Dr. Lana Zinger, QCC CUNY 12a · Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What Is Diabetes and...

12aPowerPoint® Lecture Outlines prepared by Dr. Lana Zinger, QCC⎯CUNY

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

FOCUS ON Your Risk for Diabetes


Your Risk for Diabetes!

• Since 1980,Diabetes has increased by 50 %.

• Diabetes has increased by 70 percent in age 30+

• 8 percent of the population has some form of diabetes.

• 225,000+ people die each year from diabetes-related complications.


Percentage of Adults with Diagnosed Diabetes


What Is Diabetes?

! Diabetes Mellitus • Disease characterized by a persistently high level of sugar

(glucose) in the blood • Pancreas fails to produce enough insulin or the body fails to

use insulin effectively • Hyperglycemia—high blood glucose levels seen in diabetes


What Is Diabetes?

! In Healthy People, Glucose Is Taken Up Efficiently by Body Cells • Carbohydrates from the foods are broken down into a

monosaccharide called glucose. • Liver and muscle cells store glucose as glycogen, then use it

as needed to fuel metabolism, movement, and other activities • Pancreas—an organ located just beneath the stomach that

secretes a hormone called insulin • Insulin—hormone secreted by the pancreas and required by

body cells for the uptake and storage of glucose


Diabetes: What It Is and How It Develops


What Is Diabetes?

! Type 1 Diabetes Is an Immune Disorder • Autoimmune disease- formally called juvenile diabetes • Without insulin, cells cannot take up glucose, and blood

glucose levels become permanently elevated. • Symptoms include persistent hunger, weight loss, excessive

thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue • Require daily insulin injections or infusions and careful

monitoring of diet and exercise levels


! Type 1 Diabetes


What Is Diabetes?

! Type 2 Diabetes Is a Metabolic Disorder • Accounts for 90 to 95 percent of all diabetes cases • Either the pancreas does not make sufficient insulin or body

cells are resistant to its effects (insulin resistance). • Development of the Disease

• The overabundance of free fatty acids contributes to insulin resistance.

• As the progression to type 2 diabetes continues, pancreatic insulin-producing cells become exhausted from overwork and damage occurs.


What Is Diabetes?

! Type 2 Diabetes • Non modifiable risk factors

• Increased age • Certain ethnicities (Native Americans and African

Americans) • Genetic factors


What Is Diabetes?

• Modifiable risk factors

• Body weight • Eating habits • Drinking habits

! Type 2 Diabetes


What Is Diabetes?

! Gestational Diabetes Develops during Pregnancy • A state of high blood glucose during pregnancy • Women with gestational diabetes have a significantly

increased risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes 5 to 10 years after giving birth.

• Increased risk of birth-related complications, damage to the fetus, and possible fetal death


What Is Diabetes?

! Pre-Diabetes Can Lead to Type 2 Diabetes • A condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than

normal, but not high enough to be classified as diabetes • Range is 100-125 • Over 126 FBS= Diabetes • WEIGHT is the key • If pre-diabetes is not managed...



What Is Diabetes and What Causes It?! Pre-Diabetes Plays a Role in Metabolic Syndrome

• Metabolic syndrome (MetS)—Cluster of six conditions linked to overweight and obesity

• Pre-diabetes and central adiposity appear to be the dominant factors for development of MetS.

• A person with MetS is 5 times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than a person without the syndrome.

• Abdominal girth – waist measurement • Men > 40 inches • Women > 35 inches

• Triglycerides > 150 • HDL’s under 40 in men and 50 in women • High blood pressure 130/85 or greater • FBS > 100 • High level C-reactive protein


Metabolic syndrome


What Are the Symptoms of Diabetes?

• Thirst • Excessive urination • Weight loss • Fatigue !

• Nerve damage – numbness and tingling hands & feet • Blurred vision • Poor wound healing • Increased infections




! Diabetes Has Severe Complications • Diabetic ketoacidosis – coma • Cardiovascular disease – high BP • Kidney disease – kidney failure • Amputations – 60% of all amputations • Eye disease and blindness • Flu and pneumonia-related deaths • Tooth and gum disease


Complications of Uncontrolled Diabetes Include Amputation and Eye Disease


! Ulcers



! Blood Tests Are Used to Diagnose and Monitor Diabetes • Fasting plasma glucose

test (FPG) • Oral glucose tolerance

test (OGTT) • Hemoglobin A1C test


How Is Diabetes Treated?! Lifestyle Changes Can Improve Glucose Levels

• Weight Loss • Recommended goal is to lose 5 to 10 percent of current

weight • Adopting a Healthy Diet

• Whole grains • Coffee • Fatty fish • Healthy carbohydrates

• Increasing Physical Fitness • The Diabetes Prevention Program recommends 30

minutes of physical activity 5 days a week • Body fat percent


How Is Diabetes Treated?

! Oral Medications and Weight Loss Surgery Can Help • Medications can

• Reduce glucose production by the liver • Slow the absorption of carbohydrates from the small

intestine • Increase insulin production by the pancreas • Increase the insulin sensitivity of cells

• People who have undergone gastric bypass surgery appear to have high rates of cure.



! Insulin Injections May Be Necessary ! Type 1 diabetes-Injections are a must ! Type 2: Injections for people with type 2 diabetes

whose blood glucose levels cannot be adequately controlled with other treatment options • Insulin cannot be taken in pill • Some people use an insulin infusion pump.



! Diabetes Care Can Be Expensive • On average, health care costs for diabetics are $15,000 to

$25,000 higher per year than for healthy patients. • The direct and indirect costs of treating diabetes in the

United States total $174 billion per year. • The costs related to undiagnosed diabetes are unknown.


What Can You Do to Prevent Pre-Diabetes?

• Consider your risk factors. • Family history, overweight, Latina

• Diabetes screening-fasting blood sugar • Maintain a healthy weight • Exercise 30 minutes 5 times a week. • Consume a low fat, low sodium, high fiber diet, no sugar

diet

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