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MEMBERSMEMBERSMEMBERS
Dr. R. K. Das, Chairman Dr. P. Kanungo, President
CVTRONICS
Bhubanesh Mishra
OBITUARY
E D I T O R I A L B O A R D M E M B E R
Soumya Mishra Monalisa Banerjee Mohammad JawadSuman Pani
Faculty Advisor
Mr.
Gy
an
ajy
oti
Ro
utr
ay
Faculty In-charge, Tech Club
Mr.
De
ep
ak
Ku
ma
r R
ou
t
Mr.
J.
D.
Pra
dh
an
Chief Editor
Mr.
Sw
ag
at
Na
nd
a
Faculty In-charge, Tech Club
Late Sudhir Kumar Mandalth st07 October 1982 – 21 June 2013
Date of Joining the department: 16/12/2005Date of Leaving the department: 23/07/2010
Responsibilities: Examination Coordinator, Project Coordinator
TRIBUTEIn Loving Memory of a Dear Friend
We were very closely associated since 2005, from the day we started our professional career in engineering education. We used to sit together in the college in the same faculty room. He was a good teacher and a good human being. Together we have seen many ups and downs during the initial stage of our teaching, and we used to encourage each other at tough times. We got admitted to M. Tech courses in the year 2007. Those two and half years were awesome. We used to study together. Many times we used to discuss/argue on various topics of our interest. Sometimes some of the arguments ended without any solution. In spite of many differences in opinion, we always stood together as a unit. One of the best qualities he had possessed was his ability to handle pressure. In spite of many personal difficulties hardly anyone could see a mark of stress on his face. He always used to bear a smile mixed with innocence. After leaving CVRCE he frequently kept changing his work place and contact number. So, we had not talked to each other since last six months….
stThen, on 21 June 2013, at around 5.00pm, I got a phone call and the news that was conveyed was unbelievable and equally shocking. I repeatedly asked him about the words he uttered, with the hope that, whatever I heard was wrong…!!! How could God be so cruel to such an innocent life? I closed my eyes. Neither my mind nor my heart allowed me to accept the fact that the ever smiling little giant is no more with us…!!! His soul had left the mortal world. I had lost one of my dear friends. His family had lost everything. The loss can never be regained, but may the God be kind enough to give the strength and courage to his family and dear ones, to stand without him. May his soul rest in peace and may his memories ever remain with us.
Deepak Kumar Rout,Assistant Professor, Department of ETC
CVRCE, Bhubaneswar
Jhankar Mishra Manoj Kumar Das Siddhant Kularay Kumari Julie
CVTRONICS
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TECH CLUB CULTURAL CLUB SPORTS CLUB
Vivekananda Singh Rozy Sinha Shakti Prasad Mishra Parag Somani Sandeep Ku. Beura
Join
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Join
t C
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It gives me great pleasure to announce the
publication of KAIBALYA, Vol.VII – May 2013, the
yearly publish of the CVTRONICS Society.
KAIBALYA, from past 7 years has been working
continuously to deliver the advancements taken
place in the world to its readers and has been
successful as well. The contribution of CVTRONICS
members in this context is certainly laudable and
valuable. I hope vol.VII has again met the
expectations of the readers and has come up with
new interesting articles.
I wish KAIBALYA all the luck.
Shri Sanjib Kumar RoutChairman, CVRGI
Shri Sanjib Kumar RoutChairman, CVRGI
C. V. RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BHUBANESWAR
I am glad to know that the Department of
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, C. V.
Raman College of Engineering is publishing its annual
technical magazine “KAIBALYA” Vol. VII, May 2013.
I wish all success of the publication which may come out with the informative articles of recent developments. My sincere support is always with all the activities of the department.
Prof. (Dr.) K.C. PatraDirector, CVRCE
Prof.(Dr.) K.C. PatraDirector, CVRCE
C. V. RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BHUBANESWAR
It is of immense pleasure to know that the
CVTRONICS SOCIETY of Department of Electronics
and Telecommunication Engineering of our
institute is planning to publish its annual magazine
“KAIBALYA” Vol. VII, May 2013. I take this
opportunity to congratulate the staff members
and students of the Department for their sincere
and dedicated efforts in bringing out this
magazine. I wish a grand success to publication of
this magazine & hope this magazine will provide a
platform in dissemination of technological and
literary activities amongst young faculties and
students and enrich their skill in writing technical
papers.
Prof. (Dr.) R. K. DasPrincipal
Prof. (Dr.) R. K. DasPrincipal, CVRCE
C. V. RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BHUBANESWAR
C. V. RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BHUBANESWAR
It is a great pleasure for me to note the
publication of volume VII of annual technical
magazine of CVTRONICS society titled “KAIBALYA”.
I wish to congratulate the Department of
Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering for
this achievement and hope the magazine will
enrich its readers with knowledge in recent
advance in the field of electronics. Also I hope that
the magazine has provided a platform to the
contributors for enhancing their communication
skill.
I wish the society grand success in its entire
endeavour.
Prof. P. KabisatpathyDean, PGP & CD
Prof. P. KabisatpathyDean (PGP & CD) &
Professor, ETC
The CVTRONICS Society of Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering has organised many events for its members and they have always carried it out well. Some examples are Seminars, Workshops, Debates, etc during the year 2012 – 2013. Recently, IETE student chapter is revived under the umbrella of CVTRONICS with 100 number of student memberships. The student members of Robotics Club also organized a workshop to train the first year students to build a manual robot. I
stcongratulate all the 1 year students for their overwhelming response in the robotics competition organized by Celegance 2K13. The biggest contribution of our society which is still continuing to spread knowledge every year is the KAIBALYA, our annual technical magazine. This year too, it has come up with new information or news from the electronics world.
I wish all the best to KAIBALYA. We are determined to be successful once again.
Prof. P. KanungoHead, Department of ETC
C. V. RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BHUBANESWAR
Prof. P. KanungoHead, Department of ETC(President, CVTRONICS)
It makes us happier every year when I hear of
the KAIBALYA being successful every year and
continues to publish every year.
This is a magazine published by the society of
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
students, where we will find the state of the art of
the communication engineering. It will be helpful
for the students as well as professional engineers
in the field of Electronics & Telecommunication.
This branch is one of the elite branches of our
college and especially in terms of placement
records they brought laurels to our college. We
wish best of luck to all the students for their
upcoming campus drive and also a successful
career ahead.
(Mr. D. K. Dutta)Asst. T & P Officer
(Mr. A.K. Rout)Head
Training and Placement
C. V. RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BHUBANESWAR
(Mr. A. K. Rout)Head
Training and Placement
(Mr. D. K. Dutta)Asst. T & P Officer
It's really a matter of great pleasure for me that the society of CVTRONICS is bringing out its annual magazine "KAIBALYA", Vol. VII, May 2013. The society has provided multidimensional platform to the young minds so as to make them feel like home in the ever expanding technical world.
It's a perfect way to bring the young technical writers forward. I hope to read one fresh copy of this magazine every year. I, from the core of my heart, appreciate the sincere effort and dedication of the editing team as well as the student and faculty members associated with this magazine.
I wish this magazine and the society as a whole, great success. I hope that in coming years, this magazine will have a good face in technical world. My best wishes for this issue and the forthcoming publications.
Sruti Ranjan MishraDean Student Welfare, CVRCE
Sruti Ranjan MishraDean Student Welfare,
CVRCE
C. V. RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BHUBANESWAR
From the Editor’s Desk
Prof. Swagat NandaEditor-in-ChiefCVTRONICS
Dear Readers,
Sowing, cultivating and harvesting knowledge is an
integral part of one's personality development process.
I feel immense pleasure in announcing the seventh volume
of the CVTRONICS society's yearly magazine “KAIBALYA”, May
2013, which is the voice and reflection of the institution. This
magazine provides an insight on the recent advances in Electronics
and its various areas. It is imbibed with a number of papers and
articles by our eminent faculty members and students on various
issues and their provoking ideas.
One of the objectives of KAIBALYA is to keep the readers
updated with the technological developments and ideas in the
field of electronics and nurture the habit of thinking beyond our
capabilities in students. The performance of the Electronics and
Telecommunication students has been quite brilliant and
consistent from the inception of the branch. So it is really a good
experience for these students to publish this magazine during
their busy academic schedules.
I sincerely appreciate the enthusiasm and dedication of the
student members who have done a commendable job for bringing
out this magazine. I would like to thank and congratulate all
persons who are directly and indirectly involved in the successful
publication of this edition of “KAIBALYA” and I sincerely hope we
continue our endeavor on this road to achieve technical
superiority.
I wish best of luck to all the students for their upcoming
campus drive and also a successful career ahead.
Mr. Swagat NandaEditor-in-Chief, CVTRONICS
C. V. RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BHUBANESWAR
ETC makes it easy!
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Witricity 11
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No chair
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The a4wp: wireless power charging pad
A burning topic: “the GOD particle”
Stretchable and wirelessly chargeable li-ion battery
The submerged civilization
Electronic article surveillance
Get inspired … the Steve Jobs way
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Vizi-belt
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17 Google glass
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18 Miles ahead to go
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19 Nanosponges used to soak up toxins from the body
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2 Robotic Surgery 04
3 Change 07
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DNA computing -successor to silicon
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Sl No. Topics Page
1 Opinions of Dr. Priyadarshi Kanungo, Head, Department of ETC 01
Contents
RICHA RASHMI
0901227565 – 9.14/10
th6 semester:
SHREE STUTI TH4 Semester:
1001227425 – 9.04/10
ATUL PRAKASHND2 Semester:
9.29/10
C.V. Raman College of Engg.Bhubaneswar
OURTOPPERS
KAIBALYA - 2013KAIBALYA - 2013
Use your body's electrical field to uniquely identify yourself
A single event effects within avionic systems
Does god exist??-simple answers
Do you remember what you ate??
One atom thick germanium sheets may replace silicon in
semiconductors!
The smartwallit: an accessory that keeps track of your phone and
wallet
How touchscreen works???
Four years of my college life 36
MODERNIZED LABORATORIES
Basic Electronics Lab with Electronics Workbenches Microwave Lab
PCB Lab Xilinx CoreEl VLSI FPGA Centre of Excellence
VLSI Design Lab
LABORATORY ASSISTANTS & SUPPORT STAFFthey guide & make our work easier
Chitta Ranjan Padhy Priyabrata Dash Deepak Kumar Jena Sanjoy Kumar Mohanto Banita Rani Pradhan Rashmita Barik Indira Priyadarshini Mallick Jhuma Nayak Niranjan Sahoo SangramTripathy
MODERNIZED LABORATORIES
SPORTS
Robotic Race organized by ETC. Jhankar Mishra & Suman Pani are Volunteers of Lead India
Robotics Arena and the Volunteers
Susmi Satapathy, 3rd year ETC receiving prize from Ashirbad Behera, President, OCA
Drona House with Championship Trophy
CELEGANCE 2013CELEGANCE 2013CELEGANCE 2013
SPORTS
(04 - 06 April 2013)th th
(01 - 02 March 2013)st nd
Robotics Workshop for 1st Year Students organized from 15th-17th March 2013 at Electrical Building, CVRCE Campus
Sit-n-Compose organized on 6th Nov. 2012at Room EE-301 to EE-304, EE Building, CVRCE Campus
Winners 2nd Year - 1st Prize - Shree Stuti-1001227425
1st Year - 1st Prize - Shashank Shekhar-12ETC114
Youth Parliament organized by IETE with CVTRONICS to celebrate IEEE Student Day on 15th March 2013
at S.C. Bhadra Auditorium, CVRCE Campus
Winners 1st Prize - Uma Shankar Shah2nd Prize - Mohammad Jawad3rd Prize - Vivekananda Singh
Special Prize Abhishek Parida
Debate Competition on Indian Wireless Communication Paradigms - Opportunities and Challenges on 18th October 2012
at EE-001, Electrical Building, CVRCE Campus
Winners1st Prize - Rashmita Panda
2nd Prize - Anustup Madhu C.3rd Prize - Abhishek Parida
GUEST LECTURES CO-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES
Events Organized by CVTRONICS
Guest Lecture on Entrepreneurship by Prof. Sanjay Mohapatra
Sadanand Gulwadi giving a Talk on ARM Cortex M3 Processor on 10th & 11th August 2012
Prof. S. Sen from IIT Kharagpur giving a Talk on MEMS Capacitive Accelerometer on 22nd February 2013
at S.C. Bhadra Auditorium, CVRCE Campus.
Prof. C. K. Maiti from IIT Kharagpur giving a Talk on Advanced Semiconductor Devices on 23rd March 2013
at S.C. Bhadra Auditorium, CVRCE Campus.
GUEST LECTURES GUEST LECTURES organized by the Department
IETE Foundation Day celebratedon 11th September 2012
at RIHC Auditorium, CVRCE Campus
VLSI CoE Inauguration on 8th October 2012at RIHC Auditorium, CVRCE Campus
Chief Guest Venugopal D Kulkarni, Dean of Sandipani
National Conference on VS@TT13 organized by Department of ETC
on 19th to 20th April 2013 at Video Conferencing & Digital Lecture Room, 2nd Floor, RIHC Building, CVRCE Campus
Chief GuestDr. Ganapati Panda,
Deputy Director, IIT Bhubaneswar
INAUGURATION FUNCTIONSINAUGURATION FUNCTIONS
Student AchievementsStudent Achievements
Rakesh, Vikas, Jawad, with the faculties
(S. Nanda, D. K. Rout, P. K. Hota, G. Routray)
Shakti ( Robotics team), Winners of 2nd Prize in Robotics Competition held at TECHNO College,
Students Qualifying GATE'13 Spandan Kumar Lenka, Sunil Kumar Pattnaik, Tulsi Prasad Sahu, Suman Pani,
Amish Kumar, Krishan Kumar & Kishan Kumar
Institute Topper 2012
RICHA RASHMI 0901227565
Department of ETC
Branch Topper 2012
SULAXMI BISWAL0901227122
Department of ETC
Faculty AchievementsFaculty Achievements
R. K. Sethi receiving award from Dr. K. C. Patra for this good teaching performance
S. Nanda receiving award from Shri S. C. Bhadra for extra curricular activities
Dr. P. Kanungo receiving award from Shri S. C. Bhadra for ETC being the Best ProActive Department
A. K. Samantaray receiving award from Dr. K. C. Patra for this good teaching performance
J. D. Pradhan receiving award from Dr. K. C. Patra for this good teaching performance
Dr. P. Kanungo receiving outstanding award from Shri S. C. Bhadra for his contribution to college
For the Year 2012
Welcome Ceremony
Teacher’s Day CelebrationTeacher’s Day Celebration
Teacher's Day Celebration with Director Dr. K. C. Patra
Welcome of 2k13 Admission Batch
Welcome of 2k13 Admission Batch Welcome of 2k13 Admission Batch
Teacher's Day Celebration with Dr. P. Kanungo, Head, ETC
Welcome Ceremony thAn interaction with freshers on 16 Sept. 2012
GROUP PHOTO DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION
Batch of 2009 - 2013
GROUP PHOTO DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION
1
KAIBALYA - 2013
Q1. Do you find campus selectionprocesses to be appropriate?In my personal opinion, the campus
selection process being followed now-a-days isnot appropriate. I am not demoralizing the studentswho have been selected through this process.Rather, I want to advocate a better and healthyway of selection in which at least the same, ormore, students could be selected. As per myobservations, and discussions in many facultyforums, most of the campus interview process isa rejection process rather than the selectionprocess. I believe it to be so because within 10-12hours the interviewers (around 2-4 groups)shortlist 30-100 students from a set of 300-500students and they hardly take 10 minutes for thepersonal interview of each candidate. The studentsare losing interest in the curriculum subjects inthe higher semesters because most of the in-campus companies, which are softwarecompanies, do not bother about the four yearprofessional learning process. In the campusinterview process, the CGPA is the criteria in theinitial screening; hence, the students are not givingimportance to the learning process, rather they aretrying to crack the system, i.e., how to secure morethan 7 CGPA in 1st year and 2nd year only. It wouldbe better if a portion of the written test andinterview could be from core subjects. It will belittle difficult task but it will help to judge a studentbetter; otherwise there is no difference in selecting
an engineering graduate and a general graduate.It is the inherent nature of engineering studentsthat they are logically strong because they havegone through lots of problem solving steps. Hencethe campus selection process needs to be reviewed.
Q2. What changes have emerged inBPUT today as compared to fewyears back?Before the BPUT system, there were few
Private Engineering Colleges and the studentswere feeling great when they were getting a seatin any engineering college. There was hardly anycollege which was able to arrange any campusselection process. Students were aware that theyhave to struggle globally for a Job (forget aboutthe dream job). About 70 to 80% of the studentswere enjoying the learning process becauseinterest comes from the requirement and necessity(Not compared to the born genius people). Now-a-days, everybody (including parents) areexpecting “O” grades in sessional and internalexams instead of university exams. This is becausethey know it is enough for the lower cutoff of anycampus interview. Second factor is they know thatif they will give more importance to “reasoning”and “smart personal interview”, then the 3rd yearand 4th year subjects will hardly stop them to getthrough in campus interview. Another differenceis that in recent years I have seen many goodstudents excelling in terms of analytical ability,
OPINIONS OFDr. Priyadarshi Kanungo,Head, Department of ETC
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KAIBALYA - 2013
grasping ability and innovatively thinking abilityin comparison to the students of few year back. Ican say that these 40-50% of students areequivalent to any NIT and IIT students. But thedifference is the mind setup and the laggingacademic culture. Now-a-days, the students andeven parents are more interested in Mobile Phones(for mis-utilizing the time), social networking sites(not for academics), food quality and livingcomforts in hostel, rather than the academicfacilities and co-curricular facilities.
Q3. Why do you think C. V. Ramanstudents are much more efficient ascompared to other college students ?In C. V. Raman there are very less number
of students falling in the category as I haveanswered in the second question. Here, all the staffand students have developed an academic culturein CVRCE which may not equal to IITs or NITsbut much better than any private university. Thestudents are well behaved, disciplined, and sincereand at the same time there is a very good bondingbetween faculties and students due to whichalmost 100% course has been covered in all thesemesters. The laboratories are equipped withlatest equipments and software. The students arecarrying out state of the art live projects whichlive up to the expectations of the externalexaminers visiting our college. Simultaneously,the students are getting exposed to different typesof journals and research problems which enhancestheir thinking and innovative process. The studentsare undergoing through different professional skilltrainings outside of their syllabus. Students areorganizing and participating in lots of co-curricularand extracurricular activities apart from the regularcurriculum, which nurtures the hidden talents of
students. All these factors are essential for studentsto explore and exploit the professional skills andexcel in their carrier and social life.
Q4. Will you agree on putting academicpressure on students due to whichdepression in students is increasingday by day in students?God has created pressure (Air Pressure) for
this beautiful living world. Just imagine the moonor any vacuum box; we can’t live there. Yes, I doagree, negative pressure is bad not only forstudents but also for any living creature. But thenatural pressure acts as a tool to shape the life andphysical growth. When a student joins anyprofessional course he/she is aware that, “I haveto study, I have to do so much of labor to gainsome knowledge, to learn some skill and, since itis my interest, so no third party is required todevelop an interest”. But this is only up to 2n d
semester. After that they follow another unnaturalprocess which is against the wind and it is thisthat creates pressure at the end of the day. In myopinion, for an average student +2Sc or 12th ismuch harder than the Engineering course. Theconsistency is required for four years instead oftwo years as in +2 Sc or 12th. Part of the negativepressure is created by the false statements by peersand rest of the pressure is created by the studenthim/her self by listening and believing thosestatements.
Q5. Your comments on Celegance 2k13.Let me confess one thing, our students are
multifaceted talented students which is the answerof third question also. I congratulate the final yearstudents for nicely organizing Celegance 2K13
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KAIBALYA - 2013
and I appreciate the pre-final year students for theirsupport to their seniors. This time the final yearstudents have given their 100% in all directionsleading to an increased number of events, internaland external participations, number of sponsorsand the best part is the zero indiscipline.Everybody were enjoying this function like theirfamily function. I loved to see the student talentsin cultural and sports and truly speaking we allenjoyed a lot.
Q6. Your valuable words of advice to thepresent students for bright future.Before answering this question, let me ask
one question, “What was your dream and theplanning on the 1st day of your Engineeringcarrier”? If you will recall, there was an energy,to attend all classes, there was a promise to dohard labor, there was a knack to learn and therewas a strong will to face any challenges andhurdles. Then, just look at your 2nd year.Everything was gradually diluted and changed tothe opposite of the first day. My dear students,you missed a chance during IIT-JEE, hence youneed to do hard labor to be at the same level aftergetting a degree. The present students are notfocused about their goal, they want to dosomething because their father or mother orbrother says to do it. Please be in touch with yourfinal year students and students who havegraduated and collect information from their jobprofile after their joining in a company. Is that jobprofile attractive or is the money attractive? Spendsome time on the internet to collect these
information. Visit different university sites andcompanies in India as well as abroad to fix a targetjob and plan to hit the target.
Be sincere and attentive in class, becausethe classroom teaching will give you a clearconcept about the subject. Then studying only onehour per day is sufficient to avoid a rote learningof 12 hours during the university exams. The rotelearning creates negative pressure during the examtime and leads to depression. The life is astochastic process; nobody knows what willhappen in the next moment. With the last one weekpreparation, it is possible that everything goes wellbut its probability is only 7/365. Let everythinggo well. Then, you may secure very good gradepoints by the rote learning process. But you can’tjustify your skills after the final year due to thelagging of concept in your specialization. Forgetabout after final year, many times it has beenobserved that students had more than 7 CGPA butcould not draw a circuit of a half wave rectifier.This is because of rote learning rather than aconceptual and regular learning. Many studentshave a common answer, that there is no time. Butthey spend hours and hours over the facebook andother social sites which are not useful for them atthis moment. I am not against these sites; Iadvocate to manage the time in such a way thateverything will give you a productive output at theend of your four year engineering. I think, if one issincere and honest to his/her study then definitely he/she will have a strong concept on his/her subject andthe exam will be a byproduct rather than a pressureand depression.
???
All the best to students of CVRCE in all their future endeavors!!!
4
KAIBALYA - 2013
1. Introduction
Robotic surgery makes use of Robots to performsurgery. Major potential advantages of robotic surgeryare precision and miniaturization. With our skilledsurgeons and the robotic system, we can now useminimally invasive techniques in even the mostcomplicated procedures like Cardiac surgery,gastrointestinal surgery, Gynecology, Neurosurgery,Orthopedics, Pediatrics, Urology etc.
The software is “command central” for thedevice’s operation, da Vinci, Aesop, Hermes etc. aredifferent kinds of the Robotic systems. Thecombination of increased view and tireless dexterityis helping us to overcome some of the limitations ofother types of less invasive surgery.
Robotic surgery is the use of robots in performingsurgery. Major potential advantages of robotic surgeryare precisionand miniaturization. Further advantages arearticulation beyond normal manipulation and three-dimensional magnification. At present, surgical robotsare not autonomous, but are always under the controlof a surgeon. They are used as tools to extend thesurgical skills of a trained surgeon.
Robotic surgery is different from minimallyinvasive surgery. Minimally invasive surgery(sometimes called laparoscopic surgery) is a generalterm for procedures that reduce trauma by performingoperations through small ports rather than largeincisions. Minimally invasive surgery is nowcommonplace for certain procedures. But until now,we haven’t been able to use minimally invasivetechniques for more complex operations. With ourskilled surgeons and the robotic system, we can nowuse minimally invasive techniques in even the mostcomplicated procedures like Cardiac surgery,gastrointestinal surgery, Gynecology, Neurosurgery,Orthopedics, Pediatrics, Urology etc.
2. Different Types of Robotic Systems
It allows surgeons to go beyond the limitsComputer Motion of Santa Barbara California hasbecome the leading producer of medical robotics.Different types of robots are da Vinci, Aesop, Hermes,and Zeus.
The da Vinci Surgical System was the firstoperative surgical robot. Products like Aesop,Hermes, and Zeus are the next generation of surgicalequipment and are used together to create a highlynetworked and efficient operating room.
2.1. da Vinci Surgical SystemIncorporating the latest advancements in robotics
and computer technology, the da Vinci Surgical Systemwas the first operative surgical robot deemed safe andeffective by the United States Food and DrugAdministration for actually performing surgery.
The da Vinci system was developed by IntuitiveSurgical system, which was established in 1995. Itsfounders used robotic surgery technology that hadbeen developed at SRI International, previouslyknown as Stanford Research Institute. The FDAapproved da Vinci in May 2001.
The da Vinci is a surgical robot enablingsurgeons to perform complex surgeries in a minimallyinvasive way, in a manner never before experiencedto enhance healing and promote well-being. It is usedin over 300 hospitals in the America and Europe. Theda Vinci was used in at least 16,000 procedures in2004 and sells for about 1.2 million dollars.
Until very recently surgeons options includedtraditional surgery with a large open incision orlaparoscopy, which uses small incisions but is typicallylimited to very simple procedures. The da VinciSurgical System provides surgeons with an alternativeto both traditional open surgery and conventional
ROBOTICSURGERY Shravani Praharaj
3rdSem, ETC
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KAIBALYA - 2013
laparoscopy, putting asurgeon’s hands at the controlsof state-of-the-art robotic platform. The da VinciSystem enables surgeons to perform even the mostcomplex and delicate procedures through very smallincisions with unmatched precision. It is important toknow that surgery with da Vinci does not place a robotat the controls; surgeon is controlling every aspect ofthe surgery with the assistance of the da Vinci roboticplatform. Thus da Vinci is changing the experience ofsurgery for the surgeon, the hospital and mostimportantly for the patient.
2.2. Aesop
Aesop’s function is quite simple merely tomaneuver a tiny video camera inside the patientaccording to voice controls provided by the surgeon.By doing so, Aesop has eliminated the need for amember of thesurgical team to hold the endoscope inorder for a surgeon to view his operative field in aclosed chest procedure. This advance marked a majordevelopment in closed chest or port-access bypasstechniques, as surgeons could now directly andprecisely control their operative field of view. Todayabout 1/3 of all minimally invasive procedures useAesop to control an endoscope. Considering eachAesop machine can handle 240 cases a year, only17,000 machines are needed to handle all minimallyinvasive procedures a relatively small numberconsidering the benefits of this technology.
2.3. Zeus
Zeus is the youngest and most technicallyadvanced robotic aid. Zeus contains robotic arms thatmimic conventional surgical equipment and a viewingmonitor that gives the surgeon a view of his operativefield. More importantly, Zeus enables a surgeon tooperate on a patient using joystick like handles whichtranslate the surgeon’s hand movements into precisemicro-movements inside the patient. For example a1-cm movement by a surgeon’s hand is translated intoa .1 cm movement of the surgical tip held by a roboticarm. Zeus also has the unique capability of reducinghuman hand tremor and greatly increasing the dexterityof the surgeon. Zeus of MIS enabling a new class ofdelicate procedures currently impossible to perform.
The main disadvantage is high machine cost. It isaround 1 million dollars. Its FDA approval is pending.
2.4. Hermes
Unlike Aesop and Zeus, Hermes does not userobot arms to make the Operating Room moreefficient. Rather Hermes is platform designed tonetwork the OR, integrating surgical devices, whichcan be controlled by simple voice commands. Manypieces of surgical equipment are outside the range ofsterility for the surgeon and must be manipulated by asurgical staff while Hermes enables all neededequipment to be directly under the surgeon’s control.Hermes can integrate tables, lights, video cameras andsurgical equipment decreasing the time and cost ofsurgery. Ultimately Hermes decreases the need for alarge surgical staff and facilitates the establishment ofa networked, highly organized OR. UltimatelyComputer Motion is working to bring Hermes into84,000 operating rooms worldwide.
3. Working of Robotic System
Today’s robotics devices typically have acomputer software component that controls themovement of mechanical parts of the device as it actson something in its environment The software is“command central” for the device’s operation.
Surgeon sits in the console of the surgicalsystem several feet from the patient. He looks throughthe vision system - like a pair of binoculars - and getsa huge, 3-D view of inside the patient’s body and areaof the operation.
The surgeon, while watching through the visionsystem, moves the handles on the console in thedirections he wants to move the surgical instruments.The handles make it easier for the surgeon to makeprecise movements and operate for long periods oftime without getting tired. The robotic systemtranslates and transmits these precise hand and wristmovements to tiny instruments that have been insertedinto the patient through small access incisions.
This combination of increased view and tirelessdexterity is helping us overcome some of thelimitations of other types of less invasive surgery. It’s
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also allowing us to finally use minimally invasive surgeryfor more complex operations.
3.1. Surgeon Console
The surgeon is situated at this console several feetaway from the patient operating table. The surgeonhas his head tilted forward and his hands inside thesystem’s master interface. The surgeon sits viewing amagnified three- dimensional image of the surgical fieldwith a real-time progression of the instruments as heoperates. The instrument controls enable the surgeonto move within a one cubic foot area of workspace.
3.2. Patient-Side Cart
This component of the system contains the roboticarms that directly contact the patient. It consists oftwo or three instrument arms and one endoscope arm.As of 2003, Intuitive launched a fourth arm, costing$175,000, as a part of a new system installation or asan upgrade to an existing unit. It provides theadvantages of being able to manipulate anotherinstrument for complex procedures and removes theneed for one operating room nurse.
3.3. Detachable Instruments
The End of wrist detachable instruments allow the roboticarms to maneuver in ways that simulate fine humanmovements. Each instrument has its own function fromsuturing to clamping, and is switched from one to theother using quick-release levers on each robotic arm.The device memorizes the position of the robotic armbefore the instrument is replaced so that the second onecan be reset to the exact same position as the first. Theinstruments’ abilities to rotate in full circles provide anadvantage over non-robotic arms. The seven degreesof freedom (meaning the number of independentmovements the robot can perform) offers considerablechoice in rotation and pivoting. Moreover, the surgeonis also able to control the amount of force applied, whichvaries from a fraction of an ounce to several pounds.The Intuitive Masters technology also has the ability tofilter out hand tremors and scale movements. As a result,the surgeon’s large hand movements can be translatedinto smaller ones by the robotic device
3.4. 3-D Vision System
The camera unit or endoscope arm provides enhancedthree-dimensional images. This high-resolution real-timemagnification showing the inside of the patient allowsthe surgeon to have a considerable advantage overregular surgery. The system provides over a thousandframes of the instrument position per second and filterseach image through a video processor that eliminatesbackground noise. The endoscope is programmed toregulate the temperature of the endoscope tipautomatically to prevent fogging during the operation.
4. Advantages
• Reduced pain and trauma• Fewer complications• Less blood loss and need for transfusions• Less post-operative pain and discomfort• Less risk of infection• Shorter hospital stay• Faster recovery and return to work• Less scarring and improved appearance5. Limitations
• Current equipment is expensive to obtain, maintain,and operate.
• Surgeons and staff need special training.• Data collection of procedures and their outcomes
remains limited.
6. Conclusion
Robotic surgery is an emerging technology in the medicalfield. It gives us even greater vision, dexterity and precisionthan possible with standard minimally invasive surgery,so we can now use minimally invasive techniques for awider range of procedures. Besides the cost, RoboticSystem still has many obstacles that it must overcomebefore it can be fully integrated into the existing healthcaresystem. More improvements in size, tactile sensation,cost, and are expected for the future.Source—www.seminarpaper.com/…/seminar-report-on-robotic-surgery.html
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Once, there was a king who ruled a wealthy
country. One day, he went for a trip to some distant
areas of his country to watch how everything was
going on. When he headed back to his palace, he
told his ministers that his journey was very painful,
because it was the first time that he went for such a
long trip, and the road that he went through was
very rough. He then ordered his people to cover
each and every road of the entire country with
leather. Obviously, this would need thousands of
animals’ skin, and would cost a huge money. Then
This article is to draw the attention of the curiousworld to the nature’s fundamental and basic unit oflife - a DNA molecule. Bio-molecular or DNAcomputing has emerged as an interdisciplinary fieldthat draws together chemistry, molecular biology,computer science, and mathematics. A DNA-basedcomputer has solved a logic problem that no personcould complete by hand, setting a new milestone forthis infant technology that could someday surpass theelectronic digital computer in certain areas.
Here’s an overview and categorization ofexisting research in DNA based computation, thepossible advantages that different models have overconventional computational methods, and potentialapplications that might emerge from, or serve tomotivate, the creation of a working BimolecularComputer .schematics. A conventional computerrepresents information on silicon chips as a series ofelectrical impulses— zeroes and ones—andmanipulates the information by performingmathematical computations with those zeroes and
CHANGESiddhartha Sankar Pati
3rd Sem, ETC
one of his wise servants dared himself to tell the
king, “My Lord, Instead of spending the money
unnecessarily, why don’t you just cut a little piece
of leather to cover your feet”?
The king was shocked, but he later agreed
to his suggestion which later on lead to
invention of shoes.
There is a valuable lesson of life in thisstory: To make this world a happy place tolive, It is better to change ourselves; not the
world.
DNA COMPUTING –SUCCESSOR TO SILICON V. Sanket
3rd Sem, ETC
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ones. By contrast, a DNA computer representsinformation as a pattern of molecules in a strand ofsynthetic DNA.That information is manipulated bysubjecting it to precisely designedchemical reactionsthat may mark the strand, lengthen it, or even destroyit. Using a few basics operations to cut and pasteDNA strands, DNA computing has been shown tobe a universal model of computing i.e. anythingthat can be computed on a Turing machine can becomputed using strands of DNA. It’s a different wayof thinking about computing. It’s a different way ofthinking about chemistry. And if trend has reached tochemistry then why not biochemistry.
DNA as a Data Structure: the amount ofinformation gathered on the molecular biology ofDNA over the last 40 years is almostoverwhelming in scope. So instead of gettingbogged down in biochemical and biological detailsof DNA, we’ll concentrate on only the informationrelevant to DNA computing. The data density ofDNA is impressive. Just like a string of binarydata is encoded with ones and zeros, a strand ofDNA is encoded with four bases, represented bythe letters A,T, C, and G. The bases (also knownas nucleotides) are spaced every 0.35 nanometersalong the DNA molecule, giving DNA aremarkable data density of nearly 18 Mbits perinch. In two dimensions, if you assume one baseper square nanometer, the datadensity is over onemillion Gbits per square inch. Compare this to thedata density of a typical high performance harddrive, which is about 7 Gbits per square inch—afactor of over 100,000 smaller. Another importantproperty of DNA is its double stranded nature. Thebases A and T, and C and G, can bind together,forming base pairs. Therefore every DNA sequencehas a natural complement. For example if sequence
S is ATTACGTCG, its complement, S’, isTAATGCAGC. Both S and S’ will come together(or hybridize) to form double stranded DNA. Thiscomplementarily makes DNA a unique data structurefor computation and can be exploited in many ways.Error correction is one example. Errors in DNAhappen due to many factors. Occasionally, DNAenzymes simply make mistakes, cutting where theyshouldn’t, or inserting a T for a G. DNA can also bedamaged by thermal energy and UV energy from thesun. If the error occurs in one of the strands of doublestranded DNA, repair enzymes can restore the properDNA sequence by using the complement strand as areference. In this sense, double stranded DNA issimilar to a RAID 1 array,where data is mirrored ontwo drives, allowing data to be recovered from thesecond drive if errors occur on the first. In biologicalsystems, this facility for error correction means thatthe error rate can be quite low. For example, in DNAreplication, there is one error for every 10^9 copiedbases or in other words an error rate of 10^-9. (Incomparison, hard drives have read error rates of only10^-13 for Reed- Solomon correction).
DNA Computing-Why do we care?DNA,with its unique data structure and ability to performmany parallel operations, allows you to look at acomputational problem from a different point ofview. Transistor-based computers typically handleoperations in a sequential manner. Of course thereare multi-processor computers, and modern CPUsincorporate some parallel processing, but ingeneral, in the basic von Neumann architecturecomputer, instructions are handled sequentially.A von Neumann machine, which is what all modernCPUs are, basically repeats the same “fetch andexecute cycle” over and over again; it fetches aninstruction and the appropriate data from main
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memory, and it executes the instruction. It does thismany, many times in a row, really, really fast.
DNA computers, however, are non-vonNeuman, machines that approach computation ina different way from ordinary computers for thepurpose of solving a different class of problems.Typically, increasing performance of siliconcomputing means faster clock cycles (and largerdata paths), where the emphasis is on the speed ofthe CPU and not on the size of the memory.Forexample, will doubling the clock speed ordoubling your RAM give you better performance?For DNA computing, though, the power comesfrom the memory capacity and parallel processing.
Conclusion : On the side of the “hardware”,improvements in biotechnology are happening at a
rate similar to the advances made in the semiconductorindustry. For instance, look at sequencing; what oncetook a graduate student 5 years to do for a PhD thesistakes Celera(a dna computer) just one day. With theamount of government funded research dollars flowinginto genetic-related R&D and with the large potentialpayoffs from the lucrative pharmaceutical andmedical-related markets, this isn’t surprising. Just lookat the number of advances in DNA-related technologythat happened in the last five years.
The Human Genome Project is producing rapidinnovations in sequencing technology. As in the wordsprominent DNA computer -”If you have a problemand solving it with an electronic computer willtake 10 thousand years, you will be able to do itwith DNA computing in three weeks.”
I had a dream,
To opt for the engineering stream..
So joined EC to make life easy,
Still in a quest who drove me crazy..
75% attendance haunts as a sinister,
Though we manage 2-3 bunks in a semester…
ECD, NT, ACT-These are the subject like,
But they forgot to include NFS
with Counter Strike…
Transistor and Monster one and the same,
Even Shakespeare says what’s there in a name…?
Microcontrollers,Chips-Though they are so cheap,
But their study will definitely make you weep…
Complex Circuits will make your condition worse,
You will not find any words to express remorse…
Of course EC is not that much easy,
But will definitely make my life cheesy…
So that’s why I had a dream
To opt for the engineering stream…
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EC MAKES ITEASY ! Mohammed Jawad
5th Sem, ETC
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KAIBALYA - 2013
The Serbian inventor Nikola Tesla built a huge18-storey tower in Long Island in 1905. His mottowas to create the world’s first power station that wouldtransmit wireless electricity around the whole world.Unfortunately the dream was remained unfulfilled ashis financiers, including JP Morgan, grew cautious andwithdrew funding. The project was considered tooexpensive and ill-thought out, and was eventuallyabandoned. The tower, torn down to pay Tesla’smounting debts, became his major failure. But now,100 years on, can his ambition be realized? WiTricity,a US-based firm set up by physicists from theMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), is oneof a number of companies around the globedeveloping different models of powering up gadgetswithout using cables. Inspired by Tesla’s vision,WiTricity believes it can launch wirelessly-poweredproducts.
In some recent research, a group of MITgraduates were able to light a 60W light bulb froma power source seven feet (more than two meters)away; there was no physical connection betweenthe source and the appliance. The MIT team refersto its concept as “WiTricity” (as in wirelesselectricity).
Tesla’s Experiment
Corolado is a country known for its dry andrarefied atmosphere where the sun rays beat withfierce intensity. He raised steam, to a dangerous
pressure, in barrels filled with concentrated saltsolution, and the tin-foil coatings of some ofelevated terminals shriveled up in the fiery blaze. An experimental high-tension transformer,carelessly exposed to the rays of the setting sun,had most of its insulating compound melted outand was rendered useless. Aided by the drynessand rarefaction of the air, the water evaporates asin a boiler, and static electricity is developed inabundance. Lightning discharges are, accordingly,very frequent and sometimes of inconceivableviolence. On one occasion approximately twelvethousand discharges occurred in two hours, andall in a radius of certainly less than fifty kilometersfrom the laboratory. In the latter part of the samemonth he noticed several times that his instrumentswere affected stronger by discharges taking placeat great distances than by those nearby.
After some days he saw that dense mass ofstrongly charged clouds gathered in the west andtowards the evening a violent storm broke loosewhich, after spending much of its fury in themountains, was driven away with great velocityover the plains. Heavy and long persisting arcsformed almost in regular time intervals. Hisobservations were now greatly facilitated andrendered more accurate by the experiences alreadygained. He was able to handle his instrumentsquickly and he was prepared. The recording
WITRICITYSiddhartha Sankar Pati
3RD Sem, ETC
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apparatus being properly adjusted, its indicationsbecame fainter and fainter with the increasingdistance of the storm, until they ceased altogether. He was watching in eager expectation. Surelyenough, in a little while the indications againbegan, grew stronger and stronger and, afterpassing through a maximum gradually decreasedand ceased once more. Many times, in regularlyrecurring intervals, the same actions were repeateduntil the storm which, as evident from simplecomputations, was moving with nearly constantspeed, had retreated to a distance of about threehundred kilometers. Nor did these strange actionsstop then, but continued to manifest them withundiminished force.
How It Works??
Wireless electricity is transmitted betweena device and its power source via fitted metal coils,explained researcher Aristeidis Karalis. One coilis the source, the other is the device. The sourcegenerates a magnetic field which induces a currentin the device. This is converted into the power thedevice wants to use.” However some say the
technology is still far from perfect. According toMenno Treffers from the Wireless Power Consortium,energy transfer becomes rapidly inefficient the furthera device is moved from the source.”In contrast,WiTricity is based on using coupled resonant objects.Two resonant objects of the same resonant frequencytend to exchange energy efficiently, while interactingweakly with extraneous off-resonant objects. A childon a swing is a good example of this. A swing is atype of mechanical resonance, so only when the childpumps her legs at the natural frequency of the swingis she able to impart substantial energy.
Another example involves acoustic resonances:Imagine a room with 100 identical wine glasses, eachfilled with wine up to a different level, so they all havedifferent resonant frequencies. If an opera singer singsa sufficiently loud single note inside the room, a glass ofthe corresponding frequency might accumulate sufficientenergy to even explode, while not influencing the otherglasses. In any system of coupled resonators there oftenexists a so-called “strongly coupled” regime ofoperation. If one ensures to operate in that regime in agiven system, the energy transfer can be very efficient.
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Courtesy:-http://www.bbc.co.uk, http://web.mit.com
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Fig. 1:Simplified model of atmosphericneutron flux variation with altitude. (Courtesy:-Dr. Eugene Normand, Boeing Radiation EffectsLab.)
Atmospheric radiation is an issue for avionicsdesigners today, with every indication of becoming agreater issue in the future. Atmospheric radiationcauses single event effects (SEE) in electronics,resulting in various system failure conditions, includinghazardous misleading information.
Cosmic radiation, including high energyneutrons, is constantly showering the earth. Galacticcosmic rays and solar rays hit the earth’s atmosphere,interact with oxygen and nitrogen atoms, and produceparticle cascades of secondary radiation. Thissecondary radiation leads to a high flux of energeticparticles, including protons, neutrons, and pions.
Of the possible secondary particles, neutronshave been shown to be mainly responsible for causing
A SINGLE EVENT EFFECTS WITHINAVIONIC SYSTEMS
Sumitra Adhikari, 3rd sem
single event upsets in memories and other devices inaircraft since the early 1990s. Neutrons interact withthe silicon structures of a component and releaseenergy that can change the state of a bit.
While the flux density varies with globalposition, altitude, and solar activity, all surface locationsare exposed to this radiation, including ground level.Typical commercial airliners operate up to 40,000 feet,where the flux density is in the range of 300 to 450times greater than at sea level, resulting in greaterincidences of SEEs for avionics equipment comparedto ground-based equipment.
Altitude variation of atmospheric neutronsderives from competition between various productionand removal processes that affect how the neutronsand the initiating cosmic rays interact with theatmosphere. The result is a maximum in the flux atabout 60,000 ft, called the Pfotzer maximum.
Although altitude is the largest single factordriving atmospheric neutron flux, latitude is also veryimportant. The variation with latitude is due to thebending of primary particles’ trajectory by the earth’sgeomagnetic field, increasing by a factor of six betweenequatorial latitude and the high latitude Polar Regions.
The energy variation of atmospheric neutronsis usually presented by plotting the differential flux (fluxper unit energy interval) as a function of energy, whichis often called the spectrum. Neutron spectrummeasurements at altitude are more complex than the
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neutron flux measurements at altitude and latitude, butthey have been made and are in good agreement withdetailed and elaborate neutron transport calculations.
The level of atmospheric radiation is alsodependent on the sun. During a typical 11-year sunspotcycle, the sun produces about 100 severe coronalmass ejections (CMEs) or solar flares and about fourextreme CMEs into the solar system—only a fractionof which usually hit the earth.
Particles from these solar flares “typically” haveenergies much lower than particles produced bygalactic cosmic rays from outside the solar system.During periods of low solar activity, the surface of thesun is comparatively stable and the particles produced“normally” contribute very little (<2%) to the resultingsecondary neutron particle creation in the atmosphere.
But during times of high activity, large solar flaresoccur. These can produce large numbers of highenergy solar energetic particles over a period of afew hours, creating SEE rates from 30 to 300 timesnormal. Documented occurrences have been rare overthe last 60 years, and therefore this should beconsidered a specific risk.
During the solar maximum period, the sun’smagnetic field pushes out away from the sun shieldingthe earth from galactic particles; the atmospheric neutronflux decreases. Conversely, during the solar minimum,the magnetic field collapses and is not effective atdeflecting galactic particles, and the atmospheric neutronflux increases.
SEEs are caused by a single particle, most likelya neutron, and can take on various forms. Thedefinition of a single event is the disturbance of anactive electronic device, such as a transistor, causedby the energy deposited in a device by a single
energetic particle. The effect is caused when aradiation-generated ionization charge exceeds thedevice’s critical charge. There are various types ofthese events, but they all are the result of a singleparticle depositing sufficient energy to cause adisturbance in an electronic device.
When charged particles lose energy by ionizingthe medium through which they pass, they create apath of electron-hole pairs. These electron-hole pairscollect at the source and drain of a transistor andproduce a current pulse. While the majority of theneutrons passing through a microelectronic device willhave no impact, if the particle deposits enough charge,a malfunction of the device results; the state of a nodecan change from logic 1 to logic 0 and vice versa.
Various failure modes in electronic systems canoccur, such as data corruption or unplanned events.Additional types of undesirable effects may includethe following:
• Damage to hardware
• Corrupted software residing in volatile memory
• Corrupted data in memory
• Microprocessor halts and interrupts
• Writing over critical data tables
The industry trend is for continued decreasesin component feature size and operating voltages,while the number of gates on a given device continuesto increase. As this trend continues to deep submicrongate lengths, the expected critical charge decreasesand the expected sensitivity to radiation increases.Note that extrapolating the level of susceptibility andresulting behavior of future IC technologies from olderdevices cannot be guaranteed without measurement.
There are various types of SEEs which result
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in different types of failure modes. These include singleand multiple event upsets, latch-up, transients, singleevent functional interrupts, and burnout. Hardwarecan be damaged, as in the case of a burnout or gaterupture, but most often the failures are nondestructive.Single event upsets are the most common type ofevent. Under current IC technology conditions, manydevices are being fabricated with feature sizes of 90nm, 65 nm, and below. At this technology point, manySRAMs are experiencing multiple cell upsets in whicha single neutron interaction leads to two or morephysically adjacent cell upsets.
Single event latch-up is another area ofconcern. Latch-up is caused by a charged particlecreating a localized short circuit across the device.When the condition occurs, there is a loss of devicefunctionality due to a single event induced high currentstate. Often the device is not permanently damaged,but power cycling is required to resume normal deviceoperation.
The development of highly reliable and availablesystems requires consideration of both the occurrenceof SEEs and the impact they have on systemperformance. An addition to the System SafetyAssessment Guidelines would provide instruction andan analysis methodology for performing a systemassessment of atmospheric radiation susceptibility.
The addition proposed here would provide aprocess for assessing each component in the design,incorporating IC effect rates, determining mitigation
requirements, and finally summarizing the total SEEfaults for the system. Also provided would be SEEanalysis preparation steps, instructions on determiningneutron cross-section data for each sensitive IC, andthe calculation of the SEE effect rates. That data wouldthen be utilized to complete the analysis with thecumulative results and impact to the system.
While many factors go into determining ahardware design, the level of susceptibility to SEEsneeds to play a role in device selection and play arole in hardware and software architecture. Thisradiation susceptibility assessment could be a part ofa component selection phase of a system designprocess, and it would begin with a review of availabletest and analysis data for each selected component.The data could be analyzed and an impact analysison system operation performed. With this information,the need for and degree of mitigation can bedetermined. Finally, an on-going program to monitorthe design could be used to verify that the systemcontinues to meet requirements through the life of theproduct.
Because susceptibility to atmospheric radiationimpacts the safety and reliability of a system, thesystem designer needs to address SEE as a formalpart of the system development process. Having theguidelines and SEE analysis method to aid in theradiation susceptibility evaluation of ICs and systemimpact will result in a more complete and accuratesystem safety assessment.
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The Alliance for Wireless Power(A4WP), agroup created through the joint efforts ofQualcomm and Samsung, is getting ready to tacklethe growing wireless charging market by introducingits very own standard to compete against the likes ofthe WPC(Wireless Power Charging).
The A4WP’s solution is a “non-radiativemagnetic resonance-based wireless power transferecosystem” — in short, it allows your phone, tabletor other A4WP-certified gadget (such as lightbulbs, as demonstrated above) to charge from asmall distance. What does this mean to you, dearconsumer? In short, your device doesn’t have tobe directly touching the pad in order to receive acharge; instead, you could place your phone ontop of a notebook or other obstruction (you couldeven stack your phone on top of another phone ortablet) and still power up your handset. lt will alsoallow you to place more than one device on thesame pad — and even more than one device type,so tablets and phones can charge together in harmonydespite the fact that they both have different powerrequirements — and move them around anywhereon the pad without interrupting the charge. Theseare key differentiators that make A4WP’s option avery tempting one for the general user.
Another key area in which A4WP differsfrom the rest of the crowd is its implementation
of Bluetooth 4.0 LE as a type of command center;it’s used to send messages back and forth betweenthe charging surface and the transmitter, telling eachother when to start and stop charging.
We had some time to play with the new chargingsurfaces, which consisted of a large pre-production padand embedded furniture (coffee tables, countertops andeven car compartments were featured). We were veryimpressed by how solid everything seems to be workingso far; there were absolutely no hiccups in itsperformance, beginning and ending each charge nearlyinstantly. It was also nice to see that metal objects (coins,for instance) can lay on the same surface without gettinghot.From what we could tell, it’s pretty far along in itsdevelopment, and reps told us that the certificationprocess should be ready for its members towards theend of the first half of the year.
Getting dressed…
Albert Einstein’s wife often suggested that he dressmore professionally.When he headed off to work.“Why should I?” he would invariably argue.Everyone knows me there.”When the time came for Einstein to attend his firstmajor conference,she begged him to dress up a bit.“Why should I?” said Einstein,“No one knows me there
THE A4WP : WIRELESS POWERCHARGING PADMohammed Jawad, 5th Sem, ETC
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The “God particle” is the nickname of asubatomic particle called Higgs boson. In layman’sterm,different subatomic particle are responsible forgiving matter different properties. One of the mostmysterious and important property is mass. Someparticles, like protons and neutrons,have mass.Others,like photons,do not. The Higgs boson, or“God particle”, is believed to be the particle whichgives mass to matter. The “God particle” nicknamegrew out of the long, drawn out struggles of physicistto find this elusive piece of cosmic puzzle.
Scientists at the CERN research centre nearGeneva, Switzerland, on 4th July 2012 (Wednesday)unveiled their latest findings in their search for the Higgsboson, a subatomic particle key to the formation ofstars, planets and eventually life after the Big Bang13.7 billion years ago.
What is The Higgs Boson?
The Higgs is the last missing piece of the StandardModel, the theory that describes the basic buildingblocks of the universe. The other 11 particles predictedby the model have been found and finding the Higgswould validate the model. Ruling it out or findingsomething more exotic would force a rethink on howthe universe is put together.
Scientists believe that in the first billionth of asecond after the Big Bang, the universe was a giganticsoup of particles racing around at the speed of lightwithout any mass to speak of. It was through theirinteraction with the Higgs field that they gained massand eventually formed the universe.
The Higgs field is a theoretical and invisibleenergy field that pervades the whole cosmos. Someparticles, like the photons that make up light, are notaffected by it and therefore have no mass. Othersfind it drags on them as porridge drags on a spoon.
Picture George Clooney (the particle) walkingdown a street with a gaggle of photographers (theHiggs field) clustered around him. An average guy onthe same street (a photon) gets no attention from thepaparazzi and gets on with his day. The Higgs particleis the signature of the field - an eyelash of one of thephotographers.
The particle is theoretical, first posited in 1964by six physicists, including Briton Peter Higgs. Thesearch for it only began in earnest in the 1980s, firstin Fermilab’s now mothballed Tevatron particlecollider near Chicago and later in a similar machine atCERN, but most intensively since 2010 with the start-up of the European centre’s Large Hadron Collider.
What is The Standard Model ?
The Standard Model is to physics what thetheory of evolution is to biology. It is the bestexplanation physicists have of how the building blocksof the universe are put together. It describes 12fundamental particles, governed by four basic forces.
But the universe is a big place and the StandardModel only explains a small part of it. Scientists havespotted a gap between what we can see and whatmust be out there. That gap must be filled bysomething we don’t fully understand, which they havedubbed ‘dark matter’. Galaxies are also hurtling away
A BURNING TOPIC:“THE GOD PARTICLE”
Swati Mohanty, 3rd Sem, ETC
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from each other faster than the forces we know aboutsuggest they should. This gap is filled by ‘darkenergy’. This poorly understood pair is believed tomake up a whopping 96 percent of the mass andenergy of the cosmos.
Confirming the Standard Model, or perhapsmodifying it, would be a step towards the holygrail of physics - a ‘theory of everything’ thatencompasses dark matter, dark energy and theforce of gravity, which the Standard Model alsodoes not explain. It could also shed light on evenmore esoteric ideas, such as the possibility ofparallel universes.
CERN spokesman James Gillies has saidthat just as Albert Einstein’s theories envelopedand built on the work of Isaac Newton, the workbeing done by the thousands of physicists at CERNhas the potential to do the same to Einstein’s work.
What Is The Large Hadron Collider?
The Large Hadron Collider is the world’sbiggest and most powerful particle accelerator, a27-km (17-mile) looped pipe that sits in a tunnel100 meters underground on the Swiss/Frenchborder. It cost 3 billion Euros to build.
Two beams of protons are fired in oppositedirections around it before smashing into each
other to create many millions of particle collisionsevery second in a recreation of the conditions afraction of a second after the Big Bang, when the Higgsfield is believed to have ‘switched on’.
The vast amount of data produced is examinedby banks of computers. Of all the trillions of collisions,very few are just right for revealing the Higgs particle.That makes the hunt for the Higgs slow, and progressincremental.
What Is The Threshold For Proof ?
To claim a discovery, scientists have setthemselves a target for certainty that they call “5 sigma”.This means that there is a probability of less than onein a million that their conclusions from the dataharvested from the particle accelerator are the resultof a statistical fluke.
The two teams hunting for the Higgs at CERN,called Atlas and CMS, now have twice the amountof data that allowed them to claim ‘tantalizingglimpses’ of the Higgs at the end of last year and thiscould push their results beyond that threshold.
Source: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/What-is-God-particle-and-what-it-does/articleshow/14670517.cms ?
There is a current scientific hypothesis that the sun has a companion which is currently about 1-1.5 light years away. It is believed that it has an elliptical orbit which, every 26 million years,sends matter towards the earth causing mass Extinction events. It was the discovery of theseseemingly regular events that gave rise to the hypothesis in the first place. The star is predicted tobe most likely a red or brown dwarf and has been named Nemesis or “Death Star”.
DO YOU KNOW ???
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Thanks to the advent of stretchable electronics,we’re currently witnessing the development of thingslike smart fabrics, bendable displays, and evenpressure-sensitive skin for robots. In manyapplications, however, the usefulness of suchelectronics would be limited if they still had to behooked up to a rigid battery. In response to thatproblem, a team of scientists have recently created –you guessed it – a stretchable lithium-ion battery.
Northwestern University’s Yonggang Huangand the University of Illinois’ John A Rogers havedeveloped a stretchable lithium-ion battery thatcan stretch up to 300 per cent of its original sizeand still function. They have demonstrated thebattery that continues to work - powering acommercial light-emitting diode (LED) - evenwhen folded, twisted and mounted on a humanelbow.
The battery they created consists of 100 small,rigid electrode disks arranged in a square array,embedded within a sheet of stretchy silicone elastomer.Those electrodes are interconnected in parallel usingmetal wires that are each laid out like a flat spring, inthe shape of a single squashed letter S. Within eachof those single S’s, however, the wires in turn takethe form of multiple smaller S’s joined end-to-end.Just picture a telephone cord arranged in an S shape,and you start to get the idea – the shape acts as aspring, but so does the cord from which it’s made.These wires provide the flexibility. When the batteryis stretched, the wavy interconnecting lines unfurl,
much like yarn unspooling. And the device can bestretched to a great deal and still have a workingbattery.
When the silicone sheet is stretched and thedistance between the electrodes increases, theconnecting wires uncurl to bridge the gaps. Thesingle larger S of each wire first straightens out,followed by the smaller S’s within it. All told, thebattery can be stretched by up to 300 percent ofits original size, while remaining functional. It alsostands up well to repeated folding and twisting
The scientists claim that their battery issimilar in power and voltage to a similarly-sizedconventional lithium-ion battery. It is currentlyable to continuously power an LED bulb for up toeight hours per charge, and a stand up to 20recharging cycles with little loss in capacity.
STRETCHABLE AND WIRELESSLYCHARGEABLE LI-ION BATTERY
Sunil Kumar Pattnayak, 7th Sem, ETC
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Fig. 1: Silicone sheet
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It is said that much before Sumerian civilization,a great civilization existed in the Atlantic Ocean. Itwasa paradise, where civilization was at its zenith. Butthen a volcano erupted and the entire grandcivilizationwas washed away.
The story of Atlantis was first told by the Greekphilosopher Plato. But how far can one believe
Plato? This is a question which many ask. Afterall where did Atlantis disappear? Why do we havenohistorical proof ? Or was the story of Plato a merefable?
The story reads like fairy-tale.The time is 12,000 years ago. A long, hazy
summer day was coming to an end. The rays ofthe sunwere shining on a tiny island. The islandappeared inexplicably beautiful with sun rayshighlightingthe volcano. The narrow streets werefilled with people. Women were enjoying thepleasantevening. They were laughing andchattering.
The evening passed away. Night came. Andwith time the pleasant, peaceful atmospherechangedinto a turbulent, violent one. The seachanged. “there occurred violent earthquakes andfloods; andin a single day and night of misfortuneall…men, women and children sank into earth,and the island of Atlantisin like mannerdisappeared in the depths of the sea…” leavingno trace behind. Or could thedisappearance ofAtlantis be the result of the impact of a colossalmeteor with the earth in theAtlantic Ocean?
The story of Atlantis has inspired manywriters, film-makers, poets, painters, and evenoccultists.
Madame Helena Blavatsky, founder of theTheosophical Society, wrote The Secret Doctrinewhosecontent of wisdom is said to have been firstformulated in a forgotten language in the islandofAtlantis. But was Atlantis a reality once upon a time? Or is it just a dream of an ideal world full of good-ness and free of all ills and evils?
Since time immemorial, scientists, explorers,archaeologists and others have been trying tounravelthe mystery of Atlantis by looking for its remainsunder the ocean. In the 1930s, an Americanoccultist,Edgar Cayce, predicted that indeed, a portion ofAtlantis would reappear near the Bahamasin 1968 or1969. Surprisingly, in 1968 underwater rockformations, remains of buildings in ruins, and
a road were discovered off Bimini in theBahamas. Divers found the road to be 1 km longand madeout of large, square stone blocks. Couldthis be the remains of the lost city, or are they justnaturalrock formations?
Scientists reason that it takes millions ofyears for a large chunk of land to sink beneath thewaves orto rise again. But according to Plato,Atlantis seems to have disappeared under thewater almostovernight! It is impossible, theyfurther argue, for Atlantis to have sunk so quicklyor to have alreadybegun to surface again.
Then, did the dazzling ancient civilizationof Atlantis really exist? Or is it just a beautifuldream of ourancient thinkers? True or fiction?Myth or reality? These are the questions whichhave inspired many to carry out research. Yet the truthis unknown, untold…
THE SUBMERGEDCIVILIZATION Sikruti Parija
7TH Sem, ETC
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Security experts say the most effective anti-shoplifting tools these days are CCTV and the tag-and-alarm systems, better known as electronicarticle surveillance (EAS) systems. Separately,these are good options. Used together, experts say,they’re almost unbeatable. EAS is a technology usedto identify articles as they pass through a gated areain a store. This identification is used to alert someonethat unauthorized removal of items is being attempted.EAS systems are useful anywhere there is anopportunity for theft of items of any size. Using anEAS system enables the retailer to display popularitems on the floor, where they can be seen, ratherthan putting them in locked cases or behind thecounter.
Loss prevention expert Robert L. DiLonardo,says new EAS technologies are being produced —not only to reduce shoplifting — but also to help increasesales, lower labour costs, speed inventory, improvestockroom logistics and, one day, to replace inventoryrecord-keeping. But for now, we’ll stick to the role ofEAS in battling shoplifting in your imaginary store!
Three types of EAS systems dominate the retailindustry. In each case, an EAS tag or label is attachedto an item. The tag is then deactivated, or taken froman active state where it will alarm an EAS system toan inactive state where it will not flag the alarm. If thetag is a hard, reusable tag, a detacher is used to removeit when a customer purchases the item it’s attached
to. If it’s a disposable, paper tag, it can be deactivatedby swiping it over a pad or with a handheld scannerthat “tells” the tag it’s been authorized to leave thestore. If the item has not been deactivated or detachedby the clerk, when it is carried through the gates, analarm will sound.
The use of EAS systems does not completelyeliminate shoplifting. However, experts say, theftcan be reduced by 60 percent or more when areliable system is used. Even when a shopliftermanages to leave the store with a tagged item, thetag still must be removed — something that is nolonger as easy as it once was. For example, someEAS tags contain special ink capsules, which willdamage the stolen item when forcibly, andillegally, removed. Other popular EAScomponents today include source tagging,
The type of EAS system dictates how wide theexit/entrance aisle may be, and the physics of aparticular EAS tag and technology determines whichfrequency range is used to create a surveillance area.EAS systems range from very low frequencies throughthe radio frequency range. These EAS systems operateon different principles are not compatible and havespecific benefits and disadvantages. That’s why theConsumer Products Manufacturers Association isencouraging a “tower-centric” EAS approach that can“read” multiple tag technologies rather than the “tag-centric” models that exist today.
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ELECTRONIC ARTICLESURVEILLANCE
Rohit Aich
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GET INSPIRED …THE STEVE JOBS WAY…
Steve Jobs’s business feats were legendarylong before he died in October 2011. Apple Inc.,considered a niche player for much of its history, isthe most valuable company in the world by marketcapitalization as of this writing. Most business leaderswould be thrilled to achieve Jobs’s level of marketsuccess, but should they aspire to lead like him?Before doing so, they should dig into his managementstyle. Jobs the leader was at once dynamic andcontroversial, and his success relied heavily on thegenius of Jobs the innovator.
Many other prominent leaders leave legaciesthat become clear only with time; however, we canevaluate Jobs’s leadership with tremendous claritytoday. This is thanks to Walter Isaacson’s masterful,eponymous biography of the entrepreneur (Simon &Schuster, 2011), a 600-page account that rarely feelsflabby or boring. Jobs pursued Isaacson, a formerCEO of CNN and managing editor of Time, for fiveyears (the first of many examples of Jobs’s persistencein the book), and then gave him a free hand (a muchrarer occurrence), promising: “It’s your book. I won’teven read it.”
The leader Isaacson portrays could haveillustrated the Great Man theory popular in the mid-19th century, with its heroic leaders whose decisionsand sheer force of will determined the world’s course.Steve Jobs was certainly a willful and driven leader,and the products and services he directed hiscompanies to develop and commercialize changed theway many of us live, as well as the course of a diverseset of industries, including computing, publishing,movies, music, and mobile telephony.
At the same time, Jobs’s leadership style wascomplex. He was intensely focused when committed,confident enough to take risky leaps, and charismaticenough to enlist legions of employees and customersin the relentless pursuit of his aspirations. He was alsointerpersonally immature well into his adult life:impatient, stubborn, and hypercritical, if not downrightcruel at times. Jobs may have been, as Isaacson says,“the greatest business executive of our era,” but hewas a mercurial, demanding, and tyrannical one. Alltoo often he was the antithesis of the “servant leader”model popularized in the 1990s (the giving, caringorganizational mentor who in many ways contrastedwith the hero model of a century prior).
However, Jobs’s seemingly destructivebehaviors sparked peak performance as much as theyundermined it, depending on where and how heapplied them. They also helped shape the unique andpowerful cultures Jobs seeded — twice at Apple, aswell as at NeXT and at Pixar. (And few would havepredicted Pixar’s runaway success in movie animation.Certainly not the Walt Disney Company, whicheventually bought Pixar to secure its hit-makingabilities, an action that made Jobs Disney’s largestshareholder.) Far better than most leaders, Jobsintuitively understood the power of cultural influencein sustaining the strategic capabilities implicit in hisperpetual vision of creating, as he put it, “an enduringcompany where people were motivated to make greatproducts...a company that will stand for something ageneration or two from now.”
Jobs’s volatile approach to leadership is bothfascinating and perplexing. For instance, Jobs had a
Mohammed Jawad5TH Sem, ETC
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fickle commitment construct — he fell in and out oflove with people much too easily, both personally andprofessionally. In his relentless pursuit of top talent,he was able to create highly skilled organizations. It is
The cracking sound of a whip is actually a sonic boom-this is because the tip of the whip travelsfaster than the speed of sound. The whip is the first man made device capable of exceeding thesound barrier.
When Anders Celsius (1701–1744) created the Celsius scale, he invented it upside-down with 0! being the boiling point of water and 100 !being the freezing point. It was reversed in the yearof Celsius’ death by Carolus Linnaeus
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You are unique. This is one of the moreobscure ways you’re unique: An alternating currentof different frequencies running through you causesa reaction that’s noticeably different from anyoneelse’s. Researchers from Dartmouth University aretrying to put this difference to use by creatingwearable electronics that respond to—and onlyto—their intended user.
The design they’re discussing is called “Amulet,”a device “not unlike a watch” that takes a measurementlike the body’s current frequency, confirming the identityof a person. The device uses small electrodes to measurehow the body’s tissue react to the alternating current,which changes from person to person. It’s a lock that’skeyed into your biology; when it’s set up with the device,it only unlocks the device for you.
It gets even better for once that connectionhas been established, researchers say, that devicecan coordinate with others. Those devices wouldjoin the party through physical contact—maybe aseasily as being slipped into a pocket, and stayingsecurely rooted in your unique biology. A systemlike that could be used to better monitor a person’shealth; a single device attached directly to the bodycould monitor that person from anywhere, withoutcausing wireless security concerns.
But researchers are conceding that a betterway of reliably interpreting the data coming fromthe sensor will still take time, and reliability is morethan a little important for something like this.
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USE YOUR BODY’SELECTRICAL FIELD TO
UNIQUELY IDENTIFY YOURSELFAdarsh Pradhan
surprising, however, that many of the people Jobsabandoned along the way retained a grudging respectfor his positive qualities — and a few even came backfor more of his particular brand of abuse.
DO YOU KNOW ???
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In present day busy life, talking over a phonewhile crossing the road or listening to i-pod whilewalking along the road seem to be a common practiceas far as youths are concerned.We are ignorant ofour blind side while walking along the road. We don’tknow what’s coming from behind. And the numberof “hit and run” cases is definitely a reason to worry.But only creating awareness is not sufficient enoughbecause it defies the definition of cool. What we don’tunderstand is how vulnerable we have become byclosing our ears to the outside sound when it providesthe most information regarding the activities in our blindside. The case is even worse for blind and deaf. Sothe technologists came up with an idea “VIZI-BELT”which may reduce the probability of road accidents.
Overview of Working
VIZI-BELT is a device which can be worn likea cloth with its small but powerful camera facingtowards our blind side. The camera collects thepictures of our blind side while we are walking alongthe road. If a fast moving vehicle approaches towardsus the camera will measure its speed and will give analarm to the wearer that something is coming fast.The kind of alarm it will give depends upon the user’spreference. For a blind it will be an audio signal, for adeaf it will be a vibrating alert and for a normal peopleanything and sometimes both.
Technical Aspects
Moving to the technical details of the device, itcontains a small dedicated processor to facilitate theflexibility of programming. A camera is used to capturethe events going on our blind side. Image processingis used to detect the fast moving objects. Low powerARM (Advanced RISC Machine) processor is usedfor processing and is powered by a small 12V battery.The camera is interfaced with the processor to sendimages in digital form which can be further processed.The image processing algorithm used here is first testedand debugged using MATLAB and openCV. Thenthey are downloaded into the small memory in theprocessor. The algorithm detects any grey levelchange in the image consecutive images. The grey levelor intensity of the image increases when the vehiclemoving with a greater pace approaches near thecamera. The processor is programmed to calculateits speed and distance by which it’s away from thewearer, considering the change in grey level. It thensends a signal to the alarming unit to trigger an alarm.The alarm is triggered beforehand, which buys usenough time to take corrective actions.
Usability
1. Portability & Easy To Wear
It is so designed that it can be worn comfortablyon our back and it is fashionable too. It is very light
VIZI-BELTSuman Pani
7TH Sem, ETC
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weight, more or less 400 grams. It is afashionablecloth with various art patterns and designs. A smallcamera is fit into it carefully which will keep track ofour blind side and the processor chip on the circuit-board is placed close to the camera to make anassembly. A 12V battery is to power the device whichis just below the camera-processor assembly.
2. Price
It is costly because of the powerful cameraand ARM processors. It is estimated to cost around$50 apiece. However with further research andmass production it is expected to reduce in price.
The same technology can be used for cars andbuses to avoid collision from back but in a larger scale
of course. Every day better and efficient imageprocessing algorithms are evolving and with betteralgorithms we can use better power efficient hardware.So definitely its size would go smaller and so as thepower requirement. There is rigorous research goingon to accommodate both the chip and the camera onthe same board. It will definitely help in reducing thesize and response time. And also research work isgoing on to make it more portable and fashionable towear although it is now.
May be it does not sound revolutionary but it isan easy and trust-worthy solution to theaforementioned problems. It is believed thatfurther improvement this device can act as a veryimportant tool in avoiding road accidents.
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An Economics professor gave only onequestion in the final exam after a semester dealingwith broad course. The class was already seatedand ready to go and then the professor picked uphis chair, placed it on the table and wrote on theboard: “Using everything we have learned thissemester, prove that this chair does not exist.“Hands ran with great speed, erasers erased,answer sheets were filled in furious fashion. Somestudents wrote over 30 pages in one hour
attempting to prove the nonexistence of the chair. Onestudent of the class however, was up and finished inless than a minute. A week later when the grades wereposted, the rest of the group wondered how he couldhave gotten an “A+” when he had barely writtenanything. His answer consisted of two words: “Whatchair?”
It tells us a great thing: what most of the peoplethink, is not correct every time. It is good to be genuine”.
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“NO CHAIR”Siddhartha Sankar Pati
3RD SEM, ETC
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You have a smartphone. You wake up in themorning, you check your today’s schedules and emails,and you see the weather report. On your way to work,you are trapped in traffic and look for alternative wayon maps. You seek some information, you search forit. You want to meet someone, you share your location.You see something amazing, you click a picture. Andshare it on social networking website. You feel bored,you check in your fb. On the way back home youlisten to music to comfort yourself. All these thingsyou do on your phone.
Think about this! How if you could do allthese stuff but without holding a phone in yourhand. You would be able to see the rightinformation at the right time flashing in front ofyour eyes. All hands-free. How amazing it wouldbe if you would be able to see more of something.Something that normal eyes can’t see. You willdefinitely feel like a superhuman!
Something like- You wake up in themorning, it flashes in your eyes your today’s tasksincluding appointments, calendar notification,meetings and emails. You look out of your windowand you see the weather report temperature,humidity and forecast on the clouds. On your wayto work you foresee the suspended road serviceand you even you see an alternate route map. Youwant to search for something just say it loud andit shows you the results. You receive a message, itflashes before your eyes, and you want to reply to it,just speak to it loud. Yes it shows you everything rightin front of your eyes. You want to click a picture, just
look at a scene and say ‘click a picture’ and it doesso. You want to share it on fb, just say and it willobey. Yes it shows you everything right in front ofyour eyes. And yes it is controlled by your voice.
That’s the new google glass.
Google X (Google’s futuristic technologydevelopment lab) has pulled back the curtain onProject Glass, its program to develop truly usefulaugmented reality “Google glasses.” Project Glassaims to design and refine augmented realitytechnology to help a user explore and share theirworld armed with a wealth of relevant information- not at their fingertips, but rather at the end oftheir eyes. Augmented reality describes a view ofthe real world that includes superimposedgraphics. Instead of interrupting your activities touse a smartphone to search for information - getdirections, remain in touch, find out if an item ison sale, translate a tourist’s note evaluating arestaurant, and the like - Google’s Project Glassintends to provide glasses with real-time heads-up displays and intelligent personal assistantsoftware to enable a seamless user experience.
“We think technology should work for you- to be there when you need it and get out of yourway when you don’t. They are a new form ofcomputing. They have been designed to free you.”says Sergey Brin, co-founder of Google.
Controlling Glass will eventually rely on amixture of inputs: it’ll recognize voice commands, while
GOOGLEGLASS Spandan Kumar Lenka
7TH Sem, ETC
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also taking cues from the right sidebar. There’s atouch-sensitive pad on it that will understand gestures.The glasses are voice-controlled, with the phrase“Okay, Glass” activating services like video chat,navigation, photography, social feeds, or search-powered browsing etc. Glass has an accelerometerand a gyroscope, enabling wearers to tell Glass whatto do by nodding, shaking one’s head, etc.
Since this is a new form of computing, wearableelectronics are going to spark a new trend capable todo almost everything today’s smartphone can do withlots of easiness to the user. It can be used to initiate avideo recording, take photos, send an email or text
with a voice command, read headlines, a Google+hangout that sends real-time videos, showing theGoogle+, Facebook and Twitter, Image search, Webbrowsing, watch youtube videos, navigating throughthe ways and even a skype call..!
Waiting for augmented reality that meets thepromise of the technology we’ve been hearingabout and seeing in science fiction for years nowis now over. Although this technology createsdistraction, it takes you out of the moment. Itbrings technology closer to your senses. It’s areally amazing innovation Google has evercrafted. Hats off….
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Miles ahead to goMiles ahead to goWe are at the sea shoreMany waves are there to row
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MILES AHEADTO GO Rama Krishna Dash
5TH Sem, ETC
Destiny is in front of usWe gotta make a quick rushSky is full of singing larksSea is crowded by the sharks Every step with utmost care
We must put with little dareExperience bothsweet and bitterWe have to take it little furtherTo wrong paths the whirlpools show
Be ready with a simple “no”If u dont accept ur defeatSuccess will be at ur feet We must not leave the boat we row
In the sea for fear of foeThere are many miles to goMany a miles ahead to go
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If you’ve seen many old westerns, then you’ll
likely have watched a few scenes where one cowboy
has to suck rattlesnake venom out of another one’sleg. Things would have been much easier for those
cowboys if nanosponges had been around at the time.
Developed by scientists at the University of California,San Diego, the tiny sponges mimic red blood cells, and
are able to soak up lethal toxins – including snake venom
and bacteria – from the bloodstream.
The nanosponges are made up of abiocompatible polymer core, which is coated withsegments of the host’s red blood cell membranes. Thatcoating fools the immune system into identifying thesponges as the body’s own blood cells, so it doesn’tattack them. Because each nanosponge is 3,000 timessmaller than a red blood cell, the harvested membrane
of one cell provides enough material to coat thousandsof sponges.
When injected into the bloodstream, thenanosponges attract “pore-forming toxins,” just likereal red blood cells. These toxins are produced notonly by snake and insect venom, but also by bacteriasuch as MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus) and E. coli. They kill cells by perforating theirouter membranes.
So many of the nanosponges are injected thatthey end up actually outnumbering the real red bloodcells in the bloodstream. This results in the majorityof the toxins attaching themselves to the sponges,leaving most of the blood cells alone. Those toxin-laden sponges are then carried to the liver, where boththe polymer and the toxins are safely metabolized withno harmful effects to the body.
In lab trials, 89 percent of mice survived lethaldoses of alpha-haemolysin toxin from MRSA, if firstinoculated with the nanosponges. That figuredecreased to 44 percent when the sponges wereinjected after exposure to the toxin.
Clinical trials of the nanosponges are now beingplanned. The project was led by Prof. LiangfangZhang, and described in a paper recently publishedin the journal nature nanotechnology.
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NANOSPONGES USEDTO SOAK UP
TOXINS FROM THE BODY Monalisa Banerjee7TH Sem, ETC
Fig. 1 : Nanosponges
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Just once wouldn’t you love for someone tosimply show you the evidence for God’s existence?No arm-twisting. No statements of, “You just haveto believe.” Well, here is an attempt to candidly offersome of the reasons which suggest that God exists.
But first consider this. When it comes to thepossibility of God’s existence, the Bible says thatthere are people who have seen sufficientevidence, but they have suppressed the truth aboutGod.1 On the other hand, for those who want toknow God if he is there, he says, “You will seekme and find me; when you seek me with all yourheart, I will be found by you.”2 Before you lookat the facts surrounding God’s existence, askyourself, If God does exist, would I want to knowhim? Here then, are some reasons to consider...
1. The complexity of our planet points to adeliberate Designer who not only createdour universe, but sustains it today.
Many examples showing God’s designcould be given, possibly with no end. But hereare a few:
The Earth...its size is perfect. The Earth’ssize and corresponding gravity holds a thin layerof mostly nitrogen and oxygen gases, onlyextending about 50 miles above the Earth’ssurface. If Earth were smaller, an atmospherewould be impossible, like the planet Mercury. IfEarth were larger, its atmosphere would contain freehydrogen, like Jupiter.3 Earth is the only known planet
equipped with an atmosphere of the right mixture ofgases to sustain plant, animal and human life.
The Earth is located the right distance from thesun. Consider the temperature swings we encounter,roughly -30 degrees to +120 degrees. If the Earthwere any further away from the sun, we would allfreeze. Any closer and we would burn up. Even afractional variance in the Earth’s position to the sunwould make life on Earth impossible. The Earthremains this perfect distance from the sun while itrotates around the sun at a speed of nearly 67,000mph. It is also rotating on its axis, allowing the entiresurface of the Earth to be properly warmed andcooled every day.
And our moon is the perfect size and distancefrom the Earth for its gravitational pull. The mooncreates important ocean tides and movement so oceanwaters do not stagnate, and yet our massive oceansare restrained from spilling over across the continents.4
Water...colorless, odorless and without taste,and yet no living thing can survive without it. Plants,animals and human beings consist mostly of water(about two-thirds of the human body is water). You’llsee why the characteristics of water are uniquely suitedto life:
It has an unusually high boiling point and freezingpoint. Water allows us to live in an environment offluctuating temperature changes, while keeping ourbodies a steady 98.6 degrees.Water is a universalsolvent. This property of water means that various
DOES GOD EXIST??SIMPLE ANSWERS
Saswati Mishra, 7TH Sem, ETC
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chemicals, minerals and nutrients can be carriedthroughout our bodies and into the smallest bloodvessels.5
Water is also chemically neutral. Withoutaffecting the makeup of the substances it carries,water enables food, medicines and minerals to beabsorbed and used by the body.
Water has a unique surface tension. Water inplants can therefore flow upward against gravity,bringing life-giving water and nutrients to the top ofeven the tallest trees.Water freezes from the top downand floats, so fish can live in the winter.
Ninety-seven percent of the Earth’s water is inthe oceans. But on our Earth, there is a systemdesigned which removes salt from the water andthen distributes that water throughout the globe.Evaporation takes the ocean waters, leaving thesalt, and forms clouds which are easily moved bythe wind to disperse water over the land, forvegetation, animals and people. It is a system ofpurification and supply that sustains life on thisplanet, a system of recycled and reused water.6
The human brain...simultaneouslyprocesses an amazing amount of information. Yourbrain takes in all the colours and objects you see,the temperature around you, the pressure of yourfeet against the floor, the sounds around you, thedryness of your mouth, even the texture of yourkeyboard.
Your brain holds and processes all youremotions, thoughts and memories. At the sametime your brain keeps track of the ongoing functionsof your body like your breathing pattern, eyelidmovement, hunger and movement of the muscles inyour hands.
The human brain processes more than a millionmessages a second.7 Your brain weighs the importance
of all this data, filtering out the relatively unimportant.This screening function is what allows you to focusand operate effectively in your world. The brainfunctions differently than other organs. There is anintelligence to it, the ability to reason, to producefeelings, to dream and plan, to take action, and relateto other people.
The eye...can distinguish among seven millioncolors. It has automatic focusing and handles anastounding 1.5 million messages —simultaneously.8 Evolution focuses on mutationsand changes from and within existing organisms.Yet evolution alone does not fully explain theinitial source of the eye or the brain — the start ofliving organisms from nonliving matter.
2. The universe had a start - what caused it?
Scientists are convinced that our universebegan with one enormous explosion of energy andlight, which we now call the Big Bang. This wasthe singular start to everything that exists: thebeginning of the universe, the start of space, andeven the initial start of time itself.
Astrophysicist Robert Jastrow, a self-described agnostic, stated, “The seed of everythingthat has happened in the Universe was planted inthat first instant; every star, every planet and everyliving creature in the Universe came into being asa result of events that were set in motion in themoment of the cosmic explosion...The Universeflashed into being, and we cannot find out whatcaused that to happen.”9
Steven Weinberg, a Nobel laureate in Physics,said at the moment of this explosion, “the universewas about a hundred thousand million degreesCentigrade...and the universe was filled withlight.”10The universe has not always existed. It had astart...what caused that? Scientists have no
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explanation for the sudden explosion of light andmatter.
3. The DNA code informs, programs a cell’sbehavior.
Well, just like you can program your phone tobeep for specific reasons, DNA instructs the cell.DNA is a three-billion-lettered program telling the cellto act in a certain way. It is a full instruction manual.
The world’s first nuclear reactor was built in a squash court beneath a Chicago footballstadium on December 2, 1942. While it only generated enough power to light a flashlight,it proved that nuclear power was feasible.
Why is this so amazing? One has to ask....howdid this information program wind up in each humancell? These are not just chemicals. These are chemicalsthat instruct, that code in a very detailed way exactlyhow the person’s body should develop.
Natural, biological causes are completelylacking as an explanation when programmedinformation is involved. You cannot find instruction,precise information like this, without someoneintentionally constructing it.
At the end we would like to conclude withAlbert Einstein’s quote “The more I study the universe,the more I believe in the existence of a Higher Power.”
DO YOU KNOW ????
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All instruction, all teaching, all training comeswith intent. Someone who writes an instruction manualdoes so with purpose. Did you know that in everycell of our bodies there exists a very detailed instructioncode, much like a miniature computer program? Asyou may know, a computer program is made up ofones and zeros, like this: 110010101011000. The waythey are arranged tell the computer program what todo. The DNA code in each of our cells is very similar.It’s made up of four chemicals that scientistsabbreviate as A, T, G, and C. These are arrangedin the human cell like this:GTGTGACTCGCTCCTGAT and so on. There arethree billion of these letters in every human cell!!
Fig. 1: Binary Codes Fig. 2: DNA Codes
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It’s no surprise that how much a person eatsdetermines how full they feel right after a meal. Butit’s the memory of that meal, and not the meal itself,that matters a couple of hours later. So does this meanyou trick yourself into thinness? Probably not. But itdoes tell us something about the role that manipulatingmemory may play in calorie intake.
We’ve known for a while that people whoare distracted while eating — such as by watchingTV or typing — are not really thinking about whatthey’re eating. They’re not making memories of thefood, and may be setting themselves up for laterhunger. This area of research is helping scientists tobetter understand “how our memory for food comesto influence the decisions we make and the amount offood we eat,” says Jeffrey Brunstrom, an experimentalpsychologist at the University of Bristol in the U.K.
In a new study published in the journal PLOSOne, Brunstrom and his colleagues took a group of100 people and, just before lunch, showed them apicture of a bowl of supermarket-brand creamedtomato soup. Half saw a bowl with 300 ml of soup,and half saw a bowl with 500 ml of soup. (This isabout the difference between a cup and a bowl ofsoup.)
Each participant was then led into a cubiclewhere they ate some tomato soup — either the cupor bowl amount. But they couldn’t tell exactly howmuch soup they were eating because the scientistshad employed a special system that could covertlyadd or remove soup from the bowl. The participants
were just told to eat soup until they reached a specialline on their bowl.
After lunch, people who ate more soup feltmore satiated than those who ate less. But two andthree hours later, it was the picture of the soup theysaw earlier that mattered more. Those who had seenthe bigger bowl of soup felt less hungry, whether ornot they had eaten more soup.At that point, Brunstromsays, “the memory was dominating hunger,” not theactual number of calories consumed.
What’s going on inside the brain and body isn’tcompletely clear at this point, but there are a lot ofchanges and feedbacks that take place when we eatfood. “Memory for a recently consumed meal mightgive further refinement to those signals,” Brunstromsays.
Further evidence that memory matters forsatiation comes from amnesiacs who suffer from acondition called hyperphagia, in which they cannotremember what they’ve eaten. In those patients,Brunstrom says, “if they eat lots of meals, they tendto feel just bloated, but they don’t necessarily feelfull. We think that they can’t actually attribute [thesignals from their bodies] to what has taken place.”
This research may not yet provide any radicalnew strategies for weight loss, but, Brunstrom says,“One logical conclusion from this is that anything thatwe can do to promote the memory of a recent meal isa good thing.”Brunstrom’s advice? Stop eating infront of the computer screen.
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DO YOU REMEMBERWHAT YOU ATE??
Soumya Mishra7TH Sem, ETC
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It consists of one-atom-thick sheets and it couldrevolutionize electronics ... but it’s not graphene.Chemists at Ohio State University, instead of creatinggraphene from carbon atoms, have used sheets ofgermanium atoms to create a substance known asgermanane. Because of its numerous advantages oversilicon, it could become the material of choice forsemiconductors.
Germanium was used to create the firstexperimental microchips over 60 years ago, and OhioState assistant professor of chemistry JoshuaGoldberger wondered if it could still give graphene arun for its money. “But silicon and germanium are stillthe materials of the present. Sixty years’ worth ofbrainpower has gone into developing techniques tomake chips out of them. So we’ve been searching forunique forms of silicon and germanium withadvantageous properties, to get the benefits of a newmaterial but with less cost and using existingtechnology.”
The resulting material has been shown toconduct electrons ten times faster than silicon (andfive times faster than conventional germanium),meaning that it could carry a proportionately higherload if used in microchips. It’s also more chemicallystable than silicon, not oxidizing in the presence of airor water, plus it’s much better at absorbing andemitting light – this means that it could proveparticularly useful in solar cells.
Scientist have created germanane before,although apparently never in sufficient quantities toconduct such an extensive study of its properties, orto allow for large-scale production. To make theirgermanane, Goldberger and his team took a uniqueapproach.
Ordinarily, germanium takes the form ofmultilayered crystals. The single-atom-thick layers arebonded to one another, and each one is quite unstableon its own. The OSU researchers created their owngermanium crystals, in which calcium atoms wereinserted between the layers. That calcium was thendissolved using water, leaving empty chemical bondsin its absence. Those bonds were subsequentlyplugged with hydrogen, resulting in much more stablelayers that could be peeled from the crystal whileremaining intact.
Goldberger and his team now plan oninvestigating how the material’s properties could betweaked, by changing the configuration of the atomswithin a single sheet.
ONE ATOM THICK GERMANIUM SHEETS MAYREPLACE SILICON IN SEMICONDUCTORS !
Soumya Mishra, 7TH Sem, ETC
Source: Ohio State University
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KAIBALYA - 2013
Two of the most important things that you carrywith you every day are your wallet and your smartphone. One holds your money, and the other keepsyou connected with everything important in your life.While you probably keep pretty close tabs on boththese pocket-sized necessities, it’s not outside therealm of possibility that you might misplace one.Whether it’s the wallet or the phone, the SmartWallitmakes sure you find it before your next cup of coffeeor text message. The SmartWallit is an accessory thatslides into your wallet and uses integrated Bluetooth4.0 hardware to make a wireless bridge between yourwallet and your phone. Once you’ve installed theaccompanying app, your smart phone and wallet aremarried together by more than just close proximity inyour pants. Leave your wallet behind – say whenyou’re rushing out of the house to work – and yourphone will beep as a reminder. Leave your phonebehind and your wallet will beep. If you purposelyleave your phone or wallet behind and want to stopthe beeping reminder, all you have to do is tap thewallet or phone.
If you end up misplacing your phone or wallet,simply tap the one that’s on your person and the lostitem will beep, providing an audible clue as to itswhereabouts. The app on the smartphone will evenshow you the distance to the wallet.
From there, the SmartWallit adds functions thatmay be useful to some, or useless to others. You can
program the device to provide a cue at regularinterviews, reminding you that your wallet is indeedon your person. SmartWallit designers added thefeature because they “think it’s silly peoplecontinuously pat their pocket to check if they still havetheir wallet” – but apparently not silly if they’re pattingtheir pocket to shut off their vibrating wallets whenthey leave their phones on their desks. Anotherfunction that may or may not prove useful to theindividual user is wallet-use tracking. When you usethe wallet, the wallet’s ambient light and proximitysensors recognize the usage and communicate withthe app to automatically record when and where youused it.
The SmartWallit offers a range of up to 100feet (30 m). Its lithium-polymer battery offers up to25 days of charge, but using the notification featurescan cut into that drastically. Recharging takes abouttwo hours. Because of its Bluetooth design, theSmartWallit will drain your phone battery an estimated5 percent extra per day.
A wallet with a circuit board stuck in it won’tappeal to everyone. To help the SmartWallit appealto wallet minimalists, the designers also offer a cardholder accessory that allows you to ditch the walletand carry cards and cash directly on the SmartWallit.A keyring lets you bind your keys, the other pocketessential, to your SmartWallit.
SMARTWALLIT:ACCESSORYTO KEEPTRACK OFPHONE & WALLET
Abhishek Rath, 7TH Sem, ETC
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KAIBALYA - 2013
It was not so long ago that we would tap awayon a PalmPilot with a tiny stylus, or exercise ourthumbs on a BlackBerry micro-keyboard. Then, inJanuary 2007, along came the Apple iPhone, andeverything changed. Suddenly, people were wipingtheir fingers across screens, pinching images andperforming other maneuvers that had not previouslybeen part of the smartphone interface.
Now we not only take touch input for granted,we expect to be able to use multitouch (using morethan one finger on the screen at a time) and gesturesas well. What made this touch screen revolutionpossible, and where is it likely to take us?
According to touch industry expert GeoffWalker of Walker Mobile, there are 18 distinctlydifferent touch technologies available. Some rely onvisible or infrared light; some use sound waves andsome use force sensors. They all have individualcombinations of advantages and disadvantages,including size, accuracy, reliability, durability, numberof touches sensed and — of course — cost.
As it turns out, two of these technologiesdominate the market for transparent touchtechnology applied to display screens in mobiledevices. And the two approaches have very distinctdifferences. One requires moving parts, while theother is solid state. One relies on electricalresistance to sense touches, while the other relieson electrical capacitance. One is analog and theother is digital. (Analog approaches measure achange in the value of a signal, such as the voltage,while digital technologies rely on the binary choicebetween the presence and absence of a signal.)Their respective advantages and disadvantagespresent clearly different experiences to end users.
The resistive system consists of a normalglass panel that is covered with a conductive anda resistive metallic layer. These two layers areheld apart by spacers, and a scratch-resistant layer isplaced on top of the whole setup. An electrical currentruns through the two layers while the monitor isoperational. When a user touches the screen, the twolayers make contact in that exact spot. The change in
Suman Pani7TH Sem, ETC
HOW TOUCHSCREENWORKS ?
Fig. 1: Cross Section of a Touchscreen
Many paths to touch
To begin with, not all touch is created equal. Thereare many different touch technologies availableto design engineers.
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the electrical field is noted and the coordinates of thepoint of contact are calculated by the computer. Oncethe coordinates are known, a special driver translatesthe touch into something that the operating system canunderstand, much as a computer mouse drivertranslates a mouse’s movements into a click or a drag.
In the capacitive system, a layer that storeselectrical charge is placed on the glass panel ofthe monitor. When a user touches the monitor withhis or her finger, some of the charge is transferredto the user, so the charge on the capacitive layerdecreases. This decrease is measuredin circuits located at each corner of the monitor.The computer calculates, from the relativedifferences in charge at each corner, exactly wherethe touch event took place and then relays thatinformation to the touch-screen driver software.One advantage that the capacitive system has overthe resistive system is that it transmits almost 90percent of the light from the monitor, whereas theresistive system only transmits about 75 percent.This gives the capacitive system a much clearerpicture than the resistive system.
Another important method of touchscreenid surface acoustic wave system,two transducers (one receiving and one sending)are placed along the x and y axes of the monitor’sglass plate. Also placed on the glassare reflectors — they reflect an electrical signalsent from one transducer to the other. Thereceiving transducer is able to tell if the wave hasbeen disturbed by a touch event at any instant,and can locate it accordingly. The wave setup hasno metallic layers on the screen, allowing for 100-percent light throughput and perfect image clarity. This
makes the surface acoustic wave system best fordisplaying detailed graphics (both other systems havesignificant degradation in clarity).
The other touchscreen technologies are slightvariations of the above mentioned methods.
Apart from the above mentioned areas, anotherarea in which the systems differ is in which stimuli willregister as a touch event. A resistive system registers atouch as long as the two layers make contact, whichmeans that it doesn’t matter if you touch it with yourfinger or a rubber ball. A capacitive system, on the otherhand, must have a conductive input, usually your finger,in order to register a touch. The surface acoustic wavesystem works much like the resistive system, allowinga touch with almost any object — except hard andsmall objects like a pen tip.
As far as price, the resistive system is thecheapest; its clarity is the lowest of the three, andits layers can be damaged by sharp objects. Thesurface acoustic wave setup is usually the mostexpensive.
Research is going on to make touchscreenmore sensitive and less expensive.Meanwhile system designers are developing newways to interact with mobile devices via touch,such as expanded gesture sets and three-dimensional proximity sensing. Even as othermodes of interaction — such as speech recognitionfor voice input — become more sophisticated,touch is likely to remain the primary way wecontrol our devices. Only time can tell what thefuture of touch technology.
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KAIBALYA - 2013
“Papa! I’m certainly not coming this far to studyfor next foouurrr yeaarrss. No way! Let’s go backhome. It’s not happening! Please…” These were thewords that came out when I reached C.V.RamanCollege Of Engineering for the first time in my lifewith my father for the orientation programme. But myfather just smiled. And thus began the journey of myengineering life with sheer note of frustration andmonotony. Little did I realize that these notes wouldactually change and redirect my entire vision andattitude towards life, towards a happier tomorrow!As I write these, a feeling of nostalgia sweeps over,as just 2 months are there for my,(Sorry, correction!),Our Engineering life of batch 2009 to get over.
First year passed by leaving no specialmemories except dozing off in class or making newfriends or bunking classes! But with the onset ofsecond year began my never ending friendship withfive lovely girls of my life- Suman, Swati, Sushree,Prakruti and Sasmita. With them the days rolled byguffawing loudly at nonsense jokes of our classmates,or eating snacks with teacher present in the class.Slowly and slowly from 5 we became 15 as peoplekept on getting mixed into our group that finally webecame Inseparables. Having birthday bashes orcopying assignments from each other, or be it playingpranks on every one, or silently supporting, when meor Spandan used to get calls from Kanungo Sir forbunking classes of our classes, we were togetheralways. The project classes were less used for projectwork and more for gossiping sitting in labs.
As days rolled by we made friends with ourfaculties and left no stone unturned to irritate them.But they were so supporting that they took all ourmischiefs playfully. They helped us to stand on ourfeet each time we fell, be it academically orpsychologically. Together we ETCIANS made a verydiversified yet united family.
I agree with so many people we’re bound tohave fights but never allowed these fights to take atoll on our friendship. These four years helped me tostudy and analyze the lessons of life apart fromcommunication and signaling. And I am really thankfulto my father for getting me admitted to this collegewhere my faculties and friends helped me to becomea better person. A big thank you!
In this final stage, I have witnessed manyrelations breaking just because of miscommunicationand ego factors but am really happy that we are stilltogether, happy and proud.And also apologies to ourbeloved Sirs and Mams for creating nuisance in yourclasses and thank you for tolerating our pranks.
Aww...I became an emotional fool. Well Thankyou ETC for helping me understand and realize myinner potentials. It’s all because of your hard workand belief that I’m what am today. And also thankyou to all my friends–Praks,S ash, Sush, Swati, Motu,Khamu, Niku, Kanhei, Sidhu, Jhanky, Pinku, Payalfor adding beautiful colors to my life’s drawing.
FOUR YEARS OFMY COLLEGE LIFE
“Memories are hunting horses whose sounds die on the wind……”Sikruti Parija7TH Sem, ETC
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