Slide 1

Improving Finish Pig Viability by Using the Feed Enzyme Xylanase

R. Dean Boyd, PhD1 and Cate Rush, MSci.

The Hanor Company1Adjunct Professor of Animal Nutrition

North Carolina State and Iowa State Universities

Leman Swine Conference, 2015Feed Enzymes to Enhance Growth and Viability

Slide 2

Presentation Framework:Most Important Benefit of Dietary Xylanase is Improving Viability in Growing Pigs.

Financial Value of Improved ViabilityFirst DEMO that Xylanase Improves Finish Viability and it was Dose-relatedViability Response under High and Low Immune ResponsePossible Mechanism – Shift in Microbiome Balance ?

Viability is a Powerful KPI in Pig Production –Probing for Profit Opportunity: 2015

How much change in Key Performance variables is required to – Improve Net Income by $1.50 per 282 lb base pig given 2015 Projections. NO. Pigs is a Powerful driver (Fr. McCulley Financial Model)

0.71 Carcass Price, $/Cwt (most powerful single factor) Revenue

1.00 Pigs/Mated Sow/Year Weaned

Production

0.78 W-F Mortality and Off-Grade Pigs, %

Production

11.8 Live Weight Increase over 282 Projection, lbs

Production

0.049 W-F FCR Improvement, 2015 Feed Cost ($225/ton) Cost

0.034 W-F FCR Improvement, 2013 Feed Cost ($325/ton) Cost

4.08 W-F Feed Cost, $/ton Cost

First DEMO that Xylanase Improved ViabilityN = 1116 Feeder - Finish Pigs, HI health from 25-280 lbsDiets contained Corn Germ, DDGS, HF-Rice Bran (NDF, 16.3%)

Research Memo 2012-18 by Remus, Hall, Rush and Boyd 2013

SEM 1.08, Quadratic P=0.034

0 4000 8000 120000.0%

1.0%

2.0%

3.0%

4.0%

5.0%

6.0%

7.0%Mortality, %

Basis for the Apparent Adverse Effect of a Xylanse Dose on Pig Viability ?

The Quadratic nature of Viability response to Xylanase dose is possibly due to excessive Xylose production, which, in excess, can compromise the Gut and Enteric Health. For example, provision of Xylanase to the Immediately Weaned Pig causes negative effects on stool integrity and health. We believe that Xylanase may have to be dosed in gradually.In Practice, we initiate diet Xylanase after at 25 lbs and at 70% of the Finish Pig dose.

Dose Response Assay of Dietary Xylanase on Pig Viability in a Commercial Environment – 25 to 300 lbs

Cate Rush, Megan Angell, Amanda Elsbernd, Tim Fakler, Janet Remus and R. Dean Boyd

BasisThe Feed Enzyme, Xylanase, has been observed to improve Viability in Commercial Poultry studies (p.c. Remus), and this is consistent with two of our studies.

ObjectiveCalibrate the dose-related response to Porzyme Xylanase for Viability and Growth of Pigs raised in a Commercial environment and in the 25-300 lb phase.

Hanor Research Memo 2014-12

Experimental Method

Animals2124 Pigs placed in a Commercial Research Facility. Barn has 2 Rooms with 36 Pens each.PIC GeneticsGender balanced but Penned separately64 Pens in total with 33 Pigs placed/Pen (32-35 pigs) o 4 Pens per room set apart as MED pens for respective Diets

EU = PenInitial weight, 25.7 + 0.4 lbs Final weight, 304 + 1.2 lbsPens allocated within WT block and gender to Diet TRT16 Pens per Xylanase dose for ca. 530 Pigs each

Experimental Method

Diets – Porzyme Xylanase Diets Formulated to be Nutrient Adequate (PIC 2011) 6 Diet Phases: Nurse 4, Finish 1-5 2 Diets Manufactured per phase (0, 9000 U/kg) 2 Diets Summit blended to form 0, 3000, 6000, 9000 U/kg Pigs Removed to Medical Pens on respective Diets

Pigs Harvested at Triumph Food at Avg 304 lbs WT

Key Measures –WB ADG, FCRCarcass Yield, Carcass ADG and FCRMortality, Medical Treatment, Off-grade Market Pigs

Ingredient Composition: Selected Diets

Ingredient, % as fed Nursery 4 Finish 1 Finish 3

Finish 5Corn, 8.5% CP 650 u 953 958 1165 1283Soybean meal 47.5% 548 464 266 155Corn DDGS 300 300 300 300Wheat MIDDS 100 200 200 200Fat CWG 20 20 20 20Limestone 24.7 25 24.1 23.7Monocalcium Phos 21% 11.4 3 0 0Salt 8 8 8 8VTM Premix 2 2 2 2Porzyme Premix +1 +1 +1 +1Amino Acids + Other (FTU) 31.9 19.0 14.9 8.3

Total 2000.0 2000.0 2000.0 2000.0

Improved Viability with Porzyme Xylanase is Dose-Related – LO Immune Stress (25 to 300 lbs)

SEM, 0.98 Linear, P = 0.175

Rush, Remus and Boyd, 2014 (Res Memo 2014-12)

Y=3.942-0.000202x, P=0.168

Improved Viability with Porzyme Xylanase is Dose-Related – LO Immune Stress (25 to 300 lbs)

SEM, 0.98 Linear, P = 0.175

Rush, Remus and Boyd, 2014 (Res. Memo 2014-12)

Y=98.828-0.000202x, P=0.168

Xylanase Dose, U/kg Diet Statistics

Criterion 0 3000 6000 9000 SEM Linear QuadNo. Pigs 520 528 545 531 - - -No. Pens 16 16 16 16 - - -Start WT, lbs 25.8 25.9 25.7 25.6 0.4 0.636 0.847Final WT, lbs 305.5 301.2 303.7 305.5 1.2 0.686 0.014DOF, d 148.8 150.8 151.4 149.9 0.8 0.261 0.027

WB ADG, lbs/d * 1.87 1.82 1.82 1.86 0.01 0.616 0.001WB FCR 2.61 2.62 2.60 2.58 0.02 0.160 0.443

Farm Carcass Yield, % 73.90 74.01 74.13 74.26 0.002 0.160 0.951Carc ADG, lbs/d 1.39 1.36 1.37 1.39 0.01 0.825 0.001Carc FCR 3.51 3.49 3.44 3.45 0.02 0.015 0.567

Growth Response to Increasing Porzyme Xylanase Dose in Pigs under LO Immune Stress (25 to 300 lbs)

Research Memo 2014-12

Xylanase Dose, U/kg Diet Statistics

Criterion 0 3000 6000 9000 SEM Linear QuadNo. Pigs 520 528 545 531 - - -No. Pens 16 16 16 16 - - -WB WT, lb/p 305.5 301.2 303.7 305.5 1.2 0.686 0.014

CalculatedMKT Pigs/1000 960 965 978 976 - - -WB Pen Gain, lb 8599 8663 9109 8984 34.9

Carc Pen Gain lb 6355 6411 6753 6672 25.8

Total Pen Gain in Response to Increasing Porzyme Xylanase Dose in Pigs (25 to 300 lbs)

Research Memo 2014-12

TOTAL Pen Gain is a better descriptor than ADG IF Viability is a Treatment Effect

Financial Evaluation of DoseROF per Pig based on Improved Viability (Total Lbs Retained) and Improved Individual Carcass FCR.

Assumed: $90/CCwt, Trial Performance and $0.40 per ton for each 3000 U Xylanase.

Porzyme, U/kg DietFeed, $/ton 0 3000 6000 9000

250 - -0.75 2.03 2.76350 - -0.30 1.89 2.41

Control Hostazyme Xylanase0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

3.4%

2.3%

Pig Mortality in a Parallel Study 2629 Pigs (25-300 lbs)

Dietary Treatment

Mor

talit

y, %

P = 0.1881500 EPU/kg complete diet

Hanor Exp. 2014-12 b

Are There Other Examples of Xylanase ?

In Fact, there were but the UK Researchers only summarized ADG and FCR Data until prompted by our Observation.

4-Trials Existed: Courtesy of Dr. Pete Wilcock but before that . . .4453 Total Pigs under Commercial Conditions (side x side trials)AVG Initial Lbs 31 kg (68 lbs)AVG Final Lbs 115 kg (253 lbs)Control = 7.2% vs Competitor Xylanase = 4.8%

Trial 10

0.51

1.52

2.53

3.5 3.2

1.9

40 kg to 105 kg

Control competitor X

Mor

talit

y %

Trial 20

0.51

1.52

2.53

3.54

4.53.9

2.6

48 kg to 115 kg

Control Competitor XM

orta

lity

%

Trials 1, 2: Total of 1552 pigs and 1547 pigs respectively. Farm Trial under typical commercial conditions, wheat based diets, UK

Competitor Xylanase: Response under High Health Conditions

Trial 1: Total of 384 pigs under Research Conditions (C-S base; USA)Trial 2: Total of 970 pigs under Commercial Conditions (Wheat base; UK)

Competitor Xylanase: Response under LO Health Conditions

Trial 302468

1012 10.94

5.73

8 kg to 130 kg

Control Competitor X

Mor

talit

y %

Trial 402468

1012 10.68

8.92

28 kg to 108 kg

Control Competitor X

Mor

talit

y +

Mor

bidi

ty %

A Possible Mechanism by Which Xylanase Improves Finish Pig Viability

Xylanases breakdown cell wall NSP esp. Arabino-Xylans to smallers Xylo Oligomers. The latter are Prebiotic Oligosaccharides which as fermented support the growth of beneficial gut microflora which suppress growth of pathogenic bacteria.This shift in Microbiome Balance is due to a change in substrate type, which favors beneficial bacteria. Pathogens tend to use Protein based substrates. Butyric acid is also produced which is important to epithelial cell growth.The beneficial Microbiome supports good Intestinal barrier function and reduces the local response to Immune challenge against pathogenic bacteria. One could envision less gut immune tissue, resulting in a higher Carcass Yield; hence improved Carcass FCR.

Conclusions

Most Important and Most Repeatable benefit of Xylanase is Viability

Viability wqs Improved by 30-40% under both LO and Moderate Immune Stress

Improved Viability Observed with a variety of Diet Types including C-S and with 3 Commercial Xylanases (DuPont, AB-Vista and HuvePharma)

Nutrient Uplift is Observed but is Not as Impressive or Repeatable.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Diet Ingredients are Known to Promote and Harm Viability, esp. in Young Pigs

Ingredients that Minimize Diet Induced Disease Stress in Young Pigs–

Steamed OatsHigh Quality Fish MealAnimal Plasma

SBM Ameliorates adverse response to Respiratory Disease in G-F Pigs.

Our Understanding of Ways in which Ingredient Incompatibility is Expanding and Includes –

Epithelial Cell – Cell disruptionMicrobiome Balance

Substrate Balance to Favor Beneficial Microbes ?

Dose Response Assay of Dietary Hostazyme Xylanase on Pig Viability in a Commercial Environment – 25 to 300 lbs

Cate Rush, Megan Angell, Tim Fakler, Rafael Cabrera and R. Dean Boyd

Pigs raised in a Commercial environment and under LO Immune stress.

Hanor Protocol 2014-12

Experimental Method

Animals2629 Pigs placed in a Commercial Barn that was retrofitted for Research. The Barn had 2 RoomsPIC GeneticsGender balanced but Genders Penned separately33 Pens per Room with 34 Pigs placed/PenEU = PenInitial weight, 25 lbs Final weight, 300 lbs33 Pens per Xylanase dose for approx. 1300 Pigs eachPens allocated within weight block and gender to Diet TRT

Most Important Benefit of Feed Enzyme Xylanase is Improved ViabilityRoad Map:

Verbal – First Suggestion in 2008 Nutrient Uplift ExperimentViability is a Powerful KPI (a,b)First Illustration that Pig Viability could be altered by Feed Enzyme Xylanase; and it was Dose-relatedBest Demonstration to date of Xylanase effect on Viability, GrowthBorrowed Illustrations: LO HealthBorrowed Illustrations: HI HealthPossible Mechanism: Could it be a favorable shift in Microbiome

Insert Poultry Microbiome FindingFinancial Value under LO Profit and NO Profit Scenario:

a) Varied Feed Price b) Varied Pig PriceNutrient Uplift – Possible but hard to demonstrate in Finish PigAcknowledgments