsisviewedasfundamental.Theenvironmentincludesthenaturalphenomenaoftheland,seaandair,whiletheinfrastructureincludesman-madefeaturesandadministra)vedelinea)ons.
5.EnvironmentalandgeographicinformaRonisusedatalllevelsofoperaRonandisparRcularlyimportantinthefollowingareas:intelligence,surveillanceandreconnaissance;targeRngandweaponsemployment;command,controlandcommunicaRon;navigaRonandguidance;healthandsurvival;andmobilityandmanoeuvre.…………
EGICSwassuspendedinMay1997duetotheinterven4onoftheDefenceReformProgram
1995-97 – In a Decade of Uncertainty – DEF. CAPABILITY STUDY Ø Environmental and Geographic Information Capability Study [EGICS]
1996-97 – Defence Efficiency Review / Defence Reform ProgramOn 15 October 1996, the Minister for Defence established the Defence Efficiency Review (DER) with the goal of setting “Future Directions for the Management of Australia’s Defence”. Initiative 15 of the DER was the “Rationalisation of Military Geographic Information Organisations”. This initiative concluded that “the creation of:
² a central MGI body, ² the consolidation of the MGI Production Establishments under it, and ² the outsourcing of selected MGI functions will lead to more efficient use of MGI resources.
1997 The formation of the Geographic Support Agency was controversial and not supported by key principles. Instead, a “joint” directorate, the Directorate of Strategic Military Geographic Information (DSMGI), was established firstly in Strategic Command Division and then under the Chief Knowledge Officer.
However, more importantly, it will enable coordinated future planning of MGI capability development and expert MGI advice to other new capability acquisitions”. As a part of the follow on to the DER, the DRP included a number of workshops; one was the Military Geographic Information Defence Reform Plan Workshop. I was invited to give the opening address to the workshop. The objective of the workshop was “to develop and agree on the concept, broad form and function of a DEFENCE GEOGRAPHIC SUPPORT AGENCY”.
2000 The Defence Imagery and Geospatial Organisation (DIGO) was established under a Cabinet Directive on 8 November 2000 by amalgamating the Australian Imagery Organisation and Directorate of Strategic Military Geographic Information (DSMGI), and the Defence Topographic Agency (previously ATSE).
1998 Imagery intelligence had existed since 1964, but until 1998 it was an integrated part of DIO. As the importance of imagery increased, it was decided to create a new agency – the Australian Imagery Office (AIO).
TherecommendedformaRonofa[Joint]GEOGRAPHICSUPPORTAGENCYwasnotagreed!
1997 – In a Decade of Uncertainty – DER / DRP Ø Defence Efficiency Review & Defence Reform Program
THEGEOSPATIALINFORMATIONINFRASTRUCTURE(GII)Vision.TheGIIisproposedasanewenablinginfrastructuretomeettheneedsofthecommunityforgeospa)alinforma)on.Theinfrastructureisthecollec)onofpeople,doctrine,policies,architectures,standards,technologies,andeduca)onandtrainingnecessarytocreate,maintain,andu)liseasharedgeospa)alframework.
Attheturnofthe21stcenturyPolicyandCapabilityprojectdocumentaRonwereinplacefora‘newera’insurveyingandmapping
GEOGRAPHIC&ENVIRONMENTALINFORMATIONINFRASTRUCTURE
ENTERING THE 21st CENTURY – Ø Strategic Guidance in Place for a GII
TheGIIwillprovidegeospa)alinforma)on,productsandserviceswithinanincreasinglyaustere,yetdynamicanddemandingna)onalsecurityenvironment.Thevisionisbasedonconceptswhichwillincreasetheefficiencyandeffec)venessofthecomponentsoftheinfrastructure.TheGII:v establishesaframeworkforacquiring,producing,
managing,anddissemina)nggeospa)alinforma)on;v providesthesuppor)ngservicesneededtoensure
informa)oncontentmeetsuserneeds,iseasilyaccessible,andcanreadilybeappliedtosupportmissioninforma)onrequirements;
v ensuresthesupporRnginfrastructurecomponents(includingdoctrine,policy,training,educaRonandforcestructure)areinplacetoop)misetheuseofthegeospa)alinforma)on,productsandservicesprovided.
MYVISION
ENTERING THE 21st CENTURY – Ø Future Defence Geospatial Environment Ø Geospatial Intelligence
Withoutmapsandcharts,civilisaRoncouldnothaveprogressed!WithoutgeospaRalinformaRonandimagery,decisionsupportsystemscannotfuncRon!
FutureDefenceGeospa4alEnvironment–Ø ACapabilityDevelopmentStrategy
Ø APresenta4onbyDrBobWilliams-2000
GeographicIntelligence#–Ø DaretoChange
Ø APresenta4onbyDrBobWilliams-2002
10 slides follow
Followed by 9 slides on
#Titlefirstusedon5April2001Conceptraisedon23June1994
2000 – FUTURE GEOSPATIAL ENVIRONMENT Ø From the current legacy to a Virtual World
2000
2010
2005
2020
SEA 1430 Phase 1 PARARE Phase 1
Project Johnson
JP2064
PARARE Phase 2B
• A Virtual World Intelligent systems
Authority Intelligence
Resource & asset management
Command Support
Surveillance Command
• Knowledge-based systems as an integral part of the C2 capability
PARARE Phase 2A
Project Toposs
• Legacy Repositories of digital data in various forms and formats Warehouses of maps and charts Paper-based libraries, catalogues and directories Limited acquisition and surveying capability • Major capability deficiency
Defence Planning and Operations
ADO MGI ASDI
www
ADO Users
• Geospatial information infrastructure
Source acquisition
Imagery preparation
Data extraction
Product construction
Distribution
Database management
• Single service/agency GIS systems
EGICS
1973
1976 1975
1984
Early digitisation Digital mapping prototype Automap 1
Automap 2
1968 1967
Early analytical photogrammetry Surveying by airborne trilateration techniques
2000 – FUTURE GEOSPATIAL ENVIRONMENT Ø An operational architecture to achieve a Geospatial
Information Infrastructure
Other Data Sources
Imagery
Non-imagery
Data Acquisition
Readiness assessment
Common Operational Picture Mission Specific Views
Interoperability
Information Applications
Framework Information
Framework Services
Interfaces
Information Management and Dissemination
Commercial sources
Out-sourcing
Co-production
Geo Support Capability DTA RAN HYDRO - other
RAAF AIS
Information Production
Needs assessment
Area Requirements Crisis Support
Mission Profiles
Requirements Management
Technical assessment
Value Add
Planning and operational needs -National security -Planning -Surveillance -Operations -National defence -Special operations -Obligations
2000 – FUTURE GEOSPATIAL ENVIRONMENT Ø The 2005 goal – a Geospatial Information Infrastructure
Scientific Adviser Team • Geomatics (science and technology) • National initiatives • Multi-national initiatives • Interface with academia and industry
Strategic
Operational
Tactical
DIE and C4ISR
Web-based technology
Defence MGI
Agencies
Acquisition Compilation Production Data management
Civilian GI Agencies
ASDI Australian National
Spatial Data Infrastructure
Defence Planning and Operational needs assessment
access Authorised Electronic
Library/Atlas
Archives
User community
Clearinghouse
Coalition Agencies
Training establishments
Deployable MGI Sections
2000 – FUTURE GEOSPATIAL ENVIRONMENT Ø Improvement of user services
DIGEST
Digital Geographic Information Exchange Standard
United States Imagery and
Geospatial Information Service
USIGS
Defense Modeling and
Simulation Office
Scientific Advice
Strategic Operational Tactical
DIE and C4ISR Web-based technology
Defence MGI
Agencies
Civilian GI Agencies
Defence Planning and Operational needs assessment
Authorised Electronic
Library/Atlas Archives
Clearinghouse Coalition Agencies
Training
Deployable MGI Sections
User community
Help Desk advice • MC&G S&T topics • Library services • Environmental analysis • Operational analysis • Modelling and simulation • et cetera
?
Interoperability via Conformance
Intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance Command, control and communications Navigation and guidance Targeting and weapons employment Mobility and manoeuvre Health and survival
Electronic library • Illustrated atlases • Infrastructure directories
CD-ROM
Needs assessment
through e-Business
strategies
2000 – FUTURE GEOSPATIAL ENVIRONMENT Ø Needs assessment
Parare The Next Generation
Defining requirements based on needs and readiness assessment of the scope of Military Activities, activities that are related to:
• Intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance • Command, control and communications • Targeting and weapons employment • Navigation and guidance • Mobility and manoeuvre • Health and survival
Environmental Analysis � Avenues of approach � Critical link analysis � Cross-country movement � Fording analysis � Intervisibility analysis � Terrain modelling � Weapon ballistics
Base Operations � Facilities management � Environmental applications � Range management � Training management � Water and food resources � Medical facilities � Airfield defence
Intelligence � Situation Monitoring � Geographic information � Target analysis � Weapon production tracking � Image management � Counter terrorism Command Support � Situation monitoring � Situation display & briefing � Simulation
Mission Planning � Integrated theatre planning � Invasion planning � Evacuation planning � Targeting � Trajectory modelling � Missile support
Operational Planning � Battlefield management � Battlefield systems � Division planning � Landing and beach operations � Logistics � Mine warfare � Simulation � Special force operations
Navigation � Air navigation � Air traffic control � Land navigation � Ocean surface navigation � Ocean subsurface navigation
Onthemoderndaybaelefield,everythingisspa4allyandtemporallyrelatedand,ifyoudon’tunderstandtherela4onships,youwillneverwinthewar!
Are your resolution and accuracy requirements at the:
Strategic level Operational level Tactical level Focal area level Target level
Is your purpose for:
Situation awareness and visualisation Operational planning and rehearsal Precision force Modelling and simulation Operational analysis
Are your activities or applications concerned with:
2000 – FUTURE GEOSPATIAL ENVIRONMENT Ø Electronic Help Desk
? • MC&G S&T topics • Library services • Environmental analysis • Operational analysis • Modelling and simulation • et cetera
RAN Hydrographic Service DIGEST Product VMap Level 1
- Background Display Dataset (BDD) -
Boundaries Population Transportation Industry Utilities
Hydrography Physiography Elevation Vegetation Data quality
Strategic Operational Tactical
Defence MGI
Agencies
Defence Planning and Operational needs assessment
Authorised Electronic
Library/Atlas Archives
Clearinghouse Coalition Agencies
Deployable MGI Sections
User community
DIE and C4ISR Web-based technology
Civilian GI Agencies
Scientific Advice
Training
Services Products Science and technology topics
Parare The Next Generation
2000 – FUTURE GEOSPATIAL ENVIRONMENT Ø Electronic Help Desk
? • MC&G S&T topics • Library services • Environmental analysis • Operational analysis • Modelling and simulation • et cetera
Strategic Operational Tactical
Defence MGI
Agencies
Defence Planning and Operational needs assessment
Authorised Electronic
Library/Atlas Archives
Clearinghouse Coalition Agencies
Deployable MGI Sections
User community
DIE and C4ISR Web-based technology
Civilian GI Agencies
Scientific Advice
Training
Parare The Next Generation
Scientific Advice
Strategic Operational Tactical
DIE and C4ISR Web-based technology
Defence MGI
Agencies
Civilian GI Agencies
Defence Planning and Operational needs assessment
Authorised Electronic
Library/Atlas Archives
Clearinghouse Coalition Agencies
Training
Deployable MGI Sections
User community
Databases of infrastructure and environmental information
Warehouse / clearinghouse
as maps, charts, publications, reports, etc
as standard digital products, geospatial services, etc distributed via electronic media and networks
as customised operational databases, contingency support packages, etc distributed via electronic media and networks
terrain analysis packages transport and logistics databases littoral operations databases electronic aeronautical publications electronic maritime publications
Decision support systems
Feedback in the form of reports, analyses, and value-added products
User community
e.g.
Palm pads - GPS, GIS & mobile comms
2000 – FUTURE GEOSPATIAL ENVIRONMENT Ø Development of new products and services
Production Support Capability
Co-production
Commercial sources
Out-sourcing
DTA
RAN HYDRO
RAAF AIS
AODC
DOM
AIO
Analyse current and new capabilities • Parare • SEA1430 • JP2064
Review bilateral and multilateral commitments
Review National Support commitments
Investigate commercial support capabilities
Scientific Advice
Strategic Operational Tactical
DIE and C4ISR Web-based technology
Defence MGI
Agencies
Civilian GI Agencies
Defence Planning and Operational needs assessment
Authorised Electronic
Library/Atlas Archives
Clearinghouse Coalition Agencies
Training
Deployable MGI Sections
User community
2000 – FUTURE GEOSPATIAL ENVIRONMENT Ø Improvement in availability of foundation geospatial information
2000 – FUTURE GEOSPATIAL ENVIRONMENT Ø Improvement of management of databases and archives
Defence MGI
Agencies
Archives
0 Strategic Level
1 Operational Level
2 Tactical Level
3 Focal area/urban
4 Facility / target
R E S O L U T I O N
Spatial data model Lineage Currency Datum/s Reference system Positional accuracy Relative accuracy Accreditation
THE DOMAIN OF MILITARY GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Measures of
Trust
TERRAIN ENVIRONMENT
1 Physiography 2 Hydrology 3 Hydrography / bathymetry 4 Vegetation/cultivation
1 Atmosphere / weather 2 Climate 3 Astronomy 3 Oceanography 4 Isogonic information
1 Administration/institution 2 Population/habitation 3 Road infrastructure 4 Rail infrastructure 5 Air infrastructure 6 Sea infrastructure
7 Telecommunications 8 Power/fuel 9 Water resources 10 Industry/commerce 11 Health/medical 12 Tourism/recreation
INFRASTRUCTURE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
The Geographic Information - data cube
Developmoreadvancedformalmodelsforrepresen4ngthegeographicenvironmentin4meandspaceDeveloptechniquesformaintaining,revisingandmanaginggeospa4alinforma4on
2002 – GEOGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCE Ø Operational Information within Command & Control
Cartographically modelled
HIGHER
AUTHORITY
COMMAND
IntelligenceIntelligence
Analysis
Surveillance
Sensor Management
Intelligence Data Collection
ResourcesWeapons Systems
Own Forces
Logistics Systems
CommandSupport
Situation Awareness
Military Response Options
Demography Infrastructure Physiography Environment Imagery
IGIService
ImageryandGeospaRalInformaRonInfrastructure
GlobalInformaRonGrid
Resource management • Precision weapon systems • Fleet and asset management • Logistics
Command Support • Situation awareness • Simulation, planning & rehearsal • Air space management, spectrum management, etc
Surveillance • Manned airborne, UAV, satellite • Comprehensive sensor list • Expeditionary forces
Intelligence • Warnings and indicators • Multi-INT • All operating levels
Virtual
environment
Ø Geography
Ø History
Ø Environment
Ø Economy
Ø Politics
Ø Facilities
Ø Resources
Ø Communications
2002 – GEOGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCE Ø A paradigm shift in Mapping
Multiple Depots Maps/Charts Documents Standard Products
Multiple Agencies
Service Users
Defence MGI
Agencies
Defence Planning and Operational needs assessment at Strategic, Operational and Tactical levels
Electronic Briefs and Plans
User community
Clearinghouse Coalition Agencies
Scientific and Technical Advice
Deployable MGI Sections
Civilian GI Agencies
eBusiness strategy for supply and demand
of geospatial information
EvoluRonfromproducingandsupplyingmapsandchartstomanaginganddisseminaRnggeospaRalinformaRon
2002 – GEOGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCE Ø A paradigm shift in Mapping
Future 3 and 4 dimensional
visualisations
Large and multiple screen
visualisations
Electronic briefs integrated with
telecommunication
Electronic briefs and plans integrated with deployable assets and bridge and cockpit displays
Including integrated navigation systems
EvoluRonfrompaperproducts[anddigitalfacsimilesofpaper-basedproducts]tovisualcommunicaRons
2002 – GEOGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCE Ø A paradigm shift in Cartography
Reasoning and advice for situation awareness
and military response options
Geospatial and imagery databases, products and services structured for use in C3ISR systems, smart navigation systems, and facilities / asset management systems
Geospatial reasoning for terrain modelling,
environmental analysis, site selection, sensor management, asset and fleet management, and mission planning and rehearsal
View
View
Gives View
Processing for • Terrain Visualisation • Network Analysis
Analysis for • Mission Planning • Avenues of Approach
Datasets for • Terrain Analysis • Transport & Logistics
e.g. ACTIVITY • Evacuation planning PURPOSE • Operational planning and rehearsal
ANALYST viewpoint
DIGO viewpoint
PROJECT and CSS
viewpoint
Gives
Gives
Contingency support plans Operational orders
Military Response Options
Risk assessment
Agency function of acquisition, compilation and
production of geospatial information and imagery products to populate a
geospatial information infrastructure
GII&S Infrastructure
Capability development for operational planning, modelling and simulation, rehearsal and operation
educate
influence
information
knowledge
EvoluRonfrommanualplanningmethodstoanalyRcalgeospaRal&temporalreasoning
EVACUATIONPLANNING
Pre-planned flight path
HAZARDS - REMARKS Wind Curfew 10:00. Can be surprisingly turbulent inside abort point. Stay in center. Crowd control problems.
eGeoBrief
EvoluRonfromstaRcmapgraphicstoelectronicillustratedbriefs;dynamicmodellingandsimulaRon;automatednavigaRon;etc…;etc…
2002 – GEOGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCE Ø A paradigm shift in Cartography
Demography Infrastructure Physiography Environment Imagery
Demography Infrastructure Physiography Environment Imagery
Demography Infrastructure Physiography Environment Imagery
Demography Infrastructure Physiography Environment Imagery
Demography Infrastructure Physiography Environment Imagery
0 Strategic Level
1 Operational Level
2 Tactical Level
3 Focal area/urban
4 Facility / target
Measures of Trust Spatial data model Reference system Lineage Positional accuracy Currency Relative accuracy Datum/s Accreditation
Measures of Trust
IGI Service
Imagery and Geospatial Information Infrastructure
Intelligence community
Operational units
Deployable assets
Profiles
Web portal
EvoluRonfromproductdatabasestoanImageryandGeospaRalInformaRonInfrastructure
2002 – GEOGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCE Ø A paradigm shift in Cartography
2002 – GEOGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCE Ø A paradigm shift in Cartography
– A GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE
Technologies: • Photogrammetry • Remote sensing • Cartography
INFORMATION PRODUCTION
Imagery analysts Geospatial analysts
GI APPLICATIONS
Areas of application: • Intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance • Targeting and weapons employment • Command and control • Navigation and guidance • Health and survival • Mobility and manoeuvre
The Defence Capability Plan: • enhanced imagery collection • enhanced geospatial information systems • improved dissemination systems
POLICY, DOCTRINE & MANAGEMENT DATA ACQUISITION
Information Management and Dissemination
Technologies: • Geodetic surveying • Satellite and airborne surveying • Remote sensing • Photogrammetry • Cartography Needs assessment
Readiness assessment
2002 – GEOGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCE Ø A paradigm shift in Surveying
Evolution in geodetic surveying GPS (Global Positioning System) DGPS (Differential GPS) GNSS(Global Navigation Satellite System)
Long Range Kinematic techniques and applications in real-time
The SRTM used a technique called radar interferometry.
In radar interferometry, two radar images are taken from slightly different locations. The differences between these images allow for the calculation of surface elevation. The result gives digital elevation models of the earth’s surface.
Airborne Digital Sensor LH Systems’ (Leica Helava) ADS40 is the first commercial airborne digital sensor and its broad ground coverage and multispectral image collection are set to combine photogrammetric accuracy and remote sensing insight. Triple image matching can be used for triangulation and DTM generation.
Innovation from industry
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
Fugro’s FLI-MAP system integrates a number of recent innovations including a scanning laser, a solid state Inertial Navigation System, kinematic GPS technology, digital video imagery and custom-built software resulting in an outstanding tool for 3D Corridor Mapping 3D geometry of terrain features with a horizontal and vertical accuracy of 5-10cm.
EvoluRoninsurveyingwhichembracessatellite,airborneandremotesensortechnologies
Airborne Hydrographic Surveying
Bathymetry and oceanography Autonomous Unmanned Underwater Vehicles
Hyperspectral satellite imagery
The Laser Airborne Depth Sounder (LADS) provides accurate, high density digital depth and positional data of coastal waters up to 50 metres in depth. Flying at 145 knots, 500 metres above the sea, unhindered by reefs or shallows, LADS surveys the sea floor at a rate in excess of 50 square kilometres an hour.
2002 – GEOGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCE Ø A paradigm shift in Mapping
Image Visualisation
Visualisation technology can now project images for screens as large as IMAX
Remote Sensing Landsat SPOT Multispectral imagery Stereoscopic capability RADARSAT ERS IRS JERS RESURS
Vegetation classification Oceanography Elevation modelling Environmental analysis
Photogrammetry
Analytical tools: • Terrain and river network analysis 3D modelling options
Photogrammetry
Electronic publishing Kiosk-style applications Defence applications
Feature and object geometry and topology
Spatial data organisation and management
Cartography - GIS
Soft-copy photogrammetry: • triangulation • orientation • feature collection • digital terrain models • orthophotos • mosaics • fly-throughs
EvoluRoninmappingwhichembracesphotogrammetry,remotesensing,andcartographytechnologies
2000s – A Decade of Disarray Ø A change in world order! Ø A change in culture! The1990swasa‘decadeofuncertainty’.Significantmul)-na)onalini)a)vesalongwithini)a)vesasshownpreviouslyoccurredand,atthesame)me,therewerereviewsandproject/capabilitydevelopmentdelaysresul)nginlimitedadvancement.Insummary,thetransiRonfromemphasisonstandardscalemapandchartproduc)on(and‘simple’GISapplica)ons)toprovidingdigitalinforma)onthroughaGeospa)alInforma)onInfrastructurehasfailedtooccur.
# 2000-2001 Additional Estimates Hearing 21 February 2001Major Capital Equipment Project Delays or Cost Overruns
AIR 5186 Australian Defence Air Traffic System Slippage 59 months Contract 29 November 1995
Atachancemee)ngwithanAirForceGroupCaptainataQANTASClubIcha\edaboutsomeaeronauRcalinformaRonissues.Ifollowedupwithamee)ngatRAAFAeronau)calInforma)onServices(AIS),VictoriaBarracks,Melbourne.Onetopicwastheimportanceofver)calobstruc)ons(highrisebuildingsandWestGateBridge)andalackofstafftomanageadatabaseknownasaVerRcalObstrucRonsDatabase[VOD]TheRAAFGroupCaptaininanemailinMarchnoted"Iamrapidlylearningaboutstuffcalled'adapta=ondata'(AD);anexpressionIhadnotcomeacrossun)lImovedintomynewjobatRAAFHeadquartersinCanberra.ADistheunderlyingdatathatsitsbehindairtrafficcontrol(ATC),airdefenceand(Ithink)automatedflightmanagementsystems.NumerousRAAFprojectsrequireADandassumethatitwillbeavailablethroughAISorsomeotherill-definedmagicmechanism.
ThemostimmediateproblemconcernstheAustralianDefenceAirTrafficSystem(ADATS)project.ADATShasalongandvexedhistorythatisexacerbatedbythecollapseofATCmanninglevelsthatbeganlastyearandcon)nuesapace.TheADFhasnoop)onbuttoseekamuchcloserrela)onshipwithcivilianATCauthori)esandtheciviliansystem(TAAATS).
2001
2001- In a Decade of Disarray – Aeronautical Info
Ø Identifying a capability deficiency
2001 – Friday 24 August. I gave briefings to a number of groups in Canberra on my overseas trip and highlighted deficiencies in the air traffic management systems. I introduced my presentation titled AERONAUTICAL INTELLIGENCE with a hypothetical event: an unidentified aircraft was approaching Australia across the Indian Ocean. What action needs to be taken? And when? My event was similar to the USS Vincennes – Iranian Air IR655 incident on July 3, 1988. In my presentation I reported that the databases were not designed to permit analytical processes; such as, does the ‘dot on the screen’ lie on a recognized air route? And does the ‘dot’ appear where a scheduled flight should be?
2001–Thursday7June.IvisitedtheUSNa)onalImageryandMappingAgency(NIMA)atBethesdaMD.Myi)nerarywastoincludediscussiononaeronau)calinforma)onproductsincludingDFLIP(DigitalFlightInforma)onPublica)on).Thismee)ngdidnottakeplaceduetothepresenterbeingawaysick.
Friday8June.Iawokeearly,checkedoutoftheHolidayInnatTyson’sCornerandtookthefirstflightfromWashingtonDCtoBostonpassingrightoverNewYorkandthetowersandthendrovetoafacilityoutsideofBoston.IwasshownaprototypeoftheRAAFAustralianDefenceAirTrafficSystem(ADATS)andthenewUSFAASTARSsystem.LaterthatdayIflewfromBostonLoganAirportonthedirectflighttoLAXthenconnectedtoSydneyandAdelaide–overallaverylongday.IwasdisappointedinboththeRAAFandFAAdemonstra)ons;bothweresomewhatsimplis)ccomputeriza)onofthemanualsystems.
2001 – AERONAUTICAL INTELLIGENCE Ø An original idea
Aeronautical
Intelligence
Dare to change
The key to information superiority An original idea of Dr Bob Williams
August 2001
Presentation made to Defence Imagery & Geospatial Information Organisation (DIGO) staff & RAAF Headquarters staff on Friday 24 August 2001
2001 – AERONAUTICAL INTELLIGENCE Ø A vision and a strategy
2005 2010 2015 2020
National Infrastructure Air & space management
Situation awareness Defence Airspace Management
Air Traffic Control Spectrum management
Intelligence
Geospatial Environment Digital Flight Information
Imagery Intelligence Terrain model
Air & space management: A vision and a strategy
Presentation made to Defence Imagery & Geospatial Information Organisation (DIGO) staff & RAAF Headquarters staff on Friday 24 August 2001
2001 – AERONAUTICAL INTELLIGENCE Ø An information service paradigm
Presentation made to Defence Imagery & Geospatial Information Organisation (DIGO) staff & RAAF Headquarters staff on Friday 24 August 2001
D I G E S T
FACC/VPF DTED
Targeting
Air Traffic Control
Operational planning
Logistics intelligence prototype
Navigation
Digital Flight Information Imagery Intelligence
Terrain Model
Geospatial environment: From a publication paradigm to an information service paradigm
AIS
DIGO
AUSLIG
2001 – AERONAUTICAL INTELLIGENCE Ø A situation awareness paradigm
Presentation made to Defence Imagery & Geospatial Information Organisation (DIGO) staff & RAAF Headquarters staff on Friday 24 August 2001
Defence airspace management: From an information service to a situation awareness paradigm
Air Traffic Control Spectrum Management
Intelligence
D I I
DEFENCE INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE
Air Traffic Management
Intelligence
Surveillance
Strategic Airlift
Sensor management Spectrum management
Air Defence
NATIONAL SPATIAL
DATA INFRASTRUCTURE
ASA
ACA
BOM
DIGO
2001 – AERONAUTICAL INTELLIGENCE Ø A National Security paradigm
Presentation made to Defence Imagery & Geospatial Information Organisation (DIGO) staff & RAAF Headquarters staff on Friday 24 August 2001
National Infrastructure: From a situation awareness paradigm to a national security paradigm
Air & Space Management Situation Awareness
D I I
N I I
NATIONAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE
NATIONAL SPATIAL
DATA INFRASTRUCTURE
September 11, 2001- In a Decade of Disarray – Ø 911 – A change in world order
E I G H T E E N M I N U T E S
OnSeptember11,HowardwasinhisWashingtonhotel,onlyafewblocksfromtheWhiteHouse,whenthe=irstattackhappened.HowardinvokedtheANZUSmilitaryalliancetoAmerica.InOctober2001theinvasionofAfghanistanbegan.ThreespecialforcessquadronsweredeployedininitialoffensiveagainsttheTaliban.
0845 EDT A hijacked passenger jet, American Flight 11, crashes into the north tower of the World Trade Center 0903 EDT A second hijacked airliner, United Flight 175, crashes into the south tower of the World Trade Center
Thedaybeforetheattacks,onSept.10,2001,PrimeMinisterJohnHowardmetPresidentGeorgeW.Bushforthe=irsttime.Theyspentfourhourstogether,includingtalksoverlunchattheWhiteHouse,startingwhatbecameastrongpoliticalallianceandpersonalfriendship.“Wedidn’ttalkaboutterrorism,”Howardsaid.“Nobodyknewthisterribleeventwasjustaroundthecorner.”
911– A Terrorist Incident or an Air Traffic Management Problem? By invoking the ANZUS Treaty subsequent activity became a military response
Theterm"newworldorder"hasbeenusedtorefertoanynewperiodofhistoryevidencingadrama)cchangeinworldpoli)calthoughtandthebalanceofpower.Despitevariousinterpreta)onsofthisterm,itisprimarilyassociatedwiththeideologicalno)onofofglobalgovernanceonlyinthesenseofnewcollec)veeffortstoiden)fy,understand,oraddressworldwideproblemsthatgobeyondthecapacityofindividualna)onstosolve.(Wikipedia)
Images of Black Saturday
2000s – A Decade of Disarray Ø A decade of incidents and events along with organisational change! Ø Unexpected challenges in capability development & education!
IncidentsandEvents911andAfghanistan
WMDandIraq
NaturaldisastersandBlackSaturday
OrganisaRonalchangeDIGO–Intelligenceagency!!!
Capabilitydevelopmentdelays–fundsareneededforthewaronterrorism
EducaRonandR&Dandconferenceandseminars
2001 Earlyin2001Ihadseveralmee)ngswiththeDirectorDIGO(DefenceImageryandGeospa)alOrganisa)on)aspartofmyroleofprovidingmappingsciencessupporttoDIGO.IprototypedeGeoBriefs(electronicGeographicBriefs#)fortheEastTimor–IndonesiaborderandFreeportMine.IproducedaneGeoBriefforAfghanistanby24October2001fromopen-sourcematerialsaccessedovertheInternet. #thispredatedGooglemapsandWikipedia
InMarch2003Ihadanothermee)ngwiththeDirectorDIGOaspartofmyroleofprovidingmappingsciencessupporttoDIGO.This)methetopicrelatedtotheconductofresearch.Icompiledapresenta)onGEOGRAPHICINFORMATION:DefenceandtheBroaderCommunity.Thepresenta)onincludedOpportuniResundertheCRCforSpaRalInformaRon.
"CRCSI-1"wasestablishedbytheCRCProgram,anAustralianGovernmentIniRaRve,forsevenyearsasanunincorporatedjointventure.ItcommencedoperaRoninJuly2003
2000s- In a Decade of Disarray – Support to DIGO
Ø eGeoBriefs & R&D
2003
eGeo
Intheearlymorninghoursof20March2003,U.S.Army,U.S.MarineCorpsandcoali)ongroundcombatforcescrossedfromKuwaitintosouthernIraqanda\ackednorthward,beginningthegroundphaseofOPERATIONIRAQIFREEDOM.Bydawnon23March,majorU.S.groundcombatunitshadadvancedmorethan200milesintoIraqandwereapproximately130milesnorthofAnNasiriyah,anadvancehistoricallyunprecedentedforspeedofexecu)onanddepthofpenetra)on,designedtounhingetheIraqis’abilitytomountacoherentdefense.
Therapidadvanceofcoali)ontroopsinthousandsofvehiclesandhundredsofaircra[wasmadepossiblebythedetermined,aggressivesupportofscoresoflogis)cs,medical,andmaintenanceunits,manymovingconstantlytomaintaincontactwiththeirsupportedunits.Onesuchunitwasthe507thMaintenanceCompany,taskedtosupportavitallyimportantasset–aPatriotmissilebajalion.
Atabout0700hours(local)me)on23March2003,whilemovingthroughtheoutskirtsofthecityofAnNasiriyahinsoutheasternIraq,anelementofthe507thMaintenanceCompanywasa\ackedbyIraqimilitaryforcesandirregulars.Therewere33U.S.Soldiersinthe18-vehicleconvoy.
TheIraqiforcesinAnNasiriyahconductedfiercea\acksagainsttheconvoy.
Ofthe33U.S.Soldiersintheconvoy,11werekilledincombatordiedasaresultofinjuries,sevenwerecapturedbyIraqiforces,andtheremaining16Soldierswereabletorejoinfriendlyforces.Ofthe22U.S.Soldierswhosurvived,ninewerewoundedinacRon.
2003 - In a Decade of Disarray – ‘Story-telling’ Ø Jessica Lynch – Operation Iraqi Freedom
March 20 2003
TheDARPAUrbanChallengewasheldonNovember3,2007,attheformerGeorgeAFBinVictorville,Calif.Buildingonthesuccessofthe2004and2005GrandChallenges,thiseventrequiredteamstobuildanautonomousvehiclecapableofdrivingintraffic,performingcomplexmaneuverssuchasmerging,passing,parkingandnegoRaRngintersecRons.ThiseventwastrulygroundbreakingasthefirstRmeautonomousvehicleshaveinteractedwithbothmannedandunmannedvehicletrafficinanurbanenvironment.
ThepurposeoftheDARPAGrandChallenge2004istoleverageAmericaningenuitytoacceleratethedevelopmentofautonomousvehicletechnologiesthatcanbeappliedtomilitaryrequirements.Thechallenge:tonavigate200milesofruggedterraininNevada.Noneoftherobotvehiclesfinishedtheroute.
DARPAGRANDCHALLENGE2004
TheDefenseAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyisanagencyoftheU.S.DepartmentofDefenseresponsibleforthedevelopmentofemergingtechnologiesforusebythemilitary.
Theseconddriverlesscarcompe))onoftheDARPAGrandChallengewasa212km(132mi)off-roadcourse.TheroutetobefollowedbytherobotswassuppliedtotheteamstwohoursbeforethestartasacomputerfilewithGPScoordinates,oneevery72m(237feet)oftheroute,withmorefrequentwaypointsindifficultpatches.Someteamsusedtopographicmapsandaerialimagerytomanuallymapoutandprogramprecisepathandspeedsesngs.
Thewinnerofthe2005DARPAGrandChallengewasStanford’sStanley,withacourseRmeof6hours53minutesand8seconds(6:53:08)withaveragespeedof30.7km/h(19.1mph).
DARPAGRANDCHALLENGE2005
DARPAURBANCHALLENGE2007
2004-07 - In a Decade of Disarray – DARPA
Ø The DARPA Grand Challenges
AUTONOMOUSVEHICLETECHNOLOGY
Youareinvitedtopar)cipateintheSpa)alDataandGeographicInforma)onSystemWorkshop:Ajointini)a)veoftheDepartmentofPrimeMinister&Cabinet(PM&C),theProtec)veSecurityCoordina)onCentre(PSCC)andGeoscienceAustralia(GA).
TheaimoftheworkshopistoprogressanaRonalpolicyapproachtospaRalinformaRonandmodellingcapabiliRes,idenRfytechnologyrequirementsandarRculateanyimpedimentstomovingforward,drawingonlessonslearnedfromrecentcounterterrorismexercises.Someobjec)ves,intermsofpriorityareasforfuturedevelopment,youmaywishtoconsiderinprepara)onfortheworkshopincludethefollowing:
² Movingthefocusfromdatagathering,anditsimmediateapplica)oninanincidentorexercise,tolongertermplanningandmi)ga)on.Forexample,whataretheareasofhighestvulnerabilityorrisk?Wherecanweconcentratefutureworkinordertobebe\erpreparedforaterroristincident?Howcanwedevelopana)onalcoordinatedframework?² Oncewehavegatheredawiderangeofdatahowdowebestaddvaluetomakeitmorevaluableinaddressingterroristrisk?Todatewehaveusedthesedatainaverylimitedcontexttoaddressincidentresponse.Whatcanwedotoimproveourabilitytomanageourresponse?Howcanwevalue-addthedataina)melymannerinordertomi)gatetheimpactortoreducethepoten)alforanincidentinthefirstplace?² Whattools(technologies,products)needtobedevelopedtoassistincidentresponders,consequencemanagers,andriskmanagerstomakebe\erinformeddecisions?² Howdomakeop)mumuseofourresourcesatalllevels?
2004 - In a Decade of Disarray – National Security
Ø GIS Workshop SpaRalData&GeographicInformaRonSystemWorkshop,Canberra,28-29April2004
Thistwodayworkshopconsistedofa‘Government’dayandan‘Industry’dayandaddressedtopicsofconcernintheCommonwealthGovernment’soverachinginiRaRve.
SAFEGUARDINGAUSTRALIA
CriRcalInfrastructureSimulatedBombBlast
SimulatedRadiologicalRelease
CounterTerrorismScenarioPresentaRonsbyCommonwealth&StateAgencies
PerthTrainStaRon
• AhypotheRcalcounter-terrorismandemergencyscenarioincorporaRng:
• Hazardousloadtransportscenarios• Heavyvehiclemonitoring(licenced
routes&deviaRons)-(with‘spaRal’telemaRcalarms)
• Vehiclemovementsinresponsetocircumstances
2004 - In a Decade of Disarray – National Security Ø GIS Workshop – Gov and Industry Presentations
SKM(SinclairKnightMertz)&GeospaRalReacRveIncidentDatabase[contractforDIGO]
CyraxLaserScan-TelstraDome
2004 - In a Decade of Disarray – National Security Ø Safeguarding Australia – National Research Priorities
SafeguardingAustraliafromterrorism,crime,invasivediseasesandpests,strengtheningourunderstandingofAustralia’splaceintheregionandtheworld,andsecuringourinfrastructure,parRcularlywithrespecttoourdigitalsystems
PriorityGoals1CriRcalinfrastructure-Protec)ngAustralia’scri)calinfrastructureincludingourfinancial,energy,communica)ons,andtransportsystems.2Understandingourregionandtheworld-EnhancingAustralia’scapacitytointerpretandengagewithitsregionalandglobalenvironmentthroughagreaterunderstandingoflanguages,socie)es,poli)csandcultures.3ProtecRngAustraliafrominvasivediseasesandpests-Counteracttheimpactofinvasivespeciesthroughtheapplica)onofnewtechnologiesandbyintegra)ngapproachesacrossagenciesandjurisdic)ons.4ProtecRngAustraliafromterrorismandcrime-Bypromo)ngahealthyanddiverseresearchanddevelopmentsystemthatan)cipatesthreatsandsupportscorecompetenciesinmodernandrapididen)fica)ontechniques.5TransformaRonaldefencetechnologies-Transformmilitaryopera)onsforthedefenceofAustraliabyprovidingsuperiortechnologies,be\erinforma)onandimprovedwaysofopera)on.
2004 - In a Decade of Disarray – National Security Ø Safeguarding Australia – Critical Infrastructure
87
CriRcalinfrastructureisthatinfrastructurewhich,ifdestroyed,degradedorrenderedunavailableforanextendedperiod,willsignificantlyimpactonsocialoreconomicwell-beingoraffectnaRonalsecurityordefence.
November 2004
Energy
EventsBuildingsCultureSport
Tourism
GasPetroleum
FuelsElectricity
…
NaRonalIcons
Produc)onStorage
Distribu)onPrimary
Produc)on
FoodSupply Health
HospitalsPublichealthLaboratories
…
Transport
AirRoadRailSea
Intermodal
Comms.
TelecomMediaPostal…
Finance
BankingIns)tu)onTrading
…
Gov.Services
GovernmentPoliceFire
AmbulanceEM
Manufacturing
Heavyind.ChemicalDefence
…
URliRes
WaterPower
Sewerage…
TransportationnetworksLogisticsfacilities
Narcoticsand crime
HomelandSecurity
CIProtecRon
BorderSecurity
Illegalimmigration
BorderSecurity
Peoplesmuggling
BorderSecurity
Illegalfishing
Pandemicdiseases
HomelandSecurity
Health&Medical
Burns and injuries
NaturalDisasters
Fire, floodweather
Earthquake
EnvironmentalDegradaRon
MorethanasimpleGISapplicaRon
2004 - In a Decade of Disarray – National Security Ø Safeguarding Australia – Command & Control
2005 - In a Decade of Disarray – Safeguarding Australia Ø Science, Engineering and Technology (SET)
ThePrimeMinisterannouncedtheestablishmentoftheScience,EngineeringandTechnology(SET)Uniton27June2005.StaffweresecondedfromDefenceScienceandTechnologyOrganisa)on;theDepartmentofEduca)on,ScienceandTraining;theCSIRO;theAustralianFederalPolice;andtheintelligencecommunity.TheSETUnitdevelopedstronglinkageswiththescien)ficcommunity,tofocusscience,engineeringandtechnologyeffortsinsupportofAustralia’scounter-terrorismneeds.Theunitsurveyedabroadrangeofsecurity,intelligence,lawenforcementandemergencymanagementagenciestodeterminetheircounter-terrorismresearchanddevelopmentneeds,sor)ngthoseneedsintopriorityareasofinterestforfurtherdevelopment.
Day3:SETSummit• TheimportanceofSETtocounter-terrorism• Whatarethena)onalresearchins)tu)ons(CSIRO,DSTO,ANSTO,GA)doingincounter-terrorism&howcanindustryandgovernmentleveragefromit?
TheSETSummithadtechnicalpresenta)onsrangingfromtheprac)cali)esofna)onalIDcardop)onstoblastmodellingandfromcounteringshoulder-launchedmissilestothefuturetrendsinCCTVtechnology.Speakersincluded:TheHonGaryNairnMP,ParliamentarySecretarytothePrimeMinister;DrLynnBooth,DepartmentofPrimeMinister&Cabinet;DrGregSimpson,CoordinatoroftheSecureAustraliaProgram,CSIRO;NeilBryans,DirectorInforma)onSciencesLaboratory,DSTO;DrRonHutchings,CoordinatorNa)onalInterestandCapabilityEnhancement,ANSTO;DrPhilMcFadden,ChiefScien)st,GeoscienceAustralia;MikeRothery,A\orney-General'sDepartment
PACCT(PubliclyfundedAgencies'CollaboraRveCounter-Terrorism)andCIPMA(CriRcalInfrastructureProtecRonModelling&Analysis)programswereestablishedbutceasedaround2007.TherewaslijleeffecRveoutcome–inter-GovernmentagencyacRvityisdifficult!
2005-07 - In a Decade of Disarray – ‘Story-telling’ Ø Conference Themes & Presentations
GEOSPATIALINTELLIGENCEANDAGEOSPATIALINFORMATIONINFRASTRUCTURE:ContemporaryDefenceandSecurityChallenges
SpaRalSciencesInsRtuteBiennialConference2005IncludedasessiononEMERGENCYMANAGEMENT
IncludedasessiononEMERGENCYMANAGEMENT&MODELLINGHAZARDS
GEOGRAPHICINTELLIGENCE:KnowYourWorldThroughStory-Telling
Story:EighteenMinutesStory:JessicaLynch
CHALLENGESEighteenMinutes-ATMKeyissues(fromaspa)almodellingandanalysisperspec)ve)include:
v Howtobe\ermodelairinfrastructurein3and4dimensionalspace.v Howtobe\eranalyse,explainandforecastspa)alandtemporalrela)onships
JessicaLynch-Logis4cs
v Howdowebe\ersupport‘situa)onawareness’incommand(decision)supportsystems?Func)onalitythatneedsdevelopingincludes(amongstothers)routeplanningbothonroadnetworksandcross-country;andvehiclemonitoringandtracking.
v Howdowebe\erprovideinforma)onforon-boardnaviga)onsystems?Func)onalitythatneedsdevelopingincludes(amongstothers)opera)onal/missionspecificdatabasesforvehicles;andcommunica)onstoupdateandreviseinforma)oninreal-)meandinamul)-securityenvironment.
v Howdoweprovideinforma)onforloca)on-basedsystemsandmobiledevices?Func)onalitythatneedsdevelopingincludes(amongstothers)appropriateinforma)onfor(say)unmanned/autonomousvehiclesandotherpla�orms.
v Howdowebe\ersupporttransporta)onandlogis)cssystems?Func)onalitythatneedsdevelopingincludes(amongstothers)connec)vitywithotherinforma)onsystemssuchasassetmanagementsystems;andRFID(RadioFrequencyIden)fica)on).
2000s - In a Decade of Disarray – Organisational change Ø GA, DIGO & NSW LPMA A representative sample of
Australian agencies
GeoscienceAustraliacameintobeingin2001whentheAustralianSurveyingandLandInforma)onGroup(AUSLIG)mergedwiththeAustralianGeologicalSurveyOrganisa)on(AGSO).TheformerNATMAP/AUSLIGformsonlyonegroupwithintheagency.
TheDefenceImageryandGeospaRalOrganisaRon(DIGO)wasestablishedon8November2000byamalgama)ngtheAustralianImageryOrganisa)on(AIO),theDirectorateofStrategicMilitaryGeographicInforma)on(DSMGI)andtheDefenceTopographicAgency(DTA).On2December2005DIGOcameundertheprovisionsoftheamendedIntelligenceServicesAct2001.
TheLandandPropertyManagementAuthority(LPMA)wasabolishedundertheNSWGovernmentrestructureannouncedinApril2011anditsformerbusinessdivisionstransferredtonewdepartments.
Therehavebeen7DirectorsatSESBand2level,12+DepuResatSESBand1leveland20+officersatExecuRveLevel2sincetheformaRonofDIGO.NonehavehadnaRonallyrecognisedqualificaRonsinthecoremapping/spaRalsciences.
GeoscienceAustraliahasnothadaCEOnorChiefScienRstwithnaRonallyrecognisedqualificaRonsinthecoremapping/spaRalsciencessinceestablishment.
LOSSOFEXPERTAGENCIES
2010s – A Decade of Further Disarray Ø The need for vision! “Theyearisnow2020andmostna)onsares)llstrugglingtorespondanybe\ertoincidentsthantheywereatthebeginningofthedecade.Theexcep)onistheTeIkaaMauiOceaniaInfrastructureandEnvironmentalSupportSystem(OIESS)”.……TheTeIkaaMauiOceaniaInfrastructureandEnvironmentalSupportSystemhasbeendesignedto…replayitsopera)onsandtheconferencepar)cipantsof2020cannowwitnesstworecentevents.v LastmonthAirNewZealandflewitslatest‘greenflight’;twelveyearsa[eritsfirstASPIRE-GREENflight.TheflightwastoflyfromLosAngelesdirecttoBrisbane.Becauseoftheairline’sabilitytoadoptnewairtrafficmanagementandnaviga)onconceptsithasbecomeinterna)onallycompe))veon‘long-haul’flights.Unexpectedly,despitemanymeasurestakenovertheprecedingtwodecades,aterroristhastakencontrolofthecockpit-renewingmemoriesoftheNewYork911incident.Instantly,OIESSwasnoRfied.ThesafetyandsecuritystatusoftheincidentweresuchthatkeyNaRonalauthoriReswerenoRfiedimmediatelyandtheaircraKwasconfiguredtoitsautonomousmode.Theplane’sfuturenavigaRonsystemautomaRcallycalculatedanewflightpathtoAuckland’ssecurerunwayandflewitselfandlandedgentlywithprecision.
v A[eralongperiodofdormancytheEgmontVolcanohaseruptedasanexplosiveasherup)on.Fortunatelytheerup)onhasnotbeen‘major’butithasputtheOIESSonalertastheeventhascausedanumberofseriousbushfires.TherainforestpropertyofPukei),locatedbetweenMountTaranaki(Egmont)andPlymouthhasbeenisolatedbyburningtreescrossingroadsprovidingaccessfromthenorthandthesouth.ThelivesofstaffandvisitorstotheinternaRonallyrecognizedgardenandplantcollecRonwereindanger.OIESSdispatcheditsnewautonomousfirevehicletoclearroadsandprepareanexitroute”.
ProceedingsoftheSPATIALSCIENCES&SURVEYINGBIENNIALCONFERENCE2011,Wellington,NewZealand
WelcomeToTeIkaaMauiOIESS2020
VISIONARYCONCEPTS–FUTURESUPPORTSYSTEMS&AUTONOMOUSASSETS
2010s – A Decade of Further Disarray Ø A decade of incidents and events along with organisational change! Ø Unexpected challenges in capability development & education! Ø A LACK OF VISION !
RECALL-FRIDAY15SEPTEMBER1995TheDepartmentofDefenseshouldtransitionfromemphasisonstandardscalemapandchartproductiontoprovidingareadilyaccessiblesourceofdigitalinformationwhichwillsatisfymilitarygeospatial,mapping,chartingandweaponsystemsrequirements.
ReportoftheUSDefenseScienceBoardTaskForceonDefenseMappingforFutureOperaRons-CraigFieldsChairman
AirIncidents Earthquakes
TerroristIncidents
ANDACHANGEINCULTUREFROMANENGINEERINGCULTURETOA‘SOFTSCIENCE/INTELLIGENCECULTURE
Thebeginningofthisdecadewitnessedanarrayofnaturalandman-madeeventsthatseriouslychallengedmanyna)ons’abili)estopredict,respond,recoverandprogressfromtheeffectsoftragicevents.
ICELAND’SEYJAFJALLAJÖKULLVOLCANICERUPTIONHAITI’SANDCHRISTCHURCH’SEARTHQUAKESQUEENSLAND’S,NEWSOUTHWALES’ANDVICTORIA’SFLOODSWESTERNAUSTRALIA’SFIRESJAPAN’SEARTHQUAKESANDTSUNAMISHENNENG1GROUNDINGONTHEGREATBARRIERREEFCONTAINERSHIPRENAGROUNDEDONASTROLABEREEF,NEWZEALANDAndNEPAL
Theerup)onoftheEyja�allajökullvolcanoon14April2010affectedtheeconomic,poli)calandculturalac)vi)esinEuropeandacrosstheworld.Therewasextensiveairtraveldisrup)oncausedbytheclosureofairspaceovermanycountries
On3April2010,ShenNeng1wastransi)ngfromGladstone,QueenslandtoChinacarryingacargoof65,000tonnesofcoal.Sheranagroundaround70kilometresoffGreatKeppelIslandinarestrictedareawhichformspartoftheGreatBarrierReefMarinePark
EVERYINCIDENT&EVERYEVENTHAPPENSSOMEWHEREATSOMETIME
2010s - In a Decade of Further Disarray – Incidents & Events Ø Volcanoes – Earthquakes – Floods – Fires – Tsunamis – Marine Navigation
Withanelectronictabletinhand,Le))aA.LongdemonstratedappstheagencyhasdevelopedincludingtheDisasterAtlas,whichprovidesasuiteofapplica)onsdesignedtosupportfirstresponders,allowingthemtoswaphardcopyatlasesforonlineversions.ThisimprovementallowsNGAtoproducemorethan6,000pagesanhour,providinginstantaneous,refresheddatathroughthehurricanedisasterefforts.Previously,thenormwasprin)ng200pagesanhour.
ThedirectoralsodemonstratedtheAeronauRcalKneepadapp,acollec)onofairportandflightchartdatathatallowspilotstoreplacepoundsofhard-copyreferenceswithdigitalformat,enablinginstantupdatesratherthanstaRc28-dayuseofthecurrentproduct.Thismovetoall-digitalproduc)onwillsavetheagencymillionsinprin)ngcosts.Thisappbeginsbetates)ngwiththeU.S.AirForceAirMobilityCommandOct.17,Longsaid.
16-19OCTOBER2011
ScannedcopiesofSTANDARDAERONAUTICALCHARTS
2011 - In a Decade of Further Disarray – Ø US National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency [NGA]
STANDARDMAPS–ANNOTATEDIMAGERY–SIMPLEGISPRODUCTS
2015 - In a Decade of Further Disarray – Incidents - NEPAL Ø NGA Public Website to Support Nepal Earthquake Relief Efforts MONDAY,20MARCH2015
MARCH8,2014LOST:MH370
JULY17,2014SHOTDOWN:MH17
DECEMBER28,2014WE’VELOSTANOTHERONE:AirAsiaQZ8501
MARCH24,2015SIXMINUTESTODISASTER:Germanwings4U9525
ATERRORISTINCIDENTORANAIRTRAFFICMANAGEMENTPROBLEM?
2010s - In a Decade of Further Disarray – Air Incidents Ø Planes – Highjacked – Lost – Hot Down – Crashed 2014–2014–2014–2015
RAAFcrewonboardOrioninsearchformissingMH370PostedSat22Mar2014,07:30amAEDT
Primary source
Paper maps and charts
& WWII technology
2014 - In a Decade of Further Disarray – Air Incidents - Lost Ø MH370 Saturday,March8Flighttakesoff:MalaysiaAirlinesflightMH370departsat12:41a.m.local)meonSaturday,andisduetolandinBeijingat6:30a.m.onthesameday.Theflightwascarrying227passengersand12crewmembers,Thepassengersareofatleast12differentna)onali)es;allcrewon-boardareMalaysians
AirServices
AMSA
MalaysiaAirlinesplanemissingUpdatedWed12Mar2014,11:49amAEDT
These images should be considered a NATIONAL EMBARRASSMENT
LOST in AUSTRALIAN AIRSPACE
2015 - In a Decade of Further Disarray – 6 Minutes to Disaster Ø 4U9525 DAY 1: TUESDAY MARCH 24 9.01am GMT (10.01am local time) Germanwings Flight 4U9525 takes off from Barcelona, Spain, and is expected to land in Dusseldorf, Germany, 90 minutes later. It is carrying 150 people - 144 passengers and six crew
9.20 9.25 9.30 9.35 9.40
9.40am Radar picks up the last trace of the plane at 6,175ft, around the same height as the top of the peaks in the French Alps 9.41am The plane hits the mountain at 430mph and smashes into pieces no bigger than a small car. There is thought to be a first impact, with the plane skimming the terrain before hurtling into a ravine
Andreas Lubitz presses the button which sets the autopilot on a descent from 38,000ft to 100ft - the lowest possible. The button can only be pressed voluntarily.
9.31am
French air traffic controllers issue the DETRESFA distress signal after seeing the dramatic drop in altitude and failing to get a response from Lubitz. The plane is treated as a priority for a forced landing
9.35am
DETRESFA (DISTRESS PHASE) [ICAO]- The code word used to designate an emergency phase wherein there is reasonable certainty that an aircraft and its occupants are threatened by grave and imminent danger or require immediate assistance.
9.27am The plane reaches its cruising altitude of 38,000ft as it approaches southern France
7July2005-LondonThe7July2005Londonbombings,o[enreferredtoas7/7,wereaseriesofcoordinatedterroristsuicidebomba\acksinCentralLondonwhichtargetedciviliansusingthepublictransportsystemduringthemorningrushhourkilling56people.
12October2002-BaliThe2002BalibombingsoccurredinthetouristdistrictofKutaontheIndonesianislandofBali.Thea\ackkilled202peopleincluding88Australians,38Indonesiansandpeoplefrommorethan20na)ons.
23October2002-MoscowTheMoscowtheaterhostagecrisis,alsoknownasthe2002Nord-Ostsiege,wastheseizureofthecrowdedDubrovkaTheaterby40to50armedChechenmilitants.
9September2004-JakartaThe2004AustralianembassybombingtookplaceinJakarta,Indonesia.AustralianPrimeMinisterJohnHowardexpressedhisuferdismayatthiseventandForeignMinisterAlexanderDownersaidthiswasaimedattheAustralianEmbassyandthattheinves)gatorssuspicionsturntoJemaahIslamiah..
11March2004-MadridThedevasta)ngterrora\acksinMadridsaw10bombsexplodeonfourtrainsinthreesta)onsduringthebusymorningrushhourkilling192peopleandwoundingmorethan1,200.
11July2006-MumbaiTheMumbaitrainbombings.AstringofpowerfulbombsrippedthroughavitalspineofMumbai’scommutertrainsystemduringtheeveningrushhouronTuesday,killingnearly200people,bringingIndia’sfinancialcapitaltoastands)ll.
26-29November2008-Mumbai10membersofanIslamicmilitantorganisa)onbasedinPakistan,carriedoutaseriesof12coordinatedshoo)ngandbombinga\ackslas)ngfourdaysacrossMumbai.Thea\ackswhichdrewwidespreadglobalcondemna)onkilled164peopleandwoundedatleast308.
13November2015-ParisThea\acksinParisbygunmenandsuicidebombershitaconcerthall,amajorstadium,restaurantsandbars,almostsimultaneously-andle[130peopledeadandhundredswounded.
22March2016ThreecoordinatedbombingsoccurredinBrussels:twoattheairportinZaventemandoneatMaalbeekmetrosta)on.Atleast35vic)msand3suicidebomberswerekilledand300peoplewereinjured.
TheParisajacksweredescribedbyPresidentFrancoisHollandeasan"actofwar"organisedbytheIslamicState(IS)militantgroup.
2002-16 - In a Decade of Further Disarray – National Security Ø Critical Infrastructure (selected incidents)
2014 - In a Decade of Further Disarray – [US] Federal GIS Ø .
Letitia A. Long (Director, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency) In conversation with Jack Dangermond
“IamheretodaytosharewithyouhowNGAistransformingfromatradi=onalproductprovider—sta=cmaps,charts,analy=cproducts—intoadynamiccontentandservicesprovider.NGAfacesanumberofchallengesIwouldliketotakeamomenttosharewithyou.Forindustry,weneedyourhelpindevelopingthesecri=calcapabili=es:•Automatedproduc=onofstandardmapsandchartsfortheMapoftheWorld.•Technologysolu=onsthatgiveaccesstotheMapoftheWorldinremoteenvironmentswithlimitedbandwidth.•Andafast-edi=ngcapabilitysowecanrapidlyupdateourdigitalmapdatainacrisis”.
QuesRonfromLisaJenkins,Architect,WebInfrastructureLiaison,SystemManagerGISCoordinator,InternalConsultant,U.S.EnvironmentalProtecRonAgency
Howmuchinforma=onisavailabletothegeneralpublic?Ifsomethingweretohappenlikea911whatwouldyouwantthegeneralpublictodo?
LeRRaLongreplied:AsanintelligenceagencyourmissionisintheNa=onalSecurityarena.Wehavea“space”inthehumanitarianassistance,disasterreliefandrecoveryarena.Attherequestofaleadagencywecanuseourcapabili=esandagroupoffolkstomakesomeinforma=onavailable;forthepublicNO.
Q&A
FRIDAY15SEPTEMBER1995TheDepartmentofDefenseshouldtransitionfromemphasisonstandardscalemapandchartproductiontoprovidingareadilyaccessiblesourceofdigitalinformationwhichwillsatisfymilitarygeospatial,mapping,chartingandweaponsystemsrequirements.
ReportoftheUSDefenseScienceBoardTaskForceonDefenseMappingforFutureOperaRons-CraigFieldsChairman
10-11FEBRUARY2014
Ms.LongearnedaBachelorofScienceinElectricalEngineeringfromVirginiaTechandaMasterofScienceinMechanicalEngineeringfromtheCatholicUniversityofAmerica
WalterE.WashingtonConven)onCenter,Washington,DC
GoogleMapsusessphericaldevelopmentofellipsoidalcoordinates.TheMAPublisherPseudo-MercatorcoordinatesystemisbasedontheWGS84ellipsoidandaprojec)oncalled"pseudo-mercator"whichmathemaRcallytreatsWGS84asasphereandthenappliestheMercatorprojec)onequa)ons.Pseudo-Mercatorisnotarecognisedgeode)csystem.
ThismessageoutlinestherisksassociatedwiththeuseofWebMercator[MAPublisher]applica)onsforUSDoDandGEOINTusercommunityopera)ons.TheNGAGeoma)csOfficehasassessedtheuseofWebMercatorandothernon-WGS84spa)alreferencesystemsmaycausegeo-loca)on/geo-coordinateerrorsupto40,000meters.Thiserroneousgeospa)alposi)oninginforma)onposesanunacceptablerisktoglobalsafetyofnavigaRonacRviRes,anddepartmentofdefense,intelligencecommunity,andalliedpartnersystems,missions,andoperaRonsthatrequireaccurateandpreciseposiRoningandnavigaRoninformaRon.TheNGAGeoma)csOfficeremindsthecommunitytouseDoDapprovedWorldGeode)cSystem1984(WGS84)applica)onsforallmissioncri)calac)vi)es”.
[US]NaRonalGeospaRal-IntelligenceAgencyAdvisoryNoRceon"WebMercator"October01,2014
2010s - In a Decade of Further Disarray – Google Maps Ø A question of ‘fit for use’
Fromacartographicmapdesignperspec)veGoogleMapsarepoor.ThemostsignificantissuewithGoogleMapsthoughconcernsthecoordinatesystem.
WARNINGREGARDINGUSEOFGOOGLEMAPS
2013
Head,VisionImplementaRonTeamMaryM.IrvinBAinbiologyfromBostonCollege.MasterofSciencedegreeintechnologymanagementfromtheUniversityofMarylandUniversityCollege
2015NeilOrmeUniversityofSydneyBA,AsianStudiesCanberraCollegeofAdvancedEduca)onGradDipinAppliedEconomics
2014MariaFernandezMariaisagraduateoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolAdvancedManagementProgram.
2008CliveLinesMelbourneUniversitywithanhonoursdegreeinFrenchlanguageandliterature.
2010-ChrisEkinsS&TAdvisorGII&StoDIGO/AGOandDefenceGIProjectsBPhysicsLeedsUniversity
NGAInnoVisionDirectorBertBeaulieuBSinForestryfromtheUniversityofMassachuse\s,twoyearsofgraduatestudiesinTreePhysiologyattheUniversityofMinnesota,andanMBAfromVirginiaTech
2010HelenOwensDirectorCapabilityCoordinatorforGeospa)alInforma)on.MonashUniversitywithaBachelorofBusiness
DirectorsDefenceImagery&GeospaRalOrganisaRon(DIGO)/AGO
2010s - In a Decade of Further Disarray – Domain Experts Ø The Question of Formal Qualification & Expertise
WHEREARETHEDOMAINEXPERTS?
Arepresenta)veselec)on
The 1960s The Early Days …
The 1970s A Decade of Vision …
The 1980s A Decade of Innovation…
The 1990s A Decade of Uncertainty…
The 2000s A Decade of Disarray…
The 2010s Further Disarray…
Dr Bob’s Odyssey and Vision – Experience ! Topographic Surveyor - Cartographer
Seminar/workshopGISandAutomatedcartography-1991Amemorablemoment–Duringmypresenta=ononTechniquesinStructuringDigitalGeographicDataIwastalkingaboutspa=alrela=onsandnotedthat“atessella=onshouldbeinfinitelyrecursivelydecomposableintosimilarpafernsofsmallersize”.
My VISION A Virtual World and an Intelligent [Artificial] Cartographer]
AtthatpointaSergeantstoodupandsaid‘DoctorBob!”[saidwiththeinflec=onbyFozzieBearonTheMuppetsTVshowwhenaddressingDrBobinthemedicalparodyskit“Ve=narian’sHospital”.]
CHALLENGESANDVISION
60M
100M
350M
MeeRngAnEnvironmentalCrisisBrisbaneRiverValleytotheDarling
Amonitoredandcontrolledwatermanagementsystemusingsolarandwindpowerforfloodmi)ga)onand
distribu)onacrosstheGreatDividingRange
Modelling and Simulation Of
Visionary Water Management Systems
205M
It’s time for imagination and innovation!
An Experimental Prototype Facility
KNOWYOURWORLD
VirtualWorldHolograms
VirtualAdvisersAvatars
WELCOMETOACOMET
Photo:ESA
The European Space Agency's Rosetta mission
THE ROSETTA MISSION November 12, 2014
Thisisabigstepforhumancivilisation.OurambitiousRosettamissionhassecuredanotherplaceinthehistorybooksWe'veturnedsciencePictionintosciencefacttoday
The farther backward you can look, the farther forward you can see.
Winston Churchill
Indoc4discantetamentmeminisseperi4
VidereParareEst ToSeeistobePrepared
HeretheUnlearnedMayLearnandtheLearnedMayReflectonWhatTheyKnewBefore