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Alternative feed ingredients – real options or just a nice idea?
Dr. Brian Richert
Department of Animal Sciences
Background
• Biofuels: Is it the savior?
• Reduce Dependency on Foreign Oil
• Improve the Environment
• Reinvest in rural America
• Decrease Government subsidies to Farmers due to higher grain prices
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U.S. Corn Utilization
Source: Nicolle Rager Fuller, National Science Foundation, 2005
2010 – 37%
2010 – 12.5 Bil. Bu
2010 – 13%2010 – 34%
2010 – 13%
Energy and Amino Acid Sources
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• Pigs don’t require corn & SBM
• Corn-SBM diets typically provide the “best” nutrition at the lowest cost
• In times of high corn and SBM prices, producers can make $ using alternate feed ingredients
Ingredient Substitutions
Is the nutrient composition suited to swine feeding?
• Check composition tables & lab analyses
• Are the nutrients available to the pig? If not, why bother feeding it?
• Is there a palatability issue?
• Potential for nutrient imbalances
– Ca-P or Amino Acids?
• Mycotoxins or other anti-nutritional factors
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Are there added costs of utilizing the by-product?
• Added transportation
• Storage
• Processing equipment
• Facility modifications
• Additional labor
• Feed wastage
• Reduced facility & equipment life
• More mgnt time
• Manure problems
• Increased health risk
• Reduced performance due to product variability
Energy Replacement Options for Corn
Ingredient $/ton ME / lb Cost/1000 ME
Corn 240-250 1550 0.0790
Sorghum 228-233 1515 0.0759
Wheat-feed grade 300-325 1455 0.1074
Wheat Midds 166-174 1370 0.0620
Barley 196 1322 0.0741
Oats 256 1230 0.1041
Pulverized Oats 140-145 1230 0.0578
Soybean hulls 145-190 1064 0.0775
DDGS 195-210 1560 0.0657
Corn Gluten feed 142-160 1180 0.0636
Hominy Feed 180-190 1455 0.0636
Bakery By-product 260-280 1680 0.0804
Choice White Grease 880-920 3608 0.1247
Prices from USDA and Feedstuffs March, 2011
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Energy Replacement Options for Corn
Ingredient $/ton ME / lb Cost/1000 ME
Corn 206-216 1550 0.0671
Sorghum 204-218 1515 0.0696
Wheat-feed grade 202-215 1455 0.0716
Wheat Midds 145-175 1370 0.0584
Barley 219 1322 0.0741
Oats 212 1230 0.0862
Pulverized Oats 138-145 1230 0.0575
Soybean hulls 150-205 1064 0.0705
DDGS 175-190 1560 0.0593
Corn Gluten feed 145-190 1180 0.0742
Hominy Feed 195-205 1455 0.0687
Bakery By-product 260-280 1680 0.0804
Choice White Grease 800-860 3608 0.1109
Prices from USDA and Feedstuffs Jan.2-Jan.13, 2012
Digestible Lysine Replacement Options for Corn
Ingredient $/ton dLys , % Cost / lb Lys
Corn 206-216 .203 51.72
Sorghum 204-218 .178 59.27
Wheat-feed grade 202-215 .275 37.57
Wheat Midds 145-175 .507 15.78
Barley 219 .324 33.80
Oats 212 .304 34.87
Pulverized Oats 138-145 .304 23.19
Soybean hulls 150-205 .419 20.80
DDGS 175-190 .484 19.11
Corn Gluten feed 145-190 .416 21.03
Hominy Feed 195-205 .247 40.49
Bakery By-product 260-280 .208 64.90
SBM, 48% 295-315 2.718 5.61
Prices from USDA and Feedstuffs Nov. 30-Dec. 2, 2011
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How much Alternative Feed Ingredients to Use?
• It depends!
• Stage of Production / Age of Pig
– Carcass implications
• What is your ingredient costs
– $4-4.50 or $6-7 corn
• What is your environmental status?
– Can you use more manure N and P?
Low Quality,
Less Digestible
DDGS
High Quality,
Highly Digestible
DDGS
Effect of Processing Method on DDGS Quality
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DDGS Nutrition Options
• Energy
• Amino Acids (Protein)
• Phosphorus
Variations in Distillers Dried Grains w/solubles from 36 New Generation Plants
Swine Digestibility
• Protein 63.5 – 84.3% - 72.8 Avg.
• Lysine 43.9 – 77.9% - 62.3 Avg.
• Threonine 61.9 – 82.5% - 70.7 Avg.
• Tryptophan 54.2 – 80.1% - 69.9 Avg.
• Methionine 73.7 – 89.2% - 81.9 Avg.
• Phosphorus– .77 - .90% Tot.P vs Corn at .28% Tot.P (15% Dig.)
– 35-85% Digestible; Avg. 59%
• Stein, 2007
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Quick Check on AA Availability
• Use the ratio of total lysine to CP of 2.80
• Example: DDGS has 0.83% Lys and 30% CP
– 0.83 / 0.30 = 2.76
– 0.83 / 0.28 = 2.96
– 0.78 / 0.30 = 2.60
• As CP goes up so should analyzable lysine
Nursery: Performance 12-20 lbs
Exp. 2 (Phase 2)
0.000.100.200.300.400.500.600.700.800.901.00
ADG 0.57 0.58 0.49 0.50 0.45 0.47
ADFI 0.72 0.83 0.67 0.64 0.67 0.62
G:F 0.65 0.62 0.65 0.59 0.62 0.62
0%
DDGS
5%
DDGS
10%
DDGS
15%
DDGS
20%
DDGS
25%
DDGS
Gain P = 0.57
Feed Intake P = 0.05
G:F P = 0.70 Whitney and Shurson, 2004
20 or 25% DDGS
Gain = 1.5 lb lighter after 2 weeks
Consumed 2 lb less Feed
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Nursery: Performance 25-50 lbs
Exp. 5
11.11.21.31.41.51.61.71.8
ADG 1.32 1.32 1.28 1.22 1.23
ADFI 1.79 1.76 1.72 1.65 1.65
F:G 1.35 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.34
Control10%
DDGS
20%
DDGS
30%
DDGS
40%
DDGS
Gain P < 0.01
Feed Intake P < 0.01
F:G P = 0.79
a aba bb
aa bab b
Gaines et al. 2006
30 or 40% DDGS
Gain = 1.5 lb lighter after 2 weeks
Consumed 2 lb less Feed
Feeding DDGS to Finisher Pigs
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Increasing levels of DDGS on Grower pig ADG
1.972.03
2.072.042.06
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.3
0 5 10 15 20
0
5
10
15
20
Percent Distillers
Linneen et al., 2007; KSU
lb/d
DDGS, P < 0.06
SE=0.033
Increasing levels of DDGS on Grow-Finish pig ADG
1.841.831.891.87
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.1
0 10 20 30
0
10
20
30
Percent DistillersDiets balanced on an Avail. AA Basis
Linneen et al., 2005, KSU
lb/d
DDGS linear, P < 0.10
2.162.182.23
2.27
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
0 10 20 30
0
10
20
30
DDGS linear, P < 0.01
Fu et al., 2004, Univ. of Missouri
lb/d
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Effect on Carcass Weight
180
190
200
210
220
0% DDGS 10% DDGS 20% DDGS 30% DDGS
DDGS treatment
Carc
ass w
eig
ht,
lb
s
Diet, P = 0.04
- 6.0 lbs- 6.5 lbs
- 9.5 lbs
Fu et al. 2003
a ab ab b
Increasing levels of DDGS on Finishing pig Variability
10.4
8.3
7.156.92
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 10 20 30
0
10
20
30
Percent DistillersWhitney et al., 2006
CV, %
DDGS, P < 0.02SE=0.74
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40% DDGS and 5% Fat
• 40% DDGS decreased ADG 11% (2.27 vs 2.04 lb/d), ADFI 6.3%, FE 4.3% in Exp. 1
– 40% DDGS decreased Carcass Wt 19.2 lb over a 69 day feeding period.
• Decreased ADG 6.2% (1.80 vs 1.69 lb/d), ADFI 4%, FE 2.3% and 10 lb carcass wt. in Exp. 2 over 70 days.
• Added Beef Tallow , Palm oil, coconut, or stearic fat could not restore growth
Feoli, et al., 2008
60% DDGS in GF20% DDGS 60% DDGS P<
B G B G DDGS
D 0-78
ADG 1.96 1.91 1.85 1.83 0.001
ADFI 5.22 4.89 5.17 4.84 NS
FG 2.67 2.56 2.79 2.64 0.001
BW, lb 233.4 226.8 223.4 221.2 0.001
Jowl IV 69.9 72.5 80.7 83.8 0.001
Switch 60% to 20% d 78-99
ADG 2.40 2.30 2.54 2.47 0.01
Final BW 281.7 273.5 275.9 271.3 0.02
Carcass Wt
210.3 203.1 204.7 199.6 0.01
Jowl IV 71.1 74.4 80.2 82.2 0.05
Bergstrom et al., 2010
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Sow Research
• Hill et al., 2005 (Lactation)– 15% DDGS vs 5% BP
– No effect on Lactation performance
– Slight reduction in fecal P• Urinary P?
• Univ. of Kentucky (1995)– Can go as high as 40% DDGS in Gestation
• 80% DDGS decreased litter size by about 1 pig
– Can go as high as 80% CGF in Gestation
Sow Research
• Univ. of Minn.– Can go as high as 50% in Gestation
• Sows eat slowly at 50%, but will consume allotment
– 20% in Lactation
– Warning – need to start Gestation DDGS before Lactation or Lactation FI will be Decreased
– Up to 30% DDGS or HP DDGS, No prefeeding DDGS in Gestation - 2010
– High DDGS feeding can lead to discounts on cull sows due to poor fat quality
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DDGS and Pork Quality
• Processing/Handling issues
– Fat firmness (IV values increase to 75-80)
– Shelf-life
– Export marketing- decrease in marbling score and increase in fat separation from the lean
– Increased problems with processed products
• Potential human health issues
– n-6:n-3
• n-6 increases drastically (doubles)
– Fatty acid composition – high linoleic (18:2)
Impact of DDGS on Iodine Value
• Increase in IV for each 10% DDGS
– Backfat - 2.4 units
– Jowl - 1.6 units
– Belly - 3.0 units
KSU Summary, 11/2007
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Different Levels of DDGS on Belly Quality
0%, no Added Fat
30% DDGS
20% DDGS
10% DDGS
0% DDGS + ~ 3% Added Fat (CWG)
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Iodine Value
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
Corn-SBM Control 25% DDGS 25% DDGS + 5.3% RG
P < 0.0001
62.54c ± 0.607
71.15b ± 0.600
79.64a ± 0.600
Bacon Slice Yield
Dietary treatment
Percent relative
change from dietarytreatment1,2 SE
Corn-SBM Control 0.0a ----
25% DDGS -2.95a 2.64
25% DDGS + 5.3% RG -18.46b 2.64
1 n=40 per dietary treatment2 Means followed by different superscripts differ, P<0.01
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Consumer Purchase Intent
Corn-SBM
Control
25%
DDGS
25% DDGS
+ 5.3% RG
Uncooked bacon
Would purchase 70.68 72.18 47.32
Might or might not purchase 21.05 20.30 29.46
Would not purchase 8.27 7.52 23.21
Cooked bacon
Would purchase 68.65 67.67 50.45
Might or might not purchase 24.63 24.81 28.83
Would not purchase 6.72 7.52 20.72
Increasing levels of DDGS on Pork Quality
Cont. NF
Cont. +
~ 3% CWG
10% 20% 30%
Belly bending, %
Barrows 100ax 96ax 91ax 59bx 49bx
Gilts 80ax 82ax 67aby 44bcy 27cy
%BF – loin Separation
25.0 16.7 66.7 75.0 91.7
abcMeans within a row are significantly different (P< 0.05).xyMeans within a column are significantly different (P< 0.05). Weimer et al., 2007
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Can the Belly and Loin problems be fixed?
• Withdrawal Programs?
• 3-4 or 6-8 week DDGS withdrawal
• Interaction with Ractopamine feeding?
• Increased Tallow feeding 4 or 8 weeks?
• Combinations of withdrawal, Fats, CLA?
Effect of 30% DDGS withdrawal time on dressing percent
77.1
75.976.5
77.1
72.0
74.0
76.0
78.0
80.0
Control none 3 wk 6 wk
30% DDGS
Ye
ild
, %
JBS United 2007
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Impact of 25% DDGS Withdrawal and Ractopamine
DDGS 0 0 25 25 25-4 25-4
RAC - + - + - +
Mkt Wt. 267.4 285.4 260.4 274.6 270.5 280.9
Yield, % 74.7 75.5 74.4 75.3 74.3 75.9
Carcass Wt. 199.7 215.4 193.5 206.8 200.2 213.2
Purdue University 2007
Sows and Brat Quality
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Taste Panel Evaluation
Consumer Preference on Fresh Bratwurst Purchase
GestationDDGS
LactationDDGS
Purchase UndecidedWould not purchase
0
0 80.49 12.20 7.32
15 71.43 23.81 4.7630 68.29 24.39 7.32
15
0 73.17 21.95 4.88
15 65.00 30.00 5.0030 65.85 29.27 4.88
30
0 52.50 27.50 20.00
15 53.84 20.51 25.6430 42.50 45.00 12.50
P<0.016
Possible Sow Body Fat Changes
• Assume sows are 65 IV points, sold two weeks after farrowing.– Fed 20% DDGS, now 71.4
– Fed 30% DDGS, now 74.6
– Fed 40% DDGS, now 77.8
– Fed 50% DDGS, now 81.0
• Long Term use of DGGS may create a change in CWG FA profiles – reflective of the DDGS fed to slaughter animals!
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Other Economic concerns• IF PERFORMANCE IS REDUCED
• What is time worth?
– Need time to put on more weight
– 3 lbs in nursery, 10-25 lb GF
– 1-2 more weeks – extra $0.70-$1.50
– Another 6.5 lb/d feed = 40-100 lb more feed (at 0.11/lb = $4.40-11 more feed)
– OR 4-15 lb less carcass X $0.75 = $3.00 -$11.25 less Income / pig
– How much feed cost did you save?
How much DDGS to Use?• It depends!
• Stage of Production / Age of Pig
– Carcass implications
• What is your ingredient costs
– $4-4.50 or $6-7 corn
• What is your environmental status?
– Can you use more manure N and P?
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Recommended Use of DDGS in Swine Diets
My Maximum Use RecommendationsNursery – 0, 5, 10, 20%Grow-finish – 30, 40, 40, 10%Lactation – 25%Gestation – 50%
Increased Lysine use
Decreased
Threonine,
Methionine
Dical or Monocal
My Optimal Use RecommendationsNursery – 0, 0, 7.5, 15%Grow-finish – 20, 25, 25, 0%Lactation – 10%Gestation – 30%
Increasing Wheat Midds in Nursery pig diets
Corn Soy –Control 0% WM
5% WM 10% WM 20% WM Linear P<
26-52 lb
ADG, lb 1.27 1.25 1.25 1.21 0.05
ADFI, lb 2.08 2.08 1.99 1.97 0.004
F/G 1.64 1.66 1.60 1.63 0.36
D 21 wt, lb 52.90 52.43 52.25 51.53 0.01
Bulk Density lb/bu
53.09 50.69 47.80 43.18
De Jong et al., 2011
Wheat midds replaced about 1.2% SBM and 3.8% Corn for every 5% inclusion
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Wheat midds (%): 0 10 20 40 60
Light or clean midds
Daily gain, lb 1.81 1.78 1.72 1.70 1.59
Daily feed, lb 5.93 6.12 5.99 5.99 5.85
Feed:gain 3.27 3.42 3.49 3.54 3.70
Heavy or starchy midds
Daily gain, lb 1.83 1.76 1.83 1.72 1.65
Daily feed, lb 5.99 5.81 5.94 5.72 6.17
Feed:gain 3.27 3.29 3.25 3.35 3.74
Increasing wheat midds in Grow-finish pig diets
Light midds – 18-20 lb/cu ft; Heavy midds – 22-24 lb/cu ft Cromwell, 1997
20% DDGS and increasing Wheat Midds in Grow-finish
Corn Soy -Control
DDGS + 0% WM
DDGS + 10% WM
DDGS + 20% WM
Linear P<
100-295 lb
ADG, lb 2.32 2.29 2.22 2.19 0.01
F/G 3.00 3.06 3.09 3.11 0.01
HCWT 220.7 216.3 210 206.4 0.01
Barnes et al., 2010
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Increasing DDGS and increasing Wheat Midds in Grow-finish
Corn Soy –Control + 2.4% CWG
15% DDGS +6.25% WM +1.2%CWG
30% DDGS +12.5% WM
Linear P<
106-270 lb
ADG, lb 2.22 2.17 2.12 0.001
F/G 2.86 2.91 3.01 0.001
HCWT 201.3 196.9 192.5 0.001
Yield, % 73.4 73.0 72.4 0.01
Bulk Density -8.2% -16.3%
Barnes et al., 2011
No effect of 4,000 units xylanase to improve growth performance
Hominy Feed in Grow-finish
Hominy 0 12.5% 25% 37.5% Linear P<
D0-84
ADG, lb 2.24 2.13 2.11 2.05 0.01
ADFI, lb 6.32 5.90 5.91 5.72 0.01
F/G 2.82 2.78 2.80 2.78 0.35
D0 Wt., lb 79.4 78.8 79.4 79.6 0.68
D84 Wt., lb 268.2 257.8 258.9 253.3 0.01
Potter et al., 2010
Hominy is the corn bran, germ, and some starch from corn grits/flour industry
CP=9.5%, Fat = 4.5%, CF = 2.8%
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Soyhulls in Finishing pig diets
Soyhulls 0 3 6 9 9 + 4% Fat
Signif.
Wk 0-4
ADG, lb 2.05 2.19 1.85 1.92 2.14 L 0.04
G:F .310 .326 .310 .306 .337 Q.10
Wk 4-8
ADG, lb 2.02 1.98 1.93 1.90 1.97 L 0.10
G:F .279 .274 .271 .252 .275 L 0.03
Wk 0-8
ADG, lb 2.03 2.08 1.89 1.91 2.05 L 0.01
G:F .294 .295 .288 .276 .302 L 0.02
Bowers et al., 2000
Extrusion of Corn, Sorghum, Wheat or Barley for finishing pigs
Corn Sorghum Wheat Barley
Grd Ext Grd Ext Grd Ext Grd Ext
ADG,lb 2.22 2.22 2.19 2.13 2.12 2.09 1.97 1.95
ADFI, lb
6.58 6.29 6.83 6.05 6.80 6.34 6.54 6.30
F/G 2.96 2.83 3.12 2.84 3.21 3.03 3.32 3.23
F/G % Improv.
4.4 9.0 5.6 2.7
DM Dig 86.7 91.4 88.8 90.2 86.0 85.9 75.9 82.4
N Dig 81.8 88.0 79.7 84.4 85.4 85.4 70.5 78.8
Hancock et al., 1992
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Enzyme Use with By-products
• Match enzyme to substrate
• Increase energy and or AA digestibility
• Denature anti-nutritional factors
– Xylanase
– Glucanase
– Mannanase
– Galactosidases
– Amylase
– Proteases
– Cellulase and Hemi-cellulases
Recommend Inclusion rates of alternative feed stuffs
• Range based on composition
– Energy (lipid and fiber limits)
– Amino acids
– Cost of the nutrients
– Feed Flowability and processing
– Bulk density – deliver only 20 or 21 tons vs 25 tons?
– Consistency – eg. Low or high fat DDGS
– Lowest in Nursery
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Adding Feed Ingredients to the Mill
• Space / Electrical
• Feed System capabilities
• 35 ton tank - $10,000
• Product availability?
– Sourcing through marketers or nutritionists
• Product fit?
• Return on investment
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Economics of Swine Nutrition
• Cost per ton of feed• Cost per unit of lysine• Cost per unit of digestible lysine• Cost per unit of digestible energy• Total feed cost per pig marketed• Cost per lb of gain• Cost per lb carcass sold
• For Every 0.01 improvement in F:G will decrease total feed costs by $0.28-0.30/pig
Boyd, 2008
Thank you!
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Questions?
Swine Nutrient Excretion Issues with DDGS
• N excretion increases 15-200+%
– Ammonia emissions?
• P can be managed by decreases MCP/DCP
• Increased DM excretion/Increased solids? Increased Sludge?
• Crust formation? Flies? Ammonia?
• Increased Sulfur – Hydrogen sulfide Emissions?
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New Fractionation Processes will change DDGS and it’s nutritional value
• Degerming– Press the oil to human or Bio-diesel
– Reduces oil and may reduce P
• Dehulling– Reduces fiber
• Seperation post-fermentation– Fiber and/or oil removed
• Syrup levels used and fractioning or recycling
Comparison of Conventional DDGS and Fractionated Products
Conventional Fractionation Process
Ethanol 2.8 gal 2.8 gal
DDGS 17 lb 7 lb
Germ --- 4 lb
Fiber/ hull
--- 4 lb
Corn Oil
(2 lb) 2 lb
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Dakota Gold Products• Distillers wet Grains• Dakota Gold - DDGS• Dakota Gold – HP
– Endosperm fraction• Corn Germ Dehydrated
– Germ fraction• Dakota Bran
– Fiber plus solubles in a wet cake, dry or pellet• Modified Distillers Grain• Corn Condensed Distillers Solubles
• Using BPX™ and BFrac™ Technologies
Dakota Gold Product Profiles(As Fed)
DDGS DDGS-HP
Corn Germ
Dakota Branb
SBM, 48% CP
CP 26.6 41.0 15.6 13.7 47.5
Lys 0.89 1.19 0.82 ? 3.02
M+C 1.25 1.81 0.74 ? 1.41
Thre 1.01 1.63 0.57 ? 1.85
Tryp 0.28 0.36 0.20 ? 0.68
Fat 9.7 3.0 17.8 8.1 0.5
Fiber 6.1 6.9 5.1 ??? 3.4
MEa 1647 1695 1844 ??? 1533
Phos 0.79 0.37 1.40 0.61 0.69 a Corn ME = 1505b only 52% DM
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Rapid Lab Tests for Quality
Stein, Pahm, and Pedersen, 2005
• One-Step pepsin digest – R2 = 0.52• Two-Step pepsin-pancreatin digest – R2 = 0.79• Color – R2 = 0.53-0.67 • KOH Solubility – R2 = 0.47• Furosine – R2 =0.71• Reactive lysine – R2 = 0.66
• IDEA Value (Novus) vs. True Lys Dig. (Poultry) – R2 = 0.88
• Urriola et al., 2007• Include Color, ADF, NDF, Hemicell., Starch (tot, insol, and sol.),
Part. Size, Sol CP, CP, Insol CP– Dig. CP R2=.78-.80– Dig. Lys R2= .57-.44
SBM vs DDGS• DDGS contains 57% of the protein of SBM
– (27.3/47.5)
• DDGS contains 28% of the total lysine of SBM– (.84/3.02)
• DDGS contains 20% of the available lysine– (.52/2.57)
• This is why it replaces a greater percentage of Corn in the diet than SBM in monogastric diets (65 Corn:22 SBM:11 Fat) + Lysine
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Replacement ratio strategies with DDGS + Lysine
• 65 Corn : 22 SBM : 11 Fat : 1 Dical– PU
• 57.0 Corn : 42.5 SBM– Univ. ILL
• 88.5 Corn : 10 SBM : 3 Dical– Univ. of Missouri
• It comes down to the quality of DDGS and AA availability!
