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Importance of strengthening Higher Education systems in Agriculture in Developing countries Global report of the Inter-Academy Council , 2004 The World Development Report , 2008 The report of the International Assessment of
Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development ,2008
The G8 summit, 2008
New collaborative online spaces viz., Web 2.0
Open up traditionally closed educational systems with the availability of
Digital network
Improved access to computing
An RLO is -an independent unit of learning content -that is designed for reuse -in multiple instructional contexts, -the smallest standalone unit of learning -on a specific topic
Polsani, 2003
Self-contained and small to focus the learner’s attention.
They avoid duplication, easy to update and cost-effective.
RLOs can be made available in offline mode
RLOs can be combined and used in any number of ways to meet a wide range of learning objectives.
An independent and self-standing unit of learning content that is predisposed to reuse in multiple instructional context
RLO is a type of online instruction that provides a digital educational resource
That can be reused, scaled and shared from a central online repository in the support of instruction / learning
Each RLO supports a single learning objective
RLOs can be implemented in a variety of digital modes including Text entries Images Illustration Photographs Power Point slides Figures Maps Graphs Simulations Models Audio Video flash animations interactive tools and
their combinations
Topical RLOs should be thought of as the smallest possible educational unit
2 - 15 minutes of learning - to accommodate the short attention span of learners
Several RLOs can be brought together in order to create an instructional situation
A sequence of RLOs may form a course to community-based online setting that provides a learning experience.
The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi
Funded National Agricultural Innovative Project (NAIP)
Innovations in Technology Mediated Learning : An Institutional Capacity Building in using re-usable learning objects in Agro-Horticulture utilizes this tool for teaching and learning
To generate, review and publish approved learning material for use in RLO format by Distance Education institutions for capacity building.
To build a national repository in digital mode on agro-horticulture for use in Distance education aimed at rural learners and to link it with three university level repositories
To asses impact of new methods of combining ODL & ICT on rural livelihoods and on partnerships
Indira Gandhi Nation Open University (IGNOU), New Delhi
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University (YCMOU), Nasik, Maharashtra
International Crop Research Institute for Semi Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad
100 RLOs on each topic Horticulture Nursery Management High Value Crops Production Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in
Agro-horticulture Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) in
Agro-horticulture Post Harvest Value Addition in Agro-
horticulture
600 RLOs thus created will be uploaded in the specially designed website www.AgriLore.com
NAIP supported Agropedia architecture
This website has been designed in technical collaboration with IIT, Kanpur.
All these RLOs will also be translated in to regional languages of Tamil (Tamil Nadu) Marathi (Maharashtra) and Bengali (Tripura) for easy reach of the farmers of that
particular state.
These learning materials thus created in all the four centres will be compiled to create a national repository
A stock of learning material will be available under open educational resource
The needed information can be browsed at any time by the needy farmer with a personal login ID and password.
The content in the form RLO’s becomes an online asset
It allows for closed-group review and publication of expert-derived RLO’s,
Allows sharing of practitioner tips and notes, from learners and faculty located in different geographical locations.
This disease occurs in scattered
plants or groups of plants.
Wilting of terminal leaves,
followed in 2-3 days by a sudden
and permanent wilt.
Adventitious roots may develop
on the main stems.
• Bacteria streaming can be seen when a
freshly cut stem is suspended in water.
Normal stem Affected Stem
The pathogen survives in soil for
extended periods without a host plant.
It enters roots through wounds, which
may be caused by insects, nematodes,
and cultivation.
High temperature and high soil moisture
favor disease development.
Disease can be minimized by exposing soil
to sunlight.
Selection of healthy planting material,
eradication of infected plants.
Disinfecting cutting knives and providing
better drainage.
Flower visiting insects are main agents
for transmitting the disease and this is a
good reason for following the practice of
removing the bud from the male axis
before the bunch matures.
(Cont)…
Herbicides, e.g., 2, 4-D and 2, 4, 5-T, can be used to kill infected plants in situ and dieldrin sprayed onto a chopped down mat will prevent insects transmitting the disease to the unaffected plants.
This is a minor bacterial disease
Symptoms
It is characterized by a massive soft
odorous rot of the centre or a
portion of the rhizome.
The rot progresses up the pseudostem destroying the growing point and causing internal decay often with vascular discoloration
Externally, the symptoms sometimes resemble those of Fusarium wilt.
Yellowing and wilting of the leaves are the characteristic symptoms.
Soil drenching with bleaching powder
was found beneficial.
Soil and plant drenching with
bleaching powder at 2 g/l water at an
interval of 10-15 days was found
effective in controlling the disease.
1. Erwinia rot is otherwise known as a. Soft rot b. Wilt c. Root rot d. Stem rot
2. Browning of vascular system is common in a. Soft rot b. Pseudomonas wilt c. Fusarium wilt d. Root
rot
3. Bacterial streaming can be seen a. Bacterial wilt b. Fusarium wilt c. Root rot d. stem rot
4. Bleaching powder is used for the management of a. Erwinia rot b. Bacterial wilt c. Fusarium wilt d. Stem rot
5.Rottng of rhizome is common in a. Rhizome rot b. stem rot c. Fusarium wilt d. Root rot