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Dr. Svetlana Brzev University of British Columbia
Special Session on Retrofit of Special Session on Retrofit of
Masonry StructuresMasonry Structures
Confined Masonry: Seismic Confined Masonry: Seismic
Retrofitting and New Construction Retrofitting and New Construction
of School Buildings of School Buildings
Dr. Svetlana BrzevDepartment of Civil Engineering
British Columbia Institute of Technology Vancouver, Canada
Prof. Roberto MeliInstituto de Ingeneria, UNAM, Mexico
Confined Masonry: BeginningsConfined Masonry: Beginnings Evolved though an informal process based on its
satisfactory performance in past earthquakes
The first reported use in the reconstruction after the 1908
Messina, Italy earthquake (M 7.2) - death toll 70,000
Practiced in Chile and Columbia since 1930’s and in Mexico
since 1940’s
Currently practiced in several countries/regions with high seismic risk, including Latin America, Mediterranean Europe, Middle East (Iran), South Asia (Indonesia), and the Far East (China).
Components of a Confined Masonry Components of a Confined Masonry BuildingBuilding
Confined Masonry and School Confined Masonry and School BuildingsBuildings
Suitable for low-rise buildings (most school buildings in Iran single-storey buildings)
Suitable for building plans with smaller room sizes (4-6 m) – schools in rural areas and smaller towns
Construction does not need advanced construction skills - it is expected that construction skills in rural areas are limited
6
Confined Masonry Construction: Confined Masonry Construction: Performance in Recent EarthquakesPerformance in Recent Earthquakes
January 2010, January 2010, Haiti Haiti
M 7.0M 7.0
300,000 deaths300,000 deaths
February 2010, ChileFebruary 2010, Chile
M 8.8 521 deaths M 8.8 521 deaths
(10 due to confined (10 due to confined masonry construction)masonry construction)
Performance of Confined Performance of Confined Masonry in Iranian EarthquakesMasonry in Iranian Earthquakes
Source: URM Buildings and Earthquake, State Organization of Schools Renovation, Development and
Mobilization, Iran, 2009
Performance of Confined Masonry in Performance of Confined Masonry in Iranian Earthquakes - ObservationsIranian Earthquakes - Observations
Key deficiencies:
Poor quality of construction (especially concrete)
Inadequate detailing of RC confining elements
and their connections
Code provisions not followed
Inadequate construction supervision ?
Inadequate construction skills?
School Retrofit and School Retrofit and Reconstruction Project, Iran: Reconstruction Project, Iran:
NeedsNeedsA significant effort (250,000 classrooms)90% schools of masonry construction70% schools are of non-engineered
unreinforced masonry constructionConstruction quality for some (many?)
schools likely an issueViability of retrofit is questionable in
such instances
Confined Masonry for Iranian Confined Masonry for Iranian SchoolsSchools
An opportunity to provide enhanced
seismic safety for new school buildings
It is also possible to retrofit the existing
confined masonry school buildings,
provided that the construction quality is
acceptable – otherwise reconstruction is
preferred
A project of the Confined Masonry Network
Developed by an international expert group under the auspices
of Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI) and
International Association of Earthquake Engineering (IAEE)
Recommendations based on experience from countries and
regions where confined masonry construction has been
practiced for many decades, including Mexico, Peru, Chile,
Argentina, Iran, Indonesia, China, Algeria and Slovenia.
Global Resources Now Available:Global Resources Now Available:Seismic Design Guide for Seismic Design Guide for
Confined Masonry BuildingsConfined Masonry Buildings
Seismic Design Guide for Low-Rise Masonry Buildings
available online at
www.confinedmasonry.org12
Upcoming EventsUpcoming Events
12th Canadian masonry Symposium, Vancouver, Canada, June 2-5,
2013
www.cms2013.ca
9th International Masonry Conference, 2014, Guimaraes, Portugal
www.9imc.uminho.pt
North American Masonry Conference, 2015, Denver, USA
International Brick/Block Masonry Conference, 2016, Padua, Italy
AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments
Tim Hart, USA;
Ahmed Mebarki, France;
A.S. Moghadam, Iran;
Daniel Quiun, Peru;
Miha Tomazevic,
Slovenia;
Luis Yamin, Colombia.
Maximiliano Astroza, Chile;
Teddy Boen, Indonesia;
Francisco Crisafulli,
Argentina;
Junwu Dai, China;
Mohammed Farsi, Algeria;
Co-authors of the
Guide:
The sponsors:Haiti eq photo: Ben
Benjamin,
WSB, Vancouver