8/13/2019 Dr. Theodore Letis' essay, "B.B. Warfield, Common-Sense Philosophy and Biblical Criticism"

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8/13/2019 Dr. Theodore Letis' essay, "B.B. Warfield, Common-Sense Philosophy and Biblical Criticism"

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ONBVXMP EJM@. @. Ybrgdmch, Oekkej-_mjsm Vndcesepny

bjh @d` Ordtdodsk

Xdbhdtdejbccy wdtndj mvbjimcdobc odrocms, ndinmr ordtdodsk nbs`mmj vdmwmh bs tnm ger`dhhdji rmbck eg hmstruotdvm su`lmotdvdsk.Ej tnm etnmr nbjh, sdjom tnm cbtm jdjmtmmjtn omjtury, tnm cewmr,er tmxtubc ordtdodsk, nbs `mmj vdmwmh bs tnm sbgm hekbdj wnmrmbcc brm tneuint te `m oejstrbdjmh `y e`lmotdvm hbtb wndon uctd-kbtmcy hmkejstrbtm tnm rmcdb`dcdry eg tnm @d`cdobc tmxt.c Bj nds-terdobc stuhy eg tnm hdsodpcdjm eg cewmr ordtdodsk, newmvmr,prevms tnds te `m b rbtnmr rmomjt hmvmcepkmjt.

Vmromptdvm ndsterdbjs nbvm ceji jetmh tnbt dt wbs spmodgdobccytnm ceutmr ordtdodsk tnbt erdidjbccy nbujtmh oejsmrybtdvms `mobusmeg tnm tnrmbt dt pesmh te tnmdr vdmw eg umr`bc djspdrbtdej. Xnus dtwbs tnbt tnm cewmr ordtdodsk prmodpdtbtmh tnm jdjmtmmjtn omjtury,buteirbpndo djmrrbjoy tnmery, bheptmh `y smvmrbc Vretmstbjt er-tnehex tnmeceidbjs bgtmr tnmy nbh te gbom tnm rmsucts egtmxtubc ordtdodsk. 0

rBoourbtm wbs C. Nbrech HmYecg's bssmsskmjt< Xnm djtdkbtm bjh djsmpbrb`cmrmcbtdej `mjvmmj tmxtubc bjh ndsterdoh stuhdms eg tnm @d`cm smmks jet te `m bhm-qubtmcy bpprmodbtmh `y sekm oejsmrvbtdvm sonecbrs. Ger mxbkpcm, Kwbrh L. Obrjmccprbdsms ujstdjtmhcy tnm hmvetdej, sadcc, bjh rmsucts egtmxtubc ordtdodsk ej tnmetnmr nbjh, wnmj tnm sbkm wrdtmr oejsdhmrs tnm wera eg ndsterdobc er'ndinmr' ordtd-odsk, nm nbs jetndji te sby ger dt. Xnmeniy dj tnm Cd`mrbc Vmrspmotdum (Vndcbhmcpndb

8/13/2019 Dr. Theodore Letis' essay, "B.B. Warfield, Common-Sense Philosophy and Biblical Criticism"

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X`e Moonc*tcotcccrrDt ds sekmtdkms geriettmj tnbt tdcotubc ordtdodsk, bs Attkkocrmkdjhs us, prevdhmh ejm eg tnm kest hmodsdvm stdkucd te tnmsodmjtdgdo, ordtdobc stuhy eg tnm @d`cm dj tnm `midjjdji.s Kerm-

evmr, dt wbs tnm Hmdst, Bjtnejy Oeccdjs, wne dj tnm mdintmmjtnomjtury usmh Lenj Kdcc's mbrcy oeccmotdej eg ?e,eee J.X. tmxtubcvbrdbjts bs bj briukmjt ger rmpcbodji rmumbcmh wdtn jbturbc tmcd'idej.b Bjh ej tnm Bkmrdobj somjm, Lesmpn _tmvmjs @uoakdjstmr,pmr.ubhmh tnm eggdodbcs bt Nbrvbrh oeccmim dj r_ei te pu`cdsn bjBkmrdobj mhdtdej eg Irdms`bont ordtdobc Irmma Jmw Xmstbkmjt,`mobusm nm sbw dts vbcum dj preketdji rmxr ordtdodsk, dj nds epdj-dej, b kest pewmrguc wmbpej te `m usmh bibdjst tnm suppertmrseg vmr`bc djspdrbtdej. s@mjlbkdjm @rmoadjrdhim SYbrgdmch (r>=2-24zr), Vregmsser btVrdjomtej _mkdjbry grek r>>9-r40r, wbs tnm kest bstutm bjhordtdobccy bwbrm J.X. sonecbr br Vrdjomtej hurdji nds tmjurm.Srndcm nm bcse rmtbdjmh tnm ech sonecbstdo vdmw eg umr`bc djspdrb-tdej, nm hdh se, ammjcy bwbtm eg tnds wmbpej dj Jmw Mjicbjh'B ieeh hmbc eg S9brgdmch's mbtcy bobhmkdo obrmmr, tnmrmgerm,wbs spmjr kbstmrdji tnm hdsodpcdjm eg J.X. tmxt ordtdodsk se bs teeicr rirz-rizr< sordpturm, sodmjom, bjh Xnmeceidobc Kuneh grek Brond`bch B`xbj-tr te @mjlbkdjm cdrmoadjrdhim Wc'brgdmch (Irbjh Pbpdhs< @bamr @eea Neusm, 24>?),p. z9z1 Ldoa @. Peimrs, _ordpturm dj tnm ST'mstkdjstmr Oejgmssdej< B Vre`cmrj eg Nds'ter1retdjtrrpjtbtdcj ge, Bkmrdobru Vrms`ytmrdbjdsk (Abkpmj< L'N' Aea, rp77)1Lboa @. Peimrs bjh Htjbch KoAdk, Xnm Butnerdty bjh Djtmrprmtbtde.j eg tnm @d`cm74 (Vndcbhmcpndb< ]jdvmrsdry eg Vmjjsycvbjdb Vrmss, c4=9), Vp'?e-?r1 Lenj O. Wbjhmr _roa, Vndcesepny bjh _ordpu'trm< B _tuhy dj Ech -Vrdjomtejbjh wstkdjstmr Xnmeceiy (Kbrctej, Jmw Lmrsmy< Kboa Vu`cdsndji Oekpbjy,ry9>), pp.z482ez. Ej tnm djjevbtdvm jbturm eg tnm werh djmrrbjt, smm BrtnurO. cd.dt - , tynbt hems 'Djmrrbjoy' Kmbj5 Oejoerhdb Xnmeceidobc Kejtncy $(_mptmk`mr ry7)< =99-=49. dT/.rr,.r d. Atd--.c, Xnm Jmw X`stbkmjt< Xnm Ndstery eg tnm Djumstdibtdej eg dtspre`cmks trbjs. `y _. Kocmbj Idckerm bjh Newbrh o. Amm (Jbsnvdccm< B`dji-hej, r49z), pp. 8e-de.bQBjtnejy Oeccdjs[, Hdsoeursm eg Grmm-Xndjadji, Eoobsdej'h `y tnm Pdsm bjhIrewtn eg b _mot Obccmh Grmm Xndjamrs (Cejhej, r98), pp.>9->4'sLmrry SQ. @rewj, Xnm Pdsm eg @d`cdobc Ordtdodsrj dj Bkmrdob, gdee-r>ze< XnmJmd Mjicbjh _onecbrs (Kdhhcmrewj, Oejj.

8/13/2019 Dr. Theodore Letis' essay, "B.B. Warfield, Common-Sense Philosophy and Biblical Criticism"

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Xn Mu/ccdcb*crr,cXcxtcmss, dj oejtrbst te Onbrcms Nehim's vdmw, wndon wm snbcc trmbt`mcew, SYbrgdmch `mibj `y hmprmobtdji tnm mstb`cdsnmh tmxt (wnbtwbs obccmh tnm tmxtus rmomptus-tnm rmomdvmh tmxt ) wndon nbhndtnmrte `mmj tnm ceous eg tnm vmr`bc vdmw eg djspdrbtdej. GerSgbrgdmch, tnm sonecbstdos nbh stuk`cmh wnmj tnmdr rmvmrmjom gertnm S9erh eg Ieh, pmrvmrsmcy `ut jet ujjbturbccy mxmrodsmh,mrmotmh tnm stbjhbrh er rmomdvmh tmxt djte tnm jerk eg b ggum tmxt.>'Ybrgdmch wbs tnm gdrst grek Vrdjomtej te `rmba se hmodsdvmcywdtn tnm ech tmxt stbjhbrh. Nm hdh se wdtn tnm oejgdhmjom tnbt bgbr `mttmr tmxt wbs tnmj mkmridji.

Jmvmrtnmcmss, te b`bjhej tnds stbjhbrh kmbjt nm weuch `mb`bjhejdji tnm tmxt tneuint te `m vmr`bccy djspdrmh `y tnm Hd-vdjms wne prehuomh tnm SXmstkdjstmr Oejgmssdej eg Gbdtn. Djerhmr te sbvm, tnmrmgerm, nds vmr`bc vdmw eg djspdrbtdej-tnm cbstvmstdim eg Grbjods Xdrrrmtdj's djgcumjom-nm wbs geromh te jew,mc.ibtm djspdrbtdej te tnm djsorutb`cm buteirbpns eg tnm `d`cdobcrmoerhs.

Xnmsm, nm jew bcse briumh, wnmj ejom rmoejstruotmh, weuch`m djmrrbjt dj b wby wndon gbr surpbssmh tnm tmxt tneuint te `mdjspdrmh `y tnm'Y-mstkdjstmr Hdvdjms. Oejtrbry te kest ordtdobcmvLubtdejs eg SYbrgdmch, tnm prdkbry djgcumjom ej ndk bt tndspedjt wbs jet Pmgerkmh sonecbstdodsk, `ut rbtnmr, tnm Mjcdint-mjkmjt.4te 2>90. Xnds djvecvmh gmjodji dj tnm Kbsermtdo E.X. tmxt bjh tnm tmxtus rmomptJ.X. tmxt `y ormmhbc stbtmkmjts rmibrhdji tnmdr rmspmotdvm, prevdhmjtdbc pgmsmrvb-tdej bjh sbjotdej, evmr bcc rdvbcs, bs tnm ceous egvmr`bc djspdrbtdej. Sgndcm tnmrm wbsb rbtdejbc oekpejmjr te tnm pesturm-wnmj hbtb wbs `reuint gertn dj dts hm-gmjsm-dt wbs gujhbkmjtbccy b tnmeceidobc, b prderd bjh mxommhdjicy dkpertbjt tetnm heikbtdodbjs1 bs dkpertbjt bs'wbrgdmch's sndgt te omjtmrdji gdjbc butnerdry djtnm budeirbpndo tmxt grek r>>r ej wbrh. Ej tnds, smm, Xnmeherm V Cmtds, XnmVrermstbjc Heikbtdodbjs bjh tnm Cbtm Vrdjomtej _oneec ej tnm _tbtus egtnm _bormhBpeirbpnb, Xnm _oettdsn @uc`tdj eg Mbbjimcdobc Xnmeceiy D $44e)< gd-80. *'@.`. Sgcbrgdmch, Bj Djtrehuotdej te tnm X`xrubc Ordtdodsk eg tnm Jmw Xmstbrjmjt(Cejhej< Nehhmr bjh _teuintej, 2>49), p. zt7.mHejbch KoAdk suks up tnm pesdtdej wm brm oeujtmrdji< _ekm sonecbrs nbvmmriumh tnmt tnm Vrdjomtej heotrdjm wdtn dts mkpnbsds ej tnm 'djmrrbjoy' eg tnm_m-rdpturm, prrtdoucbrcy dj tnm erdidjbc (jew cest) buteirbpns,Uewms dts erdidj te.tnmronecrrtdo tnmeceiy eGtno smvmjrd.jtn-omjtury Pmgerkmh ertnehery bjh mspmodbccyte tnm wrdtdjir eg tn. _*d$ tnmeceidbj Grbjods Xdrrrmtdj (t7zc-@) ' Hejbch A'KoAdk, Yndt Onrdtdbjs @ocdmum B`eut tnm @d`cm (Jbsnvdccm< Xnekbs Jmcsej, 24>=),

ekkej-_jj Vncnepny bjh @c`ctomc OrctcoakXnm trum tmst ger hmtmrkdjdji dg ejm ds bj nmdr eg tnm Pm-gerkmh sonecbstdos ds geujh dj tnm recm tnm SXmstkdjstmr Oejgms-sdej pcbys dj ceobtdji gdjbc _ordpturbc butnerdty. Brond`bchBcmxbjhmr (t990-r>=2, Onbrcms Nehim (t949-r>9>), bjh tnm_eutnmrj Vrms`ytmrdbj, Pe`mrt Hb`jmy (r>ze-r>4e) wmrm imj-udjm nmdrs egXurrmtdj. Xnmy geousmh butnerdty dj prmsmjt, mxrbjroepdms eg tnm `d`cdobc tmxts (bpeirbpnb),wdtn bcc tnm booekpbjy-dji tmxtubc pnmjekmjb, bs tnm prevdhmjtdbccy prmsmrvmh bjh

sbjotdejmh mhdtdej ('Ymstkdjstmr Oejgmssdej eg Gbdtn, r).Sgbrgdmch, ej tnm etnmr nbjh, wbs rnm gdrst pregmsser bt Vrdjom-tej te bccew nds Oekkej-_mjsm Vndcesepny tnm recm eg rmoej-struotdji tnm tmxt booerhdji te tnm objejs eg Imrkbj ordtd-odsk.26 Kermevmr, tnds Imrkbj bpprebon te rmoejstruotdji tnmtmxt snbrmh bj eribjdo oejjmotdej wdtn tnm kerm rbhdobc ndinmrordtdodsk. Dt hmkbjhmh tnbt _ordpturm `m bpprebonmh bs bjyetnmr cdtmrbturm, bjh dt cmidtdkdzmh tnm usm eg tnm rbhdobc tmon-jdqum eg oejlmoturbc mkmjhbtdej-tnm vmry geujhbtdej eg tnmndinmr ordtdobc kmtneh. Dj tnds hmvmcepkmjt, S9brgdmch kusr `mormhdtmh wdtn djtrehuodji imjudjm `d`cdobc ordtdodsk bt Vrdjom-tej, wndon weuch rmomdvm boomptbjom bt Vrdjomtej bgtmr tnm rmer-ibjdzbtdej eg tnds djstdtutdej tjr4z4.Brond`bch Bcmxbjhmr, Onbrcms Nehim bjh Obspbr.Ydstbr Nehim

Vrder te Wbrgdmcht brrdvbc bt Vrdjomtej, je Vrdjomtejdbj nbhbttbdjmh mxpmrt stbtus dj tnm yeuji hdsodpcdjm eg Jmw Xmstbkmjttmxt ordtdodsk. Imrkbjy wbs tnm hekbdj eg tnmsm stuhdms. Dt dsdjtmrmstdji te jetm tnbt dj tnm b`smjom eg tnds, tnm geujhdji pre-gmsser bt Vrdjomtej _mkdjbry, Brond`bch Bcmxbjhmr, gmct je oek-p. 78. Pbtnmb tnm rmbc dkpmtus ger'Ybrgdmch's pesdtdej wbs `etn tnm jmmh te bjswmrtnm onbccmjim egtmxt ordtdodsk te umr`bcdjspdrbtdej, bs wmcc bs nds pmrsejbc bimjhb egwbjtdji te cmidtdkdzm Imrkbj tmxt ordtdodsk `y b jmw djtmrprmtbtdej eg tnm Wmst-kdjstmr Oejgmssdej, `y kmbjs eg wndon nm weuch botubccy b`bjhej sonecbstdodskbcteimtnmr. Xnmsm brm `etn pest-Mjcdintmjkmjt, jdjmtmmjtn omjtury djgcumjoms.r6Ger bj mxomccmjt rrmbtkmjt eg tnm djgcumjom eg tnm _oettdsn Oekkej-_mjsmVndcesepny wdtndj Bkmrdobj bobhmkdb bt tnds tdkm, smm, Kbra B. Jecc, Oekkej_mjsm Xdbhdtdejs bjh Bkmrdobj Mvbjimcdobc Xneuint, Bkmrdobj Rubrtmrcy ?9(_ukkmr ry>=).

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Xn MunttutbccXcbopujotdej b`eut bhkdttdji tnm buteirbpns wmrm jet djmrrbjt,jetdji,

tnbt dt ds mvmj pessd`cm tnbt sekm eg tnm buteirbpns, dg wm nbhtnmk, kdint jet `m bcteimtnmr grmm grek suon mrrers bs brdsmgrek tnm scdp eg tnm pmj, bs tnm bpestcms bjh Q"nbh"[ bkbjumjsdsQ-ms[ wne wmrm jet djspdrmh.ccBcmxbjhmr oeuch bggerh te bhkdt tnds mrrer, `mobusm ger ndk,

bs dt wbs ger tnm sonecbstdos te wnek nm wbs djhm`tmh, tnm prd-kbry ceous eg butnerdty wbs tnm dj-nbjh tmxts bt nds hdspesbc.Ger ndk tnmrm wbs je rbhdobc hdsoejtdjudty `mtwmmj tnm cest bu-teirbpns bjh tnm tmxt nm nbh `mgerm ndk. Xnmrmgerm, dg tnm mx-tbjt tmxt kbjdgmstmh mrrers tnm cdamcdneeh wbs streji tnbt tnmywmrm tnmrm erdidjbccy.Gurtnmrkerm, tneuin Bcmxbjhmr wbs bwbrm eg bt cmbst 7e,e66tmxtubc vbrdbjts dj nds hby, nm wbs oejgdhmjt tnbt tnmy hdh jet bg-gmotmh heotrdjm dj bjy wby. Cdam tnm sonecbstdos, Bcmxbjhmr sbwtnm ujdgerkdty eg tnm mxtbjt 2e(2-dj spdtm eg sekm hdvmrsdty-bs mxpcdodt mvdhmjom eg tnm mjhurdji vbcdhdry eg tnm SXmstkdjstmrOejgmssdej's prekdsm eg prevdhmjtdbc prmsmrvbtdej.Nm boajewcmhimh tnbt tneuin Ieh oeuch nbvm kdrbouceuscykbdjtbdjmh djmrrbjt pmrgmotdej (dg Nm nbh onesmj te prevdhm dtdj tnm gdrst pcbom) dj tnm trbjsrjdttmhtmxt-bcwbys tnm ceous eg ndsbttmjtdej, jet tnm buteirbpns-nm onesm jet te. Cdam tnmsonecbstdos, nm bttbonmh "kerm wmdint te tnm juk`mr eg bttmstdjikbjusordpts" (mkpnbsds kdjm), rbtnmr tnbj dj tnm jmmh te rm-oejstruot bj djmrrbjt bronmtypm. Nm prmgmrrmh b "K_. wrdttmjwdtn obrm" evmr "ejm obrmcmsscy wrdttmj, etnmr tndjis `mdjimqubc." Cdam Xurrmtdj, nm wbs hdsdjocdjmh te oejsdhmr trbjscb-tdejs evmr Irmma oepdms. Dj snert Bcmxbjhmr ds b gbdr rmVrmsmjtb-tdvm eg tnm smvmjtmmjtn omjtury Pmgerkmh heikbtdo trbhdtdej.

]jcdam Bcmxbjhmr, wne jmvmr mjoeujtmrmh Imrkbj kmtnehsgdrst nbjh, Onbrcms Nehim stuhdmh dj Imrkbjy ger twe ymbrs `m-tSrmmj t>z7 bjh 2>0>.20 Nm mstb`cdsnmh sdijdgdobjt rmcbtdejsndps22cmggmrts B. Cemtsonmr, Gbodji tnm Mjcdintmjkmjt bjh Vdmtdszm ('Ymstpert, Oejj'?), p. zz>. Sc0Bcmxbjhmr B. Nehim, Xnm Cdgm eg Onbrcms Nehim (JmwTera< Brje Vrmss' 2474Qerdidjbccy pu`cdsnmh dj r>>r[), pp. ree-rer.

Oejbeb._mrut Vncnjqny uh @c`ccbmc Orctconrc-wdtn tnm rjerm oejsmrvbtdvm Imrkbjs, Xnecuoa bjh Jmbjhmr,bjh nmbrh etnmr jetmwertny tnmeceidbjs suon bs _oncmdmrkb-onmr. Bgtmr nds rmturj nekm, nm oejtdjumh te rmbh tnm leurjbcs,\mdtsonrdgt, Mubjimcdsonm Adro`mj-\mdtuji, bjh smvmrbc etnmrs.Xnecuoa ampt ndk suppcdmh wdtn tnm `mst Imrkbj weras ejcbjiubim, cdtmrbturm bjh mxmimsds eg tnm Ech bjh Jmw Xmstb-kmjts. SYndcm Nehim wbs stdcc dj Imrkbjy, Bcmxbjhmr nbhwbrjmh ndk,

D nepm wndcm yeu brm smpbrbtmh grek yeur mbrtncy grdmjhs, yeuwdcc tbam obrm re ammp tnm oekkujdobtdej wdtn nmbvmj epmj Pm-kmk`mr tnbt yeu `rmbtnm b pedsejmh btkespnmrm. Dg yeu cesm tnmcdvmcy bjh hmmp dkprmssdej eg hdvdjm trutn-dg yeu gbcc djtesamptdodsk er mvmj djte oechjmss, yeu wdcc cesm kerm tnbj yeuibdj grek bcc tnm Imrkbj pregmssers bjh cd`rbrdms.2?Dt jmvmr smmks te nbvm mjtmrmh Bcmxbjhmrt kdjh tnbt tnm dj-gcumjom oeuch wera dj tnm etnmr hdrmotdej, Nehim `rdjidji grmsnbdr te tnm Imrkbjs.cbS(rndcm Nehim hdh kbjbim te ammp nds gbdtn, nm bcse `mobkmguccy bwbrm eg tnm ourrmjt stbtm eg tmxt ordtdodsk, bs nds cmoturmjetms ej `d`cdobc ordtdodsk, idvmj bt Vrdjomrej, kbam ocmbr. Xweujpu`cdsnmh oeccmotdejs eg jetms, nds "@d`cdobc Ordtdodsk< Djtre-huotery Cmoturm," idvmj `mgerm nm cmgt ger Imrkbjy, (Jevmk`mrgczz) bjh "Cbws eg Ordtdodsk eg tnm JmwXmstbkmjr," prmsmjtmhbgtmr nm rmturjmh (Buiust t>?8), rmvmbc new tmxt ordtdodsk wbstrmbtmh bt Vrdjomtej ujhmr Onbrcms Nehim.c=Dj tnm gerkmr cmoturm nm jetms tnm vbrdeus hbjimrs te wndontnm tmxts eg _ordpturm nbvm `mmj mxpesmh, djocuhdji djtmjtdejbcsord`bc bctmrbtdejs. _djom "tnm djtmirdty eg tnm Xmxt ds tnm irmbtt?c`dh., p. 17e.tbXnecuoa mxprmssmh tnm geccewdji smjtdkmjts te Nehim dj b cmttmr smjt wndcmXnecuoawbs dj Pekm bjh Nehim wbs dj Nbccm< "D objjer mxprmss wnbt D gmmc bt tnmdhmb eg ky jet smmdji yeu bibdj. Teu nbvm `mmj smjt te km tnreuin Ieht kmroy bs

b kmssmjimr eg icbh tdhdjis, bs b oekgertmr dj onmmrcmss neurs, bs bj mchmr `retnmr tesnew km tnm sdkpcm wbys te nmbvmj." D`dh., p. t>4.c=]jpu`cdsnmh cmoturms geujh dj tnm _pmmr Cd`rbry Vrdjomtej Xnmeceidobc _mk-djbry.

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Xne Moo&rrgutcotc5gutgeujhbtdej ej wndon rmsts bcc Onrdstdbj heotrdjms bjh bcc Onrds-tdbj nepms, dt ds eg bcc pedjts tnm cbst te `m tbamj ger irbjtmh.Xnesm wne brm stmwbrhs eg tnm kystmrdms eg Ieh sneuch `mb`cm te prevm te `etn grdmjhs bjh mjmkdms tnbt tnm @d`cm nbsoekm hewj te us mssmjtdbccy tnm sbkm bs Ieh bt gdrst hmcdv-mrmh te Nds Onuron.Dj nds cmoturms ej Cbws eg Ordtdodsk, nm boajewcmhims tnbttnm objejs nm cdsts brm tbamj grek Irdms`bon's Vrecmiekmjb.Jewnmrm dj tnm cmoturm, newmvmr, hems nm mvmr bppcy tnmsm bo-omptmh objejs te djhdvdhubc pbssbims.Cdam Bcmxbjhmr `mgerm ndk, bjh nds sej, Obspbr SXdstbrNehim, bgtmr ndk, nm rmibrhs bs b gdxmh cbw tnm dccmidtdkboy egprbotdodji oejlmoturhc mkmjhbtdej ej tnm tmxts eg Necy _ordp-turm, `mobusm, dt weuch `m mxommhdjicy djlurdeus bs mvmry ordtdoweuch tndja ndksmcg butnerdzmh te kbam bctmrbtdejs bjh tnusomrtbdjty bjh butnerdry eg _._. Qsbormh _ordpturm[ weuch `m hm-streymh.Nehim prevdhms b `rdmg ndstery eg tnm pu`cdsnmh mhdtdejs egtnm Irmma Jmw Xmstbkmjt, jetdji tnbt tnm oejgdhmjom tnbt ejmobj nbvm dj bjy idvmj mhdtdej wdcc `m `bsmh ej tnm qubcdgdob-tdejs eg tnmdr smvmrbc mhdters. Xnds ds eg irmbt dkpert te ndk `m-obusm tnmsm mhdtdejs hdggmr dj sekm djstbjoms vmry kbtmrdbccygrek mbon etnmr, bjh wm kust hmtmrkdjm wndon ds oerrmot.Nm rmkbras gbverb`cy ej tnm mhdtdejs bjh mhdters dj tnmOekpcutmjsdbj/Mrbskdbj trbhdtdej wndcm rmspmotdji tnm ordtdoseg tnbt trbhdtdej. Xnm geccewdji `mobkm nds hmgdjdtdvm epdjdej,newmvmr, rmibrhdji tnm stbtm eg JmwXmstbkmjt tmxtubc stuhdms btVrdjomtej _mkdjbry dj 2>?8Xnds quetm stbjhs dj strdadji oejtrbst wdtn'Y'brgdmch's bimjhbz. Je ejm jew boompts suon b heikbtdo bjh eptdkdstdo stbjom.0?Irdms`bon nbh bs ejm eg nds objejs eg ordtdodsk< "' 9nmj tnmrm brm kbjy vbrd-bjt rmbhdjis dj ejm pcbom, tnbt rmbhdji wndon kerm tnbj tnm etnmrs kbjdgmstcy gb-vers tnm heikbs eg tnm ertnehex ds hmsmrvmhcy rmibrhmh bs suspdodeus." LenbjjLbae` Irdms`bon, Jeuuk Xmstbkmjtuk Irbmom (Nbccm, ry47), p. 70.

'z8O.Sgc Nehim, ep. odt p. =.0=c`dh., pp. z=-07.07Kmtzimr sbys eg _mkcmr, "Egtmj rmibrhmh bs tnm gbtnmr eg Imrkbj Pbtdejhdsk,Qnm[ kbhm jetmwertny oejtrd`utdejs te tnm sodmjom eg tmxtubc ordtdodsk_mkcmr wbs tnm gdrst te bppcy tnm rmrk 'rmomjsderd te ireups eg Jmw Xmstbkmjt wdt-

Oejkej _jr Vnccejpny Hc`ccobc

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XnMxn/rrttotcccxtodhmjts eg ndstery1 nm sbw jmdtnmr bs djspdrmh jer butnerdtbtdvm,sdjom `etn rmgcmotmh tnm ceobc oejomrjs eg tnmdr vbrdeus butnersbjh rmhboters.

O.S^/. Nehim hdh jet mkpcey Irdms`bon's kmtneh ujordtdobccy,tneuin. SWndcm nechdji tnbt Irdms`bon wbs mjtdrmcy grmm grekprmluhdom, nm jmvmrtnmcmss nbh heu`ts b`eut nds rmomjsdejbctnmery. Gurtnmrkerm, wndcm nm sbw tnm echmst mvdhmjom bs tnm`mst, nm irbjtmh tnbt cbtm kbjusordpts oeuch rmgcmot bj mbrcygerk eg tnm tmxt. ]ctdkbtmcy, nm tneuint tnm ndinmst vbcum `m-cejimh te mvdhmjom grek rmketm, djhmpmjhmjt seuroms.Sgnmj nm mvbcubtmh mxbkpcms nm prevmh ndksmcg `etn djhm-pmjhmjt bjh djoejsdstmjt. Nm ordtdodzmh G.N.B. _ordvmjmr geroneesdji, `bsmh ej su`lmotdvm er tnmeceidobc rmbsejs, rmbhdjis djtnm cbtmr kbjusordpts. Tmt bgtmr boajewcmhidji tnbt tnm `mst bu-tnerdtdms, kbjusordpts bs wmcc bs ordtdos, rmlmotmh tnm cbttmr pbrt egLenj ?

8/13/2019 Dr. Theodore Letis' essay, "B.B. Warfield, Common-Sense Philosophy and Biblical Criticism"

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Xn@y Sgcbrgdmch's hby, newmvmr, tmxt ordtdobc stuhdms nbh kevmhgrek Imrkbjy te tnm kerm kehmrbtm ocdkbtm eg @rdtbdj.0m O.Sg.Nehim nbh smjsmh tnds bjh kbhm b stbrt tewbrh boomptdji tnm

prbotdom eg tmxt ordtdodsk. Dt wbs S9brgdmch, newmvmr, wne jewgmct guccy oejgdhmjt b`eut pcujidji bnmbh. Dg Mjicdsn onuron-kmj (Sgcmstoett bjh Nert) oeuch he tmxt ordtdodsk wdtneut hbk-bim te tnm gbdtn, se oeuch Vrdjomtejdbjs. Dj tdkm, 'Ybrgdmchweuch `m tnm gdrst Bkmrdobj te prehuom b prdkmr ej tnm Imr-kbj prbotdom eg J.X. tmxt ordtdodsk.?6Ej tnm bhvdom eg O.'Y. Nehim?c bjh wdtn b cmttmr eg djtrehuo-tdej wrdttmj `y Vndcdp _onbgg,'Ybrgdmch mjtmrmh tnm ]jdvmrsdry egCmdpzdi dj gd97 ger b ymbrt stuhy. Nm rmturjmh te tnm ]jdtmh_tbtms, guccy b`rmbst eg tnm stbtm eg Imrkbj ordtdodsk. Bgtmrspmjhdji bymbr bs bj bssdstbjt pbster nm `mobkm bj djstruoter egJmw Xmstbkmjt Cbjiubim bjh Cdtmrbturm bt'Y'mstmrj Xnmeceid-obc _mkdjbry (tehby dt ds obccmh Vdtts`urin _mkdjbry) dj 2>9>.Xnm tdtcm eg nds djbuiurbc bhhrmss, Djspdrbtdej bjh Ordtdodsk,rmgcmotmh wnbt D `mcdmvm'Ybrgdmch sbw bs nds pbrtdoucbr obccdji-tnm djtmirbtdej eg `d`cdobc ordtdodsk wdtn tnm sonecbstdo vdmw egumr`bc djspdrbtdej.?0

'mXneuin tnm jej-oejgerkdst, Vcykeutn @retnmr, _.V Xdmimccms, nbh `miuj teturj bttmjtdej te tmxt ordtdobc kbttmrs dj Mjicbjh, mbrcdmr dj tnm omjtury. Dj gbot,'Ybrgdmch kby nbvm `mmj djhm`tmh te Xcmimccms ger usdji tnm briukmjt eg hdvdjmprevdhmjom te sbjotdej tnm usm eg tmxt ordtdodsk. Xdmimccms nbh briumh, Bs Ieh dj ndsprevdhmjom nbs prmsmrvmh Necy _ordpturm te us, se obj Nm Weuonsbgm tnm jmmhmh wds-hek te luhim eg dts tmxt sdkpcy ej ireujhs eg mvdhmjom, Bj Booeujt eg tnm VrdjtmhXmxt eg tnm Irmma Jmw X`stbkmjt (c,ejhej, r>t8), p. 2>7. Og bcse pp. ?92>1 t97.?6@.@. S9brgdmch's, Djtehuotdej te tnm Xdxtubc Ordtdodsk eg tnm Jmw cd,stbkmjtwbsgdrst pu`cdsnmh dj Mjicbjh dj 2>>7 bjh sbw smvmj mhdtdejs tnmrm grek gd>7-r4e9,wdtn twe Bkmrdobj mhdtdejs pu`cdsnmh dj 2>>9 brh rye9. S]9ndcm Vndcdp _onbgg hdhwrdtm b Oekpbjdej tnrmm ymbrs mbrcdmr tnbj Y'brgdmch wndon oejtbdjmh b irmbt hmbc egtmxt ordtdobc djgerkbtdej, dt nbh smvmrbc oejtrd`uters-djocuhdji Ybrgdmch-bjhwbs tee `rebhcy `bsmh te `m rmibrhmh strdotcy bs b prdkmr dj tnm hdsodpcdjm.?rcmttmr grek O.S( Nehim te S(brgdmch, Lujm 7, 2>97,'S5'brgdmch Vbpmrs, _pmmr Cd-`rbry Vrdjomtej _mkdjbry.?0 Djspdrbtdej bjh Ordtdodsk, drt Hdsoeursms Eoobsdejmh ny tnm Djbuiurbtdej eg@mjlbkdjm @.'Ybrgdmch j tnm Onbdr egJmu Xmstbkmjt Mxmimsdr bjh Cdtmrbturm dj ]c'mst'mrj Xnmeceidobc _mkdjbry (Vdtts`urin< j.p., r>>e), pp.r-87d rmprdjtmh dj Y'brgdmchtPmumntdej bjh Djspdrbtdej (Jmw Tera Exgerh ]jdvmrsdty Vrmss, r49z), jew tdt`h,Xnm Djspdrbtdej bjhButnedty eg tnm @d`cm (Vndccdps`urin, JL., ri+>).

r8

Dj tnm cmoturm nm rmgmrs te b omrtbdj ceesmjmss eg `mcdmgwdtndj tnm Onuron bjh dj tnm gbom eg tnds nm bssurmh tnm buhd-mjom eg nds ewj stmbhgbstjmss. Nm sbw tnm pre`cmk bs geousmh djtnm Imrkbj bttboa ej vmr`bc djspdrbtdej.

Nm qudoacy hdsbvewmh bjy hdotbtdej tnmery eg djspdrbtdej, bg-gdrkdji tnbt tnm botubc kehm wbs djsorutb`cm. Nm bvedhmh bcte-imtnmr, newmvmr, bjy kmjtdej eg tnm tnrmbt tmxtubc vbrdbjtspesmh te vmr`bc djspdrbtdej, obckdji nds cdstmjmrs dj b oejgdhmjttejm, bggdrkdji tnbt b obrmguc rmvdsdej eg tnm tmxt weuch pcbomtnm @d`cm `myejh heu`t.Nmrm wm smm tnbt ordtdodsk jew `moekms tnm bccy eg gbdtn.SYdtn O.SY. Nehim, nm wbs omrtbdj tnbt `mobusm tnm cewmr ordtd'odsk hmbcs wdtn gbots, dt wbs dkkujm te tnm spmoucbtdejs egtnm ndinmr ordtdodsk. Nm gmct tnbt kehmrj jmibtdvm ordtdodsk jmd-tnmr ej djtmrjbc jer ej mxtmrjbc ireujhs nbs `mmj b`cm te tnrewbjy heu`t ej tnm butnmjtdodty eg b sdjicm `eea eg eur Jmw Xms-tbkmjt. Dj gbot, kehmrj ordtdodsk nbs iejm stmp `y stmp wdtntrbhdtdejbc gbdtn.'Ynbt -Ybrgdmch gbdcmh te bhhrmss wbs tnm gbot tnbt cbrim `ceoaseg kbtmrdbc trbhdtdejbccy geujh dj tnesm `eeas wmrm jew, dj ndsepdjdej, te `m hdspmjsmh wdtn bs oerruptdejs eg tnm tmxt, gbotsprehuomh bs b rmsuct eg kehmrj ordtdodsk. SYbrgdmch wbs jew Vrm-pbrmh te ie `myejh wnbt bjyejm bt Vrdjomtej nbh mvmr `mmjwdccdji te he-heu`t tnm djspdrbtdej eg ejm eg tnm rmsurrmotdejbooeujts.Ej Hmomk`mr z, 2>>0, Sgcbrgdmch nbh pu`cdsnmh dj tnm pepucbr_ujhby _oneec Xdkms bj brtdocm trmbtdji tnm ceji mjhdji teKbra's Iespmc. Nmrm nm hmocbrms tnbt tnds rmsurrmotdej booeujt dsje pbrt eg tnm werh eg Ieh. S(m brm jet tnmj, nm bhhmh, tebsord`m te tnmsm vmrsms tnm butnerdry hum te Ieh's werh. ??

Vregmsser J.K. S9nmmcmr, eg Cbwrmjom ]jdvmrsdty, onbccmjimhndk ej tnds pedjt. Djsdstdji tnbt S9brgdmcht vdmw eg tnm kbttmrdkpcdmh tnbt wm kust bsa tnm ordtdos mvmry kerjdji wnbt ds tnmcbtmst oejocusdej dj erhmr te ajew wnbt ds tnbt _ordpturm dj-spdrmh eg Ieh, Sgcnmmcmr smjsmh tnm jmbr rmcbtdejsndp `mtwmmj

??@.@. Ybrgdmch, Xnm Imjudjmjmss eg Kbra 270)< 9 =l-9 l7.r=

Xn Mooncircucgu 1,',, j or e br r cobc cccco

8/13/2019 Dr. Theodore Letis' essay, "B.B. Warfield, Common-Sense Philosophy and Biblical Criticism"

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wnbt Ybrgdmch wbs hedji bjh wnbt wbs `mdji prepesmh ej tnmndinmr ordtdobc pcbdj.?bOmrtbdjcy tnm tmxtubc hbtb ger tnds pbssbim oejsdstmh eg nbrhgbots, `ut tnmsm gbots pmrkdttmh twe eppesdji rmoejstruo-tdejs er djtmrprmtbtdejs. Sgcbrgdmch, bceji wdtn O.S9. Nehim `m-germ ndk (te b cmssmr mxtmjt),?= bheptmh wnbt wbs tnm Imrkbjoejocusdej. Xnds pesdtdej suppertmh tnm ndinmr ordtdobc djtmrprm-tbtdej rmibrhdji tnm heotrdjbc hmvmcepkmjt eg tnm Iespmcs< tndssmotdej wbs bhhmh cbtm te prevdhmh tnm echmst Iespmc booeujtwdtn b supmrjbturbc oejocusdej, dj nbrkejy wdtn tnm cbtmrIespmc trmbtkmjts eg tnm rmsurrmotdej.Xnm Mjicdsn tnmeceidbj, G.O. Oejy`mbrm, b oejtmkperbry egS9brgdmcht, sukkmh up tnm ndinmr ordtdobc ujhmrstbjhdji eg tnmdkpcdobtdejs eg suon vbrdbjts bs tnds>r), -Wbrgdmch ibvm dt b rmvdmw tnbt weuch germvmr mj-hmbr dt te oejsmrvbtdvms dj tnm ]jdtmh _tbtms

tdej,bb Sgcm nbvm bcrmbhy mstb`cdsnmh tnbt je J.X. sonecbr btVrdjomtej nbh, ujtdc S5'brgdmch, boomptmh tnds kmtneh eg iumss-dji, bsdhm grek kbjusordpt mvdhmjom, bt wnbt tnm trum rmbhdjiwbs (`bsmh ej tnm bssukptdej tnbt bcc mxtbjt oepdms brm, bt tndspedjt, oerruptmh). Ejm rmbsej tnm Vrdjomtejdbjs wmrm smjsdtdvmte tnds dssum ds `mobusm dt ds prmodsmcy nmrm tnbt bj eribjdo cdja dsgerkmh wdtn tnm ndinmr ordtdodsk. B.B. Nehim rmvmbcmh nds gmbreg tnds kmtneh dj ocbssdo stycm dj nds Mubjimcdobc Xnmeceiy4e), pp.77-79.b7Ger b `rdmg djtrehuotdej te @rdiis's trdbc, smm, Kbx I. Peimrs, Onbrcms Buius-tus @rdiis< Nmrmsy bt ]jdej, dj Imerim N. _nrdvmr, mh., Bkmrdobj PmcdideusNmrmtdos< Gerkbc bjh Djgerkbc Xrbdc.t dj Bkmrdobj Vretmstbjtdsk (Jbsnvdccm< B`dji-hej Vrmss, 2477), pp.>4-289,Ger b kerm hmtbdcmh trmbtkmjt smm, Onbjjdji P.Lmsonam, Xnm @rdiis Obsm< Xnm Geous eg b _jhy dj Jdjmtmmjtct Omjtury Vrms`ytmdbj

24

9n Mr,r1`tutcuc@* mejjej _eut Vntntep`y Hc`ccotc Orctcmnb

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Dj nds cmttmr @rdiis pretmstmh te Wbrgdmch tnbt nm, (@rdiis),Pe`mrtsej _kdtn, bjh etnmrs, wmrm kmrmcy weradji dj tnm E.X.bs Xdsonmjherg,'Ymstoek bjh Nert Qwmrm[ dj tnm J.X. bjh tnbtnm oeuch smm je hdggmrmjom eg spdrdt er kmtnehs `mtwmmj yeurbrtdocm Qrmvdmw eg 'Ymstoett bjh Nert[ bjh tnbt eg Vregmsser_kdtn. b9 S9ny ds dt tnbt SYbrgdmch oeuch `m smmj bs mjibidjiwdtn ndinmr ordtdos dj nds tbsa eg cewmr ordtdodsk, wdtneut rmomdv-dji tnm sbkm oejhmkjbtdej bs @rdiis bjh Pe`mrtsej _kdtn58>@. @. STbrgd. m c.h t` m W/'m s tk d j s t m r Oe jgm ss d e jeg Gbd.tn bjh Djmrrbjoy

Dj r>>e, twe ymbrs `mgerm SYbrgdmch weuch wrdtm nds rmvdmw egSgcmstoett bjh Nert, B.B. Nehim djvdtmh ndk te oe-butner bjmssby ger tnm jmw Vrms`ytmrdbj Pmudmu ej tnm heotrdjm eg djspdrb-tdej. Nehim oekpcbdjmh tnbt ger kejtns Onbrcms @rdiis nbhpmstmrmh ndk te put dj prdjt suon bj mssby `mobusm Nehim wbsrmibrhmh bs b rmprmsmjtbtdvm eg tnm ech ertnehexy' @rdiis wbjtmhte djdtdbtm bj mxonbjim ej tnm su`lmot dj tnm jmw leurjbc.

Nehim `mibj nds rmqumst te'Y'brgdmch `y boajewcmhidji ndsewj djb`dcdty te bhhrmss tnm ordtdobc tnmerdms eg @rdiis87-2>48) wbs b _oettdsn Ech Xmstbkmjt sonecbr wnesm brtdocms Bjimcsbjh @d`cm, prmpbrmh ger tnm Mjoyonpmhdb @rdtbjjdob, rbdsmh b sterk egpretmst bjhcmh te b onbrim eg nmrmsy. Nm wbs suspmjhmh grek nds pesdtdej bs Vregmsser eg Nm-`rmw bjh Ech Xmstbkmjt Mxmimsds dj tnm ]jdvmrsdty egB`mrhmmj tnm sbkm ymbr B.B.Nehim bjh Wbrgdmch pu`cdsnmh tnmdr mssby ej djspdrbtdej.8>Ger b trmbtkmjt oekpbrdji bjh oejtrbstdji'S(c'brgdmch bjh @rdiis, smm, Xnmver'YL. Kerrew, Djgbccd`dcdty bs b Xnmeceidobc Oejom5t< b _tuhy dj tnm ]m eg tnm Oejompt Djgbccd`` dj tnm STdtdjis eg @.@. Wbrgdm] bjh O.B. @rdiis, wpu`cdsnmh Vn.H. tnm-sds, Xnm ]jdvmrsdry eg Mhdj`urin, 24>8. ]jgertujbtmcy, bs dj kest trmbtkmjts eg'S(c'brgdmch, tnmdr ds cdttcm bttmjtdej pbdh te tnm sdijdgdobjom eg nds wera dj tmxt ordtd-odsk.

pnysdomc sdho, `ut D obj he jetndji ej tnm sdho eg stbtdji er bj-swmrdji tno pesdtdejs eg tnm nestdcm ordtdodsk, bs te erdidj er imj-msds er hbtms eg tnm `eeas eg mdtnmr tmstbkmjt er bs te tnm bccmimhoejtrbhdotdejs eg hmtbdc.bmNm djvdtmh SYbrgdmch te wrdtm tnm mssby wdtn ndk, wdtn Nehimwrdtdji tnm gdrst nbcg hmbcdji wdtn tnm heotrdjbc bspmots,te `m geccewmh `y b hdsoussdej stbtmkmjt dccustrbtdej Qsdo dccus-trbtdji L preegegtnm trutn bs te rst Qsdo[ tnm mggmot egtnm prmvb-cmjt jmw ordtdodsk.=eNehim `miimh -Ybrgdmch te bhhrmss tnm stbtm eg botubc gbots

(bs te tnm Jmw Xmstbkmjt) dj rmibrh te tnm bssmrtmh djboourb-sds=-s2 oejtrbhdotdejs.Nehim nbh oejsdhmrb`cm oejgdhmjom dj 'Ybrgdmch wne nbhspmjt b ymbr bt Cmdpzdi lust tnrmm ymbrs mbrcdmr, kbstmrdji tnmgbots. Nm wbs lust tnm onbkpdej te ie up bibdjst @rdiis wnenbh bcse stuhdmh dj Imrkbjy. Dt weuch djhmmh `m tnds mssby tnbtweuch rmvmbc te tnm ordtdos eg tnm ech ertnehexy tnbt dj'Ybrgdmchtnmy nbh b wertny eppejmjt.SYbrgdmch kust nbvm gmct b irbvm rmspejsd`dcdry `mdji bsamh teoekm te tnm rmsoum eg Vrdjomtej. Nds onbccmjim wbs te bhhrmss@rdiis, bjh etnmr ordtdos, bjh ymt te bcse pretmot nds ewj rmputb-tdej bs bj mkmridji butnerdty ej J.X. tmxt ordtdodsk-2ni 7jshdsodpcdjm tnbt smmkmh kest hdrmotcy te ujhmrkdjm tnm Vrdjom-tej vdmw eg vmr`bc djspdrbtdej.'Ybrgdmch nbh te bhkdt, bceji wdtn bcc pest-Mjcdintmjkmjtordtdos, tnbt dj tmxt ordtdobc kbttmrs, tnm @d`cm wbs te `m trmbtmhcdam bjy etnmr adjh eg cdtmrbturm. Nm nbh bcse te kbdjtbdj, new-mvmr, tnbt dt wbs tnm vmr`bccy djspdrmh S9erh eg Ieh. Xnds wbs bhmkbjhdji tbsa ger ejm ievmrjmh jet `y tnm `etn/bjh eg tnmImrkbj hdbcmotdobc kmtneh, `ut `y tnm mdtnmr/er eg _oettdsnOekkej-_mjsm Vndcesepny. Dt wbs jet, newmvmr, `myejh SWbr-gdmcht b`dcdtdms. 'Ybrgdmcht bjswmr wbs te,

8mcmttmr grek B.B. Nehim te @.@. S9brgdmch, Eote`mr ze, r>>e, dj tnm pbpmrs eg@.@. S9brgdmch, _pmmr Cd`rbry, Vrdjomtej _mkdjbry.t6c`dh.

Xtu Mu`ccrrdrr,cccj mejjej _mrut Vntnjpny j dcmdcotc Orttconj

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jet bssmrt tnbt tnm oerjkej tmxt, `ut ejcy tnbt tno erdidjbcbuteirbpndo tmxt wbs djspdrmh. Je mrrer obj `m bssmrtmh, tnmrm-germ, wndon objjet `m prevmh te nbvm `mmj b`erdidjbc dj tnmtmxt._cGurtnmrkerm, S9brgdmch prevdhmh bj djimjdeus jmw djtmrprm-tbtdej eg tnm .Ymstkdjstmr Oejgmssdej eg Gbdtn tnbt weuch bccewndk te ocbdk ormmhbc vbcdhbtdej ger tnm jmw ordtdodsk. Xnm oej-

gmssdej wndon nbh ejom tbuint tnm prevdhmjtdbc prmsmrubtdej egtnm mxtbjt Onuron tmxts, wbs jew usmh te bggdrk tnm prevdhmj-dcbc rmsterbtdej eg bj djmrrbjt erdidjbc tmxt, `y kmbjs eg kehmrjtmxt ordtdodsk. @mobusm, nm briumh,

wm `mcdmvm dj Ieh's oejtdjueus obrm evmr tnm purdty eg Nds'Yerh,wm brm b`cm te ceea upej tnm cb`ers eg tnm irmbt ordtdos eg tnmjdjmtmmjtn omjtury-b Xnmimccms, b SXmstoett, b gcm7- bsdjstrukmjts eg prevdhmjom dj prmsmrvdji crmbh< rmsterdji) tnm_ordpturms purm ger tnm usm eg Ieht pmepcm.=0Xnds, tnmj, ds new rYbrgdmch booekpcdsnmh nds wmdinry tbsa dg

tnm oerrmot djtmrprmtbtdej eg tnm SYOG wbs, dj -Ybrgdmcht epdj-dej, tnbt dt tbuint tnm ceous eg prevdhmjom wbs jew rmsterbtdej,vdb Mjcdintmjkmjt ordtdodsk, rbtnmr tnbj tnm 5rmsmruhtdej eg tnmtrbhdtdejbc tmxts, tnmj wm jmmh jet oejomrj eursmcvms wdtn tnmordtdodsks cehimh bt tnm nukbj mcmkmjt dj tnm tmxt eg _ordpturmprmsmjhy (bjh ndsterdobccy) usmh dj tnm Onuron. Xnds stbjom bc-cewmh -Wbrgdmch te botubccy ledj wdtn tnm ordtdos eg tnm Vrdjomtejpesdtdej bs Ieht prevdhmjtdbc bimjts dj tnm tbsa eg rmsterdji tnmdjmrrbjt erdidjbc, jew tnm jmw ceous eg `etn djspdrbtdej bjhprevdhmjom.Drejdobccy, 'Ybrgdmch wbs b`cm te mjibim dj cewmr ordtdodsk,wdtn ndinmr ordtdos, wdtn oekpcmtm dkpujdry bjh tnus rmtbdj ndsdjtmirdty dj tnbt gdmch. Nm oeuch he se `mobusm nm rmtbdjmh tnm

=2B.B. Nehim bjh @.@. Ybrgdmch, Djspdrbtdej, Vrms`ytmrdbj Pmudmw z (r>>r), p.02>.=0@.@. Sdc9brgdmch, Odtdobc Pmbdbrzs (Jmw Tera Exgerh ]jdvmrsdty Vrmss, r4?z), p.?7. Og. bcse vmry sdkdcbr rmkbrgts dj nds Y'mstkdjstmr ,8ssmk`cy bjh dts Y'era (JmwTera Exgerh ]jdvmrsdty Vrmss, r4?r), p. 0?4.

C0 02

trbhdtdejbc cbjiubim eg tnm Oejgmssdej. Gurtnmrkerm, nm wbsbcse b`cm te rmtbdjmh tnm ech sonecbstdo heotrdjm eg vmr`bc djspd-rbtdej, tneuin tnds rmqudrmh b onbjim djtmrprmtbtdej eg tnm Oej-gmssdej, sndgtdji tnm ech Vrdjomtej heotrdjm eg _ordpturm `boadjte tnm kdsts eg tdkm, jew rmstdji dt ej b ymt te `m rmoej-struotmh djmrrbjt erdidjbc buteirbpn.

@rdiis, ej tnm etnmr nbjh, wndcm bcse mkpceydji tnm jmw ordt-dodsk bt ]jdej, suon bs nm sbw -Wbrgdmch jew bhveobtdji, jmvmr-tnmcmss, onesm jet te sndgt tnm ndsterdobc ujhmrstbjhdji eg tnm'Ymstkdjstmr Oejgmssdej, dj tnm wby S9brgdmch hdh. Bs b rmsuct,nm suggmrmh smvmrm rmordkdjbtdejs. @rdiis nbh ndstery ej nds sdhm,newmvmr, wnmj nm sdkpcy briumh tnbt, Xnm'Ymstkdjstmr hd-vdjms hdh jet tmbon tnm djmrrbjoy eg tnm erdidjbc buteirbpns. =?Pm o m j t H mgm j hm rs eg SWbrgd. m ch

S9nmj SYbrgdmch wbs onbccmjimh ger nds djjevbtdvm gerkucb-tdej, `bsmh ej nds hmkytneceidzbtdej eg tnm S(/mstkdjstmr Oej-gmssdej eg Gbdtn, nds rmspejsm wbs te kmrmcy bssukm wnbt nmoeuch jet ndsterdobccy prevm. Pmomjtcy newmvmr, oejtmkperbry'Ybrgdmchdbjs nbvm rmturjmh te tnm jew omjtury ech briukmjtbjh nbvm bttmkptmh te eggmr ndsterdobc mvdhmjom ger'S5'brgdmch'spesdtdej.Pbjhbcc N. @bckmr nbs ouccmh (wdtn tnm nmcp eg Lenj H.'Yeeh`rdhim bjh Kbra Jecc), b kbss eg quetbtdejs grek jdjm-tmmjtn-omjtury, Bkmrdobj, tnmeceidobc leurjbcs, wndon nm `m-cdmvms hdstdjiudsnms, lust bs hdh SW'brgdmch, `mtwmmj erdidjbc bute-irbpns bjh oepdms.sb Gurtnmrkerm, nm `mcdmvms tnds mvdhmjomnmcps te prevm tnbt S9brgdmch's vdmw wbs tnbt eg mbrcy Vrdjomtej.Xnm kdssdji mcmkmjt dj @bckmrt trmbtkmjt, newmvmr, ds tnmrecm tnbt tmxt ordtdodsk pcbymh, er hdh jet pcby, dj tnmsm hdsous-sdejs tnreuineut tnm hmvmcepdji jdjmtmmjtn omjtury. Omrtbdjcybcc tnm Vrdjomtejdbjs bhkdttmh tnmrm wbs sekm hmirmm eg mrrer djtnm oepdms, hmocbrmh te `m prevdhmjtdbccy prmsmrvmh `y tnm SgOG.

=?Onbrcms B. @rdiis, Y'ndtnmr5 Mhdj`urin< X. bjh X. Ocbra, 2>>4), p. 74.s8Pbjhbcc N. @bckmr, Xnm Vrdjomtejdbjs bjh _ordpturm< B Pmoejsdhmrbtdej,Xnm.Wmstrjdjstmr Xnme nidobc Leurjbc 88 (Gbcc, ry>0)

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Gurtnmrkerm, cdcom tnm cWostkdjstmr Hdvdjms, tnmy bcc `mcdmvmhtnbt ejcy tnm erdidjbc buteirbpns wmrm idumj`y djspdrbtdej.@ut ujcdam'Ybrgdmch, wm nbvm snewj tnbt dkpertbjt mbrcyVrdjomtejdbjs bhkdttmh mrrer dj tnm buteirbpns. Kermevmr, wmjmvmr hdsoevmr tnmk kbadji bj bppmbc te erdidjbc buteirbpns bstnm secm rmpesdtery eg djspdrbtdej, `mobusm tnds wbs jet tnm pesd-tdej eg tnm Pmgerkmh sonecbstdos, grek wnek tnmy hmrdvmh tnmdrtnmeceiy. Gutnmrkerm, cdam tnm Vretmstbjt heikbtdodbjs `mgermtnmk, `mobusm eg tnmdr jbdvm, ujhmrhmvmcepmh ajewcmhim eg erbheptdej eg tmxt ordtdodsk, tnmy jmvmr `mcdmvmh tnmrm te `m b rbh-dobc hdsoejtdjudty `mtwmmj tnm erdidjbc tmxt bjh oepdms.SYbrgdmch, newmvmr, omrtbdjcy hdh.

Xnmrm wbs je prdkmr ej tmxt ordtdodsk pu`cdsnmh dj Bkmrdobujtdc _onbgg's Oekpbjdej $>>?) bjh S9brgdmch's nbjh`eea(2>>7). Xmxt ordtdobc hbtb, er bj birmmh upej kmbjs ger mkpcey-dji dt, hdh jet rmbccy `moekm wdhmsprmbh, eutsdhm eg tnm cd`mrbcJertnmbst djstdtutdejs, ujtdc tnm pu`cdobtdej eg tnm Pmudsmh Yr-sdej I>>d.Drb W. @rewj rmoeijdzmh tnbt,

tnm wby wbs prmpbrmh ger boomptbjom eg ndinmr ordtdodsk `y tnmbppmbrbjom eg tnm Pmvdsmh Wmrsdej eg tnm @d`cm dj r>>r (J.X.)bjh r>>y (E.X.). . . Xnds wbs b ndin pedjt dj cewmr er tmxtubcordtdodsk. . Xnm kmrm pu`cdobtdej eg b jmw trbjscbtdej,geujhmh upej rmvdsmh Nm`rmw bjh Irmma tmxts, nmcpmh te keh-dgr tnm trbhdtdejbc oejompt eg djgbccd`dcdry.==Dt nbs `mmj tnm `urhmj eg tnds mssby te hmkejstrbtm lust wnbt

wbs tnm pbrtdoucbr kehdgdobtdej eg tnm Vrdjomtej vdmw, bt tnmnbjhs eg'Y'brgdmch.'7

==crb W @rewj, "Xnm Ndinmr Ordtdodsk Oekms te Bkmrdob, r>ee-r4ee," Leurjbceg tnm Vrms`ytmrdbj Ndsterdobc _eodmty 2> (Hmomk`mr, 247e)< r49. J.K. tWnmmcmr, wnenbh onhcmjimh Ybrgdmch ej nds vdmws trmbtdji tnm ceji mjhdji eg Kbra, kbhm tnmgeccewdji e`smrvbtdej dj tnds rmibrh< "Xnds qumstdej Qtnm "djbutnmjtdodty' egKbra's mjhdji[, tee, wdcc ibdj djormbsdji mkpnbsds bjh pmrtdjmjom bs pcbdj @d`cm-stuhydji pmepcm `moekm kerm gbkdcdbr wdtn tnm etnmr sdkdcbr pnmjekmjb dj tnmJmw Xmstbkmjt, b gbkdcdbrdty wndon dt ds ejm eg tnm gujotdejs eg tnm Pmvdsmh Wmr-sdej te trbjsgmr grek tnm cdkdtmh odrocm eg sonecbrs te tnm wdhmjdji odrocm eg djtmccd-imjt @d`cm rmbhmrs." Ep. odt. p. 8.=7Oejtrbry te tnm epdjdej eg Pe`mrt Nemgmc, wne bssmrtmh, "S9brgdmch . . .weramh wdtndj tnm Vrdjomtej systmk . . . Qbjh[ sbw je jmmh te rm-mvbcubtm er

08

Xnm kbjy quetbtdejs eggmrmh `y @bckmr brm jet oekdji grekbutners wne bs ymt nbvm gmct tnm jmmh te kbam tnm adjh eg bhlust-kmjt wndon Wbrgdmch kbhm. Ger tnm kest Vbrt, tnmy weuch jetnbvm smjsmh bjy irmbt hdsoejtdjudty `mtwmmj tnm erdidjbc bjh trb-hdtdejbc oepdms. Dj gbot, ejm mxbkVcm usmh `y @bckmr dccustrbtmstnds qudtm mxpcdodtcy. Ejm Pmgerkmh butner quetmh briumh,

' 5'm bcc ajew tnbt dj oepydji `y nbjh kdstbams brm cdb`cm te ormmpdj, bs tnmy he sekmtdkms mvmj dj prdjtmh `eeas . tnmtrbjscbtdej oejtbdjmh dj eur oekkej @d`cm ds b gbr `mttmr ejm,bjh kuon kerm oejgerkb`cm te tnm kmbjdji eg tnm erdidjbc,tnbj bjy tnbt nbvm `mmj djtmjhmh te suppcbjt dt.=9_uon mvdhmjom gcdms hdrmotcy dj tnm gbom eg tnm pedjt @bckmr dsbttmkptdji te mstb`cdsn. @y tnm butner's bjbceiy wm imt b je-tdej eg wnbt adjh eg mrrers nm nbh dj kdjh wnmj spmbadji egprmsmjt oepdms< suon mrrers bs eoour bt tnm prdjtdji prmss-purmcy tmonjdobc `cujhmrs. Xnm b`evm butner ds jet briudji, bsSYbrgdmch hdh, tnbt cbrim `ceoas eg kbtmrdbc nbvm `mmj purpesm-guccy djtmrpecbtmh djte tnm oekkej tmxt, dj erhmr te suVVert b

rmsurrmotdej booeujt, er sekm etnmr dkpertbjt tnmeceidobctmjmt.Pbtnmr, tnds butner briums dj lust tnm eppesdtm hdrmotdej._eujhdji vmry kuon cdam Onbrcms Nehim, nm bggdrks tnbt tnmoekkej, mxtbjt tmxt, "ds kerm oejgerkb`cm te tnm erdid-jbc, tnbj bjy tnbt nbvm `mmj djtmjhmh te suppcbjt dt." Xnds omr-tbdjcy wbs jet tnm epdjdej eg 'Ybrgdmch.Xnm hdsodpcdjm eg Jmw Xmstbkmjt tmxt ordtdodsk nbh sdkpcyjet brrdvmh dj Bkmrdob ger oejsmrvbtdvms bt tnm tdkm kest egtnmsm quetbtdejs wmrm pu`cdsnmh. Xnmrmgerm, dt ds ujcdamcy tnbtbjy eg tnmk wmrm briudji ger tnm bhlustkmjt tnbt S9brgdmch gmctoekpmccmh te kbam.Kermevmr, dg S]'brgdmch's pesdtdej wbs oejsdstmjt wdtn mbrcdmrVrdjomtejdbj trbhdtdej, wny hdh nm nbvm te hmgmjh nds pesdtdejkehdgy tnds kehmc." "@.@. Y'brgdmch bjh Lbkms Err< Oejtrbstdji Bpprebonms te_ordpturm," Onrntdbj _onecbr's Pmudmw 27 (_mptmk`mr ry>7)08)

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te oejtmkperbrdms bibdjst tnm onbrim eg djjevbtdej5=> Sgbrgdmchwbs botubccy `miidji tnm qumstdej wnmj nm bssukmh tnbt tnmVrms`ytmrdbj Onuron nbh bcwbys nmch nds vdmw.Dt weuch bppmbr tnbt mvmj B.B. Nehim ndksmcg nbh treu`cmwdtn SYbrgdmch's kmtneh eg `dgurobtdji. Bgtmr rmbhdji bj mbrcyhrbgt eg SYbrgdmch's pertdej eg tnmdr oe-butnermh mssby trmbtdjidjsp drbtdej, Nehim bsamh'Ybrgd mch,

Dg yeu tndja dt prepmr-D wdsn yeu weuch mxprmss ejm pedjt hdg-gmrmjtcy. Djstmbh egputtdji butnmjtdodty bjh imjudjmjmss bs mssmj-tdbc prmrmqudsdtms te djspdrbtdej-D weuch sby tnbt bjy ordtdodskwndon hmjdms tnm trutn eg bjy tmstdkejy eg Onrdst ds dj-oejsdstmjt wdtn djspdrbtdej.smSYbrgdmch mvdhmjtcy obusmh Nehim te bhlust nds epdjdej.Mvmjtubccy, SYbrgdmch pmrsubhmh jmbrcy mvmryejm wdtndj tnmech Vrdjomtej trbhdtdej, hurdji tnm nmbt eg tnm hdsputm, tnbt ndsbpeceimtdo tmonjdqum wbs oerrmot. Dt pcbomh _ordpturm germvmr`myejh tnm rmbon eg bjtbiejdstdo ordtdos sdjom ejcy tnm ymt te `mrmoejstruotmh buteirbpndo tmxt oeuch `m ordtdodsmh1 wndcm bcse bc-cewdji Pmgerkmh ordtdos te grmmcy mjtmr djte tnm oejtmkperbryqumst ger tnm ndsterdobc tmxt. @ut nds bhvbjom prevmh te `msnert-cdvmh.

OejocusdejDg @rdiis oeuch smm nds ewj kmtneh rmgcmotmh dj tnbt egWbrgdmcht, se weuch etnmrs. Ejcy mdint ymbrs bgtmr SYbrgdmch's

hmbtn, tnm ndinmr ordtdodsk mjtmrmh Vrdjomtej bjh tnm smkdjbrywbs rmeribjdzmh ro booekkehbtm tnds. Xnm gbodcm omrtbdjty tnbt'S5'mstoett bjh Nertt systmk smmkmh te eggmr SYbrgdmch mvbperbtmh.Cbtmr tmxt ordtdos b`bjhejmh tnm nepm eg rmoejstruotdji b jmu-trbc tmxt bjh tehby hmspbdr eg mvmr hdsoevmrdji bj urtmxt, tnm

=>Og. nds Djmrrbjoy eg tnm Erdidjbc Buteirbpns, Xnm Djhmpmjhojt (Kbron 09,t>4?), rmprdjtmh dj Kbra B. JecD, Xnm Vrdjomtej Xnmeceiy t_rz-t4zr (Irbjh Pbpdhs?), p. z9z.

'mcmttmr grek B.B. Nehim te @.@. S9brgdmch, odr. Lbj. ?-8, r>>r, dj SgcbrgdmchtpbVmrs.z7 )-9

gdjbc rmstdji ireujh eg Wbrgdmch's heotrdjm eg djspdrbtdej bjh dj-mrrbjoy. SYbrgdmch nbh idvmj mbrjmst mxprmssdej te nds nepm tnbt,

Xnm buteirbpndo tmxt eg tnm Jmw Xmstbkmjt ds hdstdjotcy wdtndjtnm rmbon eg ordtdodsk wm objjet hmspbdr eg rmsterdji teeursmcvms bjh tnm Onuron eg Ieh, Nds `eea, werh ger werh, bsNm ibvm dt `y djspdrbtdej te kmj.7eGdgry ymbrs cbtmr, tnm Nbrvbrh tmxt ordtdo, Adrsepp Cbam, eg-

gmrmh b kerm kehmst bssmsskmjt4z)

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tmrkdjmh tnbt dg tmxt ordtdodsk-Imrkbj, Mjcdintmjrjmjt tmxtordtdodsk-oeuch `m smpbrbtmh grek tnm ndinmr ordtdodsk, wdtnoerjkej-smjsm bt tnm nmck, dt oeuch cmbh tnm Onuron sbgmcy djtetnm smbs eg kehmrjdty, tnreuin tnm hmstruotdvm wdjhs eg bs-sbuct.7?Gurtnmrkerm, `y kehdgrdji tnm ndsterdobc ujhmrstbjhdji egtnm SXmstkdjstmr Oejgmssdej dj erhmr te booekkehbtm tnds bh-lustkmjt, SYbrgdmch gmct nm wbs oejstruotdji bj bpeceimtdo tnbteggmrmh tnm sbkm adjh eg omrtbdjty te kehmrj Vrms`ytmrdbjs, tnbttnm SXmstkdjstmr Oejgmssdej nbh eggmrmh te tnm sonecbstdos djtnmdr hby. Kermevmr, dt bccewmh ndk te r) guccy mjibim tnm hdsod-pcdjm eg tmxt ordtdodsk bjh ledj dj tnm qumst ger tnm ndsterdobctmxt1 z) te rmtbdj tnm ech sonecbstdo vdmw eg vmr`bc djspdrbtdej `yjew rmcmibtdji tnds pbrbhdik te tnm erdidjbc buteirbpns bcejm,wndon tmxt ordtdodsk, jet tnm Onuron, weuch jew prmsmjt te tnmwerch1 ?) te idvm _ordpturm lust tnm adjh eg sodmjtdgdo ordtmrdb dtweuch jmmh dj tnm kehmrj mrb, jbkmcy, tnm onbrbotmrdstdo eg dj-mrrbjoy, sekmtndji mvmj tnm sonecbstdos oeuch jet ocbdk `mobusmtnmy nbh `eujh tnmksmcvms te tnm oekkej, mxtbjt tmxt.

Xnm kmbsurm eg '_9'brgdmcht suoomss dj bttmkptdji te ndton tnmVrdjomtej vdmw eg @d`cdobc butnerdty te tnm stbr eg jdjmtmmjtnomjtury tmxtubc ordtdodsk, nbs `mmj cdttcm bssmssmh. Xe hbtm, tnmdjmrrbjt buteirbpns nbvm ymt te mkmrim. Vmrnbps Imerim Kbrs-hmjt bjbcysds eg tnm recm eg sodmjom wdtndj Bkmrdobj mvbjimcdohbobhmkdb kby nmcp te obst gurtnmr cdint ej tnm sdijdgdobjom egSYbrgdmcht prelmotr),pp. ze1 r>.

z> 04

Pbtnmr tnbj'onbccmjidji kehmrj sodmjom's gdrst prdjodpcms, tnmQBkmrdobj mvbjimcdobc bobhmkdos[ obkm te `m bkeji tnm ondmghmgmjhmrs eg tnmsm prdjodpcms. Xnmy wmrm mjtdrmcy oejgdhmjt tnbte`lmotdvm sodmjtdgdo djqudry oeuch ejcy oejgdrk Onrdstdbj trutn.. . . Xnm Onrdstdbj oekkujdry nbvdji tnereuincy trustmh sod-mjom bjh tnm sodmjtdgdo kmtneh, nbh wmcoekmh tnmk, mvmjpbrbhdji tnmk bs tnmdr stbujonmst grdmjhs. . Xnds supmrgdodbcbooekkehbtdej cmgt tnmk wdtn je hmgmjsms wnmj tnm omcm`rbtmhbccy prevmh te `m b nmbvdcy brkmh gem. . @d`cdobc ordtdodskturjmh tnm gdrm pewmr eg suon sodmjtdgdo ndsterdobc mxpcbjbtdejpedjt-`cbja ej tnm erdidjs eg . tnm @d`cm dtsmcg. 'Ydtn bwm-sekm swdgtjmss tnm mhdgdom `udct `y tnm kmtneh eg bhhdtdej tnbtnbh weramh se wmcc ger Onrdstdbjs dj booekkehbtdji Onrdstdbj-dty te tnm gdrst sodmjtdgdo rmvecutdej nbh `mmj hmkecdsnmh `y tnmsmoejh.78

7bImerim Kbrshmj, Xnm Oeccbpsm eg Bkmrdobj Mvbjimcdobc Bobhmkdb, djBcvdj Vcbjtdjib bjh Jdoecbs Sgcectmrstergg, mhs., Gbdtn bjh Pbtdejbcdty< Pmbsej bjh@m cdmg dj 7bc (Jetrm Hbkm< ]jdvmrsdry eg Jetrm Hbkm Vrmss, 24>?), V. zz?. _djomtnm bppmbrbjom eg tnds mssby b onbptmr grek bt cmbst ejm Vn.H. nbs `mmj wrdttmj djrmspejsm< Ordtdobc Kmtneheceiy dj Hmgmjsm eg tnm Gbdtn< @.@. '_(brgdmcht Evmr-Deeamh Mggerts dj tnm gdmch eg JmwXmstbkmjt, onbptmr tnrmm eg Adk Pdhhcm`brimrtXnm Cdej eg Vrdjomtej< @.@. Wbrgdmch ej Bpeceimtdos, Xnmenidobc Kmtneheceiy bjhVecmrjdos, Vn.H. hdssmrtbtdej, Guccmr _mkdjbry. Nmrm tnm butner adjhcy stbtms tnbt. Cmtds, nbs `reamj dkpertbjt jmw ireujh. Cmtds oejtmjhs tnbt'Ybrgdmcht dkpertbtdej eg ordtdobc kmtneheceiy te Vrdjomtej uctdkbtmcy `boagdrmh,bjh cmh te bj djormbsdji ndsterdobc samptdodsk tnbt wbs bjtdtnmtdobc te tnm wera egtnm mbrcdmr Vrdjomtejdbjs (p,+d.Kermevmr, Hejbch I. @cemson nbs rmomjtcy bo-ajewcmhimh tnm mssby dj nds oejtrd`utdej te tnm Onrdstdbj Geujhbtdejs smrdms